導語：生態環境影響(xiang)評價的(de)抗辯效力一文(wen)(wen)來源于(yu)網友上傳，不(bu)代表本站(zhan)觀點，若需要(yao)原創(chuang)文(wen)(wen)章可咨詢客服(fu)老師(shi)，歡迎參(can)考(kao)。

[摘要]隨著生態文明法治建設的持續推進，生態環境影響評價的規范效力從公法層面拓展至私法層面、從行政執法延伸至司法審判。“經過環評”“獲得環評許可”等成為生態環境侵權訴訟中被告對抗原告訴訟請求的高頻抗辯理由。針對生態環境影響評價的抗辯效力在(zai)學(xue)界尚存(cun)爭議的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，通(tong)過對(dui)2010年(nian)至今涉及“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價”為(wei)(wei)抗(kang)辯(bian)事由的(de)(de)(de)125件(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)侵權案件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)梳理(li)分(fen)析(xi)可(ke)知，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價不僅在(zai)公(gong)法層(ceng)面(mian)發揮著(zhu)規(gui)范(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)利用行(xing)為(wei)(wei)、保(bao)障生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)管理(li)、突進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明建設(she)進程的(de)(de)(de)作用，而且(qie)在(zai)私(si)法層(ceng)面(mian)也開(kai)始發揮法律效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。但其(qi)在(zai)侵權責任層(ceng)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)辯(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)尚處于探索階段，目(mu)前在(zai)司法實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中法官對(dui)此抗(kang)辯(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)肯認概率還相對(dui)較低。法治應(ying)以現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)基，充分(fen)回應(ying)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，為(wei)(wei)此在(zai)明確(que)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價標準的(de)(de)(de)功能定位和抗(kang)辯(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，要以規(gui)劃環(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)和建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)這兩(liang)種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價類型為(wei)(wei)對(dui)象，從實(shi)(shi)(shi)體規(gui)范(fan)和程序(xu)運行(xing)兩(liang)方面(mian)，落實(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)侵權訴訟(song)中的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)辯(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。

[關鍵詞]生態(tai)文明建(jian)設；生態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)影響(xiang)評價；生態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)侵權訴訟；法律效(xiao)力；抗(kang)辯事由(you)

一、前言

“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)”概念(nian)首(shou)次出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)拿(na)大1964年(nian)召(zhao)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)會(hui)議(yi)上(shang)，由(you)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)學(xue)者柯(ke)德威爾教授提出(chu)(chu)(chu)，而其作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)項(xiang)正(zheng)式法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)制(zhi)度(du)(du)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)1969年(nian)通過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)政策法(fa)(fa)》（NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct）。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)首(shou)次引入(ru)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)”概念(nian)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1973年(nian)召(zhao)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護會(hui)議(yi)上(shang)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)作為(wei)(wei)舶(bo)來品，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展與完善同(tong)步進(jin)(jin)(jin)行，于(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐(jian)中(zhong)探索，于(yu)(yu)(yu)探索中(zhong)完善。在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象方(fang)面，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)20世紀90年(nian)代末引進(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（PEIA），命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)2002年(nian)修(xiu)正(zheng)《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)法(fa)(fa)》時，將其寫進(jin)(jin)(jin)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)之中(zhong)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃和(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二分(fen)結構(gou)(gou)。而在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)層次方(fang)面，逐漸建(jian)(jian)立(li)健全了(le)(le)(le)由(you)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)預斷評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監控型評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)回顧(gu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)系(xi)架(jia)構(gou)(gou)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)也成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)些規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃和(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)逐漸成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)項(xiang)決定項(xiang)目(mu)能(neng)否(fou)(fou)(fou)順利上(shang)馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有強(qiang)制(zhi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)制(zhi)度(du)(du)[1]115-116。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)經(jing)歷了(le)(le)(le)引入(ru)和(he)(he)(he)確(que)定階段(duan)(duan)(duan)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)范建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)、強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)完善階段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)(he)提高發(fa)(fa)展階段(duan)(duan)(duan)。目(mu)前(qian)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)逐漸明確(que)，各(ge)種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)制(zhi)度(du)(du)逐漸細化(hua)(hua)完善，已建(jian)(jian)立(li)起了(le)(le)(le)以《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)法(fa)(fa)》為(wei)(wei)核心，由(you)相關行政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)(he)部(bu)門(men)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章(zhang)以及地(di)方(fang)性法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)共同(tong)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)體(ti)系(xi)[2]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)拘束(shu)力(li)(li)也逐漸從開(kai)發(fa)(fa)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)前(qian)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)擴張至(zhi)事(shi)中(zhong)事(shi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營(ying)使用階段(duan)(duan)(duan)，強(qiang)調發(fa)(fa)揮市場(chang)作用，一(yi)些領(ling)域(yu)(yu)甚至(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)“去行政化(hua)(hua)”“走市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢(shi)。整體(ti)而言，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)項(xiang)對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)具(ju)有“否(fou)(fou)(fou)決”效力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)治理(li)體(ti)系(xi)和(he)(he)(he)治理(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要抓手。隨著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文明法(fa)(fa)治建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續推進(jin)(jin)(jin)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)效力(li)(li)已經(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)局限于(yu)(yu)(yu)公法(fa)(fa)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)，開(kai)始向(xiang)私法(fa)(fa)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)拓展，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮效力(li)(li)。以司法(fa)(fa)為(wei)(wei)視角，被告(gao)(gao)常以“經(jing)過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)驗收(shou)”“獲得環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)許(xu)可”等理(li)由(you)對(dui)(dui)抗(kang)原告(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訴訟(song)請(qing)求，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)絕大多(duo)數司法(fa)(fa)案(an)件中(zhong)，原告(gao)(gao)和(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)院對(dui)(dui)此抗(kang)辯理(li)由(you)基本采取不(bu)(bu)(bu)予接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)度(du)(du)，認為(wei)(wei)經(jing)過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)污染(ran)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、破壞生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)，更不(bu)(bu)(bu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)他人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)(fa)權(quan)益造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)侵(qin)害。然而，相矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)案(an)件中(zhong)，“未(wei)經(jing)過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)”卻(que)又成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)原告(gao)(gao)提起訴訟(song)、認為(wei)(wei)被告(gao)(gao)應當承擔生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要理(li)由(you)之一(yi)，也成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)官判斷被告(gao)(gao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)任(ren)主體(ti)、是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)侵(qin)權(quan)行為(wei)(wei)以及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)責(ze)任(ren)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)與否(fou)(fou)(fou)、承擔范圍大小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要考量(liang)因(yin)素。那么，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)可以成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)合規(gui)(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)依據？“經(jing)過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)驗收(shou)”“獲得環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)許(xu)可”等理(li)由(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)具(ju)有減責(ze)、甚至(zhi)免責(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)辯效力(li)(li)？

