導(dao)語(yu)：土木工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)裂縫(feng)處理措(cuo)施(shi)一(yi)文(wen)來源于(yu)網友(you)上傳，不代表本站觀點，若需要原(yuan)創(chuang)文(wen)章可咨(zi)詢客服老師，歡(huan)迎參考。

摘要：在土木工程施工過程中，結構經常會出現裂縫，這些裂縫會嚴重影響到土木工程施工質量。如果這些裂縫沒有及時得到處理，便會(hui)不(bu)斷擴大，對(dui)(dui)土木(mu)工(gong)程結構的安全造成(cheng)威脅(xie)。因(yin)此，要想提高土木(mu)工(gong)程整體質(zhi)量，施工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)就(jiu)(jiu)要加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)土木(mu)工(gong)程施工(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫的處理。本文就(jiu)(jiu)土木(mu)工(gong)程施工(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫的類型、成(cheng)因(yin)以及處理方法展開(kai)探討，旨在為相關研究人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)提供一定參考。

關鍵詞：土木工(gong)(gong)程；施工(gong)(gong)裂縫；處理對(dui)策

隨(sui)著(zhu)我國城市化進(jin)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)推進(jin),我國土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)在(zai)不斷(duan)增加,規模也(ye)在(zai)不斷(duan)擴大(da)。土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)與人們的(de)(de)(de)生活質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)密切相關,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業應(ying)對(dui)此予以高度重(zhong)視(shi)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)作為土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題之一,對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)和(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)使(shi)用(yong)者的(de)(de)(de)生命安(an)全都構(gou)成了極大(da)威脅。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)應(ying)加強對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)研究,不斷(duan)完善(shan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝,提高裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)處(chu)理水平,避(bi)免裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian),促進(jin)土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。

1土木工程施工裂縫類型

1.1基礎裂縫

在一些規模較大的土木工程中,建筑的基礎結構較大且復雜,其中還有很多薄弱點,這就容易導致土木工程基礎結構因應力集中而產生裂縫。[1]在大型基礎施工過程中,澆筑次數往往較多,澆筑過程中容易產生大量的水化熱,從而導致基礎因內部溫度變化而出現裂縫。很多基礎長度較長,地基條件也較為復雜,如果施工人員如果沒有科學處理地基,就會導致基礎因不均勻沉降而產生裂縫。同時,在基礎施工中,如果施工人員沒有采取合適的保溫和養護措施,就會導致基礎混凝土受外界環境影(ying)響(xiang)而(er)開裂。

1.2框架結構(gou)裂縫

土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程框架結(jie)構由現(xian)澆(jiao)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構件和(he)填充墻組成。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)澆(jiao)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構件而言,裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)可能會在穿線管(guan)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)縫(feng)等位置出現(xian)。[2]比如,很多(duo)房(fang)屋都有大量穿線管(guan),這(zhe)些穿線管(guan)往往位于(yu)(yu)(yu)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構件中(zhong),因為(wei)管(guan)線布置較多(duo),所以裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)多(duo)為(wei)斜(xie)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)。很多(duo)工(gong)(gong)程在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)也預留一(yi)定的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)縫(feng),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)縫(feng)一(yi)般都是橫(heng)向(xiang)設置的(de),所以裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)也多(duo)為(wei)橫(heng)向(xiang)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)。而對于(yu)(yu)(yu)填充墻而言,常(chang)(chang)見的(de)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)為(wei)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng),這(zhe)種裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)通常(chang)(chang)是砌(qi)筑砂漿的(de)流動和(he)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)所導致,經(jing)常(chang)(chang)出現(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)柱邊和(he)梁底(di)。溫度變(bian)化也會引起收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng),這(zhe)是填充墻和(he)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)膨(peng)脹系統不同、收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)量不一(yi)致所導致的(de)。

1.3砌(qi)體結構裂縫(feng)

