導(dao)語：黃(huang)芪飼料(liao)添加劑在畜禽養殖業的應用一文(wen)(wen)來(lai)源于(yu)網友上傳，不(bu)代表本站觀(guan)點，若需(xu)要原創(chuang)文(wen)(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：黃芪具有天然性、多功能性、安全性、對養殖環境友好、無殘留等優點，兼具免疫、抗菌的功效，在畜禽養殖業中應用廣泛。畜禽養殖業中，將黃芪作為飼料添加劑能夠改善動物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)長性能，調節免疫(yi)性能，提(ti)高養殖(zhi)收(shou)益。文章(zhang)介紹黃芪(qi)(qi)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)功能及作用(yong)功效，分別闡(chan)述(shu)黃芪(qi)(qi)飼料添加(jia)劑(ji)在反芻動物(wu)、禽、豬養殖(zhi)生(sheng)產中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)現狀，以(yi)期為黃芪(qi)(qi)進一步(bu)深入研究提(ti)供參考。

關鍵詞：中草藥；黃芪；飼料添加劑；畜禽養殖

抗生(sheng)素以及(ji)激(ji)素類(lei)藥物(wu)殘(can)留問(wen)題引起人們廣泛(fan)關(guan)注，“減抗”“替抗”“無抗”成為飼料(liao)行業研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)重點(dian)(dian)[1]。中草藥的(de)營養(yang)物(wu)質和活性(xing)物(wu)質豐富，安全無害(hai)、品種繁多、來(lai)源廣泛(fan)，是飼料(liao)添加劑研(yan)究(jiu)中的(de)熱點(dian)(dian)[2]。黃芪(qi)富含(han)多種活性(xing)物(wu)質，具(ju)有(you)(you)多種藥理作用(yong)，在(zai)畜(chu)牧(mu)、飼料(liao)工業中具(ju)有(you)(you)廣闊的(de)應(ying)用(yong)前景。本文結(jie)合現(xian)有(you)(you)研(yan)究(jiu)，綜述黃芪(qi)飼料(liao)添加劑在(zai)畜(chu)禽(qin)養(yang)殖中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，以期(qi)為進一步深(shen)入研(yan)究(jiu)黃芪(qi)在(zai)畜(chu)禽(qin)生(sheng)產(chan)中應(ying)用(yong)提(ti)供(gong)參考(kao)。

1黃芪概述

黃芪為豆科多年生草本植物，株高50~100cm，性溫、味甘，主根肥厚呈圓柱形、常分枝、呈灰白色、橫切面呈鮮黃色，莖直立、莖上有細棱，屬名貴中草植物，入藥歷史悠久[3-6]。黃芪以根入藥，主要活性成分包括多糖、皂苷、黃酮，還含有氨基酸、微量元素等[7-9]。黃芪多糖具有提高動物機體免疫力、改善機體抗氧化能力、調節腸道微生態平衡、提高畜禽生產性能等作用[10]。黃芪皂苷具有抗炎、抗腫瘤、免疫調節、代謝調節、保護器官等作用[11]。黃芪黃酮通過抗氧化作用保護神經、調控免疫功能、保護器官[12]。畜禽養殖業中，黃芪作(zuo)為飼料添加劑能夠改善養(yang)殖(zhi)動物的生長性能，調節(jie)免疫性能，提高養(yang)殖(zhi)收益[13]。

