導語：堤防工(gong)程地質(zhi)勘察管理論文(wen)一文(wen)來源于網友上傳，不代表本站觀點，若需要原創文(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

堤防工程建設的基礎是設計，而設計的依據是地質，這是工程建設的常識性問題，不會有什么質疑。然而在實際工作中卻往往并非如此。問題主要出在人們對堤防工程地質勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)片面理解或被一(yi)些假象所迷惑，走了(le)兩(liang)個(ge)極(ji)端(duan)。一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)端(duan)是過高地(di)要(yao)求地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察能在(zai)(zai)“查明”工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，“準確”地(di)提供設(she)計需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖件和(he)堤(di)基巖土體物理力學參(can)數(shu)，一(yi)旦(dan)在(zai)(zai)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探控(kong)制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)量之內不能完全(quan)(quan)同(tong)時達到“查明”和(he)“準確”的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求時，就(jiu)立即降低了(le)對地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)認可(ke)(ke)和(he)重視程(cheng)度(du)；另一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)端(duan)是我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先在(zai)(zai)數(shu)百年乃至上(shang)千年來(lai)(lai)(lai)與洪水搏(bo)斗的(de)(de)(de)歲月里修建的(de)(de)(de)大量堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，卻從來(lai)(lai)(lai)沒有(you)進行(xing)過任何地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，許多堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)至今也是安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)極(ji)端(duan)，不同(tong)程(cheng)度(du)地(di)影響著堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)序(xu)開展，在(zai)(zai)大規模的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)中，難免存在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣那樣的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。為使(shi)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)能夠科學、客觀、完整、系(xi)統地(di)為設(she)計提供可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資料，我(wo)們有(you)責任將近年來(lai)(lai)(lai)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中出現的(de)(de)(de)若干問題(ti)展示出來(lai)(lai)(lai)，供同(tong)行(xing)們討論(lun)參(can)考。

1堤防工程地質勘察的過去與現狀(zhuang)

我(wo)國已建江河堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總長20余萬(wan)公里，98特(te)大洪(hong)(hong)水后尚(shang)有(you)大量(liang)(liang)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正在(zai)規(gui)劃建設中。許(xu)多(duo)已建堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)去基本上(shang)沒(mei)有(you)進行過(guo)真正工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)意義上(shang)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察，更談(tan)不上(shang)各大江河湖海堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)系統(tong)化規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)的(de)地(di)質(zhi)資料的(de)匯編與分析(xi)整(zheng)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。正因(yin)為如(ru)此(ci)，許(xu)多(duo)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)98特(te)大洪(hong)(hong)水期間(jian)(jian)險(xian)(xian)象環生(sheng)，出險(xian)(xian)堤(di)段堤(di)基的(de)地(di)質(zhi)條件沒(mei)有(you)足夠的(de)資料可供搶險(xian)(xian)分析(xi)，為確保萬(wan)無一失，只能按最壞情況進行搶險(xian)(xian)，其人(ren)力物力的(de)巨(ju)大付出實(shi)在(zai)是不得(de)已而為之；洪(hong)(hong)水期間(jian)(jian)上(shang)至中央下(xia)到地(di)方(fang)的(de)各級領導以及全國人(ren)民(min)的(de)精(jing)神緊(jin)張程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度和(he)精(jing)力耗(hao)費更是無法(fa)用實(shi)物價值去衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)。如(ru)此(ci)被動局面(mian)，一方(fang)面(mian)是大自然教(jiao)訓(xun)人(ren)類的(de)生(sheng)動一課，另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)則(ze)是祖先給我(wo)們(men)留下(xia)的(de)世(shi)紀難題。

建國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)來，隨著大規(gui)(gui)模工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)需要，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)業從(cong)無(wu)到(dao)有，日(ri)益發(fa)展壯大，成為國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)不可缺少的(de)(de)(de)重要基礎性專(zhuan)業。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)性準則(ze)也逐漸成熟與完善，與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相關的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)相繼出(chu)臺，并結(jie)合工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實踐的(de)(de)(de)反饋信息進行(xing)修訂(ding)修編。水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部1997年(nian)(nian)2月了(le)行(xing)業標(biao)準《堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》（以(yi)(yi)下簡稱《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，編號SL/T188,同年(nian)(nian)5月1日(ri)起實施），這(zhe)是我國(guo)(guo)堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)部法(fa)規(gui)(gui)性行(xing)業標(biao)準。而國(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準《堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(以(yi)(yi)下簡稱《規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》，編號為GB50286-98，自1998年(nian)(nian)10月15日(ri)起施行(xing))則(ze)是98特(te)大洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)之后(hou)出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)。特(te)大洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)后(hou)出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)兩部法(fa)定(ding)標(biao)準或許是歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)巧合，也許是歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)必然。巧合與必然都說明這(zhe)樣一(yi)個事實：工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)基礎和(he)偵察(cha)(cha)(cha)兵，具有超前(qian)意識(shi)和(he)預(yu)見(jian)性，信不信由你。

《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》頒布(bu)前(qian)的(de)堤(di)(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)作基本上(shang)沒(mei)有什么標準。《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》頒布(bu)后，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作有規(gui)(gui)(gui)可循，有法可依。更為(wei)98特(te)大洪水后大規(gui)(gui)(gui)模堤(di)(di)防(fang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)奠定了基礎。首(shou)次頒布(bu)此《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)存在(zai)一些差(cha)異再所難免。《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》實(shi)施(shi)三(san)年多來，主要存在(zai)三(san)方面的(de)問題，一是(shi)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》本身的(de)實(shi)踐性與可操作性問題；二是(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)對(dui)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)理(li)解程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)與把握尺度(du)(du)；三(san)是(shi)人們(men)對(dui)堤(di)(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)的(de)認識(shi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)與理(li)解程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)。近兩年來，生產第一線(xian)的(de)廣大地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)對(dui)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》提(ti)出(chu)了許(xu)多好的(de)意見和(he)建(jian)(jian)議，我們(men)在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)審查(cha)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，也在(zai)逐漸地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)深化對(dui)堤(di)(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)理(li)解，力求較準確地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)把握審查(cha)尺度(du)(du)，緊密地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)相結(jie)合，避免教條和(he)呆板地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)執行(xing)(xing)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》中(zhong)明顯與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)不相符合的(de)條款，要求客(ke)觀地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、創造性地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)應用和(he)執行(xing)(xing)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，同時也強(qiang)調執行(xing)(xing)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)嚴肅性。

