目前(qian)我國已有42座城(cheng)市獲批修建(jian)地鐵(tie)，徐州(zhou)(zhou)為第(di)36座獲批城(cheng)市，正處在“三線共建(jian)”的快速發(fa)展(zhan)期，該(gai)區域地層(ceng)地下(xia)水(shui)豐富(fu)、巖溶發(fa)育、上軟下(xia)硬、巖溶塌陷、老城(cheng)為“城(cheng)上城(cheng)”，具有不(bu)確(que)定性、高度(du)非線性、隨時空域呈(cheng)復(fu)雜變化性三大特點(dian)。地鐵(tie)建(jian)設(she)之前(qian)，徐州(zhou)(zhou)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)深度(du)基(ji)本(ben)在10m以上，未曾有超深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工程施工經驗和變形(xing)監測基(ji)礎資料，這也是(shi)徐州(zhou)(zhou)地鐵(tie)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工程修建(jian)極具挑戰性、高風(feng)險(xian)性、高難度(du)性的關(guan)鍵(jian)所在。縱觀全(quan)國，還存在著因勘察、設(she)計(ji)、施工、監管、監測不(bu)當等造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工程安全(quan)事(shi)件,特別是(shi)由于基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)變形(xing)、失(shi)穩(wen)引起(qi)周(zhou)邊建(jian)(構)筑(zhu)物、道路及(ji)地下(xia)管網等破壞，既造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)一(yi)定的經濟損(sun)失(shi),又造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)了(le)廣泛的社會負(fu)面影響，故對(dui)徐州(zhou)(zhou)新建(jian)地鐵(tie)城(cheng)市來講(jiang)，深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工程有必(bi)要(yao)通過(guo)嚴(yan)格監控量(liang)測累積地區變形(xing)經驗、優化工程設(she)計(ji)、實(shi)現信息化施工，繼而保障基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)與周(zhou)邊環(huan)境的安全(quan)和使(shi)用功(gong)能。

1工程概況

該車站東(dong)西(xi)向設置(zhi)，全長153m、標準段寬21.9m、基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)深(shen)23.2～23.558m，采用地下連續墻+首道混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)支撐+4道鋼支撐圍(wei)護結(jie)構形式，為3層(ceng)雙柱三跨箱型框(kuang)架結(jie)構，坑(keng)內管井降水。車站西(xi)南(nan)角凈(jing)距11.45m為快捷賓館，南(nan)側(ce)凈(jing)距13.03m為7層(ceng)老舊住(zhu)宅(zhai)樓和服(fu)飾(shi)城，東(dong)南(nan)角凈(jing)距3.94m為醫院，東(dong)北角凈(jing)距10.71m為小(xiao)學(xue)，西(xi)側(ce)凈(jing)距3.88m為在建高層(ceng)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)范(fan)圍(wei)穿越地層(ceng)主要為11雜填土(tu)(tu)(tu)(松散)、25-2粘質粉(fen)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(稍密)、26粉(fen)砂(sha)(密實(shi))、24-3粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(可塑(su))、24-4粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(硬塑(su))、53-4粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(硬塑(su))、122A溶(rong)洞、122-3中風化灰巖，場地在-3.4～-14.9m范(fan)圍(wei)分布的25-2粉(fen)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)、26粉(fen)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)均為液(ye)化土(tu)(tu)(tu)，在一定動水頭差壓力下，易(yi)產生(sheng)流砂(sha)、管涌現象。

2監測(ce)內容及技術標準

該(gai)基坑(keng)安(an)全等(deng)級、變(bian)形控制保護等(deng)級和(he)監(jian)(jian)測等(deng)級均(jun)為一級，根據設計部門(men)監(jian)(jian)測要求，結合本(ben)工程自(zi)身結構特(te)點、基坑(keng)開挖特(te)色、周邊環境和(he)地質(zhi)情(qing)況及(ji)已有工程類比經(jing)驗，經(jing)監(jian)(jian)測優(you)化完善(shan)后確定本(ben)基坑(keng)監(jian)(jian)測內容及(ji)技術標準見表1。