砌體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)往往是地(di)基不(bu)均勻(yun)沉降所(suo)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)。地(di)質土質軟弱、對(dui)地(di)基處(chu)理(li)不(bu)當或者(zhe)地(di)基的(de)(de)含水量不(bu)正常變化,都容易導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)基出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)不(bu)均勻(yun)沉降問(wen)題(ti)。[3]建(jian)筑(zhu)體(ti)(ti)型布置不(bu)合理(li)、建(jian)筑(zhu)平(ping)面(mian)較(jiao)為復(fu)雜或者(zhe)改變建(jian)筑(zhu)房屋用途,也會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)基出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)不(bu)均勻(yun)沉降問(wen)題(ti)。受到溫(wen)差的(de)(de)影響,材料會(hui)隨著(zhu)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)變化出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)熱脹(zhang)冷縮(suo)現(xian)(xian)象,從而導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)砌體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)。比如(ru),屋面(mian)板頂板的(de)(de)溫(wen)度往往比下(xia)部(bu)墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)溫(wen)度更高,而頂板的(de)(de)膨(peng)脹(zhang)系統又要大于磚砌體(ti)(ti),由此產(chan)生的(de)(de)溫(wen)度應(ying)力(li)會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)和頂板上(shang)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)。另(ling)外,設計上(shang)的(de)(de)不(bu)合理(li),也會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)砌體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)產(chan)生。一(yi)些砌體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構的(de)(de)設計圖(tu)紙(zhi)往往套用以(yi)往的(de)(de)設計圖(tu)紙(zhi),在實際應(ying)用過程中,工作人(ren)員既沒(mei)有(you)對(dui)其進行(xing)審核(he),也沒(mei)有(you)根據(ju)實際情(qing)況來計算荷載(zai),這樣就導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)砌體(ti)(ti)因實際承載(zai)能力(li)不(bu)足而出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)各(ge)種裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng),進而嚴重影響建(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構的(de)(de)穩定性。

2土木工程施工裂縫出現的原因

2.1水化(hua)熱問題(ti)

混凝土往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)因發生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)化熱(re)反應(ying)而出現(xian)裂縫(feng)。水(shui)(shui)化熱(re)反應(ying)是指水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)中(zhong)一(yi)些(xie)物質(zhi)與水(shui)(shui)融合,會(hui)發生(sheng)化學(xue)反應(ying),產生(sheng)大量的(de)熱(re)能的(de)現(xian)象。[4]水(shui)(shui)灰比、結構(gou)(gou)特點(dian)等(deng)是直接影(ying)響水(shui)(shui)化熱(re)速度的(de)重要因素(su)。在土木工程中(zhong),如果水(shui)(shui)化熱(re)反應(ying)過于強烈,就會(hui)導(dao)致混凝土結構(gou)(gou)內部(bu)會(hui)釋放出大量的(de)水(shui)(shui)化熱(re),結構(gou)(gou)應(ying)力因此發生(sheng)改(gai)變(bian),進而導(dao)致混凝土結構(gou)(gou)出現(xian)裂縫(feng)。

2.2梁板變形

混凝土(tu)結構具(ju)有一定的復(fu)雜(za)性(xing),梁(liang)板(ban)是其(qi)(qi)主要受(shou)力結構,但是在具(ju)體施工中受(shou)到(dao)剪力和(he)彎力的影響,梁(liang)板(ban)的支座以及(ji)應力集中位置(zhi)就容易變(bian)形。[5]梁(liang)板(ban)變(bian)形是導(dao)致混凝土(tu)出現裂縫的重(zhong)要因素,一旦梁(liang)板(ban)強(qiang)度(du)不滿足實際要求,或者提前承擔(dan)荷載,其(qi)(qi)就會嚴(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形。此外,當拆模時(shi)間沒有達到(dao)要求時(shi),梁(liang)板(ban)也會容易變(bian)形,進而導(dao)致混凝土(tu)裂縫的出現。

2.3溫(wen)濕(shi)度(du)失控

在混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)養護(hu)工作中,溫(wen)濕度(du)是關鍵。如(ru)果混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施工完成后,混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)結構一些(xie)特定位置的(de)溫(wen)濕度(du)出現變(bian)化,并(bing)且相關人員沒有(you)及時(shi)做好養護(hu)工作,那(nei)么(me)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)表面會逐漸形成溫(wen)度(du)階(jie)梯而產(chan)生變(bian)形、裂(lie)縫,甚(shen)至會導(dao)致原有(you)的(de)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)結構發(fa)生改(gai)變(bian)。

