導(dao)語：建(jian)筑電(dian)氣節能(neng)設計論文8篇一文來源于網友上(shang)傳(chuan)，不(bu)代表本(ben)站觀點，若需要原創文章可咨(zi)詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

第一篇：建筑電氣節能設計及照明節能設計研究

這些(xie)年來，國家(jia)和有(you)關(guan)部門已(yi)經深切了解到(dao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)問題的主要(yao)(yao)性(xing)與緊迫性(xing)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)工作已(yi)經全面開(kai)展(zhan)并持(chi)(chi)續深化，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術持(chi)(chi)續進(jin)步，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的設計(ji)規(gui)范也在持(chi)(chi)續地完善。為了提(ti)高資源運用(yong)(yong)(yong)效率，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)資源節(jie)(jie)約(yue)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，在建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)(jian)設過程中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣和照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設備(bei)，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)率，降(jiang)低建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。在設計(ji)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設備(bei)時，要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)減少線路上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗費(fei)量(liang)，提(ti)高系統功率，開(kai)發照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設備(bei)中(zhong)的節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)空間。為此，要(yao)(yao)特(te)別重視建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)經過中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)對照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設備(bei)的利用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

1降耗節能(neng)在(zai)建筑電氣設計中的(de)重(zhong)要性

在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)最近這些年，隨著(zhu)(zhu)持續(xu)增加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國資(zi)源(yuan)目前開始比較緊缺，因為(wei)人(ren)們(men)生(sheng)活(huo)水平持續(xu)提(ti)高，也(ye)加快了(le)工(gong)(gong)業化發展速度(du)，導致(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境污染相對(dui)(dui)嚴重，而(er)現(xian)實可以運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)其效率也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)慢慢下滑。依(yi)據(ju)有關資(zi)料認識，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國花在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)整個(ge)(ge)社會中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗總和占(zhan)30%左右(you)，而(er)且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)每年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)呈一個(ge)(ge)上(shang)升(sheng)趨勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)需要(yao)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗，而(er)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)整個(ge)(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗一大(da)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)氣能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗。對(dui)(dui)著(zhu)(zhu)社會主義(yi)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業對(dui)(dui)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)持續(xu)地(di)增加，由于電(dian)(dian)網供(gong)電(dian)(dian)和發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力都達(da)不到(dao)一個(ge)(ge)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)，造成在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加電(dian)(dian)力設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)目而(er)且遠遠超過了(le)一部(bu)分發電(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)目，這就讓在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應不足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國大(da)區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置都有出現(xian)拉閘限電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況，這就需要(yao)人(ren)們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)把節能(neng)(neng)降耗作(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之重。

2實(shi)現(xian)建筑電(dian)氣照明節能設計重點方法(fa)

2.1合理擬定照明設計(ji)方(fang)案

優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)案是完成照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)。為完成照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)優(you)化，設計人(ren)員在實施照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計時要(yao)關(guan)注(zhu)兩點：①建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計要(yao)具有(you)(you)優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)實用性，不可以只重視形式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)新穎(ying)，而疏(shu)忽(hu)了現實的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)需(xu)求(qiu)。比如，在有(you)(you)空調的(de)(de)(de)房間(jian)內，照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)就(jiu)要(yao)選取普通照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)、部分(fen)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)與(yu)(yu)混(hun)合(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)。而對于某些采光效(xiao)果相(xiang)(xiang)對好、房間(jian)顏(yan)色相(xiang)(xiang)對淺的(de)(de)(de)房間(jian)，要(yao)充分(fen)運用自然光，達到節能(neng)減排的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。②建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計一(yi)定要(yao)跟有(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)行業規(gui)(gui)范(fan)與(yu)(yu)國家法規(gui)(gui)相(xiang)(xiang)符，其中最關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)參考規(gui)(gui)范(fan)為《建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》。全部的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計都(dou)要(yao)在符合(he)這一(yi)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，依據現實的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構造(zao)與(yu)(yu)功能(neng)特征，擬定出科學、可行的(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計方(fang)(fang)案。

2.2在設計經過中運用高(gao)光效光源(yuan)

選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)的(de)光(guang)源對照明(ming)效果(guo)有直接影響(xiang)，所(suo)以在設(she)計照明(ming)設(she)備時要(yao)(yao)全方位思考光(guang)源的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)。結合建(jian)筑周邊的(de)精準狀況(kuang)與現實照明(ming)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)適合的(de)光(guang)源。在選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)過程中要(yao)(yao)盡量滿足人們的(de)照明(ming)需求，選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)一些比較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)發光(guang)率的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效光(guang)源。一般狀況(kuang)下，如(ru)果(guo)燈(deng)具(ju)安裝高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)相對低(di)的(de)位置(zhi)要(yao)(yao)使用熒光(guang)燈(deng)，而高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)位置(zhi)會用金鹵燈(deng)。假如(ru)是(shi)一些高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)并且(qie)不利于保護的(de)區域，主要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)用高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)無極熒光(guang)燈(deng)，例如(ru)酒店和(he)大廳等(deng)諸(zhu)多公共場(chang)所(suo)。在選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)燈(deng)具(ju)時，最好(hao)(hao)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)燈(deng)具(ju)的(de)種(zhong)類是(shi)起(qi)速(su)快、顯色(se)好(hao)(hao)、光(guang)效高(gao)(gao)(gao)。這樣才(cai)能滿足人們的(de)需要(yao)(yao)，達到建(jian)筑節能的(de)效果(guo)。

2.3照明燈具設計

燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)的(de)(de)概念是(shi)重新布局(ju)一個或(huo)幾個光(guang)源的(de)(de)光(guang)，或(huo)轉變其光(guang)色的(de)(de)裝置。照(zhao)(zhao)明燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)的(de)(de)選取對于發揮照(zhao)(zhao)明光(guang)源的(de)(de)最大潛力起(qi)著(zhu)重要的(de)(de)作用。燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)有(you)很多類品(pin)種，常用的(de)(de)有(you)控照(zhao)(zhao)型(xing)與帶保護(hu)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)格柵(zha)(zha)式(shi)、透(tou)明式(shi)、棱鏡(jing)式(shi)、磨砂式(shi)等各種類別(bie)，效率(lv)均不(bu)(bu)一樣(yang)。磨砂或(huo)棱鏡(jing)保護(hu)罩(zhao)式(shi)僅有(you)55%反(fan)射(she)率(lv)，格柵(zha)(zha)式(shi)為(wei)60%，透(tou)明式(shi)為(wei)65%，控照(zhao)(zhao)式(shi)（或(huo)開敞式(shi)）是(shi)75%。相同型(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)反(fan)射(she)板使用不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)材料(liao)，其反(fan)射(she)效率(lv)也(ye)都是(shi)不(bu)(bu)一樣(yang)的(de)(de)。高(gao)效節(jie)能照(zhao)(zhao)明燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)關鍵功能特征（和(he)一般(ban)燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)對比(bi)）：①照(zhao)(zhao)明質量提(ti)高(gao)了，提(ti)高(gao)1～3倍(bei)的(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)；②高(gao)效節(jie)能，為(wei)37.5～50%的(de)(de)節(jie)電率(lv)；③應(ying)用壽(shou)命是(shi)一般(ban)燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)倍(bei)以(yi)上；④光(guang)污染較(jiao)低(di)，紫(zi)外線和(he)紫(zi)光(guang)僅有(you)5%的(de)(de)反(fan)射(she)率(lv)，是(shi)一般(ban)燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)的(de)(de)1/8；⑤減少光(guang)衰，長期應(ying)用反(fan)射(she)率(lv)只降低(di)3～8%，遠(yuan)低(di)于一般(ban)燈(deng)(deng)具(ju)。

2.4降低照明線路上的電能損失

因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)存(cun)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上，因此當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力大部分被損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。因此在(zai)選(xuan)取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，有必(bi)要選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)相(xiang)對(dui)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)施工，況且，要減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)經過導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)度(du)(du)與(yu)(yu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)面增加兩(liang)個方法來使線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，減(jian)(jian)小導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)度(du)(du)。首先(xian)，要盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)往直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)方向發展，避免彎路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)與(yu)(yu)特殊形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，以(yi)(yi)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)，而且回(hui)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)少(shao)(shao)走，以(yi)(yi)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。其次(ci)，令(ling)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)挨著符合中心近點，以(yi)(yi)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間距。再次(ci)，要讓低(di)壓(ya)(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)豎(shu)(shu)井(jing)靠近，而且各(ge)個豎(shu)(shu)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)由低(di)壓(ya)(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室供應，就不(bu)會發生支(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)沿著干線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)倒送的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情。增大導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)截(jie)面：①對(dui)于相(xiang)對(dui)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)要增大導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)面，以(yi)(yi)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)年運(yun)行(xing)款項，能源消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)節省(sheng)；②多運(yun)用(yong)(yong)季節性負荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，在(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶不(bu)方便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，能夠長(chang)期(qi)供應用(yong)(yong)戶作(zuo)為供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)應用(yong)(yong)，達到減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

2.5引進先進技術

在(zai)建筑電氣照明系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能設計(ji)中引進優秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學技術無(wu)疑是(shi)最(zui)容易簡單最(zui)可以起到(dao)(dao)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法。通(tong)常包含兩個方(fang)(fang)面：①經(jing)過應用數字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)遠程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，這(zhe)(zhe)種形式(shi)(shi)就是(shi)經(jing)過數字(zi)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)對照明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亮度(du)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)。關鍵是(shi)要(yao)建設一個平臺(tai)要(yao)能夠對于一些信號做出(chu)(chu)相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理，可以調(diao)(diao)節(jie)亮度(du)和(he)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)等方(fang)(fang)面，才(cai)能夠展(zhan)開后(hou)(hou)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)，要(yao)不(bu)在(zai)計(ji)算機(ji)上辨(bian)識(shi)出(chu)(chu)這(zhe)(zhe)些信息，才(cai)可以實(shi)(shi)施(shi)處理。②經(jing)過運用電流導通(tong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)來最(zui)后(hou)(hou)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)節(jie)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。對于二(er)極管可以調(diao)(diao)節(jie)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亮度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)是(shi)在(zai)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)正向電流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)來實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。經(jing)過阻礙線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部所通(tong)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電流量來控制光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亮度(du)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。后(hou)(hou)經(jing)實(shi)(shi)驗發現，單單經(jing)過這(zhe)(zhe)一方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)不(bu)能真(zhen)正起到(dao)(dao)作(zuo)用，因此一定要(yao)配合別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)調(diao)(diao)控，我們(men)對于這(zhe)(zhe)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究需(xu)要(yao)不(bu)斷加強，已(yi)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)想要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。

3結束語

中國(guo)對能(neng)源的(de)(de)需求(qiu)量(liang)變大(da)，直接導(dao)致了中國(guo)能(neng)源緊張的(de)(de)局面。隨著中國(guo)可持續發展戰略的(de)(de)進行，建(jian)設資(zi)源節(jie)(jie)(jie)約型(xing)社會(hui)的(de)(de)舉措至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)。建(jian)筑電氣照明節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)設計(ji)要(yao)充(chong)分思考選取(qu)高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)率的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)設備(bei)，運用(yong)先(xian)進的(de)(de)設計(ji)技術，依照節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)規范(fan)實施設計(ji)，為人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)供應(ying)健(jian)康、舒適(shi)(shi)、安全的(de)(de)居住、工(gong)作與(yu)活(huo)動空(kong)間(jian)。另外，還要(yao)增強(qiang)(qiang)對現代科(ke)技方法(fa)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)，科(ke)學地運用(yong)天然光(guang)，優化人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)生活(huo)工(gong)作的(de)(de)環境，把節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)果提高(gao)，加強(qiang)(qiang)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)舒適(shi)(shi)感(gan)，增強(qiang)(qiang)對人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)視(shi)覺的(de)(de)保護，保證人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)身(shen)體健(jian)康，從而起到節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)作用(yong)。

作者:溫勇文 單位:廣東省(sheng)工(gong)業設(she)備安(an)裝(zhuang)有限公司(si)

參考文獻：

[1]魏民.建筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)照明中的節能(neng)設(she)計(ji)措(cuo)施分(fen)析[J].建筑(zhu)設(she)計(ji)管理,2013,(2):47-49+73.

[2]周志程.民用建筑工程電氣照明(ming)的節(jie)能研(yan)究[J].廣(guang)東科技(ji),2013,(10):99-100.