二、生態環境影響評價抗辯效力的司法考察

（一）案例樣本選(xuan)擇

案(an)(an)(an)例(li)(li)是(shi)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)訴(su)(su)訟(song)中雙方當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間攻防(fang)結(jie)構的(de)直(zhi)觀反(fan)映，對(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)類案(an)(an)(an)進行梳(shu)理和(he)個案(an)(an)(an)觀察(cha)，可以(yi)(yi)分析總(zong)結(jie)出(chu)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)響評(ping)價作為(wei)被告(gao)(gao)抗(kang)辯(bian)理由(you)(you)，以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)此理由(you)(you)對(dui)抗(kang)原告(gao)(gao)訴(su)(su)訟(song)請求(qiu)的(de)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)踐樣(yang)(yang)態(tai)，這也(ye)是(shi)展(zhan)開相關研究的(de)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)踐經驗樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)，有(you)(you)利于保證(zheng)研究既源于實(shi)(shi)踐又回應實(shi)(shi)踐，以(yi)(yi)此方可充分實(shi)(shi)現(xian)從(cong)實(shi)(shi)然到應然的(de)轉(zhuan)化。本(ben)文(wen)(wen)的(de)類案(an)(an)(an)梳(shu)理樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)來(lai)源主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)意(yi)網(wang)(wang)、中國裁(cai)判(pan)(pan)(pan)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)網(wang)(wang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)寶(bao)三大(da)網(wang)(wang)站，且以(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)意(yi)網(wang)(wang)的(de)“中國裁(cai)判(pan)(pan)(pan)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)庫”的(de)案(an)(an)(an)例(li)(li)為(wei)主要(yao)(yao)檢(jian)索源。以(yi)(yi)“2010年至2022年”為(wei)檢(jian)索時間，檢(jian)索項選(xuan)擇(ze)“案(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)引導——民事經濟——侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)任糾(jiu)紛——環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染責(ze)任糾(jiu)紛”，并且以(yi)(yi)“判(pan)(pan)(pan)決書(shu)”為(wei)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)類型，共檢(jian)索出(chu)相關案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)數量為(wei)4177件(jian)。對(dui)收集的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)裁(cai)判(pan)(pan)(pan)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)進行首次(ci)篩(shai)選(xuan)，剔(ti)除其中非環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)類和(he)不具有(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)體內容的(de)判(pan)(pan)(pan)決書(shu)，并將其侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)損(sun)害結(jie)果聚焦于對(dui)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)或公眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)身、財產等法(fa)(fa)(fa)定權(quan)(quan)(quan)益所造成(cheng)的(de)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)損(sun)害，最終篩(shai)選(xuan)出(chu)符合要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)2507件(jian)，而在生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)的(de)2507件(jian)案(an)(an)(an)例(li)(li)中，被告(gao)(gao)以(yi)(yi)“生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)合規(gui)”為(wei)由(you)(you)對(dui)抗(kang)原告(gao)(gao)訴(su)(su)訟(song)請求(qiu)的(de)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)有(you)(you)507件(jian)，約(yue)占(zhan)總(zong)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)數的(de)20.3%，而其中被告(gao)(gao)常以(yi)(yi)“經過環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)驗收”“獲得環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)許可”等為(wei)理由(you)(you)提起對(dui)抗(kang)原告(gao)(gao)的(de)訴(su)(su)訟(song)請求(qiu)的(de)案(an)(an)(an)件(jian)125件(jian)。

