導語：如何才能寫好(hao)一篇土木(mu)工(gong)程施工(gong)論文，這就需要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更多的(de)資(zi)料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由(you)公務員之家(jia)整(zheng)理(li)的(de)十篇范文，供(gong)你借鑒。

篇1

1．1施工(gong)技(ji)術落后在現在的(de)(de)(de)建筑過程(cheng)中(zhong)，傳統的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)技(ji)術仍在被(bei)大范圍的(de)(de)(de)使用。地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)是一個工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎，它主要分為(wei)兩(liang)種極(ji)(ji)限狀(zhuang)態即承(cheng)載能力極(ji)(ji)限和(he)正常使用極(ji)(ji)限。而(er)在具體的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，由于(yu)存在對建筑地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載能力的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性，因此不(bu)能對地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術做出(chu)正確的(de)(de)(de)選擇，可能會造(zao)成地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)均(jun)勻沉(chen)降的(de)(de)(de)問題，給建造(zao)過程(cheng)帶來很大的(de)(de)(de)安全隱患。

1．2施(shi)工(gong)方施(shi)工(gong)環節控制(zhi)力(li)度(du)(du)不夠某建(jian)筑公司在(zai)近幾年的(de)的(de)建(jian)筑活動中(zhong)，主要(yao)采用的(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)是框架結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)、框架剪力(li)墻結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)和(he)筒體結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)，但是近年來建(jian)筑公司進行的(de)鋼筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)出(chu)現了一些質量(liang)問題:鋼筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)出(chu)現裂痕、混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土表面結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)凹凸(tu)不平、鋼筋(jin)在(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土表面、梁柱(zhu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)軸線結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)偏(pian)差大、混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)上荷(he)過早。由于施(shi)工(gong)方在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)環節的(de)控制(zhi)力(li)度(du)(du)不夠，質量(liang)控制(zhi)力(li)度(du)(du)欠缺造成此類現象(xiang)的(de)產生［3］。

2土木工程施工技術的創新策略

2．1完(wan)善(shan)(shan)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)的管理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)的管理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)是土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)快速(su)發展的基礎，只有建(jian)立完(wan)善(shan)(shan)的管理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)，才(cai)能使(shi)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)擁有創(chuang)新發展的潛(qian)力。技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)作(zuo)人員要依(yi)靠科(ke)學的理(li)(li)論、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)指導提(ti)高土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)的施(shi)工(gong)質量。在充分掌握現有技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的前提(ti)下，不斷完(wan)善(shan)(shan)對土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)深層次(ci)的研究和(he)創(chuang)新研究。

2．2做好現場(chang)(chang)臨(lin)建規劃工(gong)(gong)(gong)作比如，某市地(di)下(xia)車庫建設，建設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中需(xu)要(yao)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)修建部分道(dao)(dao)路并做好場(chang)(chang)地(di)衛(wei)護，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)需(xu)要(yao)做好全面(mian)的(de)硬化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。如臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)路采用(yong)硬化(hua)厚度(du)為15cm的(de)商用(yong)混(hun)凝土，來滿(man)足(zu)材(cai)料運輸(shu)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)以及消防的(de)需(xu)要(yao);而在(zai)場(chang)(chang)區(qu)的(de)其他區(qu)域(yu)則采用(yong)硬化(hua)厚度(du)為8cm的(de)商用(yong)混(hun)凝土，并采用(yong)2m高的(de)高彩(cai)色壓型鋼板對現場(chang)(chang)進行(xing)圍擋，并在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)區(qu)建立一個臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)和指揮中心。有利于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)對出(chu)現的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)問題進行(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li)［4］。

2．3創新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，引進(jin)先進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)隨著技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)發展，越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)被運用(yong)到實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，例(li)如深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)擋技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)，有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決了(le)高層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量問題。在深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中樁(zhuang)帽(mao)支(zhi)檔作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)，需要(yao)(yao)應(ying)用(yong)在深度比(bi)較深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)中，用(yong)于(yu)保障和固定(ding)(ding)土(tu)(tu)壤，增加(jia)其(qi)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)。尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)在一些(xie)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)疏松(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區，必須強(qiang)(qiang)制使(shi)用(yong)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)檔技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，再輔助以(yi)(yi)澆灌定(ding)(ding)性(xing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)加(jia)固臨時支(zhi)架，使(shi)得承重墻(qiang)(qiang)和墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)內部鋼筋結構(gou)(gou)融為一體(ti)(ti)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)起到更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)撐(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，下(xia)面對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)一些(xie)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型創新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹:首先是(shi)(shi)樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。現代(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中普遍(bian)使(shi)用(yong)混凝土(tu)(tu)灌注技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，因(yin)為混凝土(tu)(tu)具(ju)有(you)(you)承載力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，再加(jia)上底部、側部壓(ya)(ya)力(li)水漿注入使(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樁(zhuang)側、樁(zhuang)地(di)(di)四(si)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)能(neng)力(li)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)，有(you)(you)效地(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)止了(le)位置偏(pian)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)。另外，沉管樁(zhuang)、擴底樁(zhuang)等新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)止了(le)打(da)樁(zhuang)力(li)度不(bu)(bu)勻造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樁(zhuang)柱損(sun)壞(huai)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)打(da)偏(pian)之后(hou)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全隱患。其(qi)次是(shi)(shi)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。土(tu)(tu)釘墻(qiang)(qiang)因(yin)為具(ju)有(you)(you)成(cheng)本低、施工(gong)(gong)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點被廣泛應(ying)用(yong)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)環境相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境中。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)土(tu)(tu)釘墻(qiang)(qiang)時要(yao)(yao)注意土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)松(song)軟(ruan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)，以(yi)(yi)免造成(cheng)安全隱患。連續墻(qiang)(qiang)主要(yao)(yao)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，在高層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結構(gou)(gou)中，由于(yu)防(fang)(fang)水、防(fang)(fang)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)需要(yao)(yao)，外墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)一般采用(yong)封閉(bi)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)下(xia)連接墻(qiang)(qiang)，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)結構(gou)(gou)能(neng)夠(gou)更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起到穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。最(zui)后(hou)是(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型預應(ying)力(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)。體(ti)(ti)外預應(ying)力(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現和創新(xin)(xin)(xin)，越來(lai)越被建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)機構(gou)(gou)所(suo)重視，特別是(shi)(shi)在大(da)型橋梁和大(da)跨度建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)尤(you)為重要(yao)(yao)。這項技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)與傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預應(ying)力(li)檢測技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)正好相(xiang)反，在使(shi)用(yong)這項技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時，要(yao)(yao)把(ba)預能(neng)力(li)筋放置在或混凝土(tu)(tu)截面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部，減小預能(neng)力(li)摩擦損(sun)失(shi)［5］。

3結語

篇2

常規的工(gong)(gong)科實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)環(huan)(huan)節由(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)和設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)三大部(bu)分組成。其(qi)中(zhong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗由(you)易到(dao)難，有演(yan)示性(xing)、驗證性(xing)、操作性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、綜(zong)合(he)性(xing)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)、創新(xin)性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗；實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)形式(shi)(shi)由(you)簡單到(dao)復雜，有認識實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)、操作實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)、見(jian)習(xi)(xi)型(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)；設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方式(shi)(shi)由(you)專(zhuan)(zhuan)項(xiang)到(dao)綜(zong)合(he)，有課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。按(an)本(ben)科與(yu)碩士研(yan)究生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)需要(yao)(yao)來設(she)(she)(she)(she)置，專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)分為(wei)校(xiao)(xiao)內和校(xiao)(xiao)外(wai)(wai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)環(huan)(huan)節。校(xiao)(xiao)內有與(yu)各(ge)(ge)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相對應(ying)的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)操（工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)制(zhi)圖(tu)、測量、各(ge)(ge)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)階段的課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）、畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、學(xue)位論(lun)(lun)文(wen)。以(yi)畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)例，其(qi)常見(jian)類(lei)型(xing)就有工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)（加工(gong)(gong)）技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和管理、專(zhuan)(zhuan)題研(yan)究、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)軟件開發等4種。由(you)于(yu)畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)本(ben)科生(sheng)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)期間(jian)較高級的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)，所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)4種類(lei)型(xing)的畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)根據(ju)培養(yang)目(mu)標、方式(shi)(shi)與(yu)教(jiao)學(xue)條件的許可，不論(lun)(lun)在校(xiao)(xiao)內、校(xiao)(xiao)外(wai)(wai)進行都可以(yi)作為(wei)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)者(zhe)完(wan)成畢業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（論(lun)(lun)文(wen)）實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)方式(shi)(shi)。校(xiao)(xiao)外(wai)(wai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)環(huan)(huan)節就實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)言，可以(yi)依(yi)托校(xiao)(xiao)外(wai)(wai)協同創新(xin)單位的土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開發研(yan)究中(zhong)心(xin)或具(ju)有新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)材料背(bei)景的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)進行綜(zong)合(he)性(xing)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)、創新(xin)性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗；實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)教(jiao)學(xue)環(huan)(huan)節主要(yao)(yao)是結合(he)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的場地（所(suo)）性(xing)、先進性(xing)、特(te)殊性(xing)和豐富(fu)多樣性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求，進行校(xiao)(xiao)外(wai)(wai)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的參(can)觀認識實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)（加工(gong)(gong)）技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與(yu)管理生(sheng)產實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)，畢業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)等。

二、土木工程實踐教學(xue)資源協同開發(fa)的原則與方法

現在(zai)的(de)信息技術手(shou)段、網絡服務及移(yi)動終端設(she)備已經完全具(ju)備對(dui)龐大(da)的(de)數據進(jin)行整(zheng)(zheng)合和處理應用的(de)能力，故借助于(yu)云計算技術來收集、整(zheng)(zheng)合、處理、挖掘超量、繁復的(de)工(gong)程實(shi)踐教學(xue)(xue)資源，不但(dan)能有效解決工(gong)程專業實(shi)踐教學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)的(de)眾(zhong)多困擾，而且能為工(gong)程人才個性化培養及創建終身教育奠定堅實(shi)基礎。

1.開發原則

各種(zhong)(zhong)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)豐(feng)富(fu)、博(bo)大，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)協(xie)同開發(fa)和(he)(he)挖掘相(xiang)關(guan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)時，應(ying)堅持(chi)“有(you)所(suo)為(wei)(wei)，有(you)所(suo)不為(wei)(wei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則。應(ying)分專業(ye)(ye)類(lei)別廣泛(fan)收集(ji)(ji)各種(zhong)(zhong)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，并在(zai)收集(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)整合(he)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，要注(zhu)意以(yi)(yi)(yi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全體和(he)(he)完整為(wei)(wei)主，不要片段(duan)、抽樣；要注(zhu)重(zhong)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)獲取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率，不要以(yi)(yi)(yi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對精確作取(qu)舍；要考量(liang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)內容(rong)相(xiang)關(guan)性(xing)，不必在(zai)因(yin)果邏輯上做深究[3]。要按照培養目(mu)標，從學(xue)(xue)習者(zhe)實踐(jian)知識建(jian)構(gou)需要來識別資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義，在(zai)豐(feng)富(fu)、靈活、多樣、寬泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，進行資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)、處理(li)和(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)，讓運用者(zhe)按需配置其(qi)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，能(neng)方便、高效地實現其(qi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)價值(zhi)。依據專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)科創(chuang)新(xin)知識與(yu)(yu)能(neng)力培養所(suo)設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標，以(yi)(yi)(yi)協(xie)同創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心單(dan)位為(wei)(wei)主體，科學(xue)(xue)創(chuang)設(she)基于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)學(xue)(xue)習需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動情境。即將(jiang)有(you)關(guan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分層(ceng)次構(gou)造出(chu)各學(xue)(xue)習階段(duan)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題情境，以(yi)(yi)(yi)引導學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)循序(xu)漸進式地經(jing)歷實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，使學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)能(neng)自覺調動多種(zhong)(zhong)感官，如視覺、聽覺、觸覺以(yi)(yi)(yi)及語言表達等，尋(xun)找多種(zhong)(zhong)操(cao)作、動手、研討(tao)途徑，積累起豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)感性(xing)認識和(he)(he)動手操(cao)作經(jing)驗(yan)，激發(fa)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型(xing)、設(she)計與(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件、理(li)論與(yu)(yu)技術方法、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術與(yu)(yu)組織管理(li)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)、產品形態、建(jian)（制）造和(he)(he)場(chang)地環境、時空邊界條(tiao)件等現象與(yu)(yu)相(xiang)互關(guan)系產生(sheng)濃厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興趣(qu)和(he)(he)探究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲(yu)望。