2黃芪飼料添加劑在畜牧養殖中的應用

2.1黃芪(qi)飼料(liao)添(tian)加劑在反芻動物生產中的應用

2.1.1黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)飼(si)料(liao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑在(zai)牛養殖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)主要活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)分(fen)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)促進牛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善腸道(dao)健(jian)康，增(zeng)強抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)力。王(wang)義翠(cui)等[14]發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)早期(qi)(qi)(qi)斷(duan)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)母(mu)犢牛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)食量(liang)(liang)(liang)和平均(jun)日增(zeng)重。魏(wei)海燕[15]報道(dao)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)提(ti)(ti)取(qu)物(wu)(wu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)犢牛瘤胃微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)豐度，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)分(fen)解(jie)纖(xian)維細菌含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，促進犢牛發(fa)育。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)治療和預防奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛乳(ru)(ru)(ru)腺炎(yan)方(fang)面具有(you)(you)(you)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，通過抑制乳(ru)(ru)(ru)房炎(yan)致病(bing)(bing)菌活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，降低(di)(di)牛乳(ru)(ru)(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)細胞(bao)數(shu)，緩(huan)解(jie)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)腺上皮細胞(bao)炎(yan)癥[16]。鄭(zheng)國(guo)軍等[17]對(dui)60頭奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛每天(tian)每頭分(fen)別添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)（50g）和低(di)(di)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)（25g）黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，連(lian)續飼(si)喂(wei)28d，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛日均(jun)產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)細胞(bao)數(shu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降低(di)(di)，乳(ru)(ru)(ru)房炎(yan)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率降低(di)(di)，乳(ru)(ru)(ru)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛體(ti)(ti)(ti)況均(jun)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善，進而提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)養殖經濟效益(yi)。圍(wei)產(chan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)力低(di)(di)，易感疾病(bing)(bing)，毛桂蕓等[18]在(zai)圍(wei)產(chan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛日糧(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)100g/(頭·d)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)粉(fen)(fen)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛血(xue)漿甘油三(san)酯(zhi)（TG）含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)分(fen)娩當天(tian)和產(chan)后(hou)21d顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降低(di)(di)，球(qiu)蛋白(bai)（GLB）含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，表明(ming)(ming)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)(you)(you)降低(di)(di)血(xue)脂、增(zeng)強體(ti)(ti)(ti)液(ye)免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)；黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)粉(fen)(fen)對(dui)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛肝(gan)臟、腎臟無明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損傷。曾涵芳等[19]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)對(dui)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛抗(kang)(kang)應(ying)(ying)激(ji)(ji)具有(you)(you)(you)緩(huan)解(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，與(yu)對(dui)照組(zu)(zu)相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)，飼(si)喂(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)組(zu)(zu)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)牛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直腸溫(wen)度、呼吸頻率、體(ti)(ti)(ti)細胞(bao)數(shu)以(yi)及(ji)血(xue)清(qing)球(qiu)蛋白(bai)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)均(jun)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降低(di)(di)。劉博等[20]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善肉(rou)牛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)應(ying)(ying)激(ji)(ji)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善血(xue)清(qing)抗(kang)(kang)氧化能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。王(wang)義翠(cui)等[21]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)表明(ming)(ming)，運(yun)輸應(ying)(ying)激(ji)(ji)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)下(xia)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)組(zu)(zu)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)公犢腸道(dao)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)菌數(shu)減(jian)少，有(you)(you)(you)益(yi)菌數(shu)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)球(qiu)蛋白(bai)G（lgG）含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。林(lin)繼紅等[22]采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)灌服方(fang)式(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)與(yu)口(kou)蹄(ti)疫(yi)(yi)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)試(shi)驗(yan)第32d，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞洲Ⅰ型O型口(kou)蹄(ti)疫(yi)(yi)抗(kang)(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)效價顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)延(yan)長抗(kang)(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)效價平臺期(qi)(qi)(qi)，增(zeng)強口(kou)蹄(ti)疫(yi)(yi)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)保護力度。2.1.2黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)飼(si)料(liao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑在(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)養殖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善反(fan)芻瘤胃發(fa)酵情況，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)總揮(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)脂肪酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)營(ying)養物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消化吸收率，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長速度[23]。杜麗(li)英等[24]報道(dao)，在(zai)太行山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)日糧(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)2.5%黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)，太行山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)日增(zeng)重具有(you)(you)(you)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)趨(qu)勢(shi)，料(liao)重比(bi)(bi)具有(you)(you)(you)降低(di)(di)趨(qu)勢(shi)，表明(ming)(ming)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兼具調節代謝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和營(ying)養性(xing)(xing)(xing)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。王(wang)憲舉[25]在(zai)飼(si)糧(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)粉(fen)(fen)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，藏羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日均(jun)增(zeng)重顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，料(liao)重比(bi)(bi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降低(di)(di)，試(shi)驗(yan)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（80g/kg）范圍(wei)內，藏羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)飼(si)喂(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)呈正相(xiang)關(guan)。張(zhang)善芝等[26]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，由黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)配伍(wu)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)2%時(shi)，試(shi)驗(yan)組(zu)(zu)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精液(ye)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、精子密度和活(huo)力顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，表明(ming)(ming)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)分(fen)和營(ying)養元素與(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)互(hu)(hu)相(xiang)配合，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖機能(neng)(neng)(neng)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精液(ye)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。路婷婷[27]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)精液(ye)低(di)(di)溫(wen)保存后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動型和頂體(ti)(ti)(ti)完(wan)整率，有(you)(you)(you)利于長期(qi)(qi)(qi)保存精液(ye)。劉愛霞[28]在(zai)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基礎日糧(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入不同梯度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)（黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、黨參、當歸等）添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑，與(yu)對(dui)照組(zu)(zu)相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)，試(shi)驗(yan)組(zu)(zu)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)日均(jun)產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。鮑玉林(lin)等[29]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)作(zuo)為(wei)飼(si)料(liao)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑喂(wei)食藏羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)70d，0.1%黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)組(zu)(zu)藏羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脾臟指數(shu)、IgG、免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)球(qiu)蛋白(bai)A（IgA）、免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)球(qiu)蛋白(bai)M（IgM）、白(bai)細胞(bao)介素-2（IL-2）、干擾(rao)素-γ（IFN-γ）含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)別顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)12.59%、30.21%、10.89%、10.53%、4.45%、14.09%，表明(ming)(ming)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)糖(tang)對(dui)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)器官指數(shu)、增(zeng)強動物(wu)(wu)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)抵(di)抗(kang)(kang)力。徐端紅等[30]在(zai)斷(duan)奶(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也證實了相(xiang)似結論(lun)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)清(qing)IgA含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)極(ji)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，IgM含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降低(di)(di)。杜麗(li)英等[31]研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)2.5%~3.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肌肉(rou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌苷酸、必需(xu)脂肪酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，進而改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)善羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