近年來(lai)，堤防工程地(di)質勘察工作基本上可以滿足堤防工程設(she)計與(yu)施工的(de)要求(qiu)。隨(sui)著工程實踐經驗的(de)積累和(he)對堤防工程深層次的(de)認(ren)識與(yu)理解，一(yi)些具有全(quan)局性(xing)和(he)普遍性(xing)的(de)問題，迫切需要提(ti)出來(lai)進行討(tao)論，以便(bian)引起足夠的(de)重視(shi)。

2堤防工程(cheng)隱(yin)患與險(xian)情分(fen)類

2.1分類的意義與原則(ze)

堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程存在隱(yin)(yin)患出現險情，導致(zhi)大洪(hong)水(shui)時十分緊張。大規模的(de)堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程建設正是針對(dui)(dui)隱(yin)(yin)患和險情而(er)提出來的(de)“整險加(jia)固(gu)”或“除險加(jia)固(gu)”。顯(xian)然，對(dui)(dui)隱(yin)(yin)患和險情實施科(ke)學分類，不僅(jin)是從(cong)實踐上升(sheng)到理論的(de)成熟過程，也為(wei)堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程的(de)勘(kan)測設計(ji)工(gong)作明(ming)確了任務，同時為(wei)“加(jia)固(gu)”工(gong)程指明(ming)方向，提供依據。

在分類之前(qian)，我們先(xian)給出險情和(he)隱患的定義：

險情是指正在發生或發生過程中(zhong)被搶險保住了的事(shi)故堤(di)段，具有直觀性(xing)(xing)，措施明確性(xing)(xing)等特點(dian)。針對險情，需要分析出(chu)險原因(yin)，界定(ding)險情性(xing)(xing)質，預測(ce)再(zai)次(ci)出(chu)險的可能性(xing)(xing)，落實工程措施，確保大(da)堤(di)安全。

隱患是指尚未發生(sheng)或可能將要發生(sheng)險情的(de)事故(gu)堤段，具(ju)有隱伏性，隨機性，再生(sheng)性等特點，更需(xu)要技術人員的(de)分析判斷，以便對(dui)癥下(xia)藥，采取(qu)措施(shi)消(xiao)除隱患。

險(xian)(xian)情與隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)明顯區別(bie)但又并沒有(you)嚴格的(de)界線，往往在(zai)險(xian)(xian)情中存在(zai)著隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)，在(zai)隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)中孕育著險(xian)(xian)情。辯證地看(kan)(kan)，險(xian)(xian)情是(shi)隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)發展(zhan)到(dao)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度后的(de)質變或(huo)必(bi)然結果(guo)，隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)潛藏著的(de)險(xian)(xian)情。從過程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)態(tai)來(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)，險(xian)(xian)情是(shi)現(xian)在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)或(huo)過去(qu)完(wan)成(cheng)時(shi)(shi)態(tai)；隱患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)過去(qu)、現(xian)在(zai)和將來(lai)(lai)組成(cheng)的(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)態(tai)，或(huo)單(dan)個過程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)態(tai)。

本(ben)文分類的原(yuan)則主要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)在：水工建(jian)筑物(堤(di)(di)身、穿堤(di)(di)建(jian)筑物)與天然地質(zhi)體(ti)(堤(di)(di)基)區(qu)別開來(lai)，出險堤(di)(di)段(duan)和(he)存在隱患(huan)的堤(di)(di)段(duan)與非出險堤(di)(di)段(duan)和(he)不存在隱患(huan)的堤(di)(di)段(duan)區(qu)別開來(lai)，再(zai)按險情(qing)和(he)隱患(huan)的性質(zhi)進一步細化，作為指導后續工作的綱要(yao)。

2.2堤防(fang)工程險(xian)情分類

按出(chu)險(xian)(xian)部位可(ke)分(fen)為堤(di)基(ji)(ji)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)、崩岸險(xian)(xian)情(qing)、堤(di)身險(xian)(xian)情(qing)和穿堤(di)建(jian)筑物險(xian)(xian)情(qing)，這(zhe)是(shi)出(chu)險(xian)(xian)時首(shou)先要明(ming)確的基(ji)(ji)本(ben)類型。前兩類與(yu)地質條(tiao)件直接有關，后兩類與(yu)地質條(tiao)件間接有關。可(ke)進一步劃分(fen)如下(xia)：

(1)與地質條件與河勢演變均有關系的險(xian)情：崩岸險(xian)情，具(ju)有可預見性(xing)、直(zhi)觀性(xing)、發展性(xing)和多變性(xing)特征(zheng)。

崩(beng)(beng)岸(an)類險(xian)情(qing)多發生在(zai)河(he)(he)流凹岸(an)迎(ying)流頂沖或(huo)深弘逼岸(an)區段(duan)，地(di)質條(tiao)件往往是抗沖刷能力較差的(de)細砂(sha)類土或(huo)粘性土。由于河(he)(he)水位與河(he)(he)勢流態(tai)的(de)變化關系(xi)，有的(de)崩(beng)(beng)岸(an)險(xian)情(qing)并不發生在(zai)洪(hong)水期(高水位)而是在(zai)退水期(低(di)水位)，因此可(ke)以進(jin)一步(bu)將(jiang)崩(beng)(beng)岸(an)險(xian)情(qing)分為洪(hong)水期崩(beng)(beng)岸(an)險(xian)情(qing)和枯水期崩(beng)(beng)岸(an)險(xian)情(qing)，前者搶險(xian)緊張，后(hou)者可(ke)以從(cong)容對待。