2.主要途徑

由于培(pei)養人(ren)(ren)(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任主體是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，校方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖書與(yu)電子資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐富，多(duo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)信(xin)(xin)息網(wang)絡(luo)技術中(zhong)心(xin)，軟(ruan)硬(ying)件設(she)施(shi)和(he)(he)技術人(ren)(ren)(ren)才相(xiang)對充(chong)(chong)足，且信(xin)(xin)息技術在(zai)所涉(she)土木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)需求(qiu)與(yu)科研應(ying)(ying)用量巨(ju)大(da)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校與(yu)協同(tong)核心(xin)單位間工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)臺(tai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)協同(tong)創新(xin)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種必然趨勢，因此(ci)，校方(fang)應(ying)(ying)成為(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主體與(yu)推行(xing)者。協同(tong)開(kai)發與(yu)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)專業(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要途徑(jing)，可從以(yi)下四方(fang)面進行(xing)：（1）建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)一套運行(xing)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。專業(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一項有(you)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)、動態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、可持續(xu)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，必須(xu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)促進建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)各(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)規有(you)序，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現統(tong)合，搞好頂層設(she)計。（2）規范一套建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)標準(zhun)。用科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)來促進專業(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)[4,5]。應(ying)(ying)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)面向協同(tong)中(zhong)心(xin)所涉(she)各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主題、覆蓋其各(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)層次、不斷動態(tai)更新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)標準(zhun)，為(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現各(ge)(ge)(ge)級各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)網(wang)絡(luo)互連、信(xin)(xin)息互通(tong)、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)奠定(ding)基礎。（3）搭建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一個(ge)基于云(yun)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)臺(tai)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)只有(you)不斷被其工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)所應(ying)(ying)用、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習者所掌握，使其流動、開(kai)放和(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)分共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)，才可持續(xu)。在(zai)各(ge)(ge)(ge)專用工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫(ku)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)件建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，通(tong)過云(yun)服(fu)務(wu)端資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)集成，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現各(ge)(ge)(ge)門專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)(ge)級各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活動資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交(jiao)換(huan)和(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)。（4）培(pei)養和(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)一支(zhi)“雙師”實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)隊伍。專業(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫(ku)及課(ke)件開(kai)發、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)都需要依(yi)靠高(gao)素質專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員完成，因此(ci)，必須(xu)根據協同(tong)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，整合學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校與(yu)協同(tong)核心(xin)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，培(pei)養和(he)(he)造就一支(zhi)懂(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、懂(dong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術、懂(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫(ku)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)專業(ye)隊伍。

3.技術方法

構建(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)基于云(yun)(yun)(yun)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺。實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)經數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，區分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)關(guan)系(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，其中關(guan)系(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)二(er)維關(guan)系(xi)約(yue)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)表(biao)，結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)包(bao)(bao)(bao)括了(le)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字、符號等(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，非(fei)(fei)結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)包(bao)(bao)(bao)括了(le)文本、圖(tu)像、聲音、視(shi)頻等(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，從(cong)而(er)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)存(cun)儲(chu)、組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)來自校內外協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)創新(xin)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)幾百甚至是(shi)(shi)幾千個(ge)(ge)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式存(cun)儲(chu)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)。該處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺還能(neng)(neng)(neng)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)具(ju)體教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環節、層次需(xu)求建(jian)(jian)(jian)立相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，解決傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)無序、缺(que)乏統(tong)(tong)一(yi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)調配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)云(yun)(yun)(yun)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺在技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)項目(mu)上實(shi)(shi)(shi)現跨學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校、跨地域合(he)作(zuo)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)享工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)研究成(cheng)果，為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)研究提供便利(li)(li)；學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)突破時(shi)空限制，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)通訊工(gong)具(ju)隨(sui)時(shi)隨(sui)地全方位(wei)獲取優(you)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現方式，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)概括為(wei)(wei)(wei)四步(bu)：分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別是(shi)(shi)采集(ji)(ji)、導入和(he)(he)(he)預處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、統(tong)(tong)計和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，最后(hou)是(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現與(yu)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)[6]。（1）以(yi)(yi)(yi)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機制作(zuo)保障，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)遷(qian)移、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)轉(zhuan)換(huan)、共享等(deng)有(you)效(xiao)手段[4]對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)收集(ji)(ji)、采集(ji)(ji)，把協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)創新(xin)主體單(dan)(dan)位(wei)既有(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)重新(xin)整合(he)起來，并加載到(dao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)倉庫(ku)或(huo)(huo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)集(ji)(ji)市(shi)中——存(cun)儲(chu)在遠程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)云(yun)(yun)(yun)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)聯機分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。這樣才可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)徹底消除(chu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校或(huo)(huo)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)中各(ge)(ge)相(xiang)關(guan)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息孤島以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)信息碎片化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)，提高實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)率。還可(ke)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)MapReduce編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)模型(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)提高對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)海量(liang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度和(he)(he)(he)效(xiao)率[7]。（2）在完成(cheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)收集(ji)(ji)之后(hou)，如(ru)果要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這些海量(liang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，還需(xu)將這些來自前端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)導入到(dao)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)集(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式存(cun)儲(chu)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并行(xing)(xing)(xing)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)框架[7]，優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)并行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)，如(ru)Mahout、R語(yu)言等(deng)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這些分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)乃(nai)至碎片數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾，在導入基礎(chu)上作(zuo)一(yi)些簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)洗和(he)(he)(he)預處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)排(pai)除(chu)混雜、錯亂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信息，重復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，提高資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)。（3）從(cong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式計算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海量(liang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)中，提煉出(chu)(chu)連續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、低信息粒度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)素材(cai)，并擇優(you)質實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)素材(cai)交(jiao)(jiao)于上層實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)(tong)計、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)需(xu)求分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類匯(hui)總等(deng)。（4）對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)之后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)內容進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模擬和(he)(he)(he)價值(zhi)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)，包(bao)(bao)(bao)括分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)、回歸(gui)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)、聚(ju)合(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)降維算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)存(cun)儲(chu)在云(yun)(yun)(yun)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)（分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布式計算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)）大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不完全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、模糊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)出(chu)(chu)隱藏在資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)背后(hou)有(you)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息，為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)安排(pai)奠定基礎(chu)。應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)、挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)等(deng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)存(cun)儲(chu)在云(yun)(yun)(yun)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)結(jie)構化(hua)(hua)(hua)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，掌握學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)查詢其專業工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)、知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)點內容、知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力等(deng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)預測學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求，使(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師能(neng)(neng)(neng)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)預測進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)決策，更好地引(yin)導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)；同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，也(ye)可(ke)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)開(kai)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)效(xiao)果評估，盡早地捕捉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)不適應(ying)(ying)癥狀，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)預警和(he)(he)(he)干預[8]，以(yi)(yi)(yi)便及(ji)(ji)時(shi)調整培養方案，為(wei)(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)推薦學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)軌跡,開(kai)展自適應(ying)(ying)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)，自我導向學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)[9,10]。例(li)如(ru)：自適應(ying)(ying)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)既不是(shi)(shi)簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號或(huo)(huo)文字，也(ye)不是(shi)(shi)言語(yu)或(huo)(huo)文字陳述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念或(huo)(huo)原理(li)(li)(li)(li)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師列展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)例(li)或(huo)(huo)問(wen)題(ti)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)考察實(shi)(shi)(shi)例(li)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)解決問(wen)題(ti)來發現有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)，并積累解決問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)[11]。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)最適合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)方法(fa)(fa)，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)主動參與(yu)到(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，接(jie)受各(ge)(ge)種各(ge)(ge)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰。整個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)蹤，記錄了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在每個(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)上花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間，實(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)反(fan)饋給(gei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師，如(ru)果學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)遇到(dao)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)時(shi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師會立即知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，并對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔導。應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)也(ye)可(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)科(ke)研創新(xin)合(he)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)(ji)交(jiao)(jiao)互型(xing)(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)預測，從(cong)而(er)應(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金、政(zheng)策、機制、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、成(cheng)果、共享等(deng)環節潛在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾與(yu)風(feng)險。

三、專業工程(cheng)實踐教學(xue)資源(yuan)共享(xiang)應(ying)用(yong)

專業工程實踐(jian)教(jiao)學資源和(he)信(xin)息化技術(shu)是共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)方案設計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)不可或缺的(de)兩大(da)方面。構筑較快(kuai)見效(xiao)的(de)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)建設方案可以“三層法”：基礎設施(shi)層、平臺(tai)服務層和(he)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)應用服務層[12]。實踐(jian)教(jiao)學資源共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)應用是將云計(ji)(ji)算(suan)作(zuo)為其(qi)技術(shu)支持，通過(guo)對實踐(jian)教(jiao)學資源挖掘與實踐(jian)學習分析則會帶(dai)來工程實踐(jian)教(jiao)學理念、方式和(he)技術(shu)方面的(de)巨大(da)變革和(he)創新。

1.教學資源的流動需求與信息技術相結合(he)

工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資源(yuan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵也是其必要條(tiao)件，就(jiu)在(zai)于(yu)“信息(xi)(xi)技術”與(yu)“專(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”的(de)(de)(de)融合。豐富多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資源(yuan)通過(guo)信息(xi)(xi)技術應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育中，對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者未來事(shi)業會有更(geng)加直接的(de)(de)(de)幫助(zhu)；快捷(jie)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)饋信息(xi)(xi)是衡量實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資源(yuan)開發、應用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)程對實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)各(ge)個(ge)方面和層(ceng)次產生(sheng)影響、效果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)依據。將開發的(de)(de)(de)數字課(ke)程應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上(shang)。比如：創(chuang)建(jian)自適應各(ge)專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)課(ke)程，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)為(wei)每(mei)個(ge)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)創(chuang)建(jian)自適應的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)體(ti)驗。還可創(chuang)建(jian)各(ge)專(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)定制(zhi)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)或終身(shen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)課(ke)程，將工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)從同一模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)“批量化生(sheng)產”變為(wei)“科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管理下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)定制(zhi)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過(guo)程，幫助(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)培養更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)技能(neng)”，“讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)了解如何利用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間、應對挑戰、成(cheng)為(wei)終身(shen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)人”[9]。