[3]謝同(tong)建.淺談(tan)建筑電氣節能設計[J].江蘇建筑,2010,S1:85-86+106.

第二篇：建筑電氣節能設計探討(tao)

根(gen)據能(neng)源界近三(san)十年研(yan)究得出結(jie)論(lun)，普(pu)遍認(ren)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節能(neng)是(shi)各(ge)種節能(neng)途(tu)徑(jing)中(zhong)潛力最大(da)，最為(wei)直(zhi)接有效(xiao)的(de)(de)方(fang)式。尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)大(da)型公(gong)共(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，其(qi)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)為(wei)現在住宅用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)10倍(bei)（不(bu)含采暖），大(da)型公(gong)共(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)空調用(yong)電(dian)約占50~60％，照(zhao)明用(yong)電(dian)約為(wei)25~35％，其(qi)余為(wei)辦公(gong)電(dian)器(qi)及(ji)電(dian)梯(ti)等用(yong)電(dian)。隨著國家能(neng)源緊缺問(wen)題進(jin)一步突出，節約能(neng)源，降低能(neng)耗工作成為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)行(xing)業一個重(zhong)要(yao)議題。在建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)應該對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣節能(neng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)有正確(que)的(de)(de)認(ren)識和理(li)解，采取切實(shi)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)，在具體設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)，筆(bi)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)應該滿足以下(xia)三(san)個方(fang)面的(de)(de)原則：

1滿足建筑物(wu)的功(gong)能(neng)要求

節能(neng)首先(xian)應該以滿足建筑物(wu)內各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備用電(dian)(dian)要(yao)求為前提，滿足電(dian)(dian)氣照明的(de)照度(du)(du)，色(se)溫，顯色(se)指數等要(yao)求，節能(neng)不(bu)(bu)是不(bu)(bu)耗(hao)能(neng)，而是在保證經(jing)濟(ji)發展條件下的(de)環境條件和舒(shu)適(shi)度(du)(du)的(de)前提下，最大限(xian)度(du)(du)的(de)減(jian)少不(bu)(bu)必要(yao)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)耗(hao)費。

2考慮各種經濟效益

節(jie)能應該(gai)(gai)按照國情的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)考慮(lv)實際(ji)的(de)經濟效益，不可(ke)因為(wei)節(jie)能而(er)過高地增(zeng)加(jia)投資，增(zeng)加(jia)運行費用(yong)(yong)。而(er)是應該(gai)(gai)讓(rang)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)部分投資能在較短的(de)時間內(nei)或者在幾年時間內(nei)低于因節(jie)能而(er)減少下來(lai)的(de)運行費用(yong)(yong)。

3減少各(ge)種電(dian)器(qi)設備的運行消(xiao)耗(hao)能量

節(jie)能的(de)著眼點應(ying)該是節(jie)省(sheng)無謂(wei)的(de)能量耗費(fei)。即在正常的(de)電(dian)氣設(she)備運行情(qing)況下，減少能源的(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗如變壓器損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗，線路損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗，鎮流(liu)器損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗等等。具體到電(dian)氣設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)來，本人(ren)認(ren)為在建筑電(dian)氣中(zhong)的(de)節(jie)能設(she)計(ji)應(ying)該解(jie)決好(hao)以(yi)下幾個方面(mian)問題：

（1）減(jian)少(shao)(shao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)包含空載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)和負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)鐵損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，是(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)鐵心消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量，跟變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)無(wu)關，只(zhi)要(yao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)投(tou)入運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)部(bu)分損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)即存在，鐵損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)由鐵心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渦流(liu)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)及漏磁損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成。由變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鐵心材(cai)料和制作工藝組(zu)(zu)(zu)成，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制成后及不變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。減(jian)小(xiao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鐵損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)需選(xuan)用空載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，如干式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，S11型油浸式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。按(an)照新(xin)出臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制性國家(jia)標準(zhun)《三相配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能效限定(ding)值及節(jie)能評價標準(zhun)值》，本(ben)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)選(xuan)用滿足此(ci)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及可看為(wei)(wei)節(jie)能變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)銅損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，是(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)輸功(gong)(gong)率(lv)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，及變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，決定(ding)于(yu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻及流(liu)過(guo)(guo)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)大(da)小(xiao)，與變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)β的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平方成正比。減(jian)少(shao)(shao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，首先是(shi)(shi)選(xuan)用變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在確(que)定(ding)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型號后，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)銅損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)合(he)理(li)(li)確(que)定(ding)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)效率(lv)是(shi)(shi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)50％，可按(an)此(ci)標準(zhun)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初投(tou)資將增加較(jiao)大(da)，綜合(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初投(tou)資，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)費，本(ben)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)在70~85％比較(jiao)合(he)理(li)(li)。另(ling)外，在建筑電(dian)氣(qi)設計過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，應(ying)該合(he)理(li)(li)確(que)定(ding)需要(yao)系數(shu)(shu)，計算有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)，確(que)定(ding)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容量及臺(tai)數(shu)(shu)，本(ben)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)臺(tai)數(shu)(shu)應(ying)確(que)定(ding)在2臺(tai)及以(yi)上。可以(yi)根據(ju)季節(jie)性負(fu)(fu)荷如季節(jie)性空調容量，供暖(nuan)鍋爐房負(fu)(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情(qing)況確(que)定(ding)投(tou)入運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)臺(tai)數(shu)(shu)，以(yi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。

（2）減少供(gong)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，由于(yu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)存(cun)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候就會產生損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，在線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)功率一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，通過線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是不會改變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，要(yao)減少線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，只有(you)(you)減小(xiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，所(suo)以在設計(ji)(ji)過程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)采(cai)取以下(xia)(xia)措施(shi)：①選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材質做導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。結合我(wo)國(guo)(guo)現階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)情情況，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)銅芯作為導(dao)(dao)體是最合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料。②變(bian)壓器應設置在負(fu)荷(he)中(zhong)心，以減小(xiao)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)徑，節約導(dao)(dao)體并降低線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，一般情況下(xia)(xia)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)半徑控制在250m范圍(wei)內（各地供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部門要(yao)求有(you)(you)所(suo)差(cha)異，應調查清(qing)楚）。③減小(xiao)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)，一般情況下(xia)(xia)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)應走直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，如低壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)在豎(shu)井(jing)附近，可(ke)減小(xiao)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長度(du)。④在導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇過程(cheng)中(zhong)，按照經(jing)濟(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)截(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)，即在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)壽命范圍(wei)內，線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)初投(tou)(tou)資和(he)導(dao)(dao)體損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)費用(yong)之和(he)最小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)截(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)，使(shi)綜合投(tou)(tou)資最小(xiao)。按照我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情，如果能全面(mian)推(tui)行按經(jing)濟(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)截(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)，將減少35~42％的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。在圖書館的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，所(suo)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)均選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)銅芯導(dao)(dao)體，整(zheng)個建筑(zhu)物(wu)長寬為97.7×41.7m，變(bian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備房(fang)設置于(yu)一層前(qian)端37m處，大樓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)豎(shu)井(jing)僅與配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)隔一走道，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)布置保證了所(suo)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣管線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)能在最短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離到(dao)達用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備處，最大限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減小(xiao)了線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)按照經(jing)濟(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)照表格選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)，較大限度(du)地減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。

（3）減少(shao)線路照(zhao)(zhao)明中(zhong)的能量損(sun)耗。因為(wei)建筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)明量大而(er)面廣(guang)，因此照(zhao)(zhao)明節(jie)能潛(qian)力很大，按照(zhao)(zhao)《公共(gong)建筑(zhu)節(jie)能設(she)(she)計(ji)標(biao)準》要(yao)求，公共(gong)建筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)明的節(jie)能設(she)(she)計(ji)應執行《建筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)明設(she)(she)計(ji)標(biao)準》的要(yao)求，在具體設(she)(she)計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，本人認為(wei)應該(gai)從以下幾個方(fang)面入(ru)手：

①采用(yong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)光(guang)(guang)源和燈(deng)具(ju)。在建(jian)筑照明設(she)計過程(cheng)中優(you)先(xian)(xian)選(xuan)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)效(xiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)光(guang)(guang)源，如T5，T8管細(xi)管徑熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)，金鹵(lu)燈(deng)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓納燈(deng)，緊湊(cou)型(xing)熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)等光(guang)(guang)源。燈(deng)具(ju)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)，敞開型(xing)燈(deng)具(ju)效(xiao)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)(yu)70％，格柵式不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)(yu)60％，帶保(bao)護(hu)罩(zhao)燈(deng)具(ju)不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)(yu)55~60％，在設(she)計過程(cheng)中，應根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)場所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)光(guang)(guang)源和燈(deng)具(ju)，盡量避免選(xuan)用(yong)白熾燈(deng)，隔柵燈(deng)具(ju)及帶保(bao)護(hu)罩(zhao)，一般辦公場所(suo)(suo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)選(xuan)用(yong)開敞式T5，T8熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)支架(jia)，光(guang)(guang)源及燈(deng)具(ju)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)比較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，在保(bao)證照度(du)的(de)前提(ti)下，用(yong)電(dian)量最(zui)小。

②確定合理的燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)。每(mei)個照明開關控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的光源數量不宜(yi)過多，一般辦公(gong)場(chang)所(suo)應(ying)按照跟(gen)窗戶平(ping)行的方(fang)向(xiang)的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)，有(you)利(li)于充分利(li)用(yong)天(tian)然采光，大(da)開間(jian)辦公(gong)場(chang)所(suo)宜(yi)采用(yong)區(qu)(qu)域控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)，較少人(ren)員工(gong)作時(shi)可按區(qu)(qu)域控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)的啟閉，樓梯間(jian)等場(chang)所(suo)應(ying)采用(yong)節能(neng)(neng)自熄(xi)式(shi)開關，以節約電能(neng)(neng)，大(da)型公(gong)共場(chang)所(suo)采用(yong)智能(neng)(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)，根據場(chang)景需要控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)照明燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)。

③提(ti)高線路(lu)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數。優先采(cai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)及節能(neng)電(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)加電(dian)(dian)容補償(chang)，提(ti)高線路(lu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數，減小線路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，降低線路(lu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)損耗(hao)。另(ling)外，照(zhao)明設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)執行《建筑照(zhao)明設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)》中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)注意照(zhao)明功(gong)率(lv)(lv)密度值的(de)(de)強制性條(tiao)文的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。在秦(qin)皇島(dao)外國語學(xue)院圖(tu)書館設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，除甲方有(you)特別要求(qiu)外，均(jun)(jun)按(an)照(zhao)無(wu)吊頂布(bu)置照(zhao)明器(qi)，如(ru)自修室，閱覽(lan)室等(deng)處均(jun)(jun)布(bu)置T8管熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)開敞式(shi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)，走道等(deng)處選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)緊湊型熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)源，均(jun)(jun)最大限(xian)度地保證(zheng)了光(guang)效；熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)均(jun)(jun)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)，另(ling)在低壓柜內集中(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)容補償(chang)裝置，減少(shao)了線路(lu)的(de)(de)損耗(hao)；燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)布(bu)置與外窗平(ping)(ping)行，盡量考慮天然(ran)采(cai)光(guang)；大開間辦(ban)公區(qu)，閱覽(lan)區(qu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)分(fen)區(qu)控制照(zhao)明燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)的(de)(de)方式(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)小開間辦(ban)公區(qu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)面板(ban)開關控制，走道、樓梯等(deng)處選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)節能(neng)自熄型開關；均(jun)(jun)體現(xian)了節能(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)考慮。降低變(bian)壓器(qi)損耗(hao)，線路(lu)損耗(hao)，照(zhao)明損耗(hao)是(shi)(shi)建筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節能(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)關鍵點，而上述(shu)措施都是(shi)(shi)在設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)夠通過(guo)精心計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算，優化設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案解決的(de)(de)問題。建筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)節能(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)整個電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)很重要的(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)師應(ying)該(gai)本著認(ren)真負(fu)責的(de)(de)態度認(ren)真為業主設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)出電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節能(neng)的(de)(de)建筑物，為國家(jia)節能(neng)工作貢獻(xian)自己的(de)(de)一分(fen)力量。由(you)于(yu)筆者的(de)(de)水平(ping)(ping)有(you)限(xian)，以(yi)上論述(shu)難免有(you)不足、錯漏之處，還望各位專家(jia)、同(tong)仁多多批評指(zhi)正，共(gong)同(tong)探討與完善。