(2)與地(di)質(zhi)條件直接有關(guan)的險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(主要為堤(di)(di)基(ji)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)，包括穿堤(di)(di)建筑物(wu)地(di)基(ji)險(xian)(xian)情(qing))：堤(di)(di)基(ji)滲透破壞(huai)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)、堤(di)(di)基(ji)滑(hua)動破壞(huai)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)和(he)堤(di)(di)基(ji)沉(chen)降破壞(huai)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)等。

堤基滲透(tou)破(po)壞(huai)險(xian)情具有(you)一定的隱(yin)伏性(xing)，往往不(bu)易(yi)準確判斷(duan)，洪水期發(fa)生(sheng)的滲透(tou)破(po)壞(huai)實例與理論(lun)計算有(you)較大出入。另外，還需注意將(jiang)承壓水性(xing)質的滲透(tou)破(po)壞(huai)與堤基接(jie)觸沖刷或砂性(xing)土堤基滲透(tou)破(po)壞(huai)區別開來(lai)，因(yin)為滲透(tou)破(po)壞(huai)機制不(bu)同，工(gong)程措施當(dang)然也不(bu)一樣。

存在(zai)滑(hua)動(dong)或(huo)沉降破壞(huai)險情的堤(di)(di)段，堤(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)大多分布有(you)軟(ruan)弱土(tu)(tu)層，土(tu)(tu)體抗剪(jian)強度低(di)，壓縮系數大；另一(yi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)滑(hua)動(dong)或(huo)沉降破壞(huai)是隨著崩岸險情而產生的，此類(lei)(lei)(lei)險情危害最大，搶險最困難。此外，堤(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)內或(huo)堤(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)外可能(neng)存在(zai)陡坎或(huo)堤(di)(di)坡太陡，或(huo)堤(di)(di)身填筑施工速度太快(kuai)，都可能(neng)出現(xian)類(lei)(lei)(lei)似破壞(huai)。

以上險情實際上也就(jiu)是我們通常要求界定(ding)明確的堤(di)防工(gong)程的三(san)大主要工(gong)程地質問(wen)題(ti)：崩岸、滲透破壞、滑動(dong)或沉(chen)降(jiang)破壞。

(3)與(yu)地質(zhi)條件基本(ben)無(wu)關或(huo)關系不大的險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(主要為(wei)堤(di)(di)身(shen)險(xian)(xian)情(qing))：堤(di)(di)身(shen)滲透(tou)破(po)壞險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(與(yu)堤(di)(di)身(shen)質(zhi)量有(you)關，如堤(di)(di)身(shen)土體的密實程(cheng)度、填筑土體的滲透(tou)性(xing)質(zhi)和(he)(he)堤(di)(di)身(shen)單(dan)薄等)、堤(di)(di)身(shen)滑動破(po)壞險(xian)(xian)情(qing)和(he)(he)堤(di)(di)身(shen)沉降破(po)壞險(xian)(xian)情(qing)等。

2.3堤防工程(cheng)隱患分類

按(an)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)存在的部位可分為：堤(di)身隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)、穿堤(di)建筑物隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)和堤(di)基隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)。

按隱(yin)患的性(xing)質可分為：常規性(xing)隱(yin)患和特殊性(xing)隱(yin)患。

常規性隱患：堤(di)身(shen)(shen)單薄，堤(di)坡(po)太陡，填筑質量差，填筑體(ti)中(zhong)存在砂性土夾層，有明顯的堤(di)身(shen)(shen)裂縫等。與地質條件直接有關(guan)的主要(yao)為堤(di)基(ji)類隱患(包(bao)括穿堤(di)建筑物地基(ji))。例(li)如上覆粘(zhan)性土層薄，或本(ben)身(shen)(shen)即(ji)為砂性土堤(di)基(ji)(包(bao)括淺層砂性土透(tou)鏡體(ti))，存在滲透(tou)破壞的可能性；堤(di)基(ji)有軟弱土層分布(bu)，存在滑(hua)動穩(wen)定(ding)問題。

常(chang)規性(xing)(xing)隱患具有直觀性(xing)(xing)和(he)可檢(jian)測性(xing)(xing)，隱患的分析(xi)和(he)工(gong)程處理措(cuo)施都(dou)較為明確，一般情(qing)況下可以通過常(chang)規性(xing)(xing)的堤防工(gong)程維修加固予以消除。

特殊性隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)：進(jin)一步可分(fen)為隨(sui)機(ji)性隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(堤身(shen)或堤基(ji)隨(sui)機(ji)分(fen)布有生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)洞(dong)穴、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)腐爛物(wu)(wu)等(deng))、再生(sheng)性隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)洞(dong)穴類隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)具有再生(sheng)性)、人類活(huo)動(dong)留下(xia)的(de)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(例如城(cheng)市區與(yu)堤外江(jiang)河相通的(de)早已被廢棄了的(de)各類排泄管道，工程勘探留下(xia)的(de)封堵(du)不合格的(de)鉆(zhan)孔等(deng))以及地質(zhi)條件不明的(de)堤基(ji)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)等(deng)等(deng)。

特殊性隱患規律性差，檢測困難(nan)，在(zai)洪水(shui)期一旦演變(bian)成險情，其突發性質增(zeng)加了搶(qiang)險難(nan)度。

2.4險情和(he)隱患與(yu)堤型之間的關系

堤(di)(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體～防(fang)洪(hong)大(da)(da)堤(di)(di)(di)，絕大(da)(da)多(duo)數為就地取材填(tian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)堤(di)(di)(di)類型(xing)，由于筑(zhu)堤(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史條(tiao)件(jian)、筑(zhu)堤(di)(di)(di)材料、自(zi)然環境等等因素復(fu)雜，為后人留下了長期隱(yin)患(huan)，洪(hong)水(shui)期險情不(bu)斷，令人心驚(jing)。鑒(jian)于土(tu)(tu)堤(di)(di)(di)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)這些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)，近年來(lai)一些(xie)城(cheng)市區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堤(di)(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)傾向于改(gai)土(tu)(tu)堤(di)(di)(di)為混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)防(fang)洪(hong)墻(堤(di)(di)(di))。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)墻可以基本排(pai)除堤(di)(di)(di)身隱(yin)患(huan)和險情，但卻增加(jia)了堤(di)(di)(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)出險負擔。一是堤(di)(di)(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力條(tiao)件(jian)發生了較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)變化，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)堤(di)(di)(di)是大(da)(da)面積分布荷(he)載(zai)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)墻改(gai)為集中荷(he)載(zai)；二(er)是堤(di)(di)(di)基較(jiao)(jiao)長滲(shen)徑變為水(shui)頭集中的(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)(jiao)短滲(shen)徑。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)墻顯然對堤(di)(di)(di)基地質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)提出了更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，這是地質(zhi)工作需要重視的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