2.當(dang)代網絡交流條件引發(fa)實踐教學組織方式(shi)變(bian)革

隨著具有語義(yi)網(wang)特(te)征的(de)數(shu)據基礎設施和數(shu)據資源(yuan)發展(zhan)起(qi)來(lai)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)變革就越來(lai)越顯得不可(ke)避免。豐富多樣(yang)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)將召喚網(wang)絡結(jie)(jie)構(gou)產生無(wu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)力(li)量。最先反映(ying)這種教(jiao)學(xue)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)特(te)點的(de)，是各(ge)種各(ge)樣(yang)去中(zhong)心化(hua)(hua)的(de)WEB2.0應用，如(ru)(ru)RSS、維基、微信、博客、云儲存(cun)與計算等(deng)。各(ge)種專業的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)資源(yuan)中(zhong)只有少量是結(jie)(jie)構(gou)化(hua)(hua)數(shu)據，如(ru)(ru)項目可(ke)研(yan)報(bao)告(gao)、立項審(shen)批(pi)、設計文(wen)件(jian)、計算書(shu)仍至工(gong)程(cheng)圖紙、項目報(bao)建（批(pi)）、質量與安全監督、施工(gong)（生產）許可(ke)、施工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)設計（生產計劃）、竣工(gong)（產品）驗收等(deng)，其余大(da)量的(de)由半結(jie)(jie)構(gou)化(hua)(hua)數(shu)據和非(fei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)化(hua)(hua)數(shu)據組(zu)成，如(ru)(ru)施工(gong)（生產）過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)具體的(de)施工(gong)（生產）作業方式、方法，技術(shu)會議等(deng)以郵件(jian)、視頻(pin)、微博等(deng)的(de)形式表(biao)現(xian)。海量的(de)專業工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)資源(yuan)之所以成為實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)的(de)變革力(li)量，在于它通過(guo)追(zhui)隨實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)意義(yi)而獲得工(gong)程(cheng)智(zhi)慧。

3.以(yi)云計算為基礎的(de)數據應用技術(shu)集成，可實現協同創新主體單(dan)位間專(zhuan)業工程教(jiao)育資源共享

篇3

1土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)新(xin)(xin)型預(yu)應(ying)力(li)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術要建(jian)立(li)在(zai)科學發展的(de)(de)體(ti)系之下，實(shi)現(xian)傳(chuan)統預(yu)應(ying)力(li)向現(xian)代(dai)化預(yu)應(ying)力(li)轉變。在(zai)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)混凝土(tu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)內部會涉及到預(yu)應(ying)力(li)放置問題。一些(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設跨度(du)較大(da)、結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)較為(wei)復雜采用的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)筋(jin)就顯(xian)得特別(bie)的(de)(de)重要，新(xin)(xin)型預(yu)應(ying)力(li)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術就是針對這種(zhong)情況(kuang)進行創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)。預(yu)應(ying)力(li)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)主要體(ti)現(xian)在(zai)體(ti)外預(yu)應(ying)力(li)有(you)無粘(zhan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)體(ti)，這種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)方(fang)式(shi)在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設中是一項重要問題，對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設的(de)(de)開展有(you)著(zhu)重要的(de)(de)影響。有(you)粘(zhan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)體(ti)的(de)(de)體(ti)系中，其(qi)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)摩擦程(cheng)度(du)比較低(di)，造成(cheng)的(de)(de)損(sun)失很小。而無粘(zhan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)體(ti)的(de)(de)體(ti)系所(suo)使用的(de)(de)是單根張拉技術，其(qi)操作起來(lai)也相當容易，同時摩擦造成(cheng)的(de)(de)損(sun)失也不(bu)大(da)。

2強(qiang)化(hua)信息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的應用(yong)傳統土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不適(shi)應現(xian)代(dai)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，為(wei)了能(neng)夠(gou)滿(man)足現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)發展要(yao)(yao)求，有(you)效(xiao)的提(ti)升(sheng)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的效(xiao)率(lv)，要(yao)(yao)將現(xian)代(dai)信息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)融合到(dao)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中，這樣能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)升(sheng)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量。選擇專(zhuan)業的網絡人才(cai)對土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行系統化(hua)分(fen)析(xi)研究，強(qiang)化(hua)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)專(zhuan)業文化(hua)素質(zhi)，使(shi)其成為(wei)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設主要(yao)(yao)力量。在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)影響下實現(xian)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)智能(neng)化(hua)發展，只有(you)在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)影響下才(cai)能(neng)夠(gou)使(shi)土(tu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)提(ti)升(sheng)到(dao)一個全新的發展高(gao)度。

3完(wan)善管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新要在(zai)完(wan)善的管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)下才能(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)現(xian)，科學合(he)理(li)的管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)夠(gou)促(cu)進(jin)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新，實(shi)現(xian)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)不(bu)斷創新發(fa)展。科學管(guan)理(li)方式(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)促(cu)進(jin)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的完(wan)善。在(zai)專業知識指導下，實(shi)現(xian)對土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)深(shen)基坑技(ji)(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究創新。深(shen)基坑支(zhi)擋技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，可(ke)以逐(zhu)步(bu)建立起樁與錨(mao)、支(zhi)擋與承重的一體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)結(jie)構體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)。在(zai)傳統施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中這種施(shi)工(gong)方式(shi)(shi)產生的效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果并不(bu)明(ming)顯，施(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率較(jiao)低，但(dan)是(shi)通過技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的創新能(neng)夠(gou)改善這種情(qing)況，提升(sheng)施(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率，強化(hua)(hua)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)，并且能(neng)夠(gou)減少施(shi)工(gong)投入的成本實(shi)現(xian)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)與社會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)的最(zui)大化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展。

4土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)計創新土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設(she)過程中(zhong)占據(ju)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，這種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)計階段。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)計人(ren)員要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)特點提升對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備(bei)、材(cai)料、方式等方面的(de)(de)(de)研究，結合具體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)，使(shi)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)能夠滿足施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)會受到(dao)氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)影響，使(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場荷(he)載等方面受到(dao)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)，針(zhen)對(dui)這種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員要(yao)(yao)(yao)克服施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)，實現(xian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)創新發展，并且在(zai)實際應(ying)用中(zhong)更好的(de)(de)(de)突破現(xian)有(you)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，實現(xian)深坑支(zhi)擋(dang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和預(yu)應(ying)力技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新。

5土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中深(shen)基坑支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)化發展(zhan)速(su)度的(de)(de)(de)加快(kuai)使房(fang)屋建筑的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)高(gao)，高(gao)層建筑抗震性越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)受到人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)關注，同時地(di)下(xia)(xia)空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)情況也在(zai)(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)變化。深(shen)基坑支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)時期發展(zhan)過(guo)程中有了明顯的(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)，主要(yao)體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)樁(zhuang)錨支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設過(guo)程中地(di)質條(tiao)件較差通常采用(yong)(yong)預應力錨桿和灌注樁(zhuang)體(ti)系(xi)。同時也可(ke)以(yi)制定針對地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位(wei)上下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)不同類型圖層宜采用(yong)(yong)引進的(de)(de)(de)套管水(shui)沖法(fa)成錨技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，許(xu)多臨時支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)加固樁(zhuang)或地(di)下(xia)(xia)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐墻或永久性的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)樁(zhuang)或支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)柱可(ke)以(yi)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)與承(cheng)重(zhong)一(yi)體(ti)化支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)方案，一(yi)體(ti)化的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)重(zhong)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)統既能夠滿足支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)和承(cheng)重(zhong)要(yao)求，提升施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度，使施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設產生的(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益最大(da)化。在(zai)(zai)(zai)土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中，旋挖施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝在(zai)(zai)(zai)管控(kong)灌注樁(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中也是較為(wei)科學合理的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)方案，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)利(li)用(yong)(yong)旋挖灌柱樁(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中必(bi)須(xu)保證成孔(kong)質量，較少施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量中的(de)(de)(de)不利(li)影響因(yin)素(su)。

6新型預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)創新土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)中(zhong)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)一種(zhong)重要的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法。主(zhu)要表(biao)現為(wei)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，是(shi)一種(zhong)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)筋(jin)布(bu)置在(zai)混凝(ning)土截面(mian)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。與傳統的(de)(de)布(bu)置于(yu)構(gou)件截面(mian)內的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)筋(jin)，所提供的(de)(de)有粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)(jie)或者(zhe)無粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)(jie)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相對應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)大跨度土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混凝(ning)土道橋施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和特種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)有一定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用。其中(zhong)粘(zhan)(zhan)接(jie)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用中(zhong)的(de)(de)典范(fan)之一。這種(zhong)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)要作用在(zai)管道結(jie)(jie)構(gou)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)，這樣產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)摩擦(ca)相對較(jiao)小，有利于(yu)后期(qi)進行施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維護。管道在(zai)鋪(pu)設過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)能夠更(geng)(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)進行控制，無粘(zhan)(zhan)接(jie)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi)也是(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用較(jiao)多的(de)(de)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方式，無粘(zhan)(zhan)接(jie)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)作相對較(jiao)為(wei)簡單，單根無粘(zhan)(zhan)接(jie)摩擦(ca)損失相當小，體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)比傳統的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)更(geng)(geng)加科(ke)學合理，產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效益更(geng)(geng)好(hao)。

二、土(tu)木工程施(shi)工技(ji)術發展新(xin)趨勢

1土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)發展建(jian)筑(zhu)行業發展的(de)主要動力就是實現(xian)經濟效益最大化(hua)發展。在土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設中工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價影響著施(shi)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設的(de)開(kai)展，并(bing)且能(neng)夠推動土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)發展研(yan)究，是技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)提升(sheng)的(de)重要保(bao)障(zhang)。利用科學技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)能(neng)夠提升(sheng)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)智能(neng)化(hua)發展，在一定程(cheng)度上降低成本的(de)投入，實現(xian)多(duo)元化(hua)滲透提升(sheng)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率。

2土木工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)自(zi)動化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)科學(xue)技術(shu)(shu)的提升促進了(le)建筑行業(ye)自(zi)動化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，實現了(le)傳統(tong)流(liu)水線(xian)建筑向標準化(hua)、工(gong)廠化(hua)的轉變，優化(hua)了(le)傳統(tong)生產(chan)方(fang)式。建筑構件到外(wai)部腳手架等都可以由工(gong)業(ye)生產(chan)完成，標準化(hua)的實施(shi)帶來建筑的高效率(lv)，為土木工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)創新奠定了(le)基(ji)礎。

篇4

1.1混(hun)凝土原(yuan)材(cai)料的選擇

在(zai)(zai)(zai)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)相關原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)兩個方面。一(yi)是應當根據(ju)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況，選(xuan)擇適合工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)程，對(dui)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)積(ji)、承載力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)都(dou)是大(da)不相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性也(ye)是不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。舉(ju)例來說：橋梁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)體(ti)積(ji)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)高層建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)所要(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)類型(xing)就有很(hen)(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接(jie)取決于(yu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)購(gou)(gou)置原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)工(gong)程本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。除此之外，還應當注(zhu)意(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)選(xuan)購(gou)(gou)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候選(xuan)擇質量和(he)(he)信(xin)譽有保障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正規(gui)廠(chang)家，避免在(zai)(zai)(zai)采購(gou)(gou)環節就出現(xian)質量隱患。上(shang)(shang)述原則(ze)是對(dui)于(yu)選(xuan)擇骨料(liao)(liao)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，對(dui)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)來說，很(hen)(hen)多施工(gong)單位都(dou)不注(zhu)意(yi)，認為水(shui)(shui)都(dou)是一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其實這種觀念是錯誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不同(tong)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)質是不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，水(shui)(shui)也(ye)有酸堿(jian)性等(deng)性能(neng)(neng)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇水(shui)(shui)之前(qian)必須(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進行(xing)細致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)驗工(gong)作。除了骨料(liao)(liao)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)，必要(yao)(yao)(yao)時還要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)購(gou)(gou)置一(yi)些(xie)外加(jia)劑(ji)。

1.2注意混凝(ning)土(tu)材料(liao)及(ji)混凝(ning)土(tu)的運輸(shu)