3土木工程施工裂縫處理方法

3.1修補法

修補(bu)(bu)法(fa)是土(tu)木工(gong)程施工(gong)裂縫(feng)常見(jian)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)方法(fa)之一,適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)一些較(jiao)小的(de)(de)裂縫(feng)。常見(jian)的(de)(de)修補(bu)(bu)法(fa)有(you)混凝(ning)土(tu)漿料抹面法(fa),這種(zhong)方法(fa)操(cao)作簡單,主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)觀感但不(bu)會影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)構(gou)性(xing)能的(de)(de)裂縫(feng)。[6]在采用(yong)(yong)修補(bu)(bu)法(fa)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中,施工(gong)人員之間要做好溝通(tong)。這種(zhong)方法(fa)并不(bu)會對土(tu)木工(gong)程結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)造成影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),是一種(zhong)較(jiao)為(wei)高(gao)效的(de)(de)裂縫(feng)處(chu)理(li)(li)方法(fa)。

3.2加固法

加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)法(fa)(fa)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)有著(zhu)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。技(ji)術(shu)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)能(neng)夠制(zhi)訂合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an),并(bing)(bing)且在(zai)(zai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)通過(guo)審核后(hou)(hou),將(jiang)其(qi)有效(xiao)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)裂(lie)縫處理中。通常情況(kuang)下,加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)法(fa)(fa)可應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體處理中。在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土周圍(wei)確定加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)點并(bing)(bing)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土,以此來(lai)(lai)修補(bu)(bu)裂(lie)縫,加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)結(jie)(jie)構。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)法(fa)(fa)來(lai)(lai)對(dui)裂(lie)縫進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修補(bu)(bu),能(neng)夠提高(gao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體性(xing)、穩(wen)固(gu)性(xing),保(bao)證(zheng)建筑(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構安全,有利于(yu)延長建筑(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構壽(shou)命(ming),提高(gao)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量。[7]板底粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)布是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)法(fa)(fa)中常用(yong)(yong)(yong)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。首先(xian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度控制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)0.167mm,并(bing)(bing)且按照(zhao)實(shi)際(ji)要(yao)(yao)求來(lai)(lai)裁剪(jian),分(fen)類存放。其(qi)次(ci),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)應(ying)該(gai)根據產(chan)品說明書來(lai)(lai)確定膠(jiao)水比例(li)(li),并(bing)(bing)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)攪(jiao)拌機器將(jiang)膠(jiao)水攪(jiao)拌至無氣(qi)泡狀態,并(bing)(bing)且避免(mian)灰塵進(jin)(jin)入其(qi)中。最后(hou)(hou),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)配制(zhi)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)水涂抹在(zai)(zai)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)布上,并(bing)(bing)且輕(qing)壓粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)位置,使用(yong)(yong)(yong)專業滾筒多次(ci)滾壓,及(ji)時擠出其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)泡,保(bao)證(zheng)膠(jiao)水能(neng)夠浸透整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)布。此外,梁(liang)(liang)底粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板也是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)法(fa)(fa)中常用(yong)(yong)(yong)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。在(zai)(zai)粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板前(qian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)需要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)某(mou)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)比例(li)(li)來(lai)(lai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)放樣,并(bing)(bing)依(yi)次(ci)下料,保(bao)證(zheng)板材和實(shi)際(ji)尺寸(cun)相符合(he)。在(zai)(zai)粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板前(qian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗(cu)糙面進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理,及(ji)時去除(chu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)銹,并(bing)(bing)使鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板垂直于(yu)梁(liang)(liang)底受力方(fang)(fang)(fang)向,這樣能(neng)夠增強(qiang)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板和梁(liang)(liang)底之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏結(jie)(jie)效(xiao)果。[8]在(zai)(zai)粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)過(guo)程(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板上涂抹結(jie)(jie)構膠(jiao),并(bing)(bing)且確保(bao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板中間(jian)(jian)部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂抹厚(hou)度較(jiao)厚(hou),兩端的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂抹厚(hou)度較(jiao)薄,這樣能(neng)夠使鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)密(mi)實(shi),從(cong)而(er)有效(xiao)保(bao)證(zheng)粘(zhan)(zhan)貼(tie)質(zhi)量。