另一方面(mian)，險情(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)隱(yin)患(huan)與(yu)堤防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)的擋水性質(zhi)在很大(da)關系。例如一些丘陵(ling)山區(qu)城市(shi)堤防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)擋水性質(zhi)為(wei)暴(bao)漲暴(bao)落，遠(yuan)不能與(yu)長(chang)江中(zhong)下游堤防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)高(gao)水位(wei)較(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)間運行情(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)相提(ti)并論，其(qi)(qi)險情(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)隱(yin)患(huan)的性質(zhi)也是有(you)差別的，需要區(qu)別對待。而《規(gui)(gui)范》中(zhong)只是對堤防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)的等級(ji)標準(zhun)有(you)所規(gui)(gui)定，并沒有(you)對反映出險情(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)隱(yin)患(huan)與(yu)等級(ji)標準(zhun)之間的關系，需要由有(you)經驗(yan)的地質(zhi)師和(he)(he)設計師根據(ju)具體情(qing)(qing)(qing)況(kuang)去(qu)理(li)解(jie)與(yu)把握。

3堤基工程地質分段

3.1堤基工程地質分段(duan)存在的問題

自然界(jie)的(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件千差(cha)萬別(bie)。堤(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是長距(ju)離線(xian)狀工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，跨越了不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)單(dan)元，不(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)區別(bie)對待顯(xian)(xian)然是不(bu)(bu)行(xing)的(de)。堤(di)(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)又(you)稱堤(di)(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)。在實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，一(yi)些(xie)勘(kan)測設(she)計(ji)單(dan)位不(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)，或分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)不(bu)(bu)合理，或即便是進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)，但其巖土體的(de)物理力(li)學參數(shu)又(you)不(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)統計(ji)分(fen)(fen)析，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)堤(di)(di)段(duan)(duan)沒(mei)有區別(bie)開來。還有一(yi)些(xie)堤(di)(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度地(di)(di)存在自相矛盾性，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)措施的(de)選定缺乏針對性。當然，更多的(de)情況是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)的(de)合理性與科(ke)學性不(bu)(bu)足。

例如某(mou)設計院參加(jia)過大(da)量堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察(cha)，有(you)(you)豐富的(de)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察(cha)經驗(yan)，他們進行堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分段(duan)(duan)(duan)所考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)的(de)因素有(you)(you)：上(shang)覆粘性土(tu)層的(de)厚度、外(wai)(wai)灘(tan)寬(kuan)度和歷(li)史(shi)險(xian)(xian)情等，將(jiang)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)分為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)好、較好、較差(cha)和差(cha)四個等級(ji)。如此分段(duan)(duan)(duan)其大(da)原則沒有(you)(you)什(shen)么問(wen)題，但對于一(yi)些特(te)殊組(zu)合則不易明確(que)。例如，某(mou)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)段(duan)(duan)(duan)其上(shang)覆粘性土(tu)層足夠厚，堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)內也沒有(you)(you)任何(he)險(xian)(xian)情，但堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外(wai)(wai)無灘(tan)，受水流沖(chong)刷崩(beng)(beng)岸嚴重(zhong)，是典型的(de)險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)險(xian)(xian)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。將(jiang)這種堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)分成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)差(cha)或(huo)較差(cha)都不一(yi)定合適。因為(wei)出現的(de)險(xian)(xian)情不是堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)本(ben)身的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)差(cha)，而(er)是堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外(wai)(wai)腳受水流沖(chong)刷產生的(de)崩(beng)(beng)塌或(huo)塌滑，且在(zai)不同水位(wei)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下其險(xian)(xian)情不同，與(yu)江河水流及河勢變化都有(you)(you)關系(xi)。顯然，崩(beng)(beng)岸類險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)險(xian)(xian)段(duan)(duan)(duan)在(zai)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分段(duan)(duan)(duan)時應(ying)結合河勢水流特(te)征單(dan)獨進行分類，以(yi)便于有(you)(you)針(zhen)對性考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)處理(li)措施。例如對某(mou)一(yi)類崩(beng)(beng)岸問(wen)題，拋石護腳是有(you)(you)效的(de)，而(er)另一(yi)類崩(beng)(beng)岸問(wen)題或(huo)許要與(yu)“丁壩(ba)”挑流改變流態(tai)相結合才能從根本(ben)上(shang)解(jie)決問(wen)題，或(huo)者(zhe)無建(jian)“丁堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，則需考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)“樁”、“籠”等工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)措施。

另一方面(mian)，對于堤(di)基工程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件用(yong)“好(hao)”與“差(cha)”來評價(jia)，其(qi)針對性不強。例(li)如，存在(zai)(zai)滲(shen)透破壞的(de)堤(di)基劃為工程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件差(cha)，而實際上(shang)可能(neng)此類堤(di)基的(de)承(cheng)載能(neng)力(li)和抗(kang)滑(hua)穩定(ding)性都是很好(hao)的(de)，如砂性土堤(di)基。又如淤泥質(zhi)土類堤(di)基，其(qi)承(cheng)載能(neng)力(li)和抗(kang)滑(hua)穩定(ding)性差(cha)些，但滲(shen)透系數卻(que)很小，抗(kang)滲(shen)條(tiao)件是好(hao)的(de)。如此等(deng)等(deng)，用(yong)常(chang)規的(de)工程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件好(hao)或差(cha)來評價(jia)，都存在(zai)(zai)明顯的(de)矛盾。