原料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)一般來說沒有特(te)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，但是(shi)一定要(yao)注(zhu)意盡(jin)可能(neng)地減少運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)時間和減少振動，因為不斷地顛(dian)簸很(hen)可能(neng)就會(hui)使(shi)混凝土的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)發(fa)生改(gai)變。運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)時還應(ying)當特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)在陰(yin)雨天氣下的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)做好防雨工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)，否則，如果運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)原材料(liao)(liao)，就會(hui)影響其性能(neng)，直(zhi)接(jie)變成不能(neng)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)；如果是(shi)混凝土的(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，將會(hui)直(zhi)接(jie)影響其混合料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)配比要(yao)求(qiu)。

1.3進行混凝(ning)土的(de)配置

混凝土的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)并不是簡(jian)單地(di)將(jiang)所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料堆放(fang)(fang)在一(yi)(yi)起進(jin)行(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban)即可，各(ge)種材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例和放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)是有順序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)然這(zhe)個順序(xu)也不是固定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是要(yao)根據(ju)當(dang)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候狀況、施工(gong)進(jin)度等等外部的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素決定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在配(pei)置(zhi)混凝土的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中，必須嚴格按照前期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關實驗數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)行(xing)，特別是水(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)精(jing)確，結合當(dang)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)氣來對(dui)水(shui)量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)控(kong)(kong)制。例如：在非常炎熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏天(tian)，要(yao)考慮到水(shui)蒸發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，要(yao)適當(dang)地(di)多放(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)水(shui)，而(er)在冬季還要(yao)防止(zhi)水(shui)凝固成冰，要(yao)不斷地(di)攪(jiao)拌(ban)。

1.4做好(hao)前期(qi)的其(qi)他準備工作

除了(le)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)材料的(de)(de)(de)購置、運輸與配置外，還應當(dang)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)一些前期(qi)準備工作。舉例來說：很多橋梁的(de)(de)(de)施工工程(cheng)(cheng)是需(xu)要(yao)(yao)大體(ti)積混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)，這些大體(ti)積混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)往往需(xu)要(yao)(yao)多層(ceng)澆筑，前期(qi)就要(yao)(yao)把場地清(qing)理(li)干凈，也(ye)要(yao)(yao)觀察上一個處(chu)理(li)環(huan)節是否已經完成。要(yao)(yao)對相關的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)蔽工程(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)驗收(shou)處(chu)理(li)，也(ye)要(yao)(yao)確保模板支撐體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)牢固。最為重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)一點是一定要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)安裝好(hao)溫度的(de)(de)(de)測量工具，能夠實時地了(le)解混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)溫度情況。

2土(tu)木工(gong)程(cheng)混(hun)凝土(tu)施(shi)工(gong)相關技術分(fen)析

在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)中，也有很多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)點(dian)(dian)需要(yao)(yao)注意。要(yao)(yao)點(dian)(dian)有很多(duo)，文章拘于篇幅問題(ti)不可能一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)羅列，在(zai)這里僅將(jiang)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾個點(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行闡(chan)述。首(shou)先，就是溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制。在(zai)前期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)已經準備(bei)了測(ce)溫(wen)管(guan)，但是還應(ying)當(dang)(dang)了解混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土發熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理來進(jin)(jin)(jin)行針對性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理。混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部熱量(liang)絕大(da)部分(fen)是由水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥造(zao)(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥遇水(shui)(shui)(shui)會(hui)發生反應(ying)，會(hui)放(fang)出(chu)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱量(liang)。那么在(zai)某些(xie)工(gong)(gong)期比(bi)(bi)較緊(jin)，天(tian)氣比(bi)(bi)較炎熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配置和(he)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)盡量(liang)選擇在(zai)太陽落(luo)山以(yi)后，或(huo)者盡可能選擇一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)熱化較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土類型，例如：硅酸鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土。而(er)(er)在(zai)寒冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冬天(tian)，則(ze)需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行相(xiang)(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保溫(wen)措施，因為(wei)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)結會(hui)使內外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)不盡相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，成型以(yi)后會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成裂縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)。其次，在(zai)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)時應(ying)當(dang)(dang)注意一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)要(yao)(yao)點(dian)(dian)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，應(ying)當(dang)(dang)嚴(yan)格按照既定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序來進(jin)(jin)(jin)行澆筑(zhu)(zhu)活動，即先自然流淌、水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)分(fen)層；進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)斜向分(fen)段；最后一(yi)(yi)(yi)次到頂。在(zai)配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候可以(yi)加水(shui)(shui)(shui)調整，但是在(zai)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中，嚴(yan)禁(jin)隨(sui)意地向混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土中間(jian)加水(shui)(shui)(shui)，這樣會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成離析等現(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)降低混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)(du)。第(di)二(er)，在(zai)分(fen)層澆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)確(que)定(ding)之前澆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層是否(fou)已經被覆蓋，并且要(yao)(yao)對兩次澆筑(zhu)(zhu)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)間(jian)隔進(jin)(jin)(jin)行把握(wo)，防止裂縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)。第(di)三，混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)對不同(tong)部位(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行多(duo)次振(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)，振(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置和(he)強(qiang)度(du)(du)都應(ying)當(dang)(dang)有具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。

3結語

篇5

1深基坑支護(hu)施工技術

深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術的(de)出現主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是因為(wei)城市(shi)當中各種大(da)型以(yi)及(ji)超高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)涌現，其中深基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)是保證(zheng)(zheng)大(da)型和高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)關鍵(jian)。深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括(kuo)了巖土工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘察與(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)調查(cha)、支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)設(she)計、基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)與(yu)(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、地層(ceng)位移(yi)預測與(yu)(yu)(yu)周(zhou)邊工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)先(xian)創量(liang)測與(yu)(yu)(yu)監控5個(ge)方面。目前，針對不同的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)求深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)方法也越來越多，包括(kuo)混凝土灌(guan)注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、人(ren)工(gong)(gong)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)孔樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、預制樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、深層(ceng)攪拌(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、鋼(gang)板(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)。所以(yi)在(zai)具體(ti)的(de)土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)當中，科學設(she)計預計處理深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，并且采用安全合理的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)技(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)(shi)保證(zheng)(zheng)深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)作(zuo)用就是在(zai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)土期間(jian)能夠(gou)達到擋土、擋水(shui)的(de)作(zuo)用，保證(zheng)(zheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)與(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)順利(li)進行，同時不會對周(zhou)邊建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)、道路等(deng)產(chan)生影響。部(bu)分(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)可以(yi)重(zhong)復利(li)用，而(er)部(bu)分(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)會埋在(zai)地下，因此支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)既要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全，又需要(yao)(yao)經濟合理。幾種常用的(de)深基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)技(ji)術：鋼(gang)板(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、深層(ceng)攪拌(ban)水(shui)泥(ni)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、地下連續墻(qiang)、土釘墻(qiang)、土層(ceng)錨桿支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、錨噴網支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)。在(zai)具體(ti)的(de)應(ying)用當中，鋼(gang)板(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)由于(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝較為(wei)簡單應(ying)用較廣。

2新型預應力技術

關于新(xin)型預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)，需要(yao)著重描述的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)該是體外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。與體內預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)相比，體外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工要(yao)求更低。考慮到體外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊性，即(ji)體外(wai)材料(liao)不(bu)(bu)能夠與預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)發生(sheng)共振(zhen)，一(yi)定要(yao)保持其(qi)單獨(du)振(zhen)動。這是因為當體外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發生(sheng)共振(zhen)時，很容易導致預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)筋的(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)折疲勞(lao)。在預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)當中，設(she)置(zhi)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)十分(fen)重要(yao)，并且(qie)要(yao)根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工程特(te)點設(she)計(ji)出不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工工藝(yi)流程。在具體的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)計(ji)當中，要(yao)充分(fen)了解土木工程的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點以及荷載性能，制定出一(yi)個合理的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)工方案(an)。

3鉆孔灌(guan)注樁(zhuang)基礎施(shi)工技(ji)術

灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)指柱列(lie)間隔布置鋼筋混凝土挖(wa)孔(kong)(kong)、鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)作(zuo)為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擋(dang)土結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種形式(shi)。灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)施工(gong)(gong)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)簡單(dan)，可以采(cai)用(yong)機械鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)人工(gong)(gong)挖(wa)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)，不需(xu)要(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)大(da)型機械，并且不會產(chan)生較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)音、振(zhen)動以及擠壓周(zhou)圍(wei)土體帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)，其經濟成本也(ye)低于地下連續(xu)墻(qiang)低。一般情況下，當基坑深度達到(dao)8-14m時，可以采(cai)用(yong)排樁(zhuang)(zhuang)。柱列(lie)式(shi)灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)可靠，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)帽梁整(zheng)理拉結作(zuo)用(yong)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)基坑邊角處(chu)，帽梁應高(gao)連續(xu)交(jiao)圈。當要(yao)(yao)求灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)起(qi)到(dao)抗水防(fang)滲作(zuo)用(yong)時，應該(gai)保證樁(zhuang)(zhuang)間與(yu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)背的(de)(de)(de)(de)深層防(fang)水攪(jiao)拌樁(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)旋噴樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。如果施工(gong)(gong)周(zhou)邊環境保護要(yao)(yao)求較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)嚴格時，為(wei)了有效降(jiang)低排樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)形，應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)軟土地區對基坑底部沿灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)周(zhou)邊或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)部分(fen)區域用(yong)水泥攪(jiao)拌樁(zhuang)(zhuang)等進行加固，有效保證被動區的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗力。隨著鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)逐漸在(zai)(zai)土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)廣泛，在(zai)(zai)加強技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時應該(gai)對使(shi)用(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械設(she)備、施工(gong)(gong)材料(liao)等作(zuo)出更(geng)加細致明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)，保證鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)灌(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基礎施工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)更(geng)加完善(shan)。

二.土(tu)木工(gong)程建筑施工(gong)技術未(wei)來發(fa)展

1產業化將土木工程變(bian)成產業化

是(shi)未來(lai)建筑行業(ye)發展的(de)趨(qu)勢之一。借助產(chan)業(ye)化的(de)發展模式其中(zhong)大大減少了人(ren)工(gong)(gong)作業(ye)與(yu)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)強度，實現更(geng)加高(gao)質量(liang)的(de)流水(shui)線作用。這種產(chan)業(ye)化模式需要相應技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)支(zhi)持，將建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)變成(cheng)一體化作業(ye)，形成(cheng)一種標準化的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)代替原有的(de)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。借助產(chan)業(ye)化，使用更(geng)加先進的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備與(yu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，在提高(gao)建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率與(yu)質量(liang)的(de)基(ji)礎上降低人(ren)工(gong)(gong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)危險指數(shu)，更(geng)有利(li)于實現科學管理。

2生(sheng)態(tai)化(hua)低(di)碳理念(nian)與低(di)碳經濟的不(bu)斷滲透

土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)本身就(jiu)與環(huan)境(jing)存在一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾性，解決(jue)這(zhe)種矛盾實現土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)與環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)和諧發(fa)展這(zhe)就(jiu)成為了建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)未來發(fa)展方(fang)(fang)向之一(yi)。充(chong)分站(zhan)在環(huan)境(jing)保護的(de)(de)(de)角度，在最(zui)大限度之內減少(shao)(shao)對環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)、對環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)污染。因(yin)此(ci)，就(jiu)需要從(cong)方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)面(mian)做起。首先是(shi)從(cong)建筑材(cai)料(liao)，加(jia)大研發(fa)力度向節(jie)約型(xing)、環(huan)保型(xing)建筑材(cai)料(liao)方(fang)(fang)向發(fa)展，同(tong)時(shi)從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機械(xie)設(she)備方(fang)(fang)面(mian)進行優化，提供施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率盡量減少(shao)(shao)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)消耗。同(tong)時(shi)從(cong)廢(fei)物(wu)利用的(de)(de)(de)角度考慮盡量少(shao)(shao)產(chan)生工(gong)(gong)業廢(fei)料(liao)，在此(ci)基(ji)礎上加(jia)強(qiang)對工(gong)(gong)業廢(fei)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)利用，有效節(jie)約資源(yuan)。同(tong)時(shi)建筑技(ji)術方(fang)(fang)面(mian)肯定(ding)也會(hui)再(zai)次(ci)得到一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新，更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)作用于(yu)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)當中。