3.3灌漿法

灌漿(jiang)(jiang)法在實際施(shi)工中的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)也較為廣(guang)泛。當(dang)裂(lie)(lie)縫出現滲(shen)水、漏水等問題,修補法難(nan)以(yi)滿足裂(lie)(lie)縫處理(li)要求時,施(shi)工人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)以(yi)選擇灌漿(jiang)(jiang)法來對裂(lie)(lie)縫進行(xing)修補。對于無(wu)防(fang)水要求的(de)(de)(de)部位(wei),施(shi)工人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)以(yi)選擇合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝土漿(jiang)(jiang)液,并利用(yong)壓力裝置,將漿(jiang)(jiang)液灌入(ru)裂(lie)(lie)縫中。[9]在固(gu)化漿(jiang)(jiang)液后,施(shi)工人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)再對裂(lie)(lie)縫表面進行(xing)處理(li),從而(er)實現深(shen)層次的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫修補目標(biao)。對于具(ju)有防(fang)水要求的(de)(de)(de)地方,施(shi)工人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)則應該(gai)使用(yong)注漿(jiang)(jiang)機來灌入(ru)裂(lie)(lie)縫修補材料(liao)。

4土木工程施工裂縫預防措施

4.1嚴格(ge)控制混凝土質量

混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質量(liang)會直接影響(xiang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang),因(yin)此(ci)想要避免(mian)裂縫出現(xian),相關(guan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)應(ying)該(gai)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前嚴格控(kong)制混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質量(liang),做好(hao)采購(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。首(shou)先(xian),采購(gou)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)需要嚴格按照標準(zhun)來采購(gou),保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質量(liang)。其(qi)次,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)要加(jia)強對混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)存放的(de)管理(li),根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場實際情況將混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)存放在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)確(que)位置。特別是一些南方地區,管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)要考慮天氣情況,注重(zhong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管理(li),這樣才能保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)材料在(zai)(zai)后續(xu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)能夠(gou)正(zheng)常使(shi)用。相關(guan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)只有做到(dao)這兩點(dian),才能夠(gou)從根(gen)本上(shang)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質量(liang),有效減少(shao)裂縫的(de)出現(xian),更好(hao)地保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)使(shi)用安全(quan)。[10]在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong),如果骨(gu)料的(de)含砂量(liang)較大(da),那么(me)其(qi)吸水(shui)率也(ye)會增加(jia)。在(zai)(zai)這種情況下,混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)結構就(jiu)會因(yin)干縮而(er)出現(xian)裂縫。因(yin)此(ci),在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用大(da)粒徑骨(gu)料時,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)該(gai)使(shi)用相應(ying)的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)型號,并有效控(kong)制配(pei)合(he)比,從而(er)更好(hao)地把握混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)干縮性。在(zai)(zai)這個過(guo)程中(zhong),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)可以加(jia)入適量(liang)的(de)粉煤灰,以減少(shao)水(shui)化熱的(de)影響(xiang),提高混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性。與此(ci)同(tong)時,在(zai)(zai)選擇(ze)水(shui)泥時,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)應(ying)該(gai)充分考慮周圍的(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing),并對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝進行改(gai)進,保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)后續(xu)養(yang)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)順利(li)進行。

4.2溫濕度(du)控制(zhi)對策

溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)應(ying)力是(shi)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)產生(sheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)裂(lie)縫問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素之(zhi)一(yi),它會嚴重(zhong)影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)。所以(yi),在具(ju)體施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)該(gai)對溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)進行控(kong)制(zhi)。為減(jian)少溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過高帶來(lai)的(de)(de)負面(mian)影(ying)響,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)可采取降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),比如,使用(yong)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)水來(lai)降低碎石溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du),從而減(jian)少澆筑(zhu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。此外,在氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)較高時,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)還應(ying)該(gai)注意(yi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)散熱問(wen)題(ti),避免混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)開裂(lie)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)還可以(yi)在混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)中添(tian)加適(shi)量(liang)的(de)(de)塑化(hua)劑,以(yi)減(jian)少溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)影(ying)響,優化(hua)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)性能,有效(xiao)控(kong)制(zhi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du),避免混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)表(biao)面(mian)干燥、開裂(lie),從而提(ti)高混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)耐久性能。