作者:廖勝榮

第三篇：民用(yong)建筑電(dian)氣節能設(she)計研究

隨著我(wo)國經(jing)濟的(de)(de)持續發展，能(neng)源(yuan)短缺問題已經(jing)越來越突出，在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國的(de)(de)“十(shi)一五”發展綱要(yao)中，就(jiu)把“節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)減排”作(zuo)為一個主要(yao)的(de)(de)約束性指(zhi)標進行實施(shi)(shi)。除了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)業方面的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)減排工(gong)作(zuo)以外(wai)，民用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)作(zuo)為建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程領域的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部分，它(ta)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)工(gong)作(zuo)與每個人息息相關。在(zai)(zai)民用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)工(gong)作(zuo)中，除了(le)(le)(le)提倡使(shi)用清潔能(neng)源(yuan)之外(wai)，最主要(yao)的(de)(de)還(huan)是在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計階段和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)階段，進行規范的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。這其中最主要(yao)的(de)(de)就(jiu)是建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)電氣(qi)系統，它(ta)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)設(she)(she)計和建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，對整(zheng)個建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)工(gong)作(zuo)起到了(le)(le)(le)決(jue)定性的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

1供配電系統的節能分析(xi)

供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)節能(neng)(neng)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)在滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)使用前(qian)提下，通(tong)過(guo)減(jian)少供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)本身的(de)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)來實現節能(neng)(neng)。為了達到(dao)這一目(mu)的(de)，除了使用節能(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)之(zhi)外，還有(you)(you)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)要考慮整個配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)合理(li)性，以(yi)(yi)采取行之(zhi)有(you)(you)效的(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)來減(jian)少設(she)備(bei)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)由(you)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)和變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)構成(cheng)的(de)，而(er)依照損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化情況(kuang)，又(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)細分為固(gu)定損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)和可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)兩(liang)種。固(gu)定損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)介質損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)和變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)鐵損(sun)(sun)，損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)大(da)小(xiao)跟整個系(xi)統的(de)頻率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相關(guan)，并且只要接通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，固(gu)定損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)就(jiu)會一直存在。所以(yi)(yi)降低(di)(di)固(gu)定損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)選(xuan)擇合適的(de)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)又(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)稱為銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過(guo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)和導體的(de)時候所產生的(de)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，它的(de)大(da)小(xiao)與(yu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)有(you)(you)關(guan)。因此(ci)想要降低(di)(di)可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)降低(di)(di)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)阻(zu)抗(kang)來實現這一目(mu)的(de)。

2供(gong)配電系統(tong)的節能措(cuo)施

2．1合理(li)配(pei)置系統(tong)變壓(ya)器的容量和臺數(shu)

實現(xian)系(xi)(xi)統變壓器的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)和臺(tai)數(shu)的(de)(de)合理配(pei)置，主(zhu)要是通過負(fu)荷(he)計(ji)算實現(xian)的(de)(de)，它是整個供配(pei)電系(xi)(xi)統中用(yong)來確定變壓器的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)和臺(tai)數(shu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要依據(ju)。根據(ju)我國的(de)(de)用(yong)電水平(ping)和相關標準(zhun)，各類建筑類別(bie)的(de)(de)變壓器的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)和臺(tai)數(shu)應(ying)該按照《全國民用(yong)建筑工程(cheng)設計(ji)技術措(cuo)施—節能專篇(pian)》中的(de)(de)規定指標進行。變壓器裝(zhuang)配(pei)指標如表1所示。

2．2減(jian)少低壓線路長度

減(jian)少低壓(ya)(ya)線路長度，能夠降低系統的(de)(de)(de)線路損耗(hao)。而要實現這一(yi)目的(de)(de)(de)，首要的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是要將變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)設(she)置(zhi)在(zai)負荷中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，并盡量采用高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線路。在(zai)一(yi)些民用建(jian)筑選擇供電(dian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)時，設(she)計者往往只從(cong)減(jian)少設(she)備房的(de)(de)(de)面積、管(guan)理方便或者是減(jian)少投資等方面進行考慮，這樣造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)就(jiu)是供電(dian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)容量大、臺(tai)數多，不(bu)僅(jin)造(zao)成管(guan)理困(kun)難，而且也形(xing)成了能源浪(lang)費。

3照明系統的節能措施

照(zhao)明(ming)系(xi)統是(shi)(shi)民(min)用建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)不可或缺的(de)一部分，因此(ci)，實現民(min)用建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)照(zhao)明(ming)系(xi)統的(de)有效節能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)節能(neng)(neng)工(gong)作中(zhong)的(de)決定性因素之一，而實現照(zhao)明(ming)系(xi)統的(de)節能(neng)(neng)工(gong)作，主要(yao)可以從(cong)以下幾(ji)個方面入手(shou)。

3．1采用合理的照明燈具

選(xuan)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現照明(ming)系統(tong)節(jie)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段之一(yi)，因為(wei)(wei)節(jie)能(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)光(guang)效(xiao)率(lv)更高(gao)(gao)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)現電能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)最大化，下面就(jiu)對比(bi)白熾(chi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)、節(jie)能(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)和LED燈(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)大小(xiao)和成本(ben)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此來說(shuo)明(ming)節(jie)能(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要性。在(zai)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑場所(suo)(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)，燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)也應該合理。比(bi)如在(zai)商業類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)，為(wei)(wei)了實(shi)(shi)現有(you)效(xiao)節(jie)能(neng)，在(zai)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)樓(lou)層(ceng)不高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)，應該使用(yong)直管型熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng);而在(zai)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)樓(lou)層(ceng)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)高(gao)(gao)壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)(deng)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)大功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細管徑熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)居住類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)，應該采(cai)用(yong)緊湊型熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)，不僅(jin)節(jie)能(neng)而且光(guang)通(tong)(tong)量是(shi)普通(tong)(tong)白熾(chi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5倍，并且LED燈(deng)(deng)(deng)也開始逐漸由(you)室外裝飾照明(ming)發(fa)展為(wei)(wei)家用(yong)照明(ming)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使用(yong)更加(jia)(jia)節(jie)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)LED燈(deng)(deng)(deng)。而在(zai)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)公共場所(suo)(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)，應該選(xuan)擇(ze)更加(jia)(jia)耐用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)。除此之外，一(yi)些(xie)(xie)戶外場所(suo)(suo)需要發(fa)光(guang)率(lv)更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)高(gao)(gao)壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)。

3．2更加科學的燈具控制(zhi)方式

根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑場(chang)所(suo)，燈具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)也應該(gai)不同(tong)，但是總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則是科學合(he)理(li)(li)，避(bi)免(mian)造成能(neng)源浪費。在走廊(lang)、樓梯間等公共(gong)場(chang)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)照明，應該(gai)采(cai)(cai)用集中(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)，或者是按照建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)采(cai)(cai)光和不同(tong)季(ji)節，來進行合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)區和控制(zhi)(zhi)。在較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公共(gong)場(chang)所(suo)中(zhong)，也應該(gai)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)集中(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，方(fang)(fang)便人員管理(li)(li)。而像(xiang)酒店賓館的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)房(fang)電(dian)源就應該(gai)設置成節能(neng)控制(zhi)(zhi)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總開(kai)(kai)關，以保(bao)證旅客(ke)(ke)離開(kai)(kai)后(hou)客(ke)(ke)房(fang)能(neng)夠自動切斷電(dian)源，避(bi)免(mian)了電(dian)能(neng)浪費。

3．3使用智能燈(deng)光(guang)節電器

智(zhi)能燈光節電(dian)(dian)器主要是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)微電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術對照(zhao)明系統的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量進行優(you)化處理，它是(shi)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)影響照(zhao)明設(she)(she)備(bei)正常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)前提下，輸出一個最優(you)照(zhao)明度，以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)節約(yue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)和延長照(zhao)明設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。根據我國變配線(xian)路長，距離(li)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)狀，為(wei)了減(jian)少輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗，供電(dian)(dian)部門的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)始(shi)供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)都(dou)高于額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，這(zhe)樣才能保證(zheng)供電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路末端(duan)能夠達到額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，但(dan)是(shi)過(guo)高的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)僅會(hui)縮短設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命，而且還會(hui)產生額(e)外的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)費開支(zhi)，因(yin)此使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)智(zhi)能燈光節電(dian)(dian)器就非(fei)常(chang)有必要。

4配(pei)電線(xian)路的(de)節(jie)能設計

在(zai)經(jing)濟條件允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路一般推薦(jian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導體(ti)，也就(jiu)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線比(bi)鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線更好。因(yin)(yin)為鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)比(bi)銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜約高(gao)(gao)(gao)1．68倍，因(yin)(yin)此銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線比(bi)鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線允(yun)許通過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)30%左右。并且由于銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)低，在(zai)同截面(mian)流(liu)過(guo)相同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較(jiao)(jiao)小。因(yin)(yin)此，同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證更高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)質量(liang)(liang);或者說，在(zai)允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)條件下(xia)，銅(tong)(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)達(da)到(dao)(dao)更遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li)，也就(jiu)是(shi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)蓋面(mian)積更大，有利(li)于供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃，減少(shao)(shao)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)，達(da)到(dao)(dao)節(jie)(jie)約資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而在(zai)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計中(zhong)，應(ying)該盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)走(zou)直(zhi)線，以(yi)減少(shao)(shao)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)(shu)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計不(bu)僅能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠降低線路損耗(hao)(hao)，而且還能(neng)(neng)(neng)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)(liang)。另外在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線界面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)上也適宜按經(jing)濟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)來進行(xing)，這(zhe)(zhe)種方法(fa)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠減少(shao)(shao)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)損耗(hao)(hao)，延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命，達(da)到(dao)(dao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當然，除了以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)措施之外，民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路設(she)計還應(ying)該遵循以(yi)下(xia)原則(ze):1)要(yao)(yao)充分(fen)滿足建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，即(ji)不(bu)同建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)場(chang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯色指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)、照度和色溫(wen)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu);滿足醫療建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、體(ti)育場(chang)館、餐(can)飲娛樂場(chang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)和酒店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu);2)要(yao)(yao)充分(fen)考慮實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)因(yin)(yin)為要(yao)(yao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)降耗(hao)(hao)，就(jiu)不(bu)考慮必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益評估，經(jing)過(guo)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)析，科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣才能(neng)(neng)(neng)達(da)到(dao)(dao)真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);3)減少(shao)(shao)無謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。

5其(qi)他設(she)備的節能措施

在(zai)民(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，空調(diao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)占了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分，因此(ci)設計出更加節能(neng)環保的(de)(de)(de)(de)空調(diao)系統也(ye)非常重要。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)(lai)說，假如(ru)民(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央空調(diao)系統，那么(me)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自控(kong)管理系統來(lai)(lai)進行(xing)控(kong)制，從(cong)而達到節能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de);如(ru)果采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是分體式空調(diao)，那么(me)應(ying)該(gai)設計一(yi)個(ge)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)開關，來(lai)(lai)控(kong)制它的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)插(cha)座回路，減少空調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)待機損(sun)耗，從(cong)而達到節能(neng)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。除了空調(diao)以(yi)外，在(zai)民(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，冰箱、電(dian)(dian)視(shi)等等常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)插(cha)座回路來(lai)(lai)減少其待機損(sun)耗。另外，在(zai)不少的(de)(de)(de)(de)公共建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風機和水(shui)泵(beng)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍也(ye)是比較(jiao)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并且據有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)數據顯(xian)示，風機和水(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節流(liu)損(sun)失費占到了整個(ge)維修(xiu)成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)7%，所以(yi)對(dui)于這(zhe)類(lei)設備也(ye)應(ying)該(gai)進行(xing)節能(neng)降耗。

6結語

節(jie)能(neng)降(jiang)耗是(shi)經濟可持續發展戰略的(de)重要目(mu)標之一，作為(wei)能(neng)耗大戶，民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)也(ye)應該進行節(jie)能(neng)降(jiang)耗工(gong)作，而(er)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)節(jie)能(neng)就是(shi)主(zhu)要的(de)措施之一。據估算，到(dao)2020年所節(jie)約的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)能(neng)源可以媲美4座(zuo)～5座(zuo)三峽發電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)發電(dian)量，因此這筆資(zi)源是(shi)非常(chang)可觀的(de)。現在(zai)，國家正在(zai)大力發展節(jie)能(neng)設計，所以建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)節(jie)能(neng)設計的(de)發展潛力很大，這也(ye)為(wei)所有的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)程人(ren)員(yuan)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)機遇。