3監測數據(ju)分析與變形規(gui)律總結

建筑領域的深(shen)基坑支護(hu)(hu)施工中(zhong)，會運(yun)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)不(bu)同類型的樁基，咬合(he)(he)(he)樁是全新圍護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構，其中(zhong)，包括(kuo)雙動力頭(tou)成(cheng)孔咬合(he)(he)(he)樁深(shen)基坑支護(hu)(hu)技(ji)術，通過(guo)樁體(ti)(ti)與(yu)樁體(ti)(ti)的咬合(he)(he)(he)排列達到(dao)支護(hu)(hu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果。結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)基坑支護(hu)(hu)技(ji)術手段(duan)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果，具(ju)有良好適用(yong)(yong)性與(yu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)優勢。因為(wei)城(cheng)市建設規(gui)模的拓展，地(di)(di)下空間成(cheng)為(wei)開(kai)發(fa)、利用(yong)(yong)的首選，咬合(he)(he)(he)樁在擋土(tu)、止(zhi)水這2個(ge)方面(mian)有非常顯(xian)著成(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，也是市政、地(di)(di)鐵項目等地(di)(di)下工程(cheng)常用(yong)(yong)的圍護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構。

1成孔咬合樁技術

1.1應用原理

建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程現(xian)場(chang)通(tong)過雙動(dong)力頭全套管鉆機(ji)(ji)進(jin)行咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，通(tong)過利(li)用樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)與樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)互(hu)相(xiang)咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)排列，搭建基坑圍護(hu)結構（施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)原(yuan)理如圖(tu)1所示）。設定鉆孔咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)排列模式(shi)，其(qi)中(zhong)第(di)一序(xu)(xu)素(su)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)（A1）、第(di)二(er)序(xu)(xu)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)（B1），按照施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)，素(su)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)運用超緩(huan)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，在初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)前結束鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)項目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。進(jin)行到鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環節，通(tong)過套管鉆機(ji)(ji)所具(ju)備(bei)的(de)切割功能(neng)，將臨近素(su)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)部分(fen)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)切割掉，從(cong)而達到咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)效果。素(su)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)通(tong)過長螺旋鉆孔澆(jiao)筑樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，而鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)則選擇旋挖(wa)鉆孔澆(jiao)筑樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)[1]。實施(shi)(shi)咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，其(qi)中(zhong)第(di)1序(xu)(xu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)需要(yao)進(jin)行C30水下混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)澆(jiao)筑，當素(su)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)處于(yu)緩(huan)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)狀態(tai)，要(yao)求初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)時(shi)間(jian)大(da)于(yu)60h，終凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)時(shi)間(jian)小于(yu)72h，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)素(su)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)部分(fen)，3d內強(qiang)度(du)小于(yu)3MPa，5d檢測強(qiang)度(du)小于(yu)10MPa，28d強(qiang)度(du)達到設計規范；第(di)2序(xu)(xu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)應該密切跟進(jin)、鉆進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，期間(jian)還需要(yao)澆(jiao)筑混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，確保第(di)2序(xu)(xu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)完全融(rong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)，并完全轉變成嵌入咬(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)狀態(tai)，排樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結構為連續性[2]。

1.2成孔咬(yao)合樁工(gong)藝(yi)

因為基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑的(de)平(ping)面規模比(bi)較大(da)，開挖較深(shen)，所(suo)以基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑圍護(hu)結(jie)(jie)構也被賦予了良好的(de)止水性(xing)和安全性(xing)，咬合(he)樁施(shi)工方案(an)可行(xing)性(xing)提高。采用咬合(he)樁成孔工藝(yi)，按照(zhao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)要求，選擇(ze)雙動(dong)力頭鉆(zhan)(zhan)機成孔，確保(bao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)整體安全性(xing)與平(ping)穩(wen)性(xing)。經過深(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)施(shi)工總結(jie)(jie)的(de)經驗，咬合(he)樁選擇(ze)雙動(dong)力頭鉆(zhan)(zhan)機成孔，有利于提高鉆(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)效率、節省成本。即便(bian)是在砂(sha)層鉆(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)中應(ying)用，也可以保(bao)障成孔施(shi)工質量。