三.結語

篇6

[關鍵詞]土木工(gong)程；項目管(guan)理；質量；安全；施工(gong)問題(ti)

中(zhong)圖(tu)分(fen)類號(hao)：U414 文(wen)獻標(biao)識碼：A 文(wen)章(zhang)編號(hao)：1009-914X（2015）46-0115-01

一、土木工程施工中(zhong)的質量控制(zhi)

質量(liang)是企業(ye)(ye)的生命，施工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)搞好工(gong)程施工(gong)質量(liang)，必須從(cong)企業(ye)(ye)生存(cun)發展的需要(yao)出發。要(yao)實現(xian)質量(liang)目標，就從(cong)以下(xia)方面(mian)著手：

按企(qi)業質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系的要求，在全(quan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)貫徹企(qi)業的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)方(fang)針和目(mu)標。每項工(gong)(gong)程在招標時都對(dui)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)有(you)具體(ti)的標準(zhun)，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)必(bi)須(xu)依據企(qi)業自(zi)身的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)方(fang)針和目(mu)標以及(ji)具體(ti)標準(zhun)，制定(ding)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)創優(you)規(gui)劃并(bing)認真實施(shi)(shi)。項目(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)必(bi)須(xu)滿(man)足工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)及(ji)驗(yan)收規(gui)范和工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢驗(yan)評(ping)定(ding)標準(zhun)的要求，分項工(gong)(gong)程未經檢驗(yan)或已檢驗(yan)評(ping)為(wei)不合格的，嚴禁轉入下道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)。

總而言之，施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)的方法很(hen)多，關鍵是(shi)要緊緊圍繞質量(liang)目標，嚴(yan)格貫徹(che)質量(liang)標準。堅持質量(liang)管理控(kong)制(zhi)過程(cheng)，從工(gong)序(xu)抓(zhua)起，遵循科學的控(kong)制(zhi)方法，落實崗(gang)位(wei)責任，加強責任心，就(jiu)一定能把(ba)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)好。

二、工程施工過程中的管理問(wen)題

土(tu)木工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)管理(li)(li)是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業對所(suo)實施(shi)的(de)工(gong)程項目進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)過程、全(quan)方(fang)位(wei)的(de)規劃、組織(zhi)、控制與協調(diao)的(de)生(sheng)產行(xing)為(wei)。不斷發展的(de)土(tu)木工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)管理(li)(li)標準對施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業提出了更為(wei)嚴格的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，以往在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)項目管理(li)(li)上陳舊的(de)管理(li)(li)思想、管理(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)管理(li)(li)方(fang)法不斷得到改變(bian)。

1.1 建筑工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)質量(liang)不高

建筑工程的(de)施(shi)工質量不但影響(xiang)到建筑物的(de)正常使用，而(er)且關系到人(ren)民生命財產安全。在重特大安全事故(gu)頻發的(de)現實狀(zhuang)況下(xia)，建筑工程施(shi)工質量已成為全社會各方普(pu)遍(bian)關注(zhu)的(de)問題。

1.2 合同管理不規范

由于我國建筑市場不(bu)成(cheng)熟，即(ji)使制(zhi)定的合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條件存在“不(bu)平等條款”，施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業也會接受，而企(qi)(qi)業為了盈利，往往會影(ying)響工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量；合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)違約現象嚴重，在施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，施(shi)工(gong)方為了需要，臨時隨意修改合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條款，嚴重影(ying)響工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設的市場秩序；缺(que)少(shao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的規范管理，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理人(ren)員法(fa)律意識淡薄(bo)，增加了企(qi)(qi)業的法(fa)律風險。

1.3工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)面窄，且(qie)素質(zhi)(zhi)低(di)下工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)人員(yuan)素質(zhi)(zhi)較低(di)，經驗匱乏，合同意(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)法(fa)律意(yi)(yi)識(shi)淡薄，承包(bao)商(shang)往(wang)往(wang)將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)當(dang)作(zuo)(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)檢員(yuan)，限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)在控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量中的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用；工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)范圍狹隘，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)應貫(guan)穿于建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)始終，并且(qie)根據其(qi)發現的(de)(de)(de)問題提出可行性的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議，從(cong)而(er)保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)順利進(jin)行，但目前(qian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)僅限(xian)于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段；工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)市場不規范，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位隨(sui)意(yi)(yi)壓價，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)為了(le)(le)(le)能夠得項目而(er)勉強(qiang)接受，抑制(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性，不但難以起到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)應有的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用，也使監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)市場十分混亂，限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)事(shi)業的(de)(de)(de)發展。

三(san)、施工過程(cheng)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)安全問題分析

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)現場(chang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)十分重(zhong)要，不僅要對(dui)經濟要素停(ting)止(zhi)思索，最(zui)關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)是要把握好平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)指數，爭(zheng)取從材質和外(wai)形停(ting)止(zhi)創新。比如固定(ding)腳手(shou)架扣件、腳手(shou)板時(shi)(shi)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)添加裝(zhuang)(zhuang)自鎖(suo)(suo)、保險銷等(deng)平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)；根本設(she)備要全(quan)面，項目工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)業區、高空(kong)作(zuo)業都必(bi)需(xu)要設(she)置(zhi)取圍擋、平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)網停(ting)止(zhi)封(feng)鎖(suo)(suo)，規(gui)則作(zuo)業人員(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)需(xu)戴平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)帽；做(zuo)好場(chang)地的(de)(de)清(qing)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，維持整潔的(de)(de)環(huan)境；在(zai)作(zuo)業區采取電子監控以(yi)維持平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)次序。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)運(yun)(yun)用有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)又(you)挪動(dong)便當的(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)帶(dai)，在(zai)操作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)盲目遵(zun)照(zhao)規(gui)程(cheng)以(yi)保證高空(kong)作(zuo)業平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)運(yun)(yun)用到的(de)(de)設(she)備、器件等(deng)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)經過兩個階(jie)段，即(ji)設(she)計、制造(zao)(zao)。首先，必(bi)需(xu)要積極(ji)推進施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機械(xie)的(de)(de)更新調(diao)整，維護施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備的(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)性能(neng)，保證正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)(yun)用；其次，應(ying)該制定(ding)科學的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)計劃，確(que)(que)保施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)具、器械(xie)可(ke)以(yi)正(zheng)確(que)(que)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，發(fa)揮出應(ying)有(you)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)用性能(neng)。比如在(zai)設(she)計混凝土強(qiang)迫式(shi)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)機構造(zao)(zao)時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)運(yun)(yun)用全(quan)封(feng)鎖(suo)(suo)式(shi)，將動(dong)力(li)開(kai)關(guan)、開(kai)蓋(gai)系統(tong)構成聯鎖(suo)(suo)，在(zai)開(kai)蓋(gai)狀態(tai)下(xia)不攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)，在(zai)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)過程(cheng)中(zhong)制止(zhi)開(kai)蓋(gai)。再如在(zai)設(she)計吊運(yun)(yun)混凝土運(yun)(yun)用的(de)(de)吊斗時(shi)(shi)，都需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)對(dui)吊具裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)相關(guan)的(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)(an)(an)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)。

針對生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中已(yi)知(zhi)的(de)或已(yi)出現的(de)危(wei)險因素，采(cai)取一(yi)切必(bi)要的(de)消除和(he)控制(zhi)的(de)技術性(xing)措施(shi)(shi)，以及為(wei)了實(shi)行安(an)(an)全(quan)生產(chan)對作業場所和(he)施(shi)(shi)工作業人員采(cai)取必(bi)要的(de)防護(hu)和(he)保護(hu)的(de)技術性(xing)措施(shi)(shi)。堅(jian)持安(an)(an)全(quan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，消除事故隱患，促進增(zeng)強(qiang)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產(chan)意識。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)方式應該是定期檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、專業檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、季節檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、經常檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)相結合，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)內容要包括查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)思想(xiang)，查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)制(zhi)度、查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)隱患、查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)措施(shi)(shi)、查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)教育培訓(xun)、查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)事故處理等。通(tong)過(guo)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)發(fa)現問(wen)題，分(fen)析原因，進行整(zheng)改，使安(an)(an)全(quan)生產(chan)在持續改進中得到有效控制(zhi)。

四、工程施工中項(xiang)目成本(ben)問題及應對策略

工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)施(shi)工企(qi)(qi)業的(de)“窗口”，生產和管理(li)的(de)基點，經濟效益的(de)源泉。以(yi)工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)為中(zhong)心(xin)，提(ti)高項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)運作(zuo)質量，是(shi)施(shi)工企(qi)(qi)業生存和發展(zhan)永恒的(de)主題。工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)中(zhong)的(de)項(xiang)目(mu) 成(cheng)本(ben)管理(li)直接制約著項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)經營成(cheng)果。

項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成本管(guan)理(li)是(shi)承包(bao)人(ren)為(wei)使(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成本控制在計劃(hua)目(mu)標(biao)之內(nei)所作(zuo)的(de)(de)預測、計劃(hua)、控制、調整、核算、分析和(he)考核等(deng)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。它是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)成本管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)核心內(nei)容，是(shi)在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程中運用必(bi)要的(de)(de)技術與管(guan)理(li)手(shou)段(duan)對物化勞(lao)動和(he)勞(lao)動消耗進行計劃(hua)、組織和(he)監督的(de)(de)一個系統工(gong)(gong) 程，從項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中標(biao)開始到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備(bei)、現場施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，直至竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)的(de)(de)每個環節，貫(guan)穿于項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)全過(guo)(guo)程和(he)各個方(fang)面。

五(wu)、施工過程(cheng)中(zhong)的環境公害問(wen)題

隨著人民生(sheng)(sheng)活條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善，人們對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)活環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也在(zai)逐步(bu)提(ti)高，土木工(gong)程項目施工(gong)對(dui)(dui)城市(shi)所造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境公害(hai)(hai)也逐漸暴露(lu)出來(lai)。正如(ru)其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產一(yi)樣，土木工(gong)程施工(gong)也給(gei)城市(shi)帶來(lai)了日益(yi)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境問題，諸如(ru)粉塵、有害(hai)(hai)氣(qi)體(ti)、噪聲、強光、固(gu)體(ti)和液體(ti)廢(fei)棄物(wu)、雜亂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)現場、高空墜(zhui)落物(wu)、地震以及(ji)(ji)其他(ta)偶然事故(gu)等，都不同(tong)程度地對(dui)(dui)城市(shi)居民在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)理上和心(xin)理上造(zao)成(cheng)了傷害(hai)(hai)。從我國現行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)環境保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)來(lai)看，均對(dui)(dui)城市(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土木工(gong)程施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公害(hai)(hai)問題有不同(tong)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涉及(ji)(ji)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)城市(shi)土木工(gong)程建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承包商來(lai)講(jiang)，遵守這些法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)是(shi)至(zhi)關(guan)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

參考文獻

[1] 嚴(yan)薇.土(tu)木工(gong)程項目管(guan)理(li)與(yu)施工(gong)組織設計.人民交通出(chu)版社.1999年10月(yue)

[2] 胡寅.土(tu)木工(gong)程的施工(gong)管理問(wen)題分析.現代商貿(mao)工(gong)業.2007年04期(qi)