作(zuo)者:程青 單位:山西一建集團有限公(gong)司

第(di)四篇：建筑電氣(qi)照(zhao)明節(jie)能設(she)計研究

1基本概念

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)技術(shu)，其具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)基礎性(xing)和(he)綜合性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，所(suo)涉及(ji)(ji)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)知識也(ye)(ye)非常廣泛，其中包括光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學(xue)(xue)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)學(xue)(xue)，建筑(zhu)學(xue)(xue)，生理(li)學(xue)(xue)等等。并且(qie)，這(zhe)些學(xue)(xue)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)概念(nian)和(he)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)也(ye)(ye)各不相同(tong)，為了實(shi)(shi)現照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)目標，提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)效果，就(jiu)應該仔細分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)基本(ben)概念(nian)，深(shen)入(ru)(ru)研究(jiu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)，只有(you)(you)這(zhe)樣，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現節約能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，降(jiang)低消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)目標，針(zhen)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，應從以(yi)(yi)下幾點考慮：一(yi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)。依照(zhao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成，是(shi)由其他能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換而(er)成，將這(zhe)一(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)應用(yong)到(dao)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)裝置上，實(shi)(shi)現照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)效果，這(zhe)種(zhong)裝置被稱作光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)很簡(jian)單，即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，用(yong)以(yi)(yi)滿(man)足照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)需(xu)求，這(zhe)種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)叫作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)。科(ke)學(xue)(xue)技術(shu)持續(xu)發展的(de)(de)(de)今天(tian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類逐漸增多，建筑(zhu)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求漸漸得到(dao)滿(man)足，并且(qie)安全性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)大幅提(ti)升，使用(yong)壽命(ming)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)逐漸升高，這(zhe)些改變促進節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)降(jiang)耗工作的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利開展，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)進行深(shen)入(ru)(ru)研究(jiu)，以(yi)(yi)尋找節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效果最好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)為目標，積極(ji)推(tui)動建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣筑(zhu)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展。二是(shi)燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)。燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)全部組(zu)件以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)連接中的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)線進行保護和(he)固定，燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)還有(you)(you)另(ling)外三(san)(san)種(zhong)作用(yong)，即(ji)可以(yi)(yi)透(tou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，可以(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)，可以(yi)(yi)改變光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)部。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，在(zai)(zai)燈(deng)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)選擇以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方面(mian)，進行深(shen)入(ru)(ru)研究(jiu)是(shi)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。三(san)(san)是(shi)評價方法。從耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)角(jiao)度(du)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)不僅在(zai)(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效上要(yao)(yao)(yao)求很高，而(er)且(qie)在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)壽命(ming)方面(mian)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)高要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)。高光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)，可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換效率，此(ci)(ci)過程主要(yao)(yao)(yao)受發光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效率制(zhi)約，即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換效率與(yu)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效率在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上是(shi)成正比關系。

2節能設計原則

2.1完善建筑功能

建(jian)筑(zhu)物功(gong)能(neng)(neng)繁多(duo)，照明系(xi)統的設(she)計上，一(yi)定要(yao)根據建(jian)筑(zhu)物不(bu)同(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)進行合理規劃。例如，針對娛樂(le)場所(suo)，往往要(yao)求照明效果(guo)要(yao)醒目(mu)，因此建(jian)筑(zhu)物的照明面積(ji)要(yao)足夠(gou)大，光亮程度(du)也要(yao)足夠(gou)大；針對住宅類建(jian)筑(zhu)物，要(yao)求照明效果(guo)要(yao)盡量(liang)溫(wen)暖(nuan)柔(rou)和，往往傾向溫(wen)馨悅目(mu)。綜(zong)上所(suo)述(shu)，針對不(bu)同(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)物，要(yao)充分考慮建(jian)筑(zhu)物的實(shi)際需(xu)要(yao)，以(yi)發揮建(jian)筑(zhu)物的功(gong)能(neng)(neng)為目(mu)標，在設(she)計光照系(xi)統方面要(yao)盡量(liang)滿足實(shi)際需(xu)要(yao)。

2.2符合經濟發展

目前照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)市場上，充斥(chi)著(zhu)各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)電氣(qi)設備，有的(de)價格非常(chang)昂貴，有的(de)價格卻非常(chang)低廉，因(yin)此，在選擇照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設備時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)始(shi)終(zhong)堅持以經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)實(shi)惠，照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)效果好為原則，不僅滿足(zu)用戶需求(qiu)，同時(shi)更好地提高使(shi)用效率，促進(jin)(jin)整體效益提高。為了實(shi)現上述目標(biao)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)設計人員要(yao)(yao)從(cong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)角度合理(li)布局(ju)，掌握經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)元素，對建筑物電氣(qi)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設備進(jin)(jin)行合理(li)選擇，精心設計，進(jin)(jin)而實(shi)現經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展的(de)整體布局(ju)。

2.3堅持綠色原則

綠(lv)色(se)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)，是指(zhi)在(zai)滿足用(yong)戶(hu)生(sheng)活(huo)、學(xue)習、工作等基礎(chu)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)需要(yao)的前提(ti)下，還應(ying)(ying)(ying)實(shi)現(xian)節能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果，同(tong)時(shi)還要(yao)降(jiang)低(di)不(bu)必要(yao)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗。但是，在(zai)對(dui)建筑物電(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計時(shi)，不(bu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過分注(zhu)重節能(neng)(neng)降(jiang)耗的效(xiao)果，而忽略(lve)人們(men)的現(xian)實(shi)需要(yao)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)該從實(shi)際，以此(ci)(ci)為基礎(chu)進(jin)行(xing)建筑物電(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計，這(zhe)樣既符合(he)綠(lv)色(se)原(yuan)則，又不(bu)影響(xiang)人們(men)的正常(chang)生(sheng)活(huo)。2.4降(jiang)低(di)無(wu)謂(wei)消耗建筑電(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計，其最(zui)根本的目標(biao)是實(shi)現(xian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的高效(xiao)利用(yong)，提(ti)高使(shi)用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)，因此(ci)(ci)，降(jiang)低(di)無(wu)謂(wei)能(neng)(neng)耗就(jiu)顯得(de)格(ge)外重要(yao)。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計規(gui)劃之前，要(yao)發現(xian)出建筑電(dian)氣照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)中哪些(xie)是無(wu)謂(wei)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，然后針對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)無(wu)謂(wei)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，設(she)計人員要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)措(cuo)施進(jin)行(xing)解決。

3節能設計措施

3.1合理制定設計方案

根(gen)據建筑照(zhao)明設計準則，設計人員在進(jin)行(xing)設計過程中，必(bi)須講求實效性，絕不可以僅僅為(wei)了滿(man)足(zu)形式主(zhu)義，而忽略了整個(ge)照(zhao)明系統(tong)要符合(he)實際需(xu)要，滿(man)足(zu)用戶(hu)需(xu)求。照(zhao)明類(lei)型不可以千篇(pian)一律(lv)，要實行(xing)分區設置(zhi)，比(bi)如在空(kong)調房間內，照(zhao)明系統(tong)應與空(kong)調系統(tong)組成聯(lian)合(he)系統(tong)，并對用電(dian)指標進(jin)行(xing)嚴格把控。采用多(duo)個(ge)光源(yuan)，用來實現高(gao)照(zhao)度(du)，進(jin)而滿(man)足(zu)用戶(hu)需(xu)要。有的(de)場所(suo)需(xu)要改變光的(de)顏色，這時可以采用混合(he)照(zhao)明法，在方案的(de)選(xuan)擇上，應該選(xuan)用光源(yuan)利用系數(shu)高(gao)的(de)。

3.2合理選(xuan)擇節能燈具

在照(zhao)(zhao)明設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)上，要(yao)根據(ju)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)場所實際(ji)需要(yao)，建(jian)(jian)筑工程性(xing)質，建(jian)(jian)筑照(zhao)(zhao)明數(shu)量，人員視覺要(yao)求(qiu)，以(yi)及建(jian)(jian)筑照(zhao)(zhao)明質量等(deng)因(yin)素(su)，合理選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)要(yao)滿足啟(qi)動時間的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，顯色(se)性(xing)的(de)(de)好壞也要(yao)作(zuo)為選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)依據(ju)，要(yao)滿足三(san)個特點：一是(shi)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)率高，二是(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命長，三(san)是(shi)性(xing)價比(bi)(bi)要(yao)高，滿足這三(san)點的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)是(shi)首(shou)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)目標，其(qi)還具有方便(bian)快(kuai)捷，啟(qi)動可靠(kao)的(de)(de)特點。室內(nei)燈(deng)具選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)方面(mian)，燈(deng)具應滿足兩點，即(ji)控光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)率高，發光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)果好，從(cong)而有效(xiao)(xiao)節約了電能。除(chu)此之(zhi)外，燈(deng)具配光(guang)(guang)(guang)曲線也是(shi)重點選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)依據(ju)，減小單位(wei)面(mian)積耗電量，降低(di)運(yun)行(xing)與投資費用(yong)。通過(guo)對燈(deng)具相關數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)行(xing)計算(suan)，確(que)(que)定光(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)寬度和利用(yong)系(xi)數(shu)，結合數(shu)據(ju)，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)正確(que)(que)的(de)(de)節能燈(deng)具。一般(ban)情況下，普遍選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)直管(guan)熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)，因(yin)為其(qi)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)果高，性(xing)價比(bi)(bi)較高，顯色(se)性(xing)能好，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命較長。針(zhen)對高大廳堂等(deng)場所，由于(yu)維護較為方便(bian)，一般(ban)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)高頻無極熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)，可以(yi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命很長時間，顯色(se)性(xing)能好，方便(bian)快(kuai)捷，安全可靠(kao)，耐用(yong)性(xing)強。

3.3利用先進(jin)照(zhao)明方法

在進行設(she)(she)計(ji)時，應(ying)該以(yi)使用(yong)天(tian)然(ran)光(guang)和光(guang)纖照(zhao)(zhao)明為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)，結合現代科學技術，合理(li)設(she)(she)計(ji)照(zhao)(zhao)明線(xian)路，控制開關也要(yao)盡量符合節能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)。針對寫字樓等(deng)高大建筑，這些建筑玻璃(li)普遍比較大，設(she)(she)計(ji)者要(yao)充分意識到(dao)這一點，利(li)用(yong)天(tian)然(ran)光(guang)線(xian)取(qu)代電(dian)源設(she)(she)備，運用(yong)折射(she)原理(li)，將自(zi)然(ran)光(guang)引入到(dao)室內，從而無需(xu)人(ren)工照(zhao)(zhao)明的(de)(de)參與(yu)，完全(quan)可以(yi)具(ju)備足夠照(zhao)(zhao)明，改善工作環境，有利(li)于工作者的(de)(de)健康。除此之外，自(zi)動控制簾幕也應(ying)有效利(li)用(yong)起(qi)來，其能(neng)夠調(diao)控光(guang)線(xian)強弱，使光(guang)線(xian)更適(shi)合人(ren)們需(xu)要(yao)。對于地下室照(zhao)(zhao)明，要(yao)選(xuan)用(yong)光(guang)纖照(zhao)(zhao)明方法，原理(li)是利(li)用(yong)光(guang)采(cai)集袋(dai)，將自(zi)然(ran)光(guang)傳輸到(dao)室內，此方法不(bu)消耗能(neng)源，降低用(yong)電(dian)成本，還可以(yi)通過設(she)(she)計(ji)，創(chuang)造不(bu)同藝術效果。

4結論

建筑電氣照明(ming)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)，是一(yi)個(ge)非常(chang)復雜的(de)過程，而節(jie)(jie)能(neng)降耗一(yi)直以(yi)來都是各(ge)國重(zhong)點研究(jiu)的(de)問題，因此，在設(she)(she)計(ji)過程中必須遵循節(jie)(jie)能(neng)標準，合(he)理設(she)(she)計(ji)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)方案(an)，選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適合(he)的(de)照明(ming)設(she)(she)備，運用(yong)(yong)現代(dai)技術，實現節(jie)(jie)能(neng)降耗的(de)最(zui)終目標。