目前各(ge)勘測單位自(zi)(zi)行制定的(de)堤基(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質分(fen)段原則，基(ji)本上(shang)是以工(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質條(tiao)件為基(ji)礎，再考慮一些(xie)自(zi)(zi)然因素和工(gong)程(cheng)因素，筆(bi)者認為這種(zhong)分(fen)段法的(de)思路源自(zi)(zi)于(yu)常規(gui)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質分(fen)類法，跳不出傳統思維的(de)約束(shu)，不能較好地(di)(di)適應堤防工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)實(shi)際，需要探索新路。

3.2堤(di)基工程地(di)質分(fen)段

我們在進行傳統意義上的(de)(de)工(gong)程地(di)質評價(jia)時，通常從工(gong)程地(di)質條件出發，結合工(gong)程建筑(zhu)物特點，界(jie)定出主(zhu)要工(gong)程地(di)質問題。在堤基(ji)工(gong)程地(di)質分段(duan)中，我們不妨借用逆向思(si)維的(de)(de)思(si)想，以工(gong)程地(di)質問題為主(zhu)線，以工(gong)程地(di)質條件為基(ji)礎，再結合歷史(shi)險(xian)情類(lei)型(xing)，爭取(qu)探討出一個符合工(gong)程實(shi)際的(de)(de)堤基(ji)工(gong)程地(di)質分段(duan)法。

本(ben)文強調的是“工(gong)程地(di)(di)質(zhi)”分段，因此主要(yao)是對堤基而言的。我們知道，無論堤基地(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件有多(duo)復(fu)雜(za)，其主要(yao)工(gong)程地(di)(di)質(zhi)問題則是明確(que)的，歸納(na)起來主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)三類(即三大主要(yao)工(gong)程地(di)(di)質(zhi)問題)：崩岸、滲透(tou)破壞(huai)、滑動與(yu)沉(chen)降變形。絕大多(duo)數堤基巖土(tu)體(ti)不(bu)外乎為(wei)(wei)：砂性土(tu)、粘性土(tu)和砂性土(tu)與(yu)粘性土(tu)的混(hun)合結構；城市區(qu)雜(za)填土(tu)較為(wei)(wei)復(fu)雜(za)，另當(dang)別論。

根據以(yi)上以(yi)工程地質問題(ti)為(wei)主線的(de)分段(duan)原則，我(wo)們首先將(jiang)堤(di)(di)基分為(wei)三大類：Ⅰ類(不存在問題(ti)的(de)堤(di)(di)基)、Ⅱ類(可能(neng)存在問題(ti)的(de)堤(di)(di)基)和Ⅲ類(存在問題(ti)的(de)堤(di)(di)基)。對于Ⅱ類和Ⅲ類堤(di)(di)基，按其(qi)存在問題(ti)的(de)性質可繼續(xu)劃分亞類。

(1)Ⅲ類(存在問題的(de)堤基(ji))

堤基發(fa)生過歷(li)史(shi)險(xian)情，尤(you)其是一些(xie)每年汛(xun)期都要(yao)出險(xian)的(de)部(bu)位(wei)，在汛(xun)期要(yao)投入(ru)大(da)量的(de)人力(li)物(wu)力(li)搶險(xian)才(cai)能保證大(da)堤安全的(de)堤段。按出除性質又分(fen)為(wei)兩個亞類(lei)(lei)：Ⅲ-1和(he)Ⅲ-2類(lei)(lei)。

Ⅲ-1類(lei)：主要指崩(beng)岸類(lei)，這是在(zai)堤基分(fen)段時對(dui)有問題的堤基段應首先分(fen)出來的一類(lei)。

Ⅲ-2類：除崩岸之外的(de)一切堤基(ji)存在問題的(de)堤段。按(an)工(gong)程地質問題繼續分出兩個子類：

Ⅲ-2-1類：存(cun)在滲透破壞(huai)(huai)的堤基(ji)(ji)段。汛期出現過冒砂、涌(yong)混水等險(xian)情；堤基(ji)(ji)為砂性土，或表層(ceng)粘性土較(jiao)薄，或淺層(ceng)有砂性土透境體分布，或堤身與(yu)堤基(ji)(ji)接觸(chu)部位存(cun)在滲漏破壞(huai)(huai)問(wen)題。

Ⅲ-2-2類(lei)：存在(zai)滑(hua)動(dong)與沉降變形的堤基(ji)(ji)(ji)段。運行期或(huo)施(shi)工期發(fa)生(sheng)過堤基(ji)(ji)(ji)土層滑(hua)動(dong)，或(huo)沉降過大導致堤身開裂；堤基(ji)(ji)(ji)有壓縮性大、承載(zai)力和(he)抗(kang)剪強度低的軟弱土層分布，或(huo)堤基(ji)(ji)(ji)清基(ji)(ji)(ji)不徹底，導致堤身與堤基(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)觸面存在(zai)滑(hua)動(dong)軟弱帶(dai)。

(2)Ⅱ類(可能存在問(wen)題的堤基段)

此類與(yu)前述的堤基(ji)隱(yin)患相對應(ying)。在汛期(qi)有一(yi)定滲水情(qing)況發生，但并未發展成(cheng)為險(xian)情(qing)；或經地(di)質(zhi)勘察，地(di)基(ji)中存在砂性土(tu)透鏡(jing)體(ti)、軟弱夾層(ceng)等不利地(di)質(zhi)條件(jian)，經滲控或穩定性驗算，安全系數達不到規范(fan)要求的堤基(ji)；或存在生物(wu)洞穴等其它(ta)隱(yin)患的堤基(ji)。

(3)Ⅰ類（不存在問題堤基段）

歷史上無(wu)險(xian)情發生，堤(di)基為厚度較大的粘性(xing)(xing)土或(huo)基巖，物(wu)性(xing)(xing)指標(biao)(biao)和力(li)學指標(biao)(biao)均較好，不(bu)存在(zai)三大主要工程地質問題。