[3] 崔艷梅.給予(yu)動態規劃(hua)的土木工(gong)程施工(gong)組織(zhi)設計方(fang)法(fa).山東交(jiao)通學院學報(bao).2005年(nian)01期

[4] 楊學銀.建(jian)筑工(gong)程的施工(gong)管理問題(ti)分(fen)析(xi).科協(xie)論壇(tan).2007年08月

篇7

1．1施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)能(neng)力不(bu)足影(ying)響(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)整(zheng)個建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)因(yin)素，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)存在(zai)于建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始到結束的(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)個階(jie)段，貫穿著整(zheng)個土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量控制，更是(shi)項(xiang)目建(jian)設、建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)主要進行者。所(suo)以對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)責任感、專業知(zhi)識、知(zhi)識技能(neng)都有(you)著特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)要求。然而(er)，當前建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量缺(que)少(shao)，使得許(xu)多的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)加入(ru)到建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行業，特(te)別在(zai)基礎(chu)層面更是(shi)占據了很(hen)大(da)比例(li)。對(dui)(dui)于因(yin)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力而(er)進入(ru)建(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)多數是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)過操作(zuo)規(gui)范(fan)及正規(gui)技能(neng)培訓的(de)(de)(de)，更有(you)少(shao)量人(ren)員(yuan)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)完全陌生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)使得施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)變得困難，同時也會造成施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)穩定性。在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)活動(dong)(dong)進行控制，因(yin)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)活動(dong)(dong)所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量隱患(huan)也就會隨之(zhi)出現，這(zhe)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)重要因(yin)素。

1．2建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)影響(xiang)在土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，原(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)性能控(kong)制都將(jiang)直接影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞。然而，在整(zheng)個土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中卻(que)有(you)不(bu)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企業將(jiang)之(zhi)作為獲(huo)利點，用(yong)盡一(yi)切辦法來減少建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)取得收(shou)益。而建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)最(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制就(jiu)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)上面，只有(you)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，才能有(you)效(xiao)是(shi)控(kong)制土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。比如，在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中選擇防水、防火(huo)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)時，選擇了(le)不(bu)合格(ge)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，這將(jiang)會直接影響(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，導致建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)出(chu)現漏水以及安全隱患等(deng)問題(ti)。如果(guo)不(bu)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一(yi)個環(huan)節，禁(jin)止使用(yong)不(bu)合理、不(bu)合格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，從根本上解決材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)問題(ti)，將(jiang)是(shi)對土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)毀滅性打擊。

1．3環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響在土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中時常會遇到不同的(de)(de)氣候環(huan)境(jing)、地(di)質條件等自然因素，這些(xie)都將對土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制造成(cheng)影(ying)響［2］。面對不同的(de)(de)地(di)質環(huan)境(jing)、不同溫度，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)不能(neng)相(xiang)同而定，必(bi)須依據現場的(de)(de)具體環(huan)境(jing)情況和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)特點(dian)，進行全面的(de)(de)考(kao)慮后(hou)，拿出合理、適用的(de)(de)方案(an)進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，考(kao)慮環(huan)境(jing)、制定有(you)效方案(an)，最(zui)終才能(neng)對土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)有(you)控(kong)制。因此，環(huan)境(jing)對土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)控(kong)制的(de)(de)影(ying)響也是(shi)不容忽(hu)視的(de)(de)。

2土(tu)木工程施工質量的(de)控制

2．1建(jian)立完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管理擁(yong)有完(wan)(wan)善的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理體系(xi)是對每(mei)一個土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)的(de)(de)基本要求。在建(jian)立了良好的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理系(xi)統之后，將可以很大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上減少因質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理而(er)引起的(de)(de)有些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)與缺陷，從(cong)(cong)而(er)降低土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)出(chu)現事故(gu)的(de)(de)機率。并且(qie)進行責(ze)任分(fen)配(pei)落實制度，明確每(mei)一個土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)所(suo)負責(ze)的(de)(de)任務，這樣(yang)將有效的(de)(de)控(kong)制土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中所(suo)見的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)提高對土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)控(kong)制。

2．2提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)身素質在土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術、素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低，都直接(jie)決定(ding)著整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低。所以，建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)人(ren)員應該認識到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員技術、素質高(gao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)。做到不(bu)合格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一定(ding)不(bu)錄用(yong)，同時(shi)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)強(qiang)培訓(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，增(zeng)加(jia)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任感(gan)、形(xing)成良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職業道(dao)德素養(yang)，在建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中做到細致、認真、踏實，從(cong)而免去施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中人(ren)為(wei)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失，根本上保證建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量。

2．3加強安(an)全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)意識(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)是(shi)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)個(ge)行(xing)業，每(mei)(mei)一(yi)個(ge)企業發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)中之重(zhong)，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業更是(shi)排(pai)在前列。因為，安(an)全(quan)(quan)伴隨在土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)個(ge)細小環節(jie)，如(ru)果土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員不(bu)能安(an)全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，將不(bu)只(zhi)是(shi)讓土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量得(de)(de)(de)不(bu)到(dao)保障，更是(shi)會對建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員生(sheng)命健康都產生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)影響。導致這些情況發生(sheng)主要原因就(jiu)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)意識(shi)低，所以土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位應建(jian)立起(qi)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產規章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，并(bing)將其貫徹(che)落實［3］。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業也應樹立起(qi)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)意識(shi)，并(bing)且做(zuo)好積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管理措施(shi)(shi)，最(zui)終增(zeng)強施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產意識(shi)，避免施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)，也使得(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量控制(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)到(dao)提升(sheng)。

3結語

篇8

要解決(jue)以(yi)上(shang)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，一方面(mian)(mian)要加大實(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度，使實(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容(rong)和方法必(bi)須有利于學(xue)(xue)生職業能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構建，有利于創新素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)，另一方面(mian)(mian)，通過合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課外實(shi)踐(jian)活動，拓(tuo)展學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識面(mian)(mian)，激(ji)發他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)趣(qu)愛(ai)好，逐漸建立創新意(yi)識。同時(shi)解決(jue)了課時(shi)少、任務多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾。為此，筆者提出(chu)了多層次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容(rong)和方法，包括基礎型(xing)、提高性和創新型(xing)，每種(zhong)類型(xing)包括不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)項目和教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)形式，學(xue)(xue)生可以(yi)根據自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)趣(qu)愛(ai)好選擇不(bu)同類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目，達到不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如表1所示。

二、多層(ceng)次實踐教學考(kao)核標準的制定(ding)

為(wei)客觀公正地反映學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)綜合(he)素質，采用過程(cheng)(cheng)考核(he)為(wei)主，對學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)必(bi)(bi)修實(shi)踐項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進行綜合(he)評價，每個項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)都有(you)5個考核(he)指(zhi)標：工(gong)作態(tai)度、軟件(jian)操作的(de)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度或尺規繪(hui)圖的(de)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度、出(chu)圖的(de)規范性(xing)、團隊(dui)協(xie)作能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)勇于創新能(neng)(neng)力(li)。5個必(bi)(bi)修項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)加權平均(jun)值作為(wei)考核(he)成(cheng)績(ji)。課外自選(xuan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)根據(ju)實(shi)際情況分(fen)為(wei)參與(yu)分(fen)和(he)(he)獲獎分(fen)，根據(ju)總得分(fen)給(gei)予物質獎勵和(he)(he)證書。這樣的(de)考核(he)標準更有(you)利于全(quan)面、客觀地放映學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)素質、技術能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)團隊(dui)協(xie)作能(neng)(neng)力(li)，對學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)職業能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)創新能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)培養(yang)起(qi)來(lai)很好的(de)效果。

三、多層次實踐(jian)教學效果驗證

學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)制(zhi)圖(tu)教(jiao)(jiao)研室將多層次(ci)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容和(he)(he)(he)方法引入到(dao)(dao)土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)制(zhi)圖(tu)與(yu)(yu)CAD課程(cheng)中，對2012級和(he)(he)(he)2013級土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)共(gong)6個班進行了試(shi)點教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，結果表明，教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)效果良好(hao)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)自我評(ping)價(jia)(jia)是：通過(guo)豐富多彩的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習，我慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)對該(gai)課程(cheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)了濃厚的(de)(de)(de)興趣，同時我們還有額(e)外的(de)(de)(de)收獲，我愿意喜歡學(xue)(xue)(xue)習這(zhe)門(men)課程(cheng)；房(fang)屋建(jian)筑學(xue)(xue)(xue)任(ren)課老師的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)是：通過(guo)這(zhe)次(ci)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)改革(ge)，能明顯感(gan)到(dao)(dao)、看到(dao)(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)態度、繪圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量大(da)大(da)提高了；用人單位的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)是：通過(guo)頂崗實習，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)接受真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)訓練，促使自己自覺認識社會和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)氛圍(wei)，自覺形成良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)素質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風，同時有助(zhu)于樹立正確的(de)(de)(de)人生(sheng)(sheng)觀(guan)、價(jia)(jia)值觀(guan)和(he)(he)(he)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)觀(guan)，實現畢業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)零過(guo)度。

篇9

1.混凝土耐(nai)久性實驗方案設計

在土(tu)(tu)木工程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)耐久(jiu)性(xing)實驗課(ke)安(an)排中，結(jie)合(he)授課(ke)教師(shi)的浙江省自然(ran)(ran)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)基金(jin)項目“荷(he)載(zai)、碳(tan)化和氯(lv)鹽耦合(he)作用下(xia)(xia)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)細(xi)微觀結(jie)構演變及對(dui)(dui)(dui)離子(zi)傳輸影響”，指(zhi)導學(xue)(xue)生選(xuan)擇目標混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)配合(he)比，確(que)定混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)強(qiang)度后，還(huan)需(xu)確(que)定混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)加載(zai)方案。土(tu)(tu)木工程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的第四章(zhang)所提到的混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久(jiu)性(xing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象是(shi)無荷(he)載(zai)作用下(xia)(xia)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久(jiu)性(xing)，因此在設計試(shi)(shi)驗方案時，授課(ke)教師(shi)講解實際(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)木工程(cheng)(cheng)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構筑物在服役期間(jian)均在受荷(he)狀態，只有(you)考慮受荷(he)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久(jiu)性(xing)才與(yu)實際(ji)(ji)工況(kuang)相(xiang)吻合(he)。學(xue)(xue)生根據實際(ji)(ji)工況(kuang)提出軸(zhou)壓荷(he)載(zai)和彎(wan)拉荷(he)載(zai)兩種工況(kuang)形式。那么為(wei)了測(ce)試(shi)(shi)受荷(he)狀態混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久(jiu)性(xing)又該如何進行加載(zai)呢？對(dui)(dui)(dui)此，可以組(zu)織學(xue)(xue)生分組(zu)討論，得(de)出了加載(zai)方案，在此基礎上再確(que)定試(shi)(shi)驗混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)度，然(ran)(ran)后進行混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)耐久(jiu)性(xing)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)。此環節增強(qiang)了學(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)(dui)書本(ben)知識的理(li)解，鍛(duan)煉了學(xue)(xue)生的動手能力(li)。

2.泡沫混凝土(tu)澆筑(zhu)實驗設計(ji)