作(zuo)者:唐亮 單位:廣(guang)元零(ling)八一建筑勘(kan)察設計院有限公司

第五(wu)篇：建筑電氣(qi)設備節能設計分析

建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)快速發(fa)展和(he)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)理念的(de)革新，使建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物內部的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)系統結(jie)構更加(jia)復雜。隨著生(sheng)活觀念的(de)革新，人們逐漸提升了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)要求。近年來，我國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)取(qu)得(de)了(le)快速的(de)發(fa)展，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)系統的(de)施工技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)施工工藝(yi)也取(qu)得(de)了(le)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)革新。設(she)(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)過程中，要對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程的(de)綜合節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)問(wen)題進(jin)行(xing)(xing)考(kao)慮和(he)分析(xi)，更加(jia)重視設(she)(she)備(bei)選型問(wen)題，并對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)合理應(ying)用，進(jin)而(er)將建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程能(neng)源消耗降到最(zui)小。

1建筑電氣概述

近年來，我(wo)國能源(yuan)消耗(hao)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增加，各(ge)類能源(yuan)浪費問題(ti)(ti)都比較(jiao)嚴重。隨著城市化進程(cheng)的(de)加快，住宅小區和公共建筑的(de)數(shu)量逐(zhu)漸(jian)增多，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系統(tong)成(cheng)為建筑施工(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)重要組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分。但是從設計、施工(gong)單位(wei)及(ji)相關部(bu)門對建筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)能認知(zhi)不足，導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)能設計仍然存在諸(zhu)多問題(ti)(ti)，面臨著資源(yuan)消耗(hao)和浪費。

2建(jian)筑電氣節能設計原(yuan)則

首先，適用性(xing)原(yuan)則。建(jian)筑電氣節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計要確保(bao)為(wei)人們提(ti)供基(ji)本(ben)能(neng)(neng)源，并促進建(jian)筑設(she)備(bei)的良(liang)好(hao)運行。其次，經濟性(xing)原(yuan)則。結合建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況，進行電氣節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計，將(jiang)其投(tou)資降(jiang)到(dao)最低，從根本(ben)上提(ti)升(sheng)電氣節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計的性(xing)價比(bi)。最后(hou)，設(she)計人員要結合建(jian)筑物的實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況和(he)功能(neng)(neng)，以(yi)及能(neng)(neng)源消耗的地方性(xing)特征，選擇(ze)適當的節能(neng)(neng)措施，以(yi)確保(bao)將(jiang)建(jian)筑電氣設(she)備(bei)日(ri)常(chang)應用過程(cheng)中的能(neng)(neng)耗降(jiang)到(dao)最低。

3建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣設備的電(dian)氣節(jie)能設計方(fang)法(fa)

3.1變配電設備(bei)節能

（1）結合(he)(he)(he)建筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)實際情況(kuang)(kuang)，對供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)。同樣供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)背(bei)景下(xia)，供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越高(gao)，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗就越小。（2）合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，優化供(gong)(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，減少變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)級數(shu)，根(gen)據用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)(de)工作狀態，合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)與平衡(heng)負(fu)荷(he)，使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均衡(heng)。單相用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)應(ying)(ying)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)在(zai)三相網(wang)絡。（3）正確(que)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)和(he)配(pei)置變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)容量(liang)及(ji)臺數(shu)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)是配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中不可或缺的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成部分(fen)(fen)，其(qi)能(neng)量(liang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗包括鐵(tie)耗和(he)銅耗兩種。鐵(tie)耗情況(kuang)(kuang)是由鐵(tie)芯材料和(he)工藝決定(ding)的(de)(de)，不受(shou)負(fu)荷(he)因素干擾。銅耗受(shou)到負(fu)荷(he)大小影響，設(she)(she)(she)計人員在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)過程中要(yao)(yao)對負(fu)荷(he)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規律進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)考(kao)慮，進(jin)而對變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)臺數(shu)和(he)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)參數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)確(que)定(ding)，將能(neng)耗降到最低(di)。選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)低(di)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗節(jie)能(neng)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)。實現變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）降低(di)線(xian)路(lu)能(neng)量(liang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗。線(xian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗受(shou)到線(xian)路(lu)長度和(he)和(he)負(fu)載(zai)大小的(de)(de)影響。其(qi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)原(yuan)理(li)(li)是提高(gao)整體(ti)功率系數(shu)，合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)置集中或就地無功補償設(she)(she)(she)備，減少導線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，進(jin)而對線(xian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)降低(di)。設(she)(she)(she)計時(shi)要(yao)(yao)對線(xian)路(lu)路(lu)徑進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)控制，使其(qi)呈現直(zhi)線(xian)走向(xiang)，減少導線(xian)長度；合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)導線(xian)截面。變(bian)(bian)(bian)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室宜(yi)設(she)(she)(she)置在(zai)負(fu)荷(he)中心。（5）加強(qiang)管理(li)(li)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備配(pei)置相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)測量(liang)和(he)計量(liang)儀表。

3.2照明系統節能

照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)中應用廣泛，其(qi)是電(dian)(dian)氣節能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)重要組成部分(fen)。照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)系(xi)統(tong)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要符合照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)、色(se)(se)(se)溫和顯(xian)色(se)(se)(se)指數相(xiang)關要求(qiu)。（1）對(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)標(biao)準進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合考慮。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)人員要結合《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)標(biao)準》對(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)系(xi)統(tong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)。針對(dui)(dui)(dui)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)要求(qiu)高的(de)場(chang)所(suo)，可以采取(qu)混合照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)措施，對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)主次劃分(fen)，以減少(shao)不必要的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源浪(lang)費。（2）建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)中應用高效(xiao)光(guang)源。如(ru)選(xuan)擇三基色(se)(se)(se)T5、T8直管熒(ying)光(guang)燈、金屬鹵化物(wu)燈及LED燈；使用低能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗性能(neng)(neng)(neng)優的(de)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)用電(dian)(dian)附件，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)子整流(liu)(liu)器、節能(neng)(neng)(neng)型電(dian)(dian)感整流(liu)(liu)器、電(dian)(dian)子觸發器等。合理(li)選(xuan)擇照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)控制方式，如(ru)采用節能(neng)(neng)(neng)型開關。（3）照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)選(xuan)擇過程(cheng)中，要對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)便利度(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)考慮。確(que)保其(qi)容易更(geng)換和清掃。（4）自然光(guang)源應用。在(zai)日常(chang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)過程(cheng)中，應用自然光(guang)源，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠實現節能(neng)(neng)(neng)環保，減少(shao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源浪(lang)費，也能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠讓人們得到身心的(de)充分(fen)放松。（5）周邊照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)環境的(de)應用。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)師可以在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)裝(zhuang)修(xiu)過程(cheng)中，選(xuan)擇淺色(se)(se)(se)調或者具(ju)有光(guang)澤的(de)裝(zhuang)修(xiu)材料，并(bing)借助光(guang)的(de)反射原理(li)，增強室內照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)效(xiao)果，最大(da)程(cheng)度(du)降低電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)消耗，實現電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

3.3空調系統節能

空(kong)調系(xi)(xi)統能(neng)(neng)源消耗在建(jian)筑(zhu)總能(neng)(neng)源消耗中的(de)(de)(de)比重比較大，其具有(you)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)空(kong)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)優勢。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員要(yao)從(cong)系(xi)(xi)統接(jie)口(kou)處進(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)施工。同(tong)時各專業要(yao)相(xiang)互(hu)配合(he)，以實現各系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)優化，進(jin)而(er)達到電(dian)氣節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)目的(de)(de)(de)。系(xi)(xi)統接(jie)口(kou)處設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)涵(han)蓋的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)素比較多(duo)，包括(kuo)：參數檢測和(he)(he)(he)傳感(gan)器選擇(ze)；風閥門(men)、水閥門(men)和(he)(he)(he)蒸汽閥門(men)管徑計(ji)(ji)(ji)算；電(dian)動調節(jie)(jie)(jie)閥流(liu)量(liang)選擇(ze)；獨(du)立運(yun)行(xing)(xing)控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統通信口(kou)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)時要(yao)注重對(dui)水平控(kong)制和(he)(he)(he)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)同(tong)等把控(kong)，從(cong)四個方面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)空(kong)調系(xi)(xi)統節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)。（1）對(dui)機電(dian)設(she)(she)備實施啟(qi)停方案。可(ke)采用變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)啟(qi)動、軟啟(qi)動等。（2）控(kong)制變(bian)(bian)風量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)變(bian)(bian)流(liu)量(liang)系(xi)(xi)統。宜采用電(dian)動機調速(su)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)方式進(jin)線調節(jie)(jie)(jie)。（3）結合(he)季節(jie)(jie)(jie)要(yao)素，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)水泵控(kong)制。（4）低溫送風系(xi)(xi)統優化設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)。

3.4電動機節能

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是建筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。在日常應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)會產生(sheng)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)能耗(hao)。設計(ji)人員要采取相(xiang)關措施對(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)能耗(hao)進(jin)(jin)行控(kong)制，并最(zui)大程度提高其(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)效率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)運(yun)行質(zhi)(zhi)量，達到建筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣節能設計(ji)目的(de)(de)(de)。（1）設計(ji)人員要對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關負(fu)荷要求進(jin)(jin)行評估(gu)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷情(qing)況，選擇(ze)與之(zhi)相(xiang)匹(pi)配的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)型號及(ji)規格(ge)。（2）注重選用(yong)(yong)(yong)效率(lv)(lv)比(bi)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，進(jin)(jin)而(er)避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，出現過(guo)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)空載(zai)消耗(hao)和(he)(he)負(fu)載(zai)消耗(hao)，以(yi)確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)(he)效率(lv)(lv)，進(jin)(jin)而(er)達到節能目的(de)(de)(de)。（3）對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)實施新(xin)型控(kong)制模式(shi)，進(jin)(jin)而(er)提高其(qi)(qi)運(yun)行質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)(he)效率(lv)(lv)。同(tong)時，設計(ji)時對(dui)(dui)功率(lv)(lv)在50KW及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)獨立配置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表，監測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行參數。功率(lv)(lv)在200KW及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)宜(yi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，可減少(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅(tong)量和(he)(he)線(xian)損，具有顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)節能效果。（4）合理(li)選擇(ze)無功功率(lv)(lv)補償方(fang)式(shi)，降低(di)線(xian)路損耗(hao)。

3.5太陽能

太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)是通過太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板、控制器、蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和逆變器組合(he)實現的。可以將太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到建(jian)(jian)筑物部分(fen)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)設計中(zhong)如太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)燈具可用(yong)(yong)作道(dao)路照明(ming)和體育館等公共(gong)基(ji)礎(chu)設施照明(ming)中(zhong)。設計人員(yuan)要從以下幾個(ge)方(fang)面對太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)綜合(he)考慮。（1）設計人員(yuan)要結合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的實際情況(kuang)，對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷性質、用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)小和工作時間進行(xing)綜合(he)考慮；（2）對系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級進行(xing)設計；（3）使(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)過程中(zhong)不(bu)受外(wai)部天氣因素干擾；（4）對建(jian)(jian)筑物所在地的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)情況(kuang)進行(xing)考慮。

3.6建筑(zhu)設備自動化管理(li)控制系統應(ying)用

計(ji)(ji)算機技術和網絡(luo)技術，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)控(kong)(kong)制，為建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣設(she)備自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)管理提供了應用空(kong)(kong)間。其(qi)能夠(gou)對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣設(she)備能源(yuan)消耗進行有效(xiao)控(kong)(kong)制，進而(er)滿足節能要求。設(she)計(ji)(ji)人員能夠(gou)應用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)備自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)管理控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)，實現(xian)對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)內部的(de)給排(pai)水系(xi)統(tong)、空(kong)(kong)調系(xi)統(tong)、送排(pai)風(feng)系(xi)統(tong)及(ji)(ji)公共場所照明的(de)控(kong)(kong)制和管理，最(zui)大(da)程(cheng)度(du)降低建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)氣設(she)備運(yun)行過程(cheng)中的(de)安全隱患(huan)，并將能源(yuan)消耗降到(dao)(dao)最(zui)低，達到(dao)(dao)電(dian)氣節能目的(de)。

4結語

建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設計是當前社(she)會(hui)經濟背景下的(de)(de)必(bi)然，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠提升能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)利用(yong)率，將建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)經濟效益和社(she)會(hui)效益發(fa)揮到最優。隨著日常(chang)生活理念的(de)(de)革新和環保意識的(de)(de)增強，人們逐漸認識到電氣節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性，其為建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設計提供了廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)和發(fa)展(zhan)空間。建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣設備(bei)(bei)在(zai)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設計過程中，要(yao)對相(xiang)關(guan)設計要(yao)素進行(xing)綜合考慮，并(bing)注重(zhong)對新型(xing)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應用(yong)，以滿足資源(yuan)節(jie)約型(xing)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)要(yao)求(qiu)。