【摘要】本文(wen)(wen)主(zhu)要闡述深(shen)基坑(keng)施工及安全管理(li)(li)措施。首先分析深(shen)基坑(keng)施工事故影響因素，其次(ci)從深(shen)基坑(keng)施工計劃、施工作業體系、事故應急文(wen)(wen)件、深(shen)基坑(keng)工程安全管理(li)(li)等方面深(shen)入(ru)探討加強深(shen)基坑(keng)施工安全管理(li)(li)的(de)措施。本文(wen)(wen)旨在為相關研究提供參考資料。

【關(guan)鍵詞】建筑工程；深基坑(keng)施工；施工安全管理

隨著(zhu)經(jing)濟水平日益(yi)提(ti)升(sheng)，我(wo)國建筑(zhu)行業迅速發(fa)展。在建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中，深基坑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程屬于(yu)危險性較大的分(fen)部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程。依托科學的方式(shi)進行深基坑支護，不僅關乎施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全，更能(neng)增加建筑(zhu)物綜合(he)建設效益(yi)。因此，每一個施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員都(dou)應理解深基坑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的操作要點，并采取科學的措施進行安全管理。

1工程概況

無(wu)(wu)(wu)錫蠡(li)(li)湖(hu)世(shi)茂(mao)“XDG-2018-22號地(di)塊D地(di)塊項(xiang)目”，該(gai)項(xiang)目位于無(wu)(wu)(wu)錫市濱湖(hu)區蠡(li)(li)溪(xi)(xi)路和(he)老湖(hu)濱路交叉口，總用地(di)面積(ji)16041m2，總建筑(zhu)面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)76440m2，由(you)4棟(dong)高層(ceng)(ceng)住宅(zhai)樓，配(pei)套(tao)商業（4F）、配(pei)電(dian)房、水(shui)泵房等4棟(dong)配(pei)套(tao)建筑(zhu)組成。其中1#、4#樓地(di)上(shang)32層(ceng)(ceng)，2#、3#樓地(di)上(shang)25層(ceng)(ceng)，地(di)下2層(ceng)(ceng)（無(wu)(wu)(wu)人防(fang)）。場地(di)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)北狹長地(di)形(xing)，西側(ce)緊鄰地(di)鐵4號線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，重(zhong)型(xing)車輛無(wu)(wu)(wu)法通行。東側(ce)為(wei)(wei)蠡(li)(li)溪(xi)(xi)河并緊鄰小區，南(nan)側(ce)道路允(yun)許(xu)輕型(xing)車出入。西側(ce)有(you)電(dian)信管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，距離(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊約(yue)(yue)(yue)10m，埋深(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)0.1～2m；距離(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊約(yue)(yue)(yue)13m處有(you)一(yi)根鑄鐵DN100給水(shui)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（鑄鐵材質），埋深(shen)(shen)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.2～4m；距離(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊約(yue)(yue)(yue)18m為(wei)(wei)800mm×600mm綜合(he)弱(ruo)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)；距離(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊約(yue)(yue)(yue)22m處為(wei)(wei)PEDN160燃氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，埋深(shen)(shen)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.2～1.6m，距離(li)(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊約(yue)(yue)(yue)24m處為(wei)(wei)800mm×600mm3根10KV電(dian)力管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，為(wei)(wei)架(jia)空(kong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路，高度(du)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)6m。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)西北角，地(di)鐵附屬結構范圍(wei)內(nei)還(huan)有(you)DN225PVC雨水(shui)，100mm×150mm監(jian)控等弱(ruo)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，150mm×100mm1根0.22KV電(dian)力等管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，本工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)±0.000相(xiang)當于黃海高程(cheng)(cheng)5.15m，該(gai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)主(zhu)要采用放坡錨噴和(he)鉆孔(kong)灌注樁+內(nei)支(zhi)撐支(zhi)護形(xing)式，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)側(ce)壁按二(er)級考(kao)慮(lv)，西側(ce)臨近地(di)鐵基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)側(ce)壁安全(quan)等級為(wei)(wei)一(yi)級設計。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)實際大面積(ji)開挖(wa)深(shen)(shen)度(du)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)-9.35～-10.35m。因此，為(wei)(wei)了(le)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)時(shi)確保周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)安全(quan)，必須(xu)對基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護結構和(he)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)境(jing)進行監(jian)測，以達到信息化施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)目的(de)。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護斷面圖如圖1所示。根據該(gai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)特點(dian)，著重(zhong)分析該(gai)項(xiang)目深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)事故影響(xiang)因素及加強深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)相(xiang)關措施(shi)。