(4)結合工程實際進(jin)一步(bu)細分亞類的原則

以上(shang)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)，從宏(hong)觀上(shang)將堤(di)基(ji)分(fen)為三大(da)類(lei)(lei)別，但(dan)在具體(ti)實(shi)施過程(cheng)(cheng)中，還可(ke)(ke)以根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際按(an)不同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題進一(yi)步細(xi)化(hua)(hua)。例如，對(dui)于Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)堤(di)基(ji)段(duan)，可(ke)(ke)以按(an)可(ke)(ke)能存(cun)在問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)進一(yi)步細(xi)化(hua)(hua)；對(dui)于Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)堤(di)基(ji)段(duan)，也可(ke)(ke)以按(an)存(cun)在問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)嚴重程(cheng)(cheng)度或巖土體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)等(deng)進一(yi)步細(xi)化(hua)(hua)。堤(di)基(ji)分(fen)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)科學性(xing)(xing)、合理性(xing)(xing)、實(shi)用性(xing)(xing)和可(ke)(ke)操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)，不但(dan)是(shi)地(di)質(zhi)師對(dui)堤(di)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)理解程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)反映(ying)，更是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)創造性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。本文(wen)所提出的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)段(duan)原(yuan)則和方法(fa)，尚有(you)待工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)踐去檢驗。

3.3堤基工程地質(zhi)分段對勘(kan)測設計工作(zuo)的(de)指導作(zuo)用

在(zai)進行工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)時，Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)是重點(dian)，應根據具(ju)體情(qing)況(kuang)加密勘(kan)探點(dian)；Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)次之，實(shi)施(shi)常(chang)規性(xing)勘(kan)探即可；Ⅰ類(lei)(lei)基本上可以(yi)不考(kao)慮地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)。設計方(fang)面(mian)，Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)堤(di)(di)基必須考(kao)慮工(gong)(gong)程措施(shi)；Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)堤(di)(di)基應視具(ju)體情(qing)況(kuang)而定，也(ye)可以(yi)通過(guo)進一(yi)步勘(kan)探和檢測或(huo)監(jian)測結果來確定工(gong)(gong)程措施(shi)；Ⅰ類(lei)(lei)堤(di)(di)基則(ze)不需(xu)要(yao)采取工(gong)(gong)程措施(shi)，僅僅通過(guo)堤(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)程的(de)常(chang)規性(xing)維護即可。

4執行《堤(di)防工程地質勘察規程》的基本(ben)原則

從《堤防(fang)工程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)勘察規程(cheng)(cheng)》頒布實施(shi)三年多來的(de)(de)實踐可以看到(dao)，除了《規程(cheng)(cheng)》本身存在一些尚需修訂(ding)的(de)(de)問題之外，能夠將《規程(cheng)(cheng)》與工程(cheng)(cheng)實際相結合，創造性(xing)地執行和(he)應用《規程(cheng)(cheng)》，準確地把握《規程(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)原則性(xing)與靈活性(xing)，是對地質(zhi)師(shi)綜合素質(zhi)的(de)(de)高標(biao)準要求。業務(wu)能力(li)和(he)創新意識(shi)，是檢驗和(he)考察我(wo)們對堤防(fang)工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)認識(shi)深度與理(li)解(jie)能力(li)。筆(bi)者的(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)主要反(fan)映(ying)在以下幾個方面。

4.1勘測階段

已建(jian)堤防(fang)除險加固工程可(ke)(ke)以(yi)一(yi)次進(jin)場(chang)，達(da)到(dao)(dao)初(chu)設(she)(she)深度(du)；新(xin)建(jian)堤防(fang)可(ke)(ke)按可(ke)(ke)研和初(chu)設(she)(she)兩個階(jie)段進(jin)行。其理由是：新(xin)建(jian)堤防(fang)存(cun)在線(xian)(xian)路比(bi)選問題(ti)，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)能將(jiang)比(bi)選堤線(xian)(xian)的工程地質條(tiao)件(jian)都按初(chu)設(she)(she)要(yao)求做到(dao)(dao)相同深度(du)；已建(jian)堤防(fang)一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)存(cun)在線(xian)(xian)路比(bi)選問題(ti)，因此也就不(bu)存(cun)在多階(jie)段多方案(an)的反(fan)復(fu)比(bi)選問題(ti)。另(ling)外(wai)，新(xin)建(jian)堤防(fang)工程應(ying)該(gai)在規(gui)劃階(jie)段即開展工程地質工作，以(yi)便將(jiang)規(gui)劃線(xian)(xian)路從地質專(zhuan)業(ye)的角度(du)先(xian)期界定(ding)其可(ke)(ke)行性。

4.2勘(kan)測深度(du)及勘(kan)探工作量

在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中，對(dui)于堤(di)防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘測深度(du)與勘探工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)問(wen)題，在(zai)理解和(he)把(ba)握上(shang)有較大差異。有人喜歡(huan)嚴(yan)格按(an)《規(gui)程(cheng)》要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)布置勘探工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)，而少在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條件的(de)(de)(de)查明(ming)與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)下功夫。筆者強烈主張，一是(shi)將(jiang)安全正常運行的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)段(duan)與險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)險(xian)(xian)段(duan)區別開來，二是(shi)將(jiang)堤(di)身(shen)出險(xian)(xian)情(qing)況與堤(di)基(ji)出險(xian)(xian)情(qing)況區別開來，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別對(dui)待。這也(ye)是(shi)本(ben)文(wen)費(fei)了(le)較多筆墨進行險(xian)(xian)情(qing)隱患分(fen)(fen)(fen)類和(he)堤(di)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)一。特別是(shi)經歷了(le)98特大洪水考驗過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，未出險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)段(duan)完全沒有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)“嚴(yan)格”按(an)照(zhao)《規(gui)程(cheng)》要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)勘探工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)去實施地(di)質(zhi)勘探，即使按(an)照(zhao)《規(gui)程(cheng)》中的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)限要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，也(ye)是(shi)一種毫(hao)無(wu)意義的(de)(de)(de)巨大浪費(fei)。而應在(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)險(xian)(xian)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)具體問(wen)題之(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)明(ming)確勘察(cha)目的(de)(de)(de)，研(yan)究和(he)選擇勘探方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，合理布置勘探工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)，重點(dian)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)上(shang)下功夫。如果認可本(ben)文(wen)提出的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)基(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)段(duan)原則(ze)和(he)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，地(di)質(zhi)勘探工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)布置則(ze)更(geng)為方(fang)(fang)(fang)向明(ming)確目標清(qing)楚。