（二）案例樣本分析

對(dui)(dui)被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)抗辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)125份案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，從(cong)立案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)時(shi)間、審(shen)(shen)判(pan)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)、地(di)(di)域分(fen)布等(deng)方面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)梳(shu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)分(fen)析。首先，從(cong)立案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)時(shi)間來(lai)看(kan)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)1可(ke)(ke)見，2010年至2022年，被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)抗原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)(gao)訴(su)訟請(qing)求(qiu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻次從(cong)2010年到(dao)2016年呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)出(chu)明(ming)(ming)顯上(shang)(shang)升的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)(qu)勢(shi)，而自(zi)2016年后，被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)似理(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)(you)(you)予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)抗辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻次有(you)所(suo)(suo)下(xia)降，整體(ti)上(shang)(shang)呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)出(chu)波浪式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)動(dong)狀態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)，近年來(lai)又呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)升趨(qu)(qu)勢(shi)。其(qi)(qi)次，通(tong)過梳(shu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)判(pan)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)抗辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)125份案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，91%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一審(shen)(shen)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。詳言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)大(da)(da)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一審(shen)(shen)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就明(ming)(ming)確(que)表示其(qi)(qi)經(jing)過生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，所(suo)(suo)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)過生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)驗收合(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、合(he)(he)規行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，而所(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)結果(guo)亦(yi)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)(he)規致害，相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)應予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)減免或者責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)本身不成(cheng)立。再次，從(cong)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)來(lai)看(kan)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)3可(ke)(ke)見，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)抗辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)這一大(da)(da)類(lei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)占(zhan)總案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)62%，其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)、噪音污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)和(he)大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)，而像(xiang)其(qi)(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)、核污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)等(deng)則(ze)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少。之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)述(shu)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)布不均的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題主要有(you)兩(liang)點(dian)原(yuan)因，一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)化(hua)思維尚(shang)(shang)且不成(cheng)熟，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)情(qing)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性(xing)導致司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實務中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)難免存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)將(jiang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)籠(long)統歸(gui)入環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)(ran)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)大(da)(da)類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或者其(qi)(qi)他侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)糾(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)尚(shang)(shang)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐(jian)(jian)探索層面(mian)有(you)密(mi)切關系，這也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)述(shu)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)由(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)布不均的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)原(yuan)因。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)尚(shang)(shang)未被(bei)(bei)(bei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律所(suo)(suo)認可(ke)(ke)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)情(qing)況又十分(fen)復雜(za)，基于(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)當(dang)前(qian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴(yan)(yan)苛(ke)現(xian)(xian)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮(lv)，大(da)(da)多(duo)數案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)官對(dui)(dui)此(ci)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)并(bing)不予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)認可(ke)(ke)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具(ju)體(ti)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)要素遭(zao)受嚴(yan)(yan)重損害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。最(zui)后，從(cong)審(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域分(fen)布來(lai)看(kan)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)4可(ke)(ke)見，相(xiang)關案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)主要分(fen)布于(yu)(yu)(yu)湖南(nan)省(sheng)、貴州省(sheng)、四川省(sheng)等(deng)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。這些(xie)(xie)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)資源(yuan)稟賦(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)組(zu)合(he)(he)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)佳、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)資源(yuan)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)豐富、儲量富足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)資源(yuan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)基礎優(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)均值水(shui)平60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)水(shui)資源(yuan)和(he)土地(di)(di)資源(yuan)優(you)勢(shi)明(ming)(ming)顯，同(tong)時(shi)該地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效能發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。除(chu)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)，華南(nan)、華東地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)。華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、華南(nan)和(he)華東地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)資源(yuan)稟賦(fu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)佳，而且其(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)及其(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦(yi)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)范城市(shi)，比(bi)如貴州省(sheng)貴陽市(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)專門(men)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先行(xing)城市(shi)、浙江省(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“綠水(shui)青(qing)山就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金山銀(yin)山”等(deng)重要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)等(deng)等(deng)，也正因為(wei)(wei)(wei)如此(ci)，這些(xie)(xie)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)公民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護(hu)意識和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)念均較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)強，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，但(dan)與此(ci)同(tong)時(shi)，這些(xie)(xie)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)達，大(da)(da)多(duo)數被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)身經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮(lv)，會(hui)選擇以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)抗原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)(gao)訴(su)訟請(qing)求(qiu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)排除(chu)或減免自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實踐(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)不僅在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)層面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)著規范生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)利用(yong)(yong)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)、保障生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護(hu)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)、推進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)建設進(jin)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，而且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)私法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)層面(mian)也開始發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律效力(li)(li)(li)，最(zui)明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)告(gao)(gao)(gao)抗辯(bian)(bian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)使也賦(fu)予(yu)了(le)該法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)度阻卻生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)成(cheng)立或者減免責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)，打通(tong)了(le)公法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與私法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連接通(tong)道。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)層面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)尚(shang)(shang)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)探索階段(duan)，目前(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)官予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)裁量且對(dui)(dui)此(ci)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肯(ken)認概率還相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低。因此(ci)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)需(xu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)度和(he)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)落(luo)實，這對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)我國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設也尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要。

