導語：黃芪優質高(gao)產種植(zhi)技術分析一文(wen)來源于網(wang)友上(shang)傳，不代表本站觀點(dian)，若需要原(yuan)創文(wen)章可咨詢客服老(lao)師，歡迎參考。

黃芪為(wei)豆科多年生(sheng)草本藥用植(zhi)物，主(zhu)要以(yi)根部入藥，具有補氣(qi)升陽、固表止汗、利水消(xiao)腫、生(sheng)津(jin)養血、斂瘡生(sheng)肌(ji)等功效，黃芪(qi)主(zhu)要成分為(wei)黃芪(qi)皂苷(gan)、多糖、黃酮、氨基酸等，是一種常用大宗藥材。加(jia)之黃芪(qi)為(wei)藥食同源中藥材，隨著人們對健康養生(sheng)意識的增強，市場(chang)對黃芪(qi)的需求不斷增加(jia)。

1選地與整地

黃芪對土(tu)壤要求不甚嚴格。平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)選擇(ze)(ze)地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高、排水好(hao)、滲(shen)透力強、地(di)(di)(di)下水位低的(de)(de)砂壤土(tu)或沖(chong)積土(tu)；山區和半山區選擇(ze)(ze)背風向陽、土(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚、質地(di)(di)(di)疏松、肥(fei)沃、透水透氣良好(hao)的(de)(de)砂壤土(tu)、砂礫土(tu)為佳。前茬作物以豆科、禾(he)本科作物為宜，忌連作。在秋(qiu)末或初春整地(di)(di)(di)，土(tu)壤深(shen)翻40cm左右，結合(he)整地(di)(di)(di)每畝施入(ru)腐熟農家肥(fei)2500~3000kg或生物有機肥(fei)300~500kg，三元(yuan)復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)50~100kg作底肥(fei)，整平(ping)耙細。丘陵區根據地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)做成小高壟，壟高25cm，壟寬40~80cm，溝寬25cm。

2種子處理

選(xuan)用成熟、飽滿、無蟲蛀、無霉變、有光澤的(de)優良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，將(jiang)選(xuan)好的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)放入沸水(shui)中快速攪拌(ban)1min后(hou)(hou)立即(ji)加入冷水(shui)，水(shui)溫調到40℃后(hou)(hou)浸泡(pao)2~4h，撈出(chu)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)攤在濕(shi)布等(deng)保濕(shi)物上，并(bing)蓋上濕(shi)布催(cui)芽，待(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)膨脹露(lu)白后(hou)(hou)即(ji)可(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

3播種

春、夏、秋(qiu)三季均(jun)可播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，但(dan)以(yi)春播(bo)(bo)和(he)(he)秋(qiu)播(bo)(bo)較好(hao)。一(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)在“清明”前后(春播(bo)(bo))進行播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前保持土(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)潤。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法一(yi)般(ban)采用人工播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)機械(xie)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。①人工播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：可采用穴(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)和(he)(he)條播(bo)(bo)。穴(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)，在起好(hao)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植地(di)畦(qi)面上(shang)(shang)按行株距(ju)30cm25cm開(kai)淺穴(xue)(xue)，每(mei)穴(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)6~7粒，覆(fu)土(tu)厚2cm，畝用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)1.5~2.0kg。條播(bo)(bo)，在畦(qi)面按行距(ju)40cm開(kai)橫溝，溝深3cm，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與草(cao)木灰(hui)、有機肥拌勻后，均(jun)勻撒入(ru)溝內(nei)，播(bo)(bo)后覆(fu)蓋(gai)細土(tu)1~2cm，稍加壓(ya)實。播(bo)(bo)后床面上(shang)(shang)部可覆(fu)蓋(gai)少量(liang)麥(mai)草(cao)或玉米稈等，確保土(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)潤，利于出苗。②機械(xie)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)為6~8壟，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du)1~2cm，株距(ju)2~3cm，覆(fu)土(tu)1~2cm，每(mei)畝播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)2~2.0kg，播(bo)(bo)后適當鎮壓(ya)，并(bing)保持土(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)潤。