2深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施工事(shi)故(gu)影響(xiang)因素

摘要：從深(shen)基坑(keng)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的顯著特(te)性分析入手，總(zong)結該類工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)普遍存在的投入不足(zu)、勘察設(she)計、施(shi)工質(zhi)量、監(jian)測質(zhi)量和監(jian)理失責五類安全管(guan)理風險(xian)(xian)(xian)，從加大風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控措施(shi)力度、強化工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信息化建設(she)兩個層面，提出風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控措施(shi)和應對(dui)之策。

 關鍵詞：深基(ji)坑(keng)工程；安全(quan)管理(li)風險(xian)；風險(xian)控制；基(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護體系

1引言

隨著建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，城市高層(ceng)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增多以(yi)(yi)及地(di)(di)(di)(di)下空(kong)間(jian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷推進，城建(jian)項目中深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)多，并表現出坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)深(shen)(shen)(shen)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)深(shen)(shen)(shen)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)和鄰近地(di)(di)(di)(di)下管(guan)廊設(she)施(shi)及管(guan)線龐雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。一般來(lai)(lai)說，深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)特(te)指開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖深(shen)(shen)(shen)度超過5m或地(di)(di)(di)(di)下室(shi)超過三(san)層(ceng)，或深(shen)(shen)(shen)度雖未超5m然(ran)而(er)周邊(bian)(bian)環境極其復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)和土方開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合性(xing)系(xi)(xi)統工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。由(you)于深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)是地(di)(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)完結后(hou)便(bian)不再需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)時性(xing)結構，各項安(an)全(quan)(quan)儲備工(gong)(gong)作往往難(nan)以(yi)(yi)做到細(xi)致扎實，加(jia)之水文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)不同(tong)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)性(xing)差異(yi)較強，個(ge)案周邊(bian)(bian)條(tiao)件(jian)千差萬別(bie)導致難(nan)以(yi)(yi)制定實施(shi)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)操作標準，基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)空(kong)間(jian)與(yu)軟黏土蠕變(bian)性(xing)所形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)隨時間(jian)變(bian)化共(gong)同(tong)作用于支(zhi)護體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時空(kong)效應，更是增加(jia)了導致支(zhi)護體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)變(bian)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不確定性(xing)因素，而(er)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖所引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水位及地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)應力(li)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化，也都會(hui)導致周邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)土體(ti)(ti)變(bian)形(xing)從而(er)對(dui)相鄰建(jian)筑物、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下設(she)施(shi)及管(guan)線產生(sheng)較大影響，由(you)此積淀形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)高風險性(xing)必(bi)然(ran)造成深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故多發(fa)。因此，為防范安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)，在(zai)分析深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上，針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)提出管(guan)控(kong)措施(shi)和應對(dui)之策很有必(bi)要，為今后(hou)類(lei)似工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險控(kong)制和安(an)全(quan)(quan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)提供(gong)借鑒。