三、規劃生態環境影響評價抗辯效力的實現進路

（一）規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)實(shi)(shi)現規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)上就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)求在(zai)宏觀(guan)經濟決(jue)策時考慮(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)因(yin)素，如果(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)本(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)存在(zai)問(wen)題，那么必然(ran)(ran)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其規(gui)(gui)(gui)范效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，尤其是(shi)(shi)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)，這(zhe)(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)為(wei)何經過(guo)(guo)(guo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)卻仍然(ran)(ran)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污染、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)破壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)之一。關(guan)于(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)可以(yi)及規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷與(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足對(dui)(dui)(dui)私法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，無論是(shi)(shi)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)務界(jie)(jie)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)學(xue)術界(jie)(jie)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)研究偏少，大(da)多(duo)(duo)更關(guan)注(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)公(gong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)領域。而(er)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)中企業以(yi)其建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目、開(kai)發運營等(deng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)符合(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)要(yao)求、經過(guo)(guo)(guo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)可、選址(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及建(jian)設(she)合(he)(he)理(li)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)流程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)合(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)等(deng)為(wei)理(li)由提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)層出(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)窮(qiong)，而(er)原(yuan)告(gao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)該抗辯(bian)(bian)要(yao)么置之不(bu)(bu)(bu)理(li)，要(yao)么辯(bian)(bian)稱“規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)“規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)本(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)存在(zai)問(wen)題”，繼(ji)而(er)提起行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟。司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)類合(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)抗辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)度(du)(du)目前(qian)尚未達成一致(zhi)，大(da)多(duo)(duo)采取果(guo)斷(duan)拒(ju)絕(jue)亦(yi)或(huo)避而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)談的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)度(du)(du)，只有(you)少數(shu)(shu)會以(yi)存在(zai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)可、規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)審(shen)(shen)(shen)批通過(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)為(wei)依據(ju)認定侵權不(bu)(bu)(bu)成立(li)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)求給予經濟補償，亦(yi)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)僅要(yao)求被(bei)告(gao)降(jiang)低侵害(hai)，等(deng)等(deng)。如此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)可見(jian)，司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)界(jie)(jie)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)這(zhe)(zhe)一問(wen)題判斷(duan)具有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由裁(cai)量(liang)權限。雖然(ran)(ran)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)情況下并不(bu)(bu)(bu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)予以(yi)肯認，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)能徹底否定司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)務中存在(zai)承認其抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)可能性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)，讓大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)被(bei)告(gao)在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)侵權訴(su)訟中會選擇(ze)以(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)可或(huo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)等(deng)為(wei)抗辯(bian)(bian)理(li)由為(wei)自(zi)己據(ju)理(li)力(li)爭(zheng)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)其實(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)實(shi)(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，增強(qiang)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律權威(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)，夯實(shi)(shi)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律實(shi)(shi)現，推(tui)進(jin)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)抗辯(bian)(bian)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)然(ran)(ran)實(shi)(shi)現。就(jiu)(jiu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)而(er)言，其與(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)存在(zai)銜接問(wen)題，且二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)均被(bei)認為(wei)屬于(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相關(guan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，也正(zheng)因(yin)如此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，我國立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)兩項(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中更多(duo)(duo)側重于(yu)公(gong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)領域，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)頒布(bu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)府機(ji)(ji)關(guan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)、強(qiang)化其法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律責任、預防行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)腐敗等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律文件，如《城鄉(xiang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)違紀行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)處(chu)分辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《城鄉(xiang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)位資(zi)質管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定》等(deng)等(deng)，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)強(qiang)調公(gong)眾(zhong)參與(yu)(yu)力(li)度(du)(du)和方式，出(chu)臺一系列相關(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)(gui)范，完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)本(ben)身(shen)內部架構，如根據(ju)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)細化規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)或(huo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)審(shen)(shen)(shen)批辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、關(guan)注(zhu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)跟蹤評(ping)價(jia)和監督管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)等(deng)。實(shi)(shi)現規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)與(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接，是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)步驟之一，除(chu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之外，還(huan)可以(yi)強(qiang)化規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，構建(jian)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)部門為(wei)獨(du)立(li)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，增強(qiang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)評(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)和法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律權威(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)。

（二）規(gui)劃生態環(huan)境影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)價抗(kang)(kang)辯效(xiao)(xiao)力的司法(fa)實現(xian)規(gui)劃生態環(huan)境影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)價抗(kang)(kang)辯效(xiao)(xiao)力的司法(fa)實現(xian)，關鍵(jian)在(zai)于確定法(fa)官(guan)(guan)在(zai)司法(fa)實踐中分析其抗(kang)(kang)辯效(xiao)(xiao)力的考量因(yin)素，這是法(fa)官(guan)(guan)自(zi)由裁量權行使的關鍵(jian)。