4.3做好支模(mo)施工措(cuo)施

在(zai)土木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)混凝(ning)土施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)關鍵(jian)環(huan)節(jie),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員要(yao)從(cong)(cong)實際情況入手(shou),根據具體施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資料來進(jin)行支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),有效保(bao)證(zheng)支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),減少(shao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裂縫,從(cong)(cong)而為(wei)安全施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)打下基(ji)礎。在(zai)選擇模(mo)(mo)板的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員要(yao)嚴格按照相關質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求,選擇強度(du)高(gao)和散(san)(san)熱(re)性良好的(de)模(mo)(mo)板來提高(gao)支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)的(de)穩定性,從(cong)(cong)而在(zai)減少(shao)因支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)造成的(de)位(wei)置移動問題的(de)同時(shi)(shi),增強混凝(ning)土散(san)(san)熱(re)效果(guo)。所以(yi),在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員應(ying)該(gai)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)使用(yong)鋼模(mo)(mo)板作(zuo)為(wei)支(zhi)架(jia),以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全。與此同時(shi)(shi),為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員還應(ying)該(gai)嚴格控制施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,縮(suo)短施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期,減少(shao)混凝(ning)土澆(jiao)筑(zhu)等待時(shi)(shi)間,從(cong)(cong)而進(jin)一步(bu)提高(gao)支(zhi)模(mo)(mo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。

4.4規范施工人員操(cao)作

土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)順利完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)離(li)不開(kai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)努力,因此(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)是否(fou)標準,將(jiang)(jiang)會直接影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量是否(fou)合格(ge),也是構(gou)件是否(fou)會出(chu)現裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)重(zhong)要影響(xiang)因素。因此(ci),為減少操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)不當導致的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)(feng),建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業需要嚴格(ge)按(an)照相關要求,加強(qiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管理,加強(qiang)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)專業培訓,有(you)效提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)能(neng)力。此(ci)外,建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業還(huan)應該對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)定期考核。只有(you)通過(guo)考核的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)才能(neng)夠繼續(xu)從(cong)事施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。4.5做(zuo)好混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)養護(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)很(hen)容易因表面(mian)溫(wen)度(du)變化而出(chu)現裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)(feng)。因此(ci),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應該重(zhong)視混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)養護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)完成后,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須從(cong)實際出(chu)發,對(dui)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)表面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)覆(fu)蓋(gai)養護(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)灑水養護(hu)(hu)(hu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)應該對(dui)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)、保(bao)(bao)濕,將(jiang)(jiang)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)內外溫(wen)度(du)差控制在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)25℃左(zuo)右。例如(ru),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)某(mou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)承臺施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,待混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)達到終(zhong)凝(ning)狀態后,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)利用塑料膜對(dui)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)養護(hu)(hu)(hu)；待混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)內外溫(wen)度(du)差保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)25℃時,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)則使用毛(mao)毯來對(dui)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)養護(hu)(hu)(hu),養護(hu)(hu)(hu)7天后,拆除毛(mao)毯,并做(zuo)好灑水養護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

5結語

綜上所述,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫是(shi)影響土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量的(de)重要因素,并且(qie)關系著施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員和(he)建筑使(shi)用者的(de)生命安全。建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業應對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫予(yu)以高(gao)度重視(shi),加強(qiang)對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫處理(li)方法的(de)研(yan)究,提(ti)高(gao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)裂(lie)(lie)縫處理(li)水平,全面保障工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量,實現(xian)經濟效益(yi)和(he)社會效益(yi)的(de)有機統(tong)一,從而推(tui)動土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)行(xing)業更好向前發展。

作者：開璇