在土(tu)(tu)木工程(cheng)材(cai)料成(cheng)型實驗(yan)課教學過程(cheng)中，通過授課教師的(de)國家星火計劃項目“農作物(wu)廢棄物(wu)新型保溫(wen)建(jian)材(cai)制(zhi)備(bei)技術集成(cheng)與(yu)示范”，參與(yu)現(xian)場施(shi)工環節可以(yi)讓(rang)學生(sheng)明確泡沫混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆筑、養護(hu)與(yu)普通混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)何(he)不同，分別注意哪些(xie)問題，具(ju)體涉及(ji)到《土(tu)(tu)木工程(cheng)材(cai)料》教材(cai)第十一章的(de)知(zhi)識(shi)。比如，在測定泡沫混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)立方(fang)體抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)的(de)標準值時，標準試塊(kuai)的(de)制(zhi)作、養護(hu)、齡期、加載方(fang)式，泡沫混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)導熱(re)系數與(yu)強(qiang)度(du)之(zhi)間的(de)關(guan)系，以(yi)及(ji)減少泡沫混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)收縮開裂的(de)措施(shi)等。與(yu)此(ci)同時，可要求學生(sheng)查閱(yue)有(you)(you)關(guan)保溫(wen)材(cai)料施(shi)工技術的(de)文(wen)獻，以(yi)拓展知(zhi)識(shi)面(mian)。

3.鋼筋的加載實驗

在(zai)鋼(gang)筋教學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)，可(ke)以(yi)采用逐級加(jia)載方(fang)式，對(dui)鋼(gang)筋施(shi)加(jia)荷載，指(zhi)導學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)如何使(shi)得鋼(gang)筋強化(hua)(hua)。首先未加(jia)荷載的(de)鋼(gang)筋進(jin)行試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)從中(zhong)了解了鋼(gang)筋在(zai)拉伸過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)經歷了彈性階段(duan)(duan)、屈(qu)服階段(duan)(duan)、強化(hua)(hua)階段(duan)(duan)和頸(jing)縮階段(duan)(duan)四個階段(duan)(duan)，然后(hou)(hou)要(yao)求學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)把一(yi)根鋼(gang)筋拉伸到(dao)強化(hua)(hua)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)任(ren)何點(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)卸載，再對(dui)此鋼(gang)筋進(jin)行拉伸試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)發現鋼(gang)筋的(de)屈(qu)服點(dian)(dian)提高(gao)了。那么在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際工程中(zhong)采用這種(zhong)(zhong)工藝會起(qi)到(dao)何種(zhong)(zhong)效(xiao)果？通過(guo)(guo)(guo)現場實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了解了鋼(gang)筋強化(hua)(hua)的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程及(ji)作用。另外(wai)，根據項目研究需(xu)要(yao)，為(wei)了提高(gao)鋼(gang)筋防(fang)銹能力，是(shi)在(zai)鋼(gang)筋強化(hua)(hua)前做(zuo)防(fang)銹措(cuo)施(shi)，還是(shi)在(zai)鋼(gang)筋強化(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)做(zuo)防(fang)銹措(cuo)施(shi)？把這些問題作為(wei)課后(hou)(hou)大作業(ye)，使(shi)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)行充分(fen)討論。在(zai)探討的(de)基礎上(shang)，授課教師對(dui)各種(zhong)(zhong)結果進(jin)行分(fen)析總結，最后(hou)(hou)確(que)定具體的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案。

4.試驗結果分析

在進行實(shi)驗(yan)課程(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)改革(ge)后，學(xue)生研究性試驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)，授課教(jiao)(jiao)師指導學(xue)生對實(shi)驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)果進行數據處理。分析(xi)結(jie)(jie)果對比(bi)《土木工程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)》教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)的課堂教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)的基本理論，從而可以進一步改革(ge)實(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內容，對實(shi)驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)果與(yu)實(shi)驗(yan)數據進行不同側面深入分析(xi)，比(bi)較(jiao)各自的結(jie)(jie)果。通過分析(xi)比(bi)較(jiao)可以提(ti)高學(xue)生對土木工程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)理解程(cheng)(cheng)度。

二、實踐過程中必(bi)須(xu)結合土木工程材料課程實驗教學

將工程實(shi)踐(jian)科研活動融入到(dao)土(tu)木工程材(cai)料(liao)實(shi)驗(yan)教學，必須做到(dao)以(yi)下(xia)幾點。

（一(yi)）學生參(can)與科研項目(mu)與土木(mu)工程材料實驗課程要匹(pi)配

學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)參與科研(yan)項目必(bi)須(xu)與土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教學(xue)(xue)相(xiang)匹配，二者要(yao)有機結合，只(zhi)有在(zai)相(xiang)應(ying)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，融入相(xiang)關的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)科研(yan)活動，才能(neng)(neng)促使學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)去沉下心思考問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。授課(ke)(ke)教師(shi)指導學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)查閱相(xiang)關資料(liao)(liao)，探索解(jie)決(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)方法，通(tong)過這(zhe)一系列培養(yang)，學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)科研(yan)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和創(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)會有大幅度提高。通(tong)過實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，我們(men)認為土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)培養(yang)模式，必(bi)須(xu)強(qiang)調學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)培養(yang)，而(er)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)僅(jin)需要(yao)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)掌(zhang)握土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)理論(lun)知(zhi)(zhi)識，而(er)且(qie)更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)利用(yong)所(suo)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)理論(lun)知(zhi)(zhi)識在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中善于發現新(xin)的(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)和新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝。為了達到這(zhe)一目標，授課(ke)(ke)教師(shi)在(zai)制訂課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)培養(yang)方案時，相(xiang)應(ying)縮短課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)基礎(chu)理論(lun)課(ke)(ke)時，適(shi)當增加實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教學(xue)(xue)環節課(ke)(ke)時，更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi)要(yao)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中注(zhu)重(zhong)授人(ren)以“漁”，注(zhu)重(zhong)授于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)解(jie)決(jue)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，指導學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自我更新(xin)知(zhi)(zhi)識的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。

（二）學生參與(yu)的(de)(de)科研任務要與(yu)學生的(de)(de)能力相匹配

學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)與科(ke)研(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)必(bi)須與學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識水平和能力(li)相匹(pi)配，所布置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)不要使(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感到難(nan)度(du)較大，無(wu)從入(ru)手，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效果也難(nan)以達(da)到預定教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。將工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)科(ke)研(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)融(rong)入(ru)到土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)，授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)師(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)外(wai)花更多精(jing)力(li)進(jin)行指(zhi)導，并(bing)提供(gong)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所和實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)條件(jian)，使(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)從中受益。反之，如(ru)果授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)師(shi)所布置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)難(nan)度(du)不大，就會使(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)錯誤(wu)地(di)認為(wei)科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)并(bing)不復雜，從而失去對科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興趣。因(yin)此，授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)師(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)制定土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)時，必(bi)須注意科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)難(nan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)安(an)排。土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)改革(ge)主要是(shi)強(qiang)調學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養，但并(bing)不是(shi)弱(ruo)化基(ji)本(ben)概念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)。目(mu)(mu)標(biao)是(shi)強(qiang)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)增(zeng)加實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時適當地(di)壓縮了課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時間，但基(ji)本(ben)概念教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容不減少。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)制定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，兼顧基(ji)礎理(li)論課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時和實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)訓練的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時，將理(li)論教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)互相融(rong)合、互相補充(chong)。為(wei)了達(da)到這一目(mu)(mu)標(biao)，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)組將實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時從原先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)30%提高到50%，課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)考核實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)占50%，期末考試(shi)50%。

（三(san)）學生參與(yu)的科研活動要合理(li)組織

教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)科研(yan)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質畢(bi)(bi)竟不同，有(you)時二(er)者(zhe)之(zhi)間會有(you)沖突，授(shou)課(ke)(ke)教師就(jiu)要根據教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容，合(he)理(li)地(di)安排相應的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，使教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容與(yu)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐科研(yan)活動(dong)相協調，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參與(yu)到(dao)教師的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)中來，以(yi)促(cu)進學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)掌握(wo)課(ke)(ke)堂知(zhi)識，并形成學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)掌握(wo)課(ke)(ke)堂知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)同時又(you)提出新的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)循(xun)環。土木(mu)工(gong)程材料(liao)課(ke)(ke)程所培養的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是面向各(ge)類設(she)計(ji)院、施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、監理(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、建筑材料(liao)制(zhi)造(zao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、造(zao)價咨(zi)詢企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，其必須具備(bei)解(jie)決(jue)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。本(ben)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)畢(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后在(zai)(zai)從(cong)事道路、橋梁及(ji)建筑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)、監理(li)及(ji)檢測過程中，必須具備(bei)土木(mu)工(gong)程材料(liao)基礎知(zhi)識及(ji)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，因此，制(zhi)定土木(mu)工(gong)程材料(liao)課(ke)(ke)程教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)劃時，應著重從(cong)培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)運用(yong)理(li)論知(zhi)識解(jie)決(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)出發，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)畢(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后能(neng)(neng)(neng)盡快地(di)適應企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)節奏。為了達到(dao)這一(yi)目標，授(shou)課(ke)(ke)教師在(zai)(zai)講(jiang)解(jie)基本(ben)概(gai)念時結合(he)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)例，并輔以(yi)教師的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)成果，如有(you)一(yi)年輕教師應用(yong)“鋼(gang)(gang)筋在(zai)(zai)環境———應力(li)耦合(he)作用(yong)下的(de)(de)(de)銹蝕(shi)特征及(ji)演化規律(lv)（51008276）”國家自然科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基金(jin)項(xiang)目把(ba)鋼(gang)(gang)筋與(yu)混(hun)凝(ning)土二(er)個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)合(he)一(yi)起，指導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)過程中了解(jie)鋼(gang)(gang)筋在(zai)(zai)銹蝕(shi)過程中對鋼(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)凝(ning)土性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)影響，鋼(gang)(gang)筋在(zai)(zai)銹蝕(shi)后受力(li)截(jie)面減小、混(hun)凝(ning)土銹漲開裂，導致(zhi)鋼(gang)(gang)筋和(he)(he)混(hun)凝(ning)土力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)下降，從(cong)而把(ba)混(hun)凝(ning)土和(he)(he)鋼(gang)(gang)筋二(er)種材料(liao)串在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)更深入(ru)地(di)理(li)解(jie)課(ke)(ke)堂理(li)論與(yu)概(gai)念，而在(zai)(zai)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過程中，年輕教師也(ye)由此積累(lei)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)經驗(yan)。

三、結語

篇10

【關鍵(jian)詞】土木工程；施(shi)工技術

一、土木工程(cheng)施(shi)工技術的特點

隨著(zhu)經(jing)濟和(he)科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)速發展，不斷涌現了(le)(le)各種環保節能的(de)(de)(de)(de)新材料(liao)、新結構，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，規(gui)模浩大(da)、技(ji)(ji)術復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結構也(ye)越來越多(duo)，為了(le)(le)適應(ying)市(shi)場和(he)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)速增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術也(ye)隨之(zhi)不斷發展。我國正(zheng)處在經(jing)濟高速發展時(shi)期，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)數量多(duo)，規(gui)模大(da)，從而帶動(dong)了(le)(le)我國施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有其自有的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，其生(sheng)產作業與一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠生(sheng)產組(zu)織(zhi)不同(tong)(tong)，它每項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都需要根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質和(he)特點，單獨進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，這(zhe)導致了(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成敗受(shou)到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)是否(fou)科學(xue)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接影(ying)響(xiang)。總體而言，土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)有如下特點：固(gu)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：固(gu)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)體現在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不可移(yi)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)上，流(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)包(bao)括作業空間上的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)；多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：每個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，即便外觀結構看(kan)似相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)也(ye)會因水位地質條件和(he)其他施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件不同(tong)(tong)造成施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異；協作性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需要建設(she)(she)、設(she)(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、監理(li)、材料(liao)供應(ying)商(shang)等多(duo)家不同(tong)(tong)單位配合協作完成，各單位溝通協作對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)很大(da)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，每個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都由(you)多(duo)個分部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)構成，涉及專業很多(duo)，綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較強；復(fu)雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)易受(shou)干擾性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術復(fu)雜，管理(li)難度(du)大(da)，易受(shou)氣(qi)候、周圍環境等外界因素干擾；一般投資大(da)、生(sheng)產周期長(chang)(chang)。