2深(shen)基坑工程的顯著特性

2.1與周邊(bian)環境關聯性(xing)強(qiang)。位于(yu)城市(shi)繁華區域的(de)(de)基(ji)坑(keng)項(xiang)目往(wang)往(wang)鄰近地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)軌道(dao)交通、管廊管線、民宅、歷史古跡和(he)其它大(da)(da)型(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)物等(deng)。深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)開挖(wa)會對周邊(bian)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質環境產生(sheng)影響，如(ru)(ru)設(she)計施(shi)(shi)工(gong)不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合規范，容易(yi)引(yin)發周邊(bian)地(di)(di)面下(xia)(xia)沉等(deng)安(an)全(quan)事故。2.2基(ji)坑(keng)開挖(wa)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大(da)(da)。城市(shi)商(shang)業服(fu)務用(yong)地(di)(di)寸土(tu)寸金，在既定規劃面積(ji)和(he)高度(du)的(de)(de)前提下(xia)(xia)，開發商(shang)為追求(qiu)利(li)潤最大(da)(da)化只能(neng)在地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)空間拓展利(li)用(yong)方面多做文章(zhang)，相(xiang)應基(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)開挖(wa)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大(da)(da)，超過20m的(de)(de)基(ji)坑(keng)并不(bu)(bu)鮮(xian)見，很(hen)多摩天大(da)(da)樓（如(ru)(ru)上海中心）和(he)大(da)(da)型(xing)商(shang)住(zhu)一體建(jian)筑(zhu)（如(ru)(ru)無錫恒隆廣場）的(de)(de)基(ji)坑(keng)都深(shen)(shen)(shen)達(da)30m，已經(jing)觸及(ji)軟(ruan)土(tu)區甚至承(cheng)壓水層，設(she)計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)難度(du)之大(da)(da)可想而知。2.3單體規模過大(da)(da)導致施(shi)(shi)工(gong)難度(du)大(da)(da)。工(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)規模巨(ju)大(da)(da)導致基(ji)坑(keng)尺寸面積(ji)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大(da)(da)，比如(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)軌道(dao)交通的(de)(de)基(ji)坑(keng)面積(ji)能(neng)達(da)到10m×100m以上，圍護墻固定和(he)坑(keng)底(di)隆起防控的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)很(hen)高，蘊含(han)著極高的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)風險；由于(yu)商(shang)住(zhu)建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)稀(xi)缺、地(di)(di)價高企，大(da)(da)型(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)項(xiang)目總(zong)會盡量做足用(yong)地(di)(di)邊(bian)界線，致使深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)騰(teng)挪空間逼(bi)仄造(zao)成難度(du)和(he)風險驟增。

1水利工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)地基土質的分(fen)類(lei)情況

進(jin)(jin)行(xing)水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)程建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)，首先要(yao)分(fen)析好其(qi)(qi)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情況(kuang)，在(zai)(zai)經過(guo)多年的(de)(de)(de)實踐總結出，地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)有三種，分(fen)別是弱透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)，還有強透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)不透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)。由于水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)程項目地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)也就(jiu)導致了(le)對(dui)其(qi)(qi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)。因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)之(zhi)前，對(dui)該地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)情況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)勘察是十分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。通(tong)常收集土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)樣本的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，就(jiu)是利(li)用鉆探或(huo)者是挖掘的(de)(de)(de)方法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)，然后相關的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)人員，通(tong)過(guo)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識和(he)(he)設(she)備(bei)對(dui)其(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析，這(zhe)樣得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)結果是作為排(pai)水(shui)(shui)施(shi)工(gong)方案制定的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)據(ju)。不僅如(ru)此(ci)，我國是一個大國，因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)河流和(he)(he)山脈中(zhong)(zhong)，土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)都有非常大的(de)(de)(de)變化，在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上，相關的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)資料(liao)就(jiu)有很大的(de)(de)(de)差別。如(ru)果數(shu)據(ju)資料(liao)不能及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)更(geng)新，那(nei)么在(zai)(zai)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)，會造成很嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)制約，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)之(zhi)前，有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)勘察地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)，了(le)解(jie)施(shi)工(gong)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)實際情況(kuang)很重(zhong)要(yao)，結合這(zhe)些信息才能繼續下(xia)面的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)操作。