作者:莫靜蓉(rong) 單位:桂林市建筑設計研究院(yuan)

第六篇：建筑電氣(qi)節能(neng)設計思考

1前言

近(jin)幾年，隨(sui)著我國(guo)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)快速發展(zhan)(zhan)，相關部門對節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)問(wen)題的(de)(de)緊(jin)迫性(xing)(xing)和重要(yao)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)進一步(bu)的(de)(de)認識，同時建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)已(yi)全(quan)面開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)，建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)在不(bu)(bu)斷發展(zhan)(zhan)、不(bu)(bu)斷深化，不(bu)(bu)斷對建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)進行(xing)完(wan)善。電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)作(zuo)為我國(guo)應(ying)用廣泛的(de)(de)重要(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，是我國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)主要(yao)部分。在對照明設(she)(she)備進行(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)過程中，將線路上(shang)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)消耗(hao)盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)減少，并(bing)且要(yao)對系統的(de)(de)功率(lv)進行(xing)提高(gao)，充分開(kai)發照明設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)潛(qian)力。綜上(shang)所(suo)述(shu)，建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)是一項既艱巨又復雜的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。

2建(jian)筑電氣(qi)節能的設計原則

在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)建筑設(she)計(ji)(ji)時，本著綠(lv)色照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則，對(dui)電氣設(she)施、照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)施的(de)(de)節能的(de)(de)相關(guan)問題要提(ti)高關(guan)注(zhu)。重視人們(men)(men)對(dui)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)需(xu)要，同時還要實(shi)現(xian)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能的(de)(de)目標，滿(man)足(zu)(zu)人們(men)(men)工作、生(sheng)活、生(sheng)產等需(xu)求(qiu)是綠(lv)色照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)基本要求(qiu)，提(ti)供(gong)給人們(men)(men)更(geng)高的(de)(de)工作、生(sheng)活質量(liang)(liang)。故在(zai)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)過程設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)過程中(zhong)，將照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)備的(de)(de)位置(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)合理(li)布(bu)置(zhi)，全面(mian)對(dui)建筑周圍的(de)(de)環境(jing)進行(xing)(xing)考察(cha)，既要滿(man)足(zu)(zu)人們(men)(men)的(de)(de)日常照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)需(xu)求(qiu)，又要盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)降低用電量(liang)(liang)。在(zai)電氣和照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)計(ji)(ji)時，要對(dui)照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)水平和光的(de)(de)特征(zheng)進行(xing)(xing)全面(mian)考慮，做到資(zi)源(yuan)節約，真正實(shi)現(xian)建筑節能的(de)(de)目標。

3建筑電氣節能設計

以供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離及分布、符(fu)合(he)容量、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備特(te)點等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素為(wei)建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣節(jie)(jie)能(neng)設(she)計的(de)依據，合(he)理設(she)計供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，使(shi)系(xi)統盡(jin)(jin)量可靠、簡(jian)單(dan)、易操(cao)作(zuo)。負(fu)荷(he)中心應盡(jin)(jin)量離變配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所近點，從(cong)而(er)縮短配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)半徑(jing)，達(da)到減少(shao)線(xian)路損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)的(de)目的(de)。對變壓器的(de)容量、臺數、型號(hao)合(he)理的(de)選擇，實現經濟運(yun)行(xing)，使(shi)輕載運(yun)行(xing)中不必要(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)盡(jin)(jin)可能(neng)的(de)減少(shao)。當有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)路時(shi)，因(yin)線(xian)路上存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，必然會功(gong)率的(de)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)現象。所以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)利用(yong)率低的(de)一個重要(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)是由(you)于線(xian)路傳輸上的(de)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。若想減少(shao)這(zhe)類(lei)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，應從(cong)以下幾個方面(mian)著手:(1)盡(jin)(jin)量選擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率小的(de)材料作(zuo)導線(xian);(2)減少(shao)配(pei)線(xian)長度;(3)盡(jin)(jin)量使(shi)導線(xian)橫截(jie)面(mian)積增大;(4)對季節(jie)(jie)性符(fu)合(he)進(jin)行(xing)合(he)理調(diao)劑。提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)功(gong)率因(yin)數和工作(zuo)效率是減低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)途(tu)徑(jing)。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計時(shi)，應以負(fu)荷(he)特(te)性為(wei)依據考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)更節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，明確負(fu)荷(he)是否(fou)連續(xu)是其(qi)關(guan)鍵(jian)之(zhi)處。要(yao)是泵和風機(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)平方遞減負(fu)荷(he)特(te)性，那么，輕載過(guo)程(cheng)中打開風門和閥門，通(tong)過(guo)調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)運(yun)行(xing)對建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系(xi)統節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。要(yao)是在(zai)輕負(fu)荷(he)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不能(neng)停(ting)止工作(zuo)，因(yin)此需考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)使(shi)用(yong)調(diao)速(su)裝置;而(er)在(zai)低速(su)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)，則需對使(shi)用(yong)其(qi)他方式或者(zhe)逆變器變頻裝置調(diao)速(su)進(jin)行(xing)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)。

4電氣照明系統的節(jie)能設計(ji)

照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)能設計過程(cheng)中充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)(yong)天然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)一項主要的(de)(de)(de)內容。隨著人們對(dui)環(huan)境和(he)能源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)保護意識越(yue)來越(yue)強，在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)中如(ru)何充(chong)分采用(yong)(yong)天然(ran)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)，對(dui)節(jie)約照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)(yong)電的(de)(de)(de)廣泛重視。天然(ran)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)不盡、取之(zhi)不竭的(de)(de)(de)能源(yuan)。在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)能工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工過程(cheng)中，應(ying)對(dui)其進行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)(yong)，對(dui)采光(guang)(guang)(guang)標(biao)準進行(xing)(xing)(xing)合理制定(ding)，確定(ding)采光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)方式，有(you)機的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)和(he)采光(guang)(guang)(guang)相結合，使建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)內的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)條件(jian)穩定(ding)。當照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)質(zhi)量(liang)滿足時，應(ying)選用(yong)(yong)LED燈(deng)具(ju)、緊(jin)湊型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)、細觀徑直管熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)。在(zai)燈(deng)具(ju)懸掛較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)場所，通(tong)常采用(yong)(yong)金鹵(lu)化物(wu)(wu)燈(deng)、高(gao)壓鈉燈(deng)、鎮流高(gao)壓熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)汞燈(deng)，其不僅視覺質(zhi)量(liang)高(gao)、綜合費用(yong)(yong)低，又能節(jie)約能源(yuan)。

4．1設計(ji)節能的合理方案

若要(yao)(yao)(yao)實現建筑電氣照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)合(he)理的(de)對設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)案進(jin)(jin)行(xing)選擇(ze)，全面(mian)對照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)安(an)裝方(fang)(fang)法和標度(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)考慮。在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)全面(mian)考慮周圍的(de)環境及(ji)建筑物，以(yi)(yi)實際情況為依據選擇(ze)適當的(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)(fang)式。設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)不僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)重視形式，更重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)是(shi)重視設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步提高照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)效率。在(zai)(zai)(zai)條(tiao)件允許(xu)的(de)情況下，可以(yi)(yi)將空調設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)和照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)組合(he)，合(he)理的(de)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)資(zi)源。同時(shi)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)區(qu)分一(yi)般(ban)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)區(qu)和混(hun)合(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)區(qu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)強(qiang)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)射的(de)地區(qu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)方(fang)(fang)案，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)室(shi)內設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)盡量降低(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電能(neng)耗，合(he)理采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)然光(guang)(guang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)建筑照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)選擇(ze)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)對結合(he)實際情況來選擇(ze)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)過程中要(yao)(yao)(yao)盡可能(neng)對自(zi)然光(guang)(guang)合(he)理使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，從而(er)使燈具的(de)功率降低(di)，減少照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)數量，從而(er)資(zi)源節約(yue)。可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)采光(guang)(guang)較好的(de)地方(fang)(fang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)然光(guang)(guang)來滿足照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)，對電能(neng)的(de)資(zi)源有(you)效的(de)節約(yue)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)夜晚照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)全面(mian)的(de)考慮照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)舒適度(du)，以(yi)(yi)提高人(ren)們(men)的(de)生活質量。

4．2高(gao)光效光源的應用(yong)

光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)對(dui)照(zhao)明(ming)效(xiao)果有著直接的(de)(de)(de)影響，所以在(zai)照(zhao)明(ming)設備的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)進行(xing)全面(mian)考慮。將建筑周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)具體情況(kuang)與實(shi)際照(zhao)明(ming)需求相互結合，進行(xing)合適的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)。在(zai)進行(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)時(shi)，要(yao)選(xuan)一(yi)些發光(guang)(guang)(guang)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)、性價比高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)，盡量滿足(zu)人們(men)對(dui)照(zhao)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)需求。通常來說，在(zai)燈具安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)度較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方應(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈，而(er)在(zai)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)度較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方應(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)金鹵燈。在(zai)不利于維護且安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)度高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方應(ying)采用高(gao)(gao)頻無(wu)極熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈，如酒(jiu)店(dian)大廳。近(jin)兩個選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)高(gao)(gao)、顯色(se)好的(de)(de)(de)燈具，既要(yao)對(dui)人們(men)照(zhao)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)需求進行(xing)滿足(zu)，同時(shi)又要(yao)實(shi)現建筑的(de)(de)(de)節能。

4．3高效節能(neng)燈(deng)具(ju)的選(xuan)擇(ze)

進行照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)過(guo)程中，將燈(deng)具和光(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)有機的(de)結合在(zai)一(yi)起，使其(qi)真正發揮(hui)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)備的(de)作用。所以，選擇(ze)(ze)高效節(jie)能(neng)的(de)燈(deng)具是實現照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節(jie)能(neng)的(de)一(yi)個基礎。經(jing)過(guo)調(diao)查發現，在(zai)進行照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)計(ji)時(shi)若燈(deng)具選擇(ze)(ze)不當(dang)將會損(sun)失三到四成的(de)光(guang)源(yuan)(yuan)，增(zeng)加了很多照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)備的(de)耗電量。因此，在(zai)進行照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)計(ji)時(shi)要選擇(ze)(ze)合適的(de)燈(deng)具，同時(shi)對(dui)室內的(de)環境進行全面(mian)考慮。

4．4照明技術和產品(pin)種類(lei)的創新

在照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)技(ji)術和(he)(he)(he)產品種類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，光(guang)(guang)纖照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)(he)天(tian)然光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)就是使用(yong)最多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方法，這節能設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中起(qi)著重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。天(tian)然光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)具體(ti)體(ti)現在頂部或(huo)側面有大量玻(bo)璃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)，白天(tian)可以(yi)(yi)代替照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)燈(deng)管起(qi)到(dao)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，且(qie)(qie)可通過(guo)自動控制幕簾(lian)對(dui)光(guang)(guang)纖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)調節，達到(dao)人(ren)們(men)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。室(shi)內沒(mei)有自然光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候光(guang)(guang)線照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)才能得以(yi)(yi)體(ti)現，通過(guo)光(guang)(guang)纖對(dui)室(shi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陽光(guang)(guang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)采集(ji)，轉化為照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)光(guang)(guang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)陽光(guang)(guang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)利用(yong)。日前，隨著我國科學(xue)技(ji)術水平不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長，對(dui)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設備和(he)(he)(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)技(ji)術科研人(ren)員在不(bu)斷(duan)努力，將(jiang)其成果有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)在建(jian)筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)中。在科學(xue)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日新(xin)月異(yi)和(he)(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)下，照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設備和(he)(he)(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)技(ji)術將(jiang)會(hui)取(qu)得更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)利用(yong)，更高效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)產品和(he)(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)源會(hui)相繼出(chu)現。隨著時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)展(zhan)，關于(yu)節能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)和(he)(he)(he)政策也(ye)越來越多，使得建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣(qi)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)有堅實后盾，并且(qie)(qie)技(ji)術人(ren)員不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更新(xin)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)術，同時(shi)滿足人(ren)們(men)對(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)電氣(qi)設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，為新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物營造低碳、綠色、環保的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍。