1.規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。在強調依法(fa)(fa)治國、建設法(fa)(fa)治政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)(de)時代背景下(xia)(xia),任何事情(qing)都應依法(fa)(fa)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)[4]。《城鄉(xiang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)》針對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)本(ben)身做(zuo)出了詳(xiang)細規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，既(ji)有(you)原(yuan)則(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)又(you)有(you)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，既(ji)有(you)實(shi)(shi)體性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)亦(yi)有(you)程序(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)需要(yao)(yao)滿(man)足兩個基本(ben)條(tiao)件：一是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)原(yuan)則(ze)，尤其是(shi)(shi)生態環境保護原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遵守。二是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遵守，具(ju)體而言既(ji)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)體性(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)又(you)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)程序(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)。“規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)(shi)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)”[5]，這不(bu)僅僅是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起點位置(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)后續規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)環評、規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許(xu)可(ke)程序(xu)展開(kai)和(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯前提，更因為(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯(bian)具(ju)備(bei)侵權(quan)法(fa)(fa)效(xiao)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)條(tiao)件。但鑒(jian)于規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)具(ju)有(you)抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范性(xing)(xing)(xing)文件特征(zheng)，在行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟中(zhong)也只能提起附(fu)帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)審查(cha)(cha)，故在生態環境侵權(quan)訴訟中(zhong)，若被告以(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)提起合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯(bian)（應當(dang)提供(gong)證據(ju)初步(bu)(bu)證明規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)），可(ke)以(yi)參考行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)審查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)，根據(ju)相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，在實(shi)(shi)質合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)理念下(xia)(xia)采用合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)(de)審查(cha)(cha)原(yuan)則(ze)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分步(bu)(bu)驟、分層次(ci)、多角(jiao)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)審查(cha)(cha)[6]，充(chong)分落實(shi)(shi)和(he)保證規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)后續程序(xu)展開(kai)奠定(ding)基礎。

2.規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)符合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定。規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)其實(shi)就是(shi)在(zai)人與生態自(zi)然關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)角下(xia)審查規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。當前，我國除了(le)在(zai)《生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境影響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)法(fa)(fa)》中有(you)關(guan)于規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定外，還有(you)一(yi)些(xie)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)性文件亦規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)體(ti)性或程序性要求，特別是(shi)國務(wu)院2009年(nian)出臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境影響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)條(tiao)例(li)》中，對規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類型(xing)進一(yi)步細化，明確(que)了(le)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“授(shou)權、編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、審查、審批(pi)和(he)跟蹤”五(wu)大程序以(yi)(yi)及(ji)不同(tong)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)職責(ze)，創新完善具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，如論(lun)證(zheng)會、聽證(zheng)會制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、公眾(zhong)信(xin)息(xi)查詢制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、公眾(zhong)監督制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其他保證(zheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)有(you)效運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)[7]。規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完善真正實(shi)現了(le)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度從(cong)微觀到(dao)(dao)宏觀，從(cong)末端到(dao)(dao)源(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)(tou)，從(cong)枝節(jie)到(dao)(dao)主(zhu)干(gan)，從(cong)操(cao)作到(dao)(dao)決策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變和(he)飛躍[8]。從(cong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)對規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)內容(rong)也(ye)(ye)可以(yi)(yi)看出，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)并非僅僅關(guan)注(zhu)公共利(li)益(yi)，也(ye)(ye)關(guan)注(zhu)了(le)是(shi)否損害(hai)他人合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)權益(yi)，并非絕對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“行(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)行(xing)政(zheng)，民事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)民事”。從(cong)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選取、相關(guan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)文件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審批(pi)到(dao)(dao)后(hou)(hou)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跟蹤評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)、監督考察，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境影響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)全過(guo)程合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)，既保證(zheng)了(le)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)回應生態文明理(li)念，達到(dao)(dao)在(zai)開發(fa)建(jian)設(she)活動(dong)源(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)(tou)預防環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，從(cong)而實(shi)現產業合(he)(he)理(li)布(bu)局和(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色可持續，同(tong)時，又為后(hou)(hou)續規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)許可工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)展開奠定了(le)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)性基礎(chu)。