4田間管理

4.1間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、補苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。當幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)出(chu)現5片(pian)小(xiao)葉(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高5~7cm)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，按(an)(an)株(zhu)距(ju)4～5cm除(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)弱小(xiao)和(he)過(guo)密(mi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)；苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高10~12cm時(shi)(shi)(shi)，按(an)(an)株(zhu)距(ju)8~10cm定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)；穴播(bo)的每穴留(liu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)2~3株(zhu)。如果缺苗(miao)(miao)(miao)，帶(dai)土(tu)補植；缺苗(miao)(miao)(miao)過(guo)多(duo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，以(yi)補播(bo)種子為宜。4.2中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草。黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生長緩慢，出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)至(zhi)封(feng)壟前一般需(xu)要中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草3~4次。澆水(shui)(shui)和(he)雨后(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)，保持田(tian)間(jian)土(tu)壤疏松無雜草。第2年返(fan)青前，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清理田(tian)園；返(fan)青后(hou)(hou)至(zhi)封(feng)壟前視情(qing)況(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草2~3次。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草需(xu)做到不傷(shang)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、不埋苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、不傷(shang)根(gen)、不留(liu)草。4.3肥水(shui)(shui)管理。黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)喜肥，每年可結(jie)合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草施(shi)肥1~2次，每畝溝施(shi)腐熟有機(ji)肥1500~2000kg。施(shi)用化肥應(ying)(ying)以(yi)磷肥、鉀肥為主。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)和(he)花莢期(qi)追施(shi)磷酸(suan)二銨20~30kg，硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀復(fu)合肥5~10kg，覆土(tu)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)。黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)“喜水(shui)(shui)又怕水(shui)(shui)”，因此，在管理中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要注(zhu)意(yi)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)灌(guan)。黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)的苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)和(he)返(fan)青期(qi)應(ying)(ying)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)一般可不澆水(shui)(shui)，但如遇持續干旱時(shi)(shi)(shi)要適當灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。土(tu)壤濕度過(guo)大(da)，低(di)洼地段應(ying)(ying)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)，以(yi)便植株(zhu)生長。4.4打頂(ding)摘(zhai)蕾(lei)。第2年以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，每年7月中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬除(chu)(chu)(chu)留(liu)種田(tian)以(yi)外(wai)需(xu)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)打頂(ding)摘(zhai)蕾(lei)，以(yi)減少養分消耗、促(cu)進根(gen)部生長，從而(er)提高黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)產量。