2基坑排水(shui)方案的設計

2．1基坑對沉降量(liang)的要求

進行水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)對基(ji)坑(keng)進行深層的(de)(de)挖(wa)(wa)掘工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此期間，也會導致有(you)大量的(de)(de)地表水(shui)和(he)地下(xia)水(shui)涌入基(ji)坑(keng)中(zhong)，這會給(gei)基(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)造成很大的(de)(de)困難，但是為了確(que)保之后挖(wa)(wa)掘工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)安全和(he)穩定，在(zai)(zai)(zai)對基(ji)坑(keng)四周做好支護操作(zuo)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，還要(yao)予以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)施工(gong)(gong)。但是實際的(de)(de)設(she)計方(fang)案要(yao)根據現(xian)場的(de)(de)具體情況，在(zai)(zai)(zai)確(que)保排(pai)水(shui)的(de)(de)總量在(zai)(zai)(zai)基(ji)礎樁承(cheng)臺底半米以(yi)下(xia)，然(ran)后還要(yao)對支護做綜合考慮，在(zai)(zai)(zai)進行底部的(de)(de)挖(wa)(wa)掘工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，確(que)保把基(ji)坑(keng)中(zhong)心(xin)線的(de)(de)位置進行降(jiang)低(di)。

2．2有效的基坑(keng)排水方案制定

摘要：結(jie)合基(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)程，采用MIDASGTS數(shu)值(zhi)模(mo)擬技術，分別(bie)對每次開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)后基(ji)坑(keng)周圍(wei)巖土(tu)體的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)向(xiang)位移(yi)(yi)進行了分析(xi)，研究結(jie)果表明：基(ji)坑(keng)前三次開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)豎(shu)(shu)向(xiang)位移(yi)(yi)較小(xiao)，第四次開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)因遇到地下水，導致豎(shu)(shu)向(xiang)位移(yi)(yi)增加，但位移(yi)(yi)均控(kong)制在(zai)合理范圍(wei)內，第五次開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)后豎(shu)(shu)向(xiang)位移(yi)(yi)同樣控(kong)制在(zai)合理范圍(wei)內，說明此次基(ji)坑(keng)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)沒有對周圍(wei)巖土(tu)體的(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)向(xiang)位移(yi)(yi)，造成不良影響。

關鍵詞(ci)：基坑開挖；豎向位移(yi)；地下水；數值模(mo)擬

一、前言

基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因其能夠(gou)大量利用地下(xia)空間(jian)而被廣泛應用，對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)學者(zhe)們進行(xing)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，閆兵(bing)兵(bing)[1]對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)了(le)(le)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)討論，認為(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察是(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點，對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察須(xu)加以重視(shi)。張柏滔等(deng)[2]針對(dui)(dui)(dui)青藏鐵(tie)路基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)，研(yan)(yan)發了(le)(le)接觸網基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)掘裝備，此(ci)裝備能夠(gou)保證(zheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)在復雜地質條件下(xia)正常被開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)。吳林(lin)河[3]對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)對(dui)(dui)(dui)地鐵(tie)運營(ying)安全(quan)進行(xing)了(le)(le)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，結(jie)果表(biao)明(ming)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支護是(shi)保證(zheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)安全(quan)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素(su)。韋康(kang)等(deng)[4]研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護樁插入比(bi)(bi)(bi)和(he)見巖(yan)面(mian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)對(dui)(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，認為(wei)巖(yan)面(mian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)較(jiao)淺(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樁撐式深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，可采(cai)取降低圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護樁插入比(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)來控制施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)。何鳳等(deng)[5]對(dui)(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)進行(xing)了(le)(le)數(shu)值模擬研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，認為(wei)不同開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)下(xia)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎向位(wei)移、水(shui)平位(wei)移及(ji)內力變化規律(lv)一致。楊(yang)勇波[6]對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支護施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)進行(xing)了(le)(le)分析和(he)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)，此(ci)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)可為(wei)類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)提供參考。楊(yang)冠宇等(deng)[7]將遺傳算(suan)法(fa)與數(shu)值模擬相結(jie)合(he)，提出(chu)了(le)(le)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)二維(wei)數(shu)值計(ji)算(suan)模型。并(bing)(bing)通過對(dui)(dui)(dui)計(ji)算(suan)結(jie)果和(he)實測(ce)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)說明(ming)其計(ji)算(suan)模型是(shi)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)。凌壯志[8]通過在某深(shen)(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，布置靜力水(shui)準儀監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統與視(shi)覺監(jian)測(ce)設備，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)該基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)進行(xing)沉降監(jian)測(ce)。以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)并(bing)(bing)沒有研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)每次基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)對(dui)(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)豎向位(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，此(ci)位(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響可間(jian)接反(fan)映基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)排水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。本(ben)文(wen)結(jie)合(he)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，利用MIDASGTS軟件還原(yuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)移進行(xing)分析，以評估(gu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)排水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。