4.3《規程(cheng)》原則性與靈活性的準(zhun)確把握

《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程》的(de)原則性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)嚴(yan)肅性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)置疑的(de)，這并不(bu)(bu)等于(yu)“死”規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。明顯(xian)與工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)際不(bu)(bu)相符合的(de)具體(ti)問題(ti)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)由地(di)質(zhi)師的(de)創(chuang)造(zao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)勞動加以(yi)“靈活(huo)”處理(li)。規(gui)(gui)(gui)程規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)是(shi)指(zhi)導技術工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)法規(gui)(gui)(gui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文件，并不(bu)(bu)等同于(yu)為犯罪分子定(ding)罪的(de)法律條(tiao)款(kuan)，因此執行規(gui)(gui)(gui)程規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)有“靈活(huo)”性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)。靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)把握(wo)原則是(shi)：不(bu)(bu)應(ying)因忠實(shi)嚴(yan)格執行規(gui)(gui)(gui)程規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)而(er)遺(yi)漏重大工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)問題(ti)，留下工(gong)(gong)程隱(yin)患(huan)造(zao)成工(gong)(gong)程事(shi)故；也不(bu)(bu)應(ying)造(zao)成不(bu)(bu)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)浪費。例如，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)某些(xie)特殊(shu)的(de)險工(gong)(gong)險段、Ⅲ類(lei)堤基、城市區規(gui)(gui)(gui)律性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差的(de)雜填土(tu)和(he)(he)人(ren)類(lei)活(huo)動留下的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)管道等，《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)勘(kan)探(tan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量可(ke)(ke)能就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能滿足要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)；而(er)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)安全正(zheng)常(chang)運行多年的(de)Ⅰ類(lei)堤基，按《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)勘(kan)探(tan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量又顯(xian)得沒有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)。總(zong)之(zhi)，準確把握(wo)執行規(gui)(gui)(gui)程規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)的(de)原則性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)地(di)質(zhi)師的(de)責任心、業(ye)務水平和(he)(he)創(chuang)新意識(shi)，同時(shi)也體(ti)現出(chu)了工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)專業(ye)的(de)特殊(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與復雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

5不同(tong)行(xing)業標(biao)準(zhun)之間的(de)關(guan)系

堤防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)多為(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)，其工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質評價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本理論依(yi)據是土(tu)(tu)(tu)力(li)學，因(yin)而(er)容(rong)易與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)建(jian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)計相混淆。目前反映比較(jiao)集中的(de)(de)(de)(de)是執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)水(shui)(shui)利(li)行(xing)業標準(zhun)(zhun)還是執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)以工(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)建(jian)為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)對(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)規范(fan)(fan)》(國家(jia)標準(zhun)(zhun)GB50021—94簡(jian)稱《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)規范(fan)(fan)》)。兩個標準(zhun)(zhun)既有共同(tong)之處，又有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異。我們(men)認為(wei)應(ying)該以水(shui)(shui)利(li)行(xing)業標準(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)依(yi)據，同(tong)時參(can)照《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)規范(fan)(fan)》。原因(yin)是：①《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)規范(fan)(fan)》主(zhu)要(yao)是針(zhen)對(dui)一(yi)般性(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)建(jian)地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)與(yu)評價(jia)，而(er)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)建(jian)有根本性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)，前者地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)所承(cheng)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)荷載以垂直向為(wei)主(zhu)，建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)對(dui)地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求主(zhu)要(yao)反映在(zai)承(cheng)載力(li)；后者的(de)(de)(de)(de)荷載是垂向與(yu)水(shui)(shui)平向的(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)處于復(fu)雜應(ying)力(li)狀(zhuang)態，特(te)別(bie)是水(shui)(shui)荷載對(dui)地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜作用，是水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根本區別(bie)。②《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)規范(fan)(fan)》在(zai)總則中表示該規范(fan)(fan)適用于除水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、……以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)。明確了不(bu)適用于水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。③《巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)規范(fan)(fan)》中對(dui)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)安排和勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)置主(zhu)要(yao)依(yi)照巖(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)等級來制定，而(er)堤防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則主(zhu)要(yao)從工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)測設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)階段來確定。

關(guan)于土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)問題(ti)，也(ye)是(shi)近(jin)年(nian)來較為(wei)混亂的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)之一(yi)(yi)。1990年(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)，土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)主要以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)1962年(nian)版的(de)(de)(de)《土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)試(shi)(shi)驗操作規程(cheng)》為(wei)依據(ju)，采用土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)三角坐標(biao)(biao)，這種分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)法(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)顆分(fen)為(wei)基(ji)礎，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)礫石、砂粒和(he)細(xi)粒的(de)(de)(de)含量百分(fen)比來給(gei)細(xi)粒土(tu)定名。廣大設(she)計(ji)院應(ying)用這種分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)方法(fa)比較成熟。1991年(nian)國(guo)標(biao)(biao)《土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GBJ145-90)頒(ban)布，此(ci)(ci)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)顆分(fen)為(wei)基(ji)礎，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)指數和(he)液限為(wei)控制指標(biao)(biao)對(dui)(dui)土(tu)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，1999年(nian)頒(ban)布的(de)(de)(de)水利行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)《土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)試(shi)(shi)驗規程(cheng)》對(dui)(dui)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)也(ye)沿(yan)用此(ci)(ci)國(guo)標(biao)(biao)。我(wo)們認為(wei)，目前(qian)兩種分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)都有各自的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，原則上應(ying)使(shi)(shi)用國(guo)標(biao)(biao)和(he)最新的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)主，現階段也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根據(ju)各單位對(dui)(dui)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)和(he)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)具體情況，互相(xiang)參照使(shi)(shi)用，只要能夠客觀地反(fan)映工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際，滿足為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)提供有關(guan)地質參數的(de)(de)(de)要求即可(ke)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面，我(wo)們也(ye)提倡和(he)鼓勵對(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)問題(ti)深入探討(tao)，為(wei)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步統一(yi)(yi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)實踐和(he)理論準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)備。