5病蟲害防治

5.1白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)主要(yao)危害(hai)(hai)葉(xie)片(pian)和(he)莢果。初(chu)期(qi)(qi)葉(xie)片(pian)正(zheng)、反兩面產(chan)生(sheng)圓形(xing)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色粉(fen)(fen)(fen)狀霉(mei)斑(ban)，葉(xie)柄(bing)、莖(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)染病(bing)(bing)(bing)產(chan)生(sheng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色霉(mei)點或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)霉(mei)斑(ban)，嚴(yan)(yan)重時(shi)(shi)整個葉(xie)片(pian)被(bei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)覆(fu)蓋，致葉(xie)片(pian)干枯或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)全株(zhu)枯死。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法：一是加強田(tian)間管(guan)理，秋冬季(ji)及時(shi)(shi)清除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)殘體可(ke)減少越冬菌(jun)(jun)原，注(zhu)意田(tian)間通風透光(guang)。二(er)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)初(chu)期(qi)(qi)，噴施430g/L戊(wu)唑醇懸(xuan)浮(fu)劑3000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(苗期(qi)(qi)6000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye))，每(mei)5~7d噴灑1次，連用(yong)(yong)2~3次；或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)25%粉(fen)(fen)(fen)銹寧1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)1∶1∶120波爾多(duo)液(ye)(ye)噴霧2~3次防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。5.2枯萎(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。枯萎(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是由真菌(jun)(jun)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)根部(bu)(bu)(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)，7~9月份危害(hai)(hai)嚴(yan)(yan)重。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法：可(ke)用(yong)(yong)5%石(shi)灰水(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)50%多(duo)菌(jun)(jun)靈可(ke)濕(shi)(shi)性粉(fen)(fen)(fen)劑1000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)灌(guan)澆病(bing)(bing)(bing)穴(xue)。5.3根腐病(bing)(bing)(bing)。根腐病(bing)(bing)(bing)危害(hai)(hai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位主要(yao)是黃芪根部(bu)(bu)(bu)，低溫(wen)多(duo)雨、排水(shui)不良(liang)多(duo)會造成(cheng)(cheng)此病(bing)(bing)(bing)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施：一是農業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，控制土壤溫(wen)度，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)(shi)氣滯留；進(jin)行(xing)(xing)輪(lun)作，實行(xing)(xing)條播或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)高畦栽(zai)(zai)培；防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)種苗在(zai)(zai)(zai)貯(zhu)運和(he)移栽(zai)(zai)過程中(zhong)造成(cheng)(cheng)傷口，注(zhu)意防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)地(di)下害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。二(er)是藥液(ye)(ye)浸苗，用(yong)(yong)50%多(duo)菌(jun)(jun)靈與利克菌(jun)(jun)1∶1混(hun)配200倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)浸苗5min，晾1~2h后移栽(zai)(zai)。三是發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)初(chu)期(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)15%噁(wu)霉(mei)靈水(shui)劑750倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)3%甲霜噁(wu)霉(mei)靈水(shui)劑1000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴淋根莖(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，每(mei)7~10d噴藥1次，連用(yong)(yong)2~3次；或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)50%托布津1000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)澆灌(guan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)。5.4蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)主要(yao)為害(hai)(hai)莖(jing)(jing)葉(xie)，成(cheng)(cheng)群聚集于葉(xie)背、幼(you)嫩莖(jing)(jing)稈上，使(shi)植株(zhu)生(sheng)長不良(liang)，造成(cheng)(cheng)落花、空莢等(deng)(deng)，嚴(yan)(yan)重時(shi)(shi)引(yin)起(qi)枝葉(xie)枯萎(wei)，甚至整株(zhu)死亡。蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分泌的(de)蜜露還(huan)會誘發(fa)煤(mei)污病(bing)(bing)(bing)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)，并(bing)招來螞蟻(yi)為害(hai)(hai)等(deng)(deng)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法：用(yong)(yong)33%氯(lv)氟·吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)啉乳油3000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)啉粉(fen)(fen)(fen)劑1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴霧。5.5豆莢螟(ming)。豆莢螟(ming)以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)鉆入莢內蛀食(shi)種子，為害(hai)(hai)嚴(yan)(yan)重時(shi)(shi)種子失(shi)去發(fa)芽能(neng)力(li)。①農業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)：深翻(fan)土地(di)，實行(xing)(xing)輪(lun)作；②生(sheng)物防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)卵孵化期(qi)(qi)和(he)低齡(ling)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)期(qi)(qi)，選用(yong)(yong)苦參堿、除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)菊素(su)(su)乳油等(deng)(deng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)；③化學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)低齡(ling)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)盛發(fa)期(qi)(qi)，選用(yong)(yong)阿維菌(jun)(jun)素(su)(su)、甲氨基阿維菌(jun)(jun)素(su)(su)、氯(lv)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)苯甲酰胺等(deng)(deng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孵化期(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)燈光(guang)誘殺。

6采收

黃(huang)芩(qin)以根(gen)部(bu)入藥，播后一般(ban)2~3年收獲，秋季(ji)9~11月(yue)或春(chun)天萌芽前采挖(wa)(wa)均可。采挖(wa)(wa)時需要深挖(wa)(wa)，根(gen)部(bu)挖(wa)(wa)出后去凈泥(ni)土，趁鮮切去根(gen)莖，剪去須根(gen)，曬至半干，堆放1~2d回潮(chao)，再攤開晾曬，如此反復直(zhi)至全干，將(jiang)根(gen)理直(zhi)，扎(zha)成小把，即(ji)可供藥使(shi)用。

作者：及(ji)華 張(zhang)海新 王琳 章麗 單位：河北(bei)省農林科學院生物(wu)技術與(yu)食品科學研究所 河北(bei)政法職業(ye)學院