2.2黃(huang)芪飼料添加(jia)劑在禽類養殖生產中的(de)應用(yong)

黃(huang)芪(qi)的(de)(de)活性(xing)成分能(neng)夠增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)機體DNA、RNA和蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)質的(de)(de)沉(chen)積(ji)，促進機體生長發育。鄧(deng)必賢[32]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，在(zai)(zai)1日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)三黃(huang)雞(ji)(ji)雛(chu)雞(ji)(ji)基(ji)礎日(ri)糧中添加(jia)(jia)黃(huang)芪(qi)超微粉，可以顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)改善(shan)肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)性(xing)能(neng)。石(shi)芳權等(deng)[33]在(zai)(zai)1日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)雛(chu)雞(ji)(ji)日(ri)糧中添加(jia)(jia)不(bu)同(tong)比(bi)(bi)例的(de)(de)黃(huang)芪(qi)等(deng)復合中草藥，發現(xian)(xian)肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)平均日(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)明(ming)顯(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，養(yang)殖(zhi)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)明(ming)顯(xian)提高。王翠(cui)菊(ju)等(deng)[34]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發現(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)添加(jia)(jia)量為100~250mg/kg時，蛋(dan)(dan)黃(huang)顏色(se)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)1個羅氏比(bi)(bi)色(se)級別，表(biao)明(ming)黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)可能(neng)提高了機體內抗(kang)氧化酶活性(xing)，防止葉黃(huang)素氧化，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)色(se)素沉(chen)積(ji)；150~250mg/kg黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)組的(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)殼厚度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。官麗輝等(deng)[35]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發現(xian)(xian)，黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)還能(neng)夠調(diao)節產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)后期母(mu)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)生殖(zhi)激素水(shui)平，刺激母(mu)雞(ji)(ji)卵(luan)巢促進卵(luan)泡(pao)發育，改善(shan)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)性(xing)能(neng)。肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)養(yang)殖(zhi)中，屠宰性(xing)能(neng)作(zuo)為衡(heng)量肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)肉(rou)(rou)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)主要依據，對(dui)(dui)生產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)益(yi)具有(you)(you)直接影響(xiang)[36]。孫波等(deng)[37]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，在(zai)(zai)肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)基(ji)礎日(ri)糧中添加(jia)(jia)1000mg/kg黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)能(neng)夠顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)提高肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)屠宰率(lv)(lv)、半凈膛率(lv)(lv)、胸肌率(lv)(lv)和腿肌率(lv)(lv)；黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)肉(rou)(rou)品(pin)質指標（肌肉(rou)(rou)pH值、滴(di)水(shui)損失）也(ye)具有(you)(you)積(ji)極作(zuo)用(yong)，與對(dui)(dui)番鴨的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)結(jie)果相似[38]。黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)能(neng)夠緩解雛(chu)雞(ji)(ji)腸黏膜損傷，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強免疫(yi)(yi)功能(neng)，對(dui)(dui)預防雛(chu)雞(ji)(ji)腸炎具有(you)(you)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)效(xiao)果[39]。黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)對(dui)(dui)新城疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)染(ran)雞(ji)(ji)胚成纖維細胞的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)殖(zhi)具有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)[40]。黃(huang)芪(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)糖(tang)具有(you)(you)抗(kang)呼腸孤病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)染(ran)作(zuo)用(yong)，能(neng)夠顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)降低番鴨的(de)(de)死亡率(lv)(lv)[41]；對(dui)(dui)禽白(bai)血(xue)病(bing)(bing)(bing)/肉(rou)(rou)瘤-J亞群白(bai)血(xue)病(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)殖(zhi)具有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)[42]。