3.規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。針(zhen)對(dui)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)案(an)例多(duo)是(shi)由(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)利害(hai)(hai)關系人提(ti)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)導致生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)發生(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律實務(wu)(wu)界習慣于(yu)將原本(ben)屬(shu)于(yu)民事(shi)(shi)侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)轉化為(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)決定(ding)對(dui)第三人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，即私法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題轉化為(wei)公法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)第三人效(xiao)力(li)問題[9]。而(er)在(zai)(zai)公法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)領域，針(zhen)對(dui)此(ci)類案(an)件(jian)，多(duo)認為(wei)雖然行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機關規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)工程等影響(xiang)到(dao)他(ta)人合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權益，但未必一(yi)(yi)定(ding)會(hui)(hui)(hui)構成(cheng)侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權，如(ru)羅慶華(hua)、李坊洪訴(su)江西省上(shang)(shang)(shang)猶縣城鄉規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)建設(she)局(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)不作為(wei)案(an)①，朱盈豪、牛宇(yu)峰與上(shang)(shang)(shang)海市規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)自然資源局(ju)(ju)建設(she)工程規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)案(an)②等等。總之，已經(jing)形(xing)成(cheng)了“行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)遵守”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審查標準和(he)“規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)合(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)即合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，從而(er)不侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判規(gui)(gui)范(fan)[10]，一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度上(shang)(shang)(shang)承認了行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟被告合(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)效(xiao)力(li)。但是(shi)，即便存在(zai)(zai)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，受(shou)害(hai)(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)亦會(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，即相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關企(qi)(qi)業(ye)提(ti)起(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權訴(su)訟，在(zai)(zai)此(ci)情(qing)形(xing)下，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)是(shi)應(ying)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，若其(qi)(qi)(qi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)從實體(ti)到(dao)程序(xu)皆符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，則(ze)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)所實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)就(jiu)隸屬(shu)于(yu)“合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)”，在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權訴(su)訟中，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)很可(ke)(ke)(ke)能以此(ci)提(ti)起(qi)(qi)抗(kang)辯(bian)，而(er)民事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)官對(dui)該(gai)抗(kang)辯(bian)理由(you)(you)予以采納也(ye)并(bing)未違(wei)反相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關規(gui)(gui)則(ze)程序(xu)要求。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，只要滿足以上(shang)(shang)(shang)三項條(tiao)件(jian)就(jiu)具(ju)備(bei)侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)效(xiao)力(li)，而(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)效(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)表(biao)現形(xing)式，筆(bi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)僅僅具(ju)備(bei)減(jian)責(ze)(ze)(ze)效(xiao)力(li)，并(bing)不具(ju)備(bei)免(mian)責(ze)(ze)(ze)效(xiao)力(li)，這主(zhu)要是(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)三方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，就(jiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)三者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)聯合(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質而(er)言(yan)，是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種“過(guo)(guo)程合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”，就(jiu)整(zheng)體(ti)而(er)言(yan)，則(ze)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種“靜態(tai)(tai)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)以此(ci)提(ti)起(qi)(qi)合(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯(bian)僅能說明其(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)初始階段是(shi)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，然而(er)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)動態(tai)(tai)程序(xu)，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)是(shi)循序(xu)漸進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)(tai)程序(xu)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)”與受(shou)害(hai)(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“受(shou)損(sun)結(jie)果(guo)”之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)果(guo)關系鏈(lian)條(tiao)是(shi)隨著企(qi)(qi)業(ye)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)發展(zhan)過(guo)(guo)程慢慢形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。過(guo)(guo)程合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不代表(biao)結(jie)果(guo)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，靜態(tai)(tai)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也(ye)不等同于(yu)動態(tai)(tai)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并(bing)不代表(biao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在(zai)(zai)后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營過(guo)(guo)程中不存在(zai)(zai)破壞(huai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，更(geng)不代表(biao)不會(hui)(hui)(hui)存在(zai)(zai)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)他(ta)人合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)針(zhen)對(dui)一(yi)(yi)些高污染、高排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)與破壞(huai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)本(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)是(shi)同步進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不可(ke)(ke)(ke)分離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)且，就(jiu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)制(zhi)度本(ben)身(shen)而(er)言(yan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)所具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學判斷與法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)制(zhi)選擇之間(jian)本(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)呈現出(chu)一(yi)(yi)種割(ge)裂狀態(tai)(tai)[11]，況(kuang)且，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境風險(xian)頻發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)中，再科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷也(ye)不具(ju)有(you)預判未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)，若僅憑該(gai)合(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯(bian)就(jiu)免(mian)去侵(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)權者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)，對(dui)遭(zao)受(shou)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境風險(xian)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)害(hai)(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)言(yan)是(shi)有(you)失公平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，更(geng)有(you)違(wei)于(yu)“污染者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)負責(ze)(ze)(ze)、受(shou)益者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)負擔”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)。