5結語

新一代建(jian)筑電氣(qi)技(ji)術(shu)正嘗試解決(jue)能(neng)源浪(lang)費問題，對傳統電氣(qi)設(she)備采(cai)用各(ge)種先進(jin)的方(fang)法進(jin)行有效(xiao)的控制(zhi)。雖然(ran)(ran)近(jin)幾(ji)年在(zai)建(jian)筑電氣(qi)方(fang)面有所成就，但(dan)在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)面仍然(ran)(ran)存在(zai)著巨大的發展潛(qian)力(li)和上升空(kong)間。

作者:王立勛(xun) 單(dan)位(wei):深(shen)圳市建筑(zhu)設(she)計研究總(zong)院有(you)限公司

第(di)七篇：建筑電氣(qi)節能設計(ji)技術(shu)要點探討

根(gen)(gen)據相關數據，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗在全(quan)社(she)會總能(neng)(neng)耗中占有(you)比(bi)例超過五分(fen)之一(yi)，并且(qie)隨著全(quan)國建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，這一(yi)比(bi)例也(ye)將隨之增(zeng)加(jia)。因(yin)此(ci)，如何更加(jia)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)設計建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)路，降(jiang)低建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗成為建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設計的(de)重要(yao)內容。提高建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)率，建(jian)立(li)綠色環(huan)保(bao)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，是現代化建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)目的(de)。本文根(gen)(gen)據建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)理念，利用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)中常用(yong)的(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)方法，從配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、照明、動力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等方面闡述建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設計的(de)技術要(yao)點(dian)。

1建筑(zhu)電氣節能設計概(gai)論(lun)

隨著電(dian)(dian)氣能(neng)耗(hao)在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行業所占比例逐漸增大，所以，在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣系統設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程中，我們(men)需要(yao)考慮其能(neng)耗(hao)的控(kong)制。電(dian)(dian)氣能(neng)耗(hao)主要(yao)由電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路鋪(pu)設(she)時(shi)的材料損耗(hao)以及電(dian)(dian)器運行時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)消(xiao)耗(hao)組成(cheng)。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣節能(neng)的設(she)計(ji)也(ye)要(yao)從這兩方面出發，合理規(gui)劃線(xian)路，提高能(neng)源轉換效率，使(shi)得(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣系統更(geng)加(jia)安全(quan)，經濟，環(huan)保。

2建筑電氣節能設計原(yuan)則(ze)

2.1安全適用性

建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣(qi)節能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)設(she)計，必須要保證建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)耗需求和運行(xing)安全。在此基礎上，進(jin)一步(bu)的(de)(de)考(kao)慮(lv)降低電能(neng)(neng)消耗，避免能(neng)(neng)源浪費。所(suo)以，在設(she)計建(jian)筑(zhu)電氣(qi)系統(tong)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，首先應該考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)內各種電氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)和電力(li)參數，合理分配電能(neng)(neng)，達到(dao)節能(neng)(neng)目的(de)(de)。

2.2經濟效益性

在(zai)設(she)(she)計建筑(zhu)電(dian)氣系(xi)統過程中，還必須注重經濟(ji)效(xiao)益，避(bi)免不(bu)必要的(de)(de)材料和設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)浪費。不(bu)能(neng)(neng)耗費大量的(de)(de)資(zi)金來建設(she)(she)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)備(bei)，這樣(yang)往往會得(de)不(bu)償失。只(zhi)有合理(li)的(de)(de)分(fen)配(pei)資(zi)金，才能(neng)(neng)更(geng)好的(de)(de)節(jie)約(yue)能(neng)(neng)源，降(jiang)低能(neng)(neng)耗。比(bi)如可(ke)適當的(de)(de)采用先進(jin)的(de)(de)電(dian)氣節(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)備(bei)。在(zai)設(she)(she)計中，要充分(fen)考慮這些設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益。

2.3環保

設計(ji)(ji)建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)系統，一定要考(kao)慮到(dao)對(dui)環(huan)境的(de)影響。之所(suo)以降(jiang)低能(neng)(neng)耗，一方面也是為了保(bao)護(hu)環(huan)境，構建(jian)更(geng)加和諧的(de)人與(yu)自然的(de)關系。建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)設計(ji)(ji)不能(neng)(neng)顧此失彼，只(zhi)考(kao)慮電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)節(jie)(jie)約而不考(kao)慮節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)設備對(dui)環(huan)境的(de)影響。只(zhi)有真正做到(dao)綠(lv)色節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)達到(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)真正目的(de)。

3建筑電氣節能(neng)設計(ji)要點

3.1選擇高效能配(pei)電(dian)器

配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器作為重要(yao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)和(he)分配的電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備，在(zai)一定程度上也會消耗能(neng)源。因此，選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)合(he)適(shi)的配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器非常重要(yao)。為了提(ti)高(gao)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)效率，我(wo)們應該(gai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)合(he)適(shi)的變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器容量(liang)和(he)參數，進而降低其(qi)運行能(neng)耗。根據實際的負荷(he)需(xu)求，將負荷(he)率設置在(zai)70%左右較(jiao)為合(he)理。此外，在(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器的型號的時候，應該(gai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)空載、負載功耗相對較(jiao)小的變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。

3.2選(xuan)擇(ze)合理的無功補償策略

合理的(de)(de)(de)選擇線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)無功補(bu)償方(fang)式(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)有(you)效地降低線(xian)路損耗，進而提(ti)高(gao)功率(lv)(lv)因(yin)素來(lai)降低能(neng)耗。對(dui)于建筑(zhu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電系統(tong)(tong)而言，主要(yao)(yao)采用三相(xiang)(xiang)共補(bu)和單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)分補(bu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)因(yin)素。民用的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)供電系統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)荷(he)有(you)照明、家用辦公的(de)(de)(de)電器(qi)等；三相(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)荷(he)則主要(yao)(yao)有(you)電梯、水泵、中(zhong)央空調等設(she)備。其(qi)中(zhong)，主要(yao)(yao)以(yi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)荷(he)為主，大(da)約占總(zong)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)40%—60%。然(ran)而，“單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)分補(bu)”的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電方(fang)式(shi)(shi)投資比較大(da)，比“三相(xiang)(xiang)分補(bu)”要(yao)(yao)大(da)25%左右。所以(yi)，根據實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況，應該采用“單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)、三相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)結(jie)合共補(bu)”的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電方(fang)式(shi)(shi)來(lai)達到節(jie)能(neng)經濟的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

3.3合理的(de)設(she)計電(dian)氣線路(lu)

選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)恰(qia)當的(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)間，合(he)理鋪設電(dian)氣(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路，既能夠節約電(dian)氣(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)材料損(sun)耗，也能減少(shao)電(dian)氣(qi)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路損(sun)耗。在(zai)建筑電(dian)氣(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)鋪設中，盡(jin)量(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)最短路徑，并且要鋪設在(zai)散熱通風條件好(hao)的(de)(de)地方，避免因高(gao)溫使得線(xian)(xian)(xian)路老化加(jia)快，而增加(jia)額外的(de)(de)電(dian)能損(sun)耗和(he)不(bu)安全(quan)因素。根據實際需求，需要選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)適的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)截面積，增加(jia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性能。

3.4選(xuan)擇合適的用電照明系(xi)統

在建筑電(dian)氣功耗中，照明(ming)系統的(de)(de)(de)功耗占有很(hen)(hen)大(da)部分，所以(yi)選擇節(jie)能高效率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)照明(ming)設(she)(she)(she)備可(ke)以(yi)很(hen)(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度上降低能耗，節(jie)約(yue)成本。首先，應該選擇優質、高光(guang)效率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)源。比如(ru)LED節(jie)能燈、熒光(guang)燈或者(zhe)是氣體放電(dian)光(guang)源。這些光(guang)源不(bu)僅發光(guang)效率(lv)(lv)高。光(guang)質量好(hao)，而(er)且使用(yong)壽命長(chang)，不(bu)易損(sun)壞。其次(ci)，要設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)合理經濟的(de)(de)(de)照明(ming)線(xian)路。實踐證(zheng)明(ming)，三相四線(xian)式的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)方(fang)式可(ke)以(yi)很(hen)(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度降低電(dian)能損(sun)耗。再次(ci)，多采用(yong)智能開關(guan)，比如(ru)光(guang)控(kong)開關(guan)和聲(sheng)控(kong)開關(guan)。這樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)很(hen)(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高照明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)效率(lv)(lv)，避免不(bu)必要的(de)(de)(de)浪費。合理利(li)用(yong)自然光(guang)源也是節(jie)約(yue)能源的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)途徑，科學設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)建筑體結(jie)構，增(zeng)加其采光(guang)面(mian)積。比如(ru)采用(yong)透光(guang)性能好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)玻璃或者(zhe)鋪設(she)(she)(she)反(fan)射面(mian)，提(ti)升室內(nei)光(guang)線(xian)亮度。

3.5合理的(de)設計(ji)控制系統

可(ke)以(yi)(yi)的控制(zhi)用電設(she)備(bei)也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)很大程(cheng)度的節(jie)約能(neng)源，提高用電效率。采(cai)用智能(neng)化的控制(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實時的根據(ju)需求，來控制(zhi)用電設(she)備(bei)的工作。隨著現代科技的快速發(fa)展，智能(neng)控制(zhi)技術在建筑行業得到(dao)廣泛應用，這樣不僅(jin)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)做到(dao)節(jie)能(neng)環保，而(er)且能(neng)夠很大程(cheng)度的提高人們生(sheng)活水平。

4總結

隨(sui)著科學(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展，現(xian)代(dai)建筑中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)計是(shi)個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)。我(wo)們(men)需要(yao)綜合的(de)(de)考慮(lv)各(ge)方面因素，主要(yao)從(cong)節約材料(liao)和提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)利用率(lv)兩(liang)方面著手(shou)。優化電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)整體結構，從(cong)配電(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備等各(ge)方面考慮(lv)，合理協調好(hao)各(ge)方面機(ji)能(neng)(neng)，利用好(hao)先進(jin)的(de)(de)科學(xue)技術(shu)，最大程(cheng)度的(de)(de)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)利用率(lv)，實現(xian)資源的(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)利用。進(jin)而，設(she)計出(chu)高(gao)效(xiao)，環保，智能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)建筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)。

作者:曹秀芬 單位:唐山富(fu)城建筑(zhu)規劃設計研(yan)究院

第八篇(pian)：住宅建筑電氣節能設計研究

住宅(zhai)建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系(xi)統的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計應該從整體上考慮，結合建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)特點與(yu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)，優化(hua)供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的網絡結構，合理選擇供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式和(he)照明(ming)形式以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)備。以各(ge)項功能(neng)(neng)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的要求和(he)設(she)(she)計規范的要求為依據進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)計，設(she)(she)計做到經濟、實用、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)原則的同時，能(neng)(neng)夠最大化(hua)地保證居(ju)住者(zhe)的舒(shu)適(shi)度和(he)居(ju)住質量。本文就(jiu)住宅(zhai)建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣中(zhong)的供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計和(he)照明(ming)的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計問題簡要進行分析(xi)。

1供配電系統的節能設(she)計

供配電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功(gong)率損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)主要(yao)包括三相線(xian)路(lu)中有(you)功(gong)及(ji)無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，電(dian)力變(bian)壓器的有(you)功(gong)及(ji)無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)等，因此(ci)供配電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的節能設計主要(yao)集(ji)中在變(bian)壓器的節能設計、提高系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功(gong)率因數、降低配電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)三個方(fang)面(mian)：

1.1變壓器的節能設計

配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)整個(ge)建(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統中的(de)核心設備，供配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)節能設計(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)通過它來實(shi)現。民用建(jian)筑(zhu)中大都采用干式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，干式(shi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有高效(xiao)(xiao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、綠(lv)色環保(bao)、安全可靠(kao)(kao)等(deng)優點，應優先選(xuan)擇SC（B）10、SC（B）11等(deng)節能變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所時如果(guo)選(xuan)用兩臺及以上變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，可根(gen)據(ju)負荷類型(xing)情況(kuang)在兩臺變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中間增加聯絡柜，設置聯絡柜既提高了供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)，又可以根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備的(de)負荷的(de)運(yun)(yun)行情況(kuang)的(de)，投入(ru)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)運(yun)(yun)行臺數。在變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)行時，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)鐵(tie)損(sun)即空載(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)是(shi)不隨負荷變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)，銅(tong)損(sun)即負載(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)與通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流平(ping)方成正(zheng)比(bi)，如果(guo)工(gong)程項目需(xu)要(yao)做綠(lv)建(jian)時，配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應選(xuan)用能效(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)級高的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應符合規范(fan)《三相配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能效(xiao)(xiao)限定(ding)值及能效(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)級》（GB20052-2013）的(de)能效(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)級要(yao)求(qiu)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)空載(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)和負載(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)為衡(heng)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)級的(de)兩個(ge)主(zhu)要(yao)參(can)數，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)負載(zai)率(lv)應在75～85％較(jiao)合理(li)。