2.3黃芪飼料添(tian)加劑(ji)在豬養殖生產中的應(ying)用

米桂娟等(deng)(deng)[43]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)量為(wei)0.5%時(shi)，可以(yi)有效增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)日增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)重，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)飼料轉化率(lv)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)經(jing)濟收益。隋明(ming)(ming)靜[44]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)多糖(tang)能夠改善仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)腸道(dao)形態結構(gou)，促進腸道(dao)消化液分(fen)泌和營養物質(zhi)的(de)吸收，進而提(ti)(ti)高(gao)仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)生長速度。徐(xu)松琪(qi)[45]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)多糖(tang)可以(yi)改善母豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)產仔性(xing)能，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成活率(lv)、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)泌乳量和乳品質(zhi)。武彩虹(hong)等(deng)(deng)[46]以(yi)21日齡仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)象，觀(guan)察(cha)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)多糖(tang)對(dui)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)圓環病毒(du)2型(xing)（PCV2）滅(mie)活苗的(de)免(mian)疫效果，表(biao)明(ming)(ming)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)血液中(zhong)PCV2抗體(ti)(ti)水平、特異性(xing)免(mian)疫球蛋白LgG含(han)量、外周血CD3+含(han)量、CD4+/CD8+值均顯(xian)著增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。劉(liu)櫻等(deng)(deng)[47]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)多糖(tang)對(dui)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)繁殖與呼吸綜合征病毒(du)（PRRSV）具(ju)有明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)阻斷作用，能夠達到100%的(de)保護(hu)率(lv)，且(qie)非常(chang)穩(wen)定。研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，注射黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)水腫病[48]和豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)支原(yuan)體(ti)(ti)肺炎[49]均具(ju)有較好(hao)的(de)治療效果。徐(xu)小(xiao)波等(deng)(deng)[50]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)2.0%由(you)金(jin)銀花(hua)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)、何(he)首烏(wu)等(deng)(deng)組成的(de)復方中(zhong)草藥添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)制，能夠顯(xian)著提(ti)(ti)高(gao)育肥豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)日增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)重，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)肌肉粗脂肪含(han)量。劉(liu)衍芬等(deng)(deng)[51]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，飼料中(zhong)添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芪(qi)(qi)(qi)復方中(zhong)草藥添(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)，投喂感染流行性(xing)腹瀉病毒(du)發(fa)(fa)病的(de)仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，對(dui)該病具(ju)有較好(hao)的(de)治療效果。

3展望

目(mu)前，有(you)(you)關黃(huang)芪(qi)飼料添加(jia)劑的研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)報道多見(jian)黃(huang)芪(qi)多糖、黃(huang)芪(qi)甲苷，有(you)(you)關其他活性成分(fen)的研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)甚(shen)少(shao)；大(da)部分(fen)黃(huang)芪(qi)以根入藥(yao)，有(you)(you)關黃(huang)芪(qi)莖葉(xie)的藥(yao)用價(jia)值(zhi)報道較(jiao)少(shao)。為實(shi)現黃(huang)芪(qi)全面(mian)、有(you)(you)效利用，可以從黃(huang)芪(qi)高產栽(zai)培技(ji)術、提(ti)取工(gong)藝以及(ji)莖葉(xie)飼用價(jia)值(zhi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)等方面(mian)加(jia)大(da)黃(huang)芪(qi)開發利用研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)力度，助力畜禽(qin)養殖業高效、可持(chi)續(xu)健康發展。

作者：孫超 原雪峰(feng) 暴(bao)麗梅 鄭拉第 單位：天津市現代天驕農業科技(ji)有限公司