二.目前(qian)我國(guo)土木工程(cheng)存在的問題

1、現如今如何能(neng)使理(li)論(lun)研(yan)究適應(ying)(ying)工程建設的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，由于(yu)施工控制涉及多個(ge)學科領域，特(te)別是(shi)非(fei)線性(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)、反(fan)饋分(fen)析(xi)、最(zui)優控制、系統(tong)識別、材(cai)性(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)等，目前(qian)既有(you)一般性(xing)(xing)基(ji)礎理(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，又有(you)應(ying)(ying)用性(xing)(xing)理(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，但缺乏系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)集成(cheng)和有(you)價值的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。

2、現(xian)(xian)如今工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)應完善驗(yan)收標(biao)準(zhun)與規范。有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)領域(yu)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制缺乏概念(nian)和思維(wei)方(fang)式，更無標(biao)準(zhun)可言(yan)。也有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)領域(yu)有一(yi)(yi)般性的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，但(dan)對(dui)大多的(de)創造第(di)一(yi)(yi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)仍缺少 足夠的(de)科研準(zhun)備。對(dui)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)如何提出，不僅涉及到長(chang)期發展問題(ti)，也涉及到一(yi)(yi)個可操作性的(de)問題(ti)。但(dan)有一(yi)(yi)點就(jiu)是要對(dui)沒有經驗(yan)借鑒的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)必須全(quan)面貫徹施(shi)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制，避免出現(xian)(xian)重大決策錯誤。

3、現如(ru)今工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)存(cun)在的(de)問題。主要(yao)存(cun)在的(de)問題是(shi)(shi)多(duo)頭管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)責任不(bu)能(neng)落實(shi)，缺乏對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)高度(du)重視，對(dui)特大型工(gong)(gong)程前期(qi)研究不(bu)夠(gou)，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)解剖不(bu)夠(gou)細 致。要(yao)想解決(jue)這類問題，唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)辦法(fa)就是(shi)(shi)實(shi)現設計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)總(zong)承包的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)思想，使管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)責任明確并得到落實(shi)。強調施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位應采取主動控(kong)制(zhi)，使責、權、利能(neng)夠(gou)達(da)到系 統的(de)統一(yi)。

三(san)、土木工程傳統施工技(ji)術(shu)

土木工(gong)程(cheng)傳統的施工(gong)技術(shu)貫穿在工(gong)程(cheng)的建(jian)設中(zhong)，方(fang)法也隨(sui)著結(jie)構(gou)形式、材料(liao)、地基基礎、外(wai)界(jie)環(huan)境(jing)的不同而變化。下(xia)面主(zhu)要針對地基基礎的施工(gong)、混凝土結(jie)構(gou)施工(gong)和鋼結(jie)構(gou)施工(gong)進行介紹(shao)。

1、混凝土(tu)結構(gou)施工

按(an)照施工(gong)中(zhong)澆制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)地點分為預(yu)制(zhi)法(fa)和(he)現澆法(fa)。預(yu)制(zhi)法(fa)是(shi)在別處而非施工(gong)現場(chang)澆筑混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土，預(yu)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土以其(qi)低廉的(de)(de)成本、出色的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)，成為建(jian)筑業的(de)(de)新(xin)寵。在 使用預(yu)制(zhi)法(fa)施工(gong)時，要(yao)確保預(yu)制(zhi)模(mo)的(de)(de)尺寸準確，并嚴格(ge)按(an)照施工(gong)順(shun)序(xu)進行。現澆法(fa)則是(shi)在施工(gong)現場(chang)支模(mo)澆筑混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土，是(shi)大多數建(jian)筑物(wu)采用的(de)(de)方式，應(ying)用更早更廣泛。 預(yu)應(ying)力混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土施工(gong)中(zhong)，根據張拉(la)預(yu)應(ying)力筋的(de)(de)順(shun)序(xu)還分為先張法(fa)和(he)后張法(fa)。

2、鋼結構施工

鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)工(gong)作(zuo)是構(gou)件(jian)的(de)(de)吊裝， 在施(shi)工(gong)前要(yao)(yao)切實做(zuo)好(hao)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)工(gong)作(zuo)，包(bao)括(kuo)場(chang)地清(qing)理、道路修筑(zhu)、基礎準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)、構(gou)件(jian)運輸(shu)、檢(jian)查裝備(bei)等。鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件(jian)運送先(xian)后順(shun)序要(yao)(yao)按照施(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序進行，構(gou)件(jian)運到(dao)(dao)現場(chang)后，應盡(jin)量 存放在起吊位(wei)置，并用足夠支承面的(de)(de)木枕(zhen)墊(dian)底。吊裝前應該核準(zhun)(zhun)構(gou)件(jian)標號(hao)、位(wei)置。并清(qing)除(chu)表(biao)面，摩擦面要(yao)(yao)保持(chi)干(gan)燥清(qing)潔。考慮到(dao)(dao)鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)特殊性，可能會在施(shi)工(gong) 過程(cheng)中用到(dao)(dao)氧(yang)氣、乙炔類焊接工(gong)具，所以要(yao)(yao)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)滅火器謹防發(fa)生火災。

鋼結(jie)構(gou)(gou)在施工(gong)過程中，關(guan)鍵點(dian)還有(you)連(lian)(lian)接的出來，主要有(you)螺栓連(lian)(lian)接、焊接等，鉚接因為(wei)(wei)其靈活性(xing)的限制而(er)逐漸被淘汰。處(chu)理連(lian)(lian)接問題時分兩個(ge)部分，一是(shi)選擇連(lian)(lian)接方式(shi)，二是(shi)準確(que)確(que)定連(lian)(lian)接位置，如(ru)果(guo)連(lian)(lian)接不當對整個(ge)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的整體性(xing)會產生不利(li)影響，成為(wei)(wei)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的薄弱(ruo)點(dian)，構(gou)(gou)成安全(quan)隱患。

3、地基基礎施工

樁基礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)工是地基基礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)工的(de)最主要(yao)方法，在設計時(shi)分為兩類極限(xian)(xian)狀態(tai)設計，分別是承載能(neng)力(li)極限(xian)(xian)狀態(tai)和正常使(shi)用極限(xian)(xian)狀態(tai)。 根據(ju)建(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)模、功(gong)能(neng)特征和對差異(yi)變形(xing)的(de)適應(ying)性以及樁基問題可(ke)能(neng)造成建(jian)筑(zhu)破壞或影(ying)響(xiang)正常使(shi)用的(de)程度，要(yao)按照不同的(de)的(de)設計等級進行施(shi)(shi)工，具體參照《樁基施(shi)(shi)工規(gui)范》。

在樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)礎施工(gong)中(zhong)，不僅要(yao)(yao)主要(yao)(yao)單(dan)根樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)施工(gong)質量(liang)，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)綜合考(kao)慮(lv)，特別(bie)是(shi)群樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)礎，要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)避免不均勻(yun)沉降。預制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)吊運 時(shi)單(dan)吊點和雙吊點的(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)，按照吊點跨間正彎矩(ju)與(yu)吊點處的(de)負彎矩(ju)相等的(de)原則進行(xing)布置(zhi)(zhi)，同時(shi)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)預制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)吊運時(shi)可(ke)能會受到的(de)沖擊和振動。樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)礎施工(gong)中(zhong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)灌注(zhu) 樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)步(bu)驟是(shi)：樁(zhuang)(zhuang)定位放(fang)線(xian)、鉆(zhan)(zhan)機就位并校正垂直度、鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)清土(tu)、灌注(zhu)并攪拌混凝土(tu)、制(zhi)作安放(fang)鋼筋籠、成樁(zhuang)(zhuang)驗收并進行(xing)質量(liang)檢驗。

四、土木工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)技術(shu)質量具(ju)體控制策略

土(tu)木(mu)工程(cheng)涉及面廣，影(ying)響因素(su)多(duo)，如果不區分(fen)重點一概而(er)論，極容(rong)易出(chu)現一偏(pian)概全(quan)現象，因此(ci)要把(ba)握住土(tu)木(mu)工程(cheng)質量控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)關鍵環節和重點內(nei)容(rong)。從影(ying)響土(tu)木(mu)工程(cheng)施工質量的(de)(de)眾(zhong)多(duo)因素(su)其(qi)各(ge)個環節的(de)(de)重要性來看(kan)，設(she)計、材料、施工技術(shu)三者對(dui)其(qi)質量影(ying)響最大，因此(ci)要將(jiang)其(qi)納入(ru)重點控(kong)制(zhi)范疇之內(nei)，進(jin)行(xing)得點監控(kong)。

眾(zhong)所(suo)周知，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)是整個項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的靈魂(hun)和(he)導(dao)向，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量的重要(yao)性可(ke)想而之，一旦設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)出現問題，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量自然無法(fa)保證，因此要(yao)加強(qiang)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)的審查，不(bu)僅要(yao)保證設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)沒有錯漏，還(huan)(huan)要(yao)分(fen)析方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)在(zai)(zai)(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中是否可(ke)行可(ke)靠。不(bu)過，即便(bian)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)合(he)理可(ke)行，但如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)沒能充(chong)分(fen)把握(wo)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)意圖，在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)也極容易出現問題，因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)還(huan)(huan)需要(yao)充(chong)分(fen)掌握(wo)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)意圖和(he)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)內容，在(zai)(zai)(zai)符(fu)合(he)相(xiang)關規范的情(qing)況下為了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)便(bian)利，可(ke)協同設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員對設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)進行一定優化以便(bian)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方面，除了要重(zhong)視施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)技(ji)術水平以(yi)外，還需(xu)要注意(yi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)思想素質，加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)的監(jian)控工(gong)(gong)作，充分(fen)運用專業監(jian)理(li)單位，對(dui)分(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程、分(fen)部工(gong)(gong)程進行重(zhong)點監(jian)控，實時監(jian)控，確(que)保分(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程、分(fen)部工(gong)(gong)程按設計圖紙進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，督促施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)按相應的規范、規定(ding)進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。在(zai)實際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中，如(ru)果發現問(wen)題必須(xu)立(li)即(ji)糾(jiu)正(zheng)，將質量隱(yin)患(huan)及(ji)時消除，以(yi)免形成隱(yin)患(huan)最終放大。此(ci)外，薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)(jie)和(he)關鍵部位的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)也應當作為重(zhong)點監(jian)控對(dui)象，薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)(jie)除了工(gong)(gong)程對(dui)象薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)(jie)外，以(yi)及(ji)薄弱(ruo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)，關鍵部位如(ru)梁、柱以(yi)及(ji)新技(ji)術、新材料(liao)的應用等。

綜(zong)上所述(shu)，施工技(ji)術不(bu)僅應該(gai)(gai)考(kao)(kao)慮機械設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配置、勞(lao)動(dong)力(li)、工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安排，還應該(gai)(gai)考(kao)(kao)慮最(zui)(zui)終完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構具有最(zui)(zui)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘余內力(li)和變形。在(zai)土木工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設施工過程中，施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術與設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配合(he)與施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量密(mi)切相關。施工工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安排應該(gai)(gai)綜(zong)合(he)考(kao)(kao)慮人(ren)、財(cai)、物以(yi)及(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工特征。土木工程，也(ye)必(bi)當立足長遠，走出一條可持(chi)續發展(zhan)之(zhi)路。可持(chi)續發展(zhan)是在(zai)不(bu)犧牲(sheng)后代并滿足其需(xu)要能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)，滿足當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。要尋求(qiu)一種最(zui)(zui)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中間狀態，既要保證建筑有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)意，也(ye)要追求(qiu)完(wan)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術經濟指標(biao)，以(yi)最(zui)(zui)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)獲得最(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)益。

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