6堤(di)防工程地質勘察的成果資(zi)料

堤防工程地質勘察所獲得的基礎性資料數據，具有種類繁多數量巨大的特點。這些資料數據的分析整理歸納匯總，要求標準化，計算機化，最后形成能夠通過計算機綜合管理的(de)數字化的(de)基礎資料數據(ju)庫系統(tong)(tong)，并與堤(di)防工(gong)程的(de)其它資料數據(ju)庫系統(tong)(tong)集(ji)成，充(chong)分(fen)應用計算機網絡技術，為堤(di)防工(gong)程建設、管理(li)和抗洪搶(qiang)險(xian)提(ti)供使用方(fang)(fang)便功(gong)(gong)能(neng)強大(da)的(de)檢索查詢(xun)(xun)指(zhi)揮調度系統(tong)(tong)。集(ji)成后的(de)系統(tong)(tong)可在(zai)局域(yu)(yu)網、城域(yu)(yu)網、廣域(yu)(yu)網和Internet/Intranet上(shang)運行。系統(tong)(tong)要求具(ju)有靈活的(de)結構定(ding)義、多種存儲方(fang)(fang)式、強大(da)方(fang)(fang)便的(de)查詢(xun)(xun)定(ding)位(wei)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)、豐富(fu)的(de)統(tong)(tong)計報表功(gong)(gong)能(neng)以及(ji)可靠的(de)數據(ju)安全保證體系等；能(neng)夠通過(guo)圖示圖表提(ti)供隱患(huan)預測、險(xian)情分(fen)析、搶(qiang)險(xian)提(ti)示、決策支持、模擬潰堤(di)和決口后洪水進堤(di)的(de)演變趨勢。目前(qian)的(de)基礎性工(gong)作是(shi)制定(ding)目標(biao)，統(tong)(tong)一規劃，結構設計，系統(tong)(tong)集(ji)成。

堤(di)防(fang)工程數據庫(ku)系統需要(yao)列為專題(ti)研究(jiu)，力爭全國統一(yi)，至少也應該(gai)(gai)全流域(yu)統一(yi)。各類資料數據的使(shi)用權限、歸檔管理、存(cun)儲格式和形式、存(cun)儲介質等(deng)等(deng)，都(dou)應該(gai)(gai)及(ji)早研究(jiu)，統一(yi)規(gui)定。

7結語

98特大(da)洪水(shui)期間(jian)，抗洪搶險場(chang)面之驚(jing)心動魄，至(zhi)今(jin)仍然令人(ren)難(nan)以(yi)忘(wang)懷。大(da)洪水(shui)給人(ren)以(yi)大(da)啟(qi)示。中(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史上前(qian)所未有(you)的(de)大(da)規模堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)在(zai)98特大(da)洪水(shui)之后迅速拉(la)開序幕(mu)。經(jing)歷(li)了98特大(da)洪水(shui)洗禮過的(de)江河堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)，其工程(cheng)隱患基本暴露無遺，認真研究堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)的(de)出險機理(li)，總結未出險工程(cheng)的(de)成功范例，吸取(qu)前(qian)人(ren)修建(jian)堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史經(jing)驗(yan)，做好堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)的(de)勘(kan)測設(she)計工作，是肩負著堤(di)(di)防(fang)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)各級領導和工程(cheng)技術人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)神圣(sheng)職(zhi)責。

近幾(ji)年來我(wo)們參加了大量堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)審查，在向生(sheng)產第一線的(de)(de)廣大工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術干部學習的(de)(de)同時，也對堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)勘察中普(pu)遍(bian)存在的(de)(de)一些問(wen)題進行了認真思考。本文對于執行《規程(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)原(yuan)則、勘探工(gong)(gong)作量的(de)(de)控制、勘測資(zi)料的(de)(de)整理(li)等等問(wen)題表(biao)明了我(wo)們的(de)(de)觀(guan)點；關于堤防工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)險情和隱(yin)患分類(lei)(lei)，我(wo)們認為(wei)是實踐上升到理(li)論(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)必然過程(cheng)(cheng)；關于堤基分段分類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則與方法，屬于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)理(li)論(lun)(lun)與實踐相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)探討性課題，同時又是指導工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘測設計的(de)(de)基礎性工(gong)(gong)作。

本文觀(guan)點供同行們(men)參考，愿與大家共同討論。

參考文獻：

1韋港、冀建疆(jiang)，關于《堤防工程地(di)質勘(kan)察規程》中若干問題的探討(tao)，《水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)技(ji)術》，1999年第10期。

2韋港、冀(ji)建疆，堤防工程與環境地質問(wen)題(ti)，《水(shui)(shui)利規(gui)劃設計》，水(shui)(shui)利部水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電規(gui)劃設計總院院刊，2000年第(di)1期。

3《巖土工(gong)(gong)程勘察規(gui)范》,中華人(ren)民(min)共和國國家標準(zhun)，GB50021-94，中國建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業出(chu)版社1995年(nian)。

4《堤防工程地(di)質勘察規程》,中華(hua)人民共和國(guo)(guo)行(xing)業標準，SL/T188-96，中國(guo)(guo)水利出(chu)版社1997年。

5《堤(di)防(fang)工程設計規范》,中華人民共和國(guo)國(guo)家標準，GB50286-98，中國(guo)計劃(hua)出版社1998年(nian)。