1.2配電(dian)電(dian)纜或(huo)電(dian)線損耗的降低

為了(le)降(jiang)低配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗，應在(zai)滿足(zu)其敷(fu)設規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)，敷(fu)設最近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路由(you)到(dao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)點。變配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)盡(jin)量(liang)接近(jin)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)中心，宜(yi)(yi)靠近(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)豎(shu)井(jing)，以(yi)便(bian)減少主干(gan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或插接母線(xian)(xian)(xian)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度。根據(ju)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)集(ji)度確定變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)半徑(jing)，變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)半徑(jing)不宜(yi)(yi)超(chao)過200m，配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)比較密(mi)集(ji)時(shi)不宜(yi)(yi)超(chao)過150m。合(he)理(li)設置(zhi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)井(jing)或者(zhe)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間，劃(hua)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范(fan)圍，對于同層面積大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物(wu)，根據(ju)防火分(fen)區和(he)(he)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形式等(deng)(deng)情(qing)況，應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)豎(shu)井(jing)盡(jin)可能設在(zai)中部（或兩端），強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)半徑(jing)距離(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)不大于50m，弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)不大于100m，以(yi)便(bian)減少水(shui)平電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)設長度。配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)質宜(yi)(yi)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率ρ較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅芯材(cai)(cai)質，消(xiao)防配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路、密(mi)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公共場所以(yi)及重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住建(jian)筑、機房(fang)等(deng)(deng)需(xu)(xu)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)銅芯材(cai)(cai)質，鋁線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率ρ比銅線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率ρ大。對于較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路徑(jing)，在(zai)滿足(zu)載流量(liang)熱穩定，保護配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)合(he)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)，設計時(shi)加大一(yi)(yi)(yi)級選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截面，降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，從而降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)損耗。盡(jin)管(guan)增(zeng)加了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截面增(zeng)加了(le)初期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)，由(you)于節約了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，減少了(le)年運行費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)。對沒(mei)有計費(fei)(fei)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)進行分(fen)類配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，動力、照明、消(xiao)防負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)和(he)(he)非消(xiao)防負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)等(deng)(deng)同類負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)由(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條主干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同樣(yang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)截面可傳輸(shu)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率，減少線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗和(he)(he)節省投(tou)資。

1.3系統功(gong)率因數的提高

供(gong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)些(xie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，比如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)燈具的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎮流器(qi)等(deng)很多為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感性負荷，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感性負荷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)會產生(sheng)無功功率(lv)(lv)(lv)，增(zeng)加了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)損耗(hao)。無功功率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)既(ji)影響變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)質量(liang)，也增(zeng)加了變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統總的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)，更增(zeng)加了變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)路(lu)損耗(hao)。為了減少無功功率(lv)(lv)(lv)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)路(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，通過提高用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作效率(lv)(lv)(lv)，提高配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)來改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)質量(liang)，同時(shi)也達(da)到(dao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)方(fang)面可通過集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)與就(jiu)地(di)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)來提高功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)素，通常10（6）kV及(ji)以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)無功補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)宜(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)低(di)(di)壓(ya)側集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)，且低(di)(di)壓(ya)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)不宜(yi)低(di)(di)于(yu)0.9，高壓(ya)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)指(zhi)標，應符合當地(di)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)；容量(liang)較大、負荷平穩且經常使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無功功率(lv)(lv)(lv)宜(yi)單獨就(jiu)地(di)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)；另一(yi)方(fang)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應結(jie)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具體(ti)運行工況(kuang)，通過控(kong)(kong)制方(fang)式如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、變(bian)頻節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)調速等(deng)控(kong)(kong)制技術達(da)到(dao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工程設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)應選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參數(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)通常體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)專(zhuan)業和(he)暖通專(zhuan)業以及(ji)建筑專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)說(shuo)明(ming)里，由(you)設(she)備(bei)制造商統一(yi)供(gong)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)。例如(ru)：項目(mu)生(sheng)態園的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)要滿足規范《中(zhong)(zhong)小型三相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效限(xian)定值及(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效等(deng)級》（GB18613-2012）、《清水(shui)(shui)(shui)離心泵(beng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效限(xian)定值及(ji)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)評價(jia)值》（GB19762）中(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)評價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，應在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)專(zhuan)業或者(zhe)空(kong)調專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計說(shuo)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)表述(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)參數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)要求(qiu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣專(zhuan)業設(she)計說(shuo)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)注明(ming)非消(xiao)防類、風機(ji)(ji)(ji)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯等(deng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)設(she)備(bei)采取(qu)變(bian)頻啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)措(cuo)施(shi)；消(xiao)防類、風機(ji)(ji)(ji)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)等(deng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)設(she)備(bei)小功率(lv)(lv)(lv)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)直接(jie)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，大功率(lv)(lv)(lv)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)星三角降壓(ya)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯采用(yong)(yong)(yong)群控(kong)(kong)方(fang)式等(deng)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)措(cuo)施(shi)。

2照明的節能設計

合(he)理選取(qu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)和(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)形式(shi)，滿足《建筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設計標準(zhun)》（GB50034－2013）中照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)度(du)標準(zhun)和(he)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)功率(lv)(lv)密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)宜選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三基色細管熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)、緊(jin)湊型節(jie)能(neng)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)和(he)LED等(deng)(deng)高效(xiao)源，氣體放電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)子鎮流(liu)器，單燈(deng)(deng)(deng)功率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)不小(xiao)于(yu)0.9，應(ying)急疏(shu)散指示燈(deng)(deng)(deng)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)LED光(guang)(guang)源。在滿足眩光(guang)(guang)限制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下，優先采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)及(ji)(ji)開啟式(shi)直接照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)，室(shi)內(nei)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)不低于(yu)70%，并要(yao)求燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反射(she)罩(zhao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)反射(she)比。在滿足燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)最低允(yun)許安(an)裝(zhuang)高度(du)及(ji)(ji)美觀要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，盡可能(neng)降低燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)安(an)裝(zhuang)高度(du)，以(yi)節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。對于(yu)住宅(zhai)(zhai)，設置一般照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)后，根據具(ju)(ju)體使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)要(yao)求可設置臺燈(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)局部(bu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)。公共(gong)走(zou)道、樓(lou)梯(ti)等(deng)(deng)場(chang)所(suo)除應(ying)急照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)紅外(wai)(wai)感應(ying)延(yan)時自熄開關控(kong)制(zhi)。有(you)天然采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)，將靠(kao)近(jin)窗的(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)與遠離窗的(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)分(fen)組控(kong)制(zhi)，盡量(liang)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自然光(guang)(guang)，減少(shao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)開啟數(shu)(shu)量(liang)。室(shi)外(wai)(wai)公共(gong)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)根據季(ji)節(jie)變化，并結(jie)合(he)天空亮度(du)變化，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)控(kong)和(he)時間控(kong)制(zhi)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)。室(shi)外(wai)(wai)公共(gong)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)區、分(fen)組控(kong)制(zhi)，以(yi)節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。例如：項目生態(tai)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各房間或場(chang)所(suo)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)功率(lv)(lv)密(mi)度(du)值不低于(yu)現行(xing)國家標準(zhun)《建筑(zhu)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設計標準(zhun)》（GB50034－2013）中的(de)(de)(de)(de)現行(xing)值規定，車庫、室(shi)外(wai)(wai)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)、公共(gong)走(zou)道照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)、廚衛采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)LED燈(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)，住宅(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三基色T5環(huan)形熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)，電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)前室(shi)、樓(lou)梯(ti)間采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)聲光(guang)(guang)控(kong)延(yan)時開光(guang)(guang)等(deng)(deng)。

3某住宅小區供配電系統的節能設(she)計實例(li)

小區(qu)規劃總(zong)(zong)(zong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積為(wei)45623m2，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)單體共6個，其(qi)(qi)中商(shang)(shang)業(ye)、住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓3棟(dong)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)、辦公(gong)樓1棟(dong)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)樓1棟(dong)，地(di)下車(che)庫1座，住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)總(zong)(zong)(zong)戶(hu)數(shu)為(wei)326戶(hu)，其(qi)(qi)中商(shang)(shang)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積為(wei)7381m2，辦公(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積4500m2，地(di)下車(che)庫建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積為(wei)8886m2，住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積24856m2，住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)總(zong)(zong)(zong)戶(hu)數(shu)為(wei)326戶(hu)，共設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)三臺(tai)800kVA變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器型號(hao)為(wei)SCB11），一臺(tai)柴油發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)300kW。其(qi)(qi)中一臺(tai)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)率(lv)83%，總(zong)(zong)(zong)安(an)裝(zhuang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)為(wei)1796kW；一臺(tai)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)率(lv)75%，總(zong)(zong)(zong)安(an)裝(zhuang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)為(wei)778kW；一臺(tai)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)辦公(gong)及其(qi)(qi)公(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，負(fu)(fu)(fu)載(zai)率(lv)80%，總(zong)(zong)(zong)安(an)裝(zhuang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)為(wei)932kW。三臺(tai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)柜處集中補償(chang)，補償(chang)后功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)均達到0.9以(yi)上。變(bian)(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)室設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)在地(di)下室，放射式向位(wei)于(yu)地(di)下室四周的(de)(de)(de)塔樓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)，變(bian)(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)方(fang)便布置(zhi)進出線(xian)(xian)(xian)，離用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量大的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他設(she)(she)(she)備房(fang)近，以(yi)及考慮(lv)(lv)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)車(che)庫的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情(qing)況、變(bian)(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)進排(pai)風等要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，變(bian)(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)在一號(hao)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)、住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓的(de)(de)(de)附近，變(bian)(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)至最遠需要(yao)(yao)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)塔樓電(dian)(dian)(dian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)徑在150m內(nei)。三級負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、商(shang)(shang)鋪用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、辦公(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分類(lei)分區(qu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一級負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)消(xiao)防(fang)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)風機(ji)、水泵(beng)按防(fang)火分區(qu)及棟(dong)分別供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一級負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)平時(shi)車(che)庫總(zong)(zong)(zong)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)、各棟(dong)平時(shi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)公(gong)共照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)以(yi)及車(che)庫應急總(zong)(zong)(zong)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)、各棟(dong)應急總(zong)(zong)(zong)公(gong)共照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，一級消(xiao)防(fang)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)消(xiao)防(fang)泵(beng)房(fang)、消(xiao)防(fang)控(kong)制室以(yi)及一級負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)生活(huo)水泵(beng)房(fang)、弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)房(fang)等采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。根據建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)(xing)質合理選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)備，減少輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)中能(neng)(neng)耗；選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)根據相關標(biao)準，重點(dian)考慮(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度、機(ji)械(xie)強度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)損失及發熱等性(xing)(xing)質，并且對防(fang)雷等要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)進行(xing)考慮(lv)(lv)。照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)計除滿(man)足現行(xing)國家標(biao)準《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)設(she)(she)(she)計標(biao)準》（GB50034－2013）中的(de)(de)(de)規定外，車(che)庫燈具采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)按車(che)道和車(che)位(wei)分回(hui)路(lu)(lu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)和控(kong)制，公(gong)共走道采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)節能(neng)(neng)三基色T5環形(xing)熒(ying)光燈等照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)計。

4結束語

綜上所述，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)是一項多個設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)與小體(ti)系的(de)(de)系統工程(cheng)，優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠有效降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)消耗，提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)用率(lv)。這離不開廣大電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)者的(de)(de)努力(li)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)應有節約能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)使(shi)命感與緊迫感，嚴格(ge)遵循(xun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)原則，時刻更(geng)新設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)理念，實(shi)現環保(bao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)長久目標，為我國住宅(zhai)建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)行(xing)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展作(zuo)出更(geng)大的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)。

作者:楊亞平 單位:東(dong)莞市建筑(zhu)設計院有限公司