四、建設項目生態環境影響評價抗辯效力的實現進路

（一(yi)(yi)）建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)抗辯效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實現(xian)我(wo)國于(yu)20世紀90年代末確立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，一(yi)(yi)開(kai)始(shi)主要針對建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。因此(ci)，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)較(jiao)于(yu)規(gui)劃環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淵源更(geng)長(chang)，實踐(jian)(jian)經驗(yan)亦更(geng)加(jia)(jia)豐富，法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)體(ti)系也更(geng)加(jia)(jia)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)。經過(guo)(guo)實踐(jian)(jian)革新，我(wo)國已經形成(cheng)了較(jiao)為(wei)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)發(fa)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)，按照相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定，對其(qi)(qi)(qi)實施后可(ke)(ke)能(neng)對環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)予以(yi)分(fen)析評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估，并(bing)(bing)會(hui)配套相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決方案和措施。建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)(jie)同(tong)步(bu)是(shi)趨(qu)勢，目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)實踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)“簡(jian)化環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)步(bu)驟(zou)、強(qiang)化排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實踐(jian)(jian)。因此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)將兩(liang)種制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)訴訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)予以(yi)一(yi)(yi)并(bing)(bing)考慮(lv)。企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)抗辯過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)所言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“行(xing)(xing)為(wei)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)”等(deng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關表述，其(qi)(qi)(qi)實具有(you)(you)兩(liang)層含義(yi)，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)指(zhi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體(ti)，即建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)本身經過(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)；二是(shi)指(zhi)原告起(qi)訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)”經過(guo)(guo)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)，最常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)即為(wei)污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)。對于(yu)該類(lei)合規(gui)抗辯，提起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率逐漸增高，但無(wu)論是(shi)原告還是(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)官對該類(lei)抗辯多持消極態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。筆(bi)者(zhe)僅從建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)出發(fa)，就目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)擴張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)勢而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合格結(jie)果(guo)對于(yu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“保護(hu)”作(zuo)用，并(bing)(bing)非僅僅局(ju)限于(yu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)之前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)，而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)會(hui)輻射至從項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)開(kai)建(jian)到運營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)流程(cheng)(cheng)，而(er)(er)(er)污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)范圍本就是(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營階段(duan)，而(er)(er)(er)對于(yu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)運行(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，亦會(hui)受到生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)結(jie)果(guo)和污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。總之，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)兩(liang)種制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)滿足相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。整(zheng)體(ti)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)，無(wu)論是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國各(ge)(ge)地已經展開(kai)試點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)告知承諾制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)審批(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“串聯改(gai)并(bing)(bing)聯”措施、碳(tan)排放評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入，還是(shi)尚(shang)處于(yu)學術探討階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取消環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)審批(pi)手續(xu)、限縮環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)否決效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)等(deng)等(deng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)并(bing)(bing)非僅僅局(ju)限于(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)管理(li)階段(duan)，也不(bu)僅僅對規(gui)劃編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)關、規(gui)劃審批(pi)機(ji)關等(deng)國家(jia)政(zheng)府(fu)機(ji)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)單位、企業(ye)(ye)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)以(yi)及環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)條文本身產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)力(li)也逐漸滲透進私法(fa)(fa)(fa)領(ling)域，影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)私人(ren)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活。根據環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)性評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估理(li)念，該制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)發(fa)揮既有(you)(you)輔(fu)助于(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)核心目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)，對評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)對象(xiang)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護(hu)行(xing)(xing)動產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)間接(jie)(jie)功能(neng)，對組織以(yi)及個(ge)(ge)人(ren)關系等(deng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)[12]。而(er)(er)(er)鮮少有(you)(you)學者(zhe)關注環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間接(jie)(jie)功能(neng)，更(geng)難(nan)有(you)(you)學者(zhe)回應環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)訴訟(song)(song)中(zhong)，被告以(yi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)理(li)由提起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)責任(ren)抗辯法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)問題(ti)。因此(ci)，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)抗辯效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵就是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)完(wan)善該環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，實現(xian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)與污染(ran)物(wu)排放許(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)美銜接(jie)(jie)，以(yi)此(ci)強(qiang)化建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范性和權(quan)(quan)威性，保證其(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訴訟(song)(song)抗辯效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)充分(fen)發(fa)揮。

（二(er)）建設項(xiang)目生(sheng)態(tai)環境影(ying)響評價抗(kang)辯(bian)(bian)效力的(de)(de)司(si)(si)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)與(yu)規劃(hua)生(sheng)態(tai)環境影(ying)響評價抗(kang)辯(bian)(bian)效力的(de)(de)司(si)(si)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)構思相似，建設項(xiang)目生(sheng)態(tai)環境影(ying)響評價抗(kang)辯(bian)(bian)效力的(de)(de)司(si)(si)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)也是(shi)(shi)從(cong)法(fa)官的(de)(de)自(zi)由裁量角度考慮，關鍵亦是(shi)(shi)對其(qi)考量因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)厘定，其(qi)考量因(yin)(yin)素(su)與(yu)規劃(hua)環評近似，但是(shi)(shi)結合(he)污(wu)染物排(pai)放許可制度的(de)(de)同步考慮，亦存在不(bu)同之處，主要有以(yi)下兩(liang)點(dian)。

1.建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)且(qie)合格(ge)。首要條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，也(ye)即前提條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，就是(shi)侵權(quan)(quan)行為(wei)的(de)(de)載體(ti)——建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)——經(jing)過(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)且(qie)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)結(jie)果為(wei)合格(ge)。在生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)侵權(quan)(quan)訴訟中，企業常(chang)常(chang)明確以“經(jing)過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)”為(wei)理由(you)提起合規抗辯(bian)，其所言的(de)(de)“環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)”大(da)多數情(qing)況下(xia)特指建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)，并會提交相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)書、報(bao)告(gao)(gao)表、登記表等相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)證(zheng)明文件(jian)(jian)，以證(zheng)實導(dao)致他人合法權(quan)(quan)益受到損(sun)害(hai)、對生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)產生(sheng)不利(li)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)本身是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)且(qie)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)結(jie)論為(wei)合格(ge)的(de)(de)。單(dan)就建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)而言，其既是(shi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)企業的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)得以順利(li)開展的(de)(de)科學依據和重要前提，又(you)是(shi)國(guo)家政府把握建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)對生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)狀況的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵步驟，還是(shi)指導(dao)企業深化生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文明理念、加強生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護的(de)(de)有效手段。在建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中充斥著多方利(li)益主體(ti)，牽涉公共(gong)利(li)益與個別利(li)益、長遠利(li)益與短期利(li)益的(de)(de)糾葛[13]。

2.排(pai)放(fang)(fang)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)獲(huo)得(de)(de)合(he)法許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)。此條(tiao)件(jian)亦是(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)鍵條(tiao)件(jian)，是(shi)(shi)指污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)本身(shen)是(shi)(shi)獲(huo)得(de)(de)合(he)法許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)的(de)。我國(guo)的(de)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)度是(shi)(shi)利用內化(hua)于(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)法規(gui)(gui)范中(zhong)的(de)各種(zhong)標(biao)準(zhun)制(zhi)度，要求(qiu)控排(pai)企業(ye)履行環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)義務、承(cheng)擔環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)法律(lv)(lv)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)形式[14]。根據目(mu)前有關(guan)(guan)該制(zhi)度的(de)法律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)定，污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)控排(pai)企業(ye)進(jin)行污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)的(de)前提條(tiao)件(jian)，未(wei)取得(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)不(bu)得(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)，而(er)若實(shi)施了(le)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)則要承(cheng)擔相應的(de)行政責(ze)(ze)(ze)任，與(yu)此同時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵權(quan)訴訟中(zhong)，“未(wei)取得(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)許(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)”既(ji)會成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原告起訴的(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵理由(you)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，也會成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)法官在(zai)(zai)裁量侵權(quan)者(zhe)(zhe)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任的(de)重要考量因(yin)素之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。在(zai)(zai)合(he)規(gui)(gui)抗(kang)辯中(zhong)，有部(bu)分(fen)侵權(quan)者(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)只要建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)結果(guo)合(he)格(ge)，就足(zu)以證(zheng)明不(bu)會產生(sheng)(sheng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)(ran)和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)破壞(huai)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)。筆者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)此并不(bu)贊(zan)同，與(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)類似，建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象“靜態(tai)合(he)法”的(de)證(zheng)明，并無法絕對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)割裂建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)本身(shen)與(yu)后續環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)(ran)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)破壞(huai)乃至他人權(quan)益受損(sun)之(zhi)間的(de)因(yin)果(guo)關(guan)(guan)系，故生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵權(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任的(de)法律(lv)(lv)效力并不(bu)會影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任成(cheng)立(li)，而(er)主要在(zai)(zai)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任承(cheng)擔階段(duan)發揮(hui)效力，實(shi)現生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)侵權(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任的(de)減(jian)免。

五、結語

在公私交融的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)法治建設(she)思路中，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范效力(li)拓展(zhan)至私法領域，并(bing)且將(jiang)會(hui)逐漸(jian)深化。詳言之，規(gui)劃(hua)和(he)建設(she)項目兩種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)類型(xing)在實(shi)行過(guo)程中對(dui)(dui)企業(ye)開發建設(she)、經(jing)(jing)營(ying)運作等產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響，會(hui)進一步輻(fu)射(she)到私法領域，對(dui)(dui)私人的(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)健康、日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)等產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響。結合司法實(shi)踐(jian)案(an)例、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)改革(ge)(ge)趨勢(shi)以及學術(shu)界的(de)(de)(de)研究討論熱點(dian)，關于未來生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)方(fang)向主要(yao)(yao)有三(san)(san)種(zhong)：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)告知承(cheng)諾(nuo)制(zhi)度(du)(du)；二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)整合或取(qu)消(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)審批制(zhi)度(du)(du)；三(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)效力(li)擴張化。這三(san)(san)種(zhong)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)方(fang)向，已(yi)經(jing)(jing)在一些地(di)區(qu)試點(dian)，并(bing)在全國各地(di)持續(xu)推進，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未來生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)模態(tai)(tai)(tai)、存在樣態(tai)(tai)(tai)。這些制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)(ge)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)當前(qian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)現實(shi)需求的(de)(de)(de)回應、對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)法治建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)助力(li)，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)本身的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)與進步。尤其要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)重生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)在侵權(quan)法領域的(de)(de)(de)效力(li)體(ti)現，循序漸(jian)進地(di)進行制(zhi)度(du)(du)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)，盡(jin)可能減小在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)改革(ge)(ge)中，因整體(ti)制(zhi)度(du)(du)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)變動，以及針對(dui)(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)(ping)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)特別制(zhi)度(du)(du)革(ge)(ge)新(xin)(xin)等，對(dui)(dui)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)運作、地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)等產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響。

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作者:王海晶 王亞萍 單(dan)位(wei):溫州大學 法學院