二、工程概況

該(gai)基坑(keng)位于天津市內，如圖1所(suo)示，基坑(keng)開挖長(chang)度×深度為(wei)30m×20m，選擇的研究區域長(chang)度×深度為(wei)200m×100m，地(di)下水在地(di)面(mian)以下10m處，從(cong)地(di)面(mian)往下依次為(wei)風化土、風化巖和硬(ying)巖，巖土體的物理力學(xue)參考如表1所(suo)示。

摘(zhai)要：目前(qian)，隨著建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)科(ke)技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展，在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)設計上不僅要滿足更大的(de)(de)(de)功能和(he)更優(you)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構，同(tong)時(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)規模也(ye)逐漸(jian)由(you)高(gao)(gao)層向超高(gao)(gao)層發展。為(wei)(wei)了(le)提高(gao)(gao)大型(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性和(he)安全性，利用(yong)(yong)邊(bian)坡支護技(ji)術以(yi)保證基(ji)坑(keng)質量安全已成為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)企業常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)式(shi)。合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)坡支護技(ji)術可以(yi)有效提升建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)基(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性，從而(er)確保建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)大廈的(de)(de)(de)安全穩(wen)固。本文以(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)邊(bian)坡支護技(ji)術為(wei)(wei)出發點(dian)，總結(jie)了(le)目前(qian)邊(bian)坡支護技(ji)術應用(yong)(yong)形式(shi)，并提出了(le)有效的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)對策，以(yi)供同(tong)行們參考。

關(guan)鍵詞：建筑(zhu)工程；深基坑；特(te)點；方式

近年(nian)來(lai)，國家(jia)大(da)力推行(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)發展迎來(lai)嶄(zhan)新機遇。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目的增多也(ye)帶來(lai)了諸(zhu)多施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)問題和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)問題，因此為了確保(bao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位必須(xu)注(zhu)重施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的應(ying)(ying)(ying)用和(he)(he)創新，不斷改進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，促(cu)進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)的提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)。影響建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)的因素(su)不勝(sheng)枚(mei)舉，其中，最(zui)重要(yao)也(ye)最(zui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎的便是(shi)確保(bao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)的安全(quan)穩(wen)固問題。隨著經濟水平的提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)，我國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)從功能、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、美(mei)學、規模(mo)等方面不斷突破(po)創新，各地(di)(di)也(ye)相繼出(chu)現(xian)了代(dai)表著城市特色、展現(xian)城市魅(mei)力的地(di)(di)標性(xing)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。然而，要(yao)保(bao)證這些高樓大(da)廈的質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)，必須(xu)打好基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，即提(ti)(ti)高基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量，確保(bao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)安全(quan)穩(wen)固，特別(bie)是(shi)對(dui)于地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自穩(wen)性(xing)差或地(di)(di)震(zhen)等地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災害頻發地(di)(di)區，在深挖(wa)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，更要(yao)做(zuo)好基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，以確保(bao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)底(di)層結構安全(quan)穩(wen)固。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)主要(yao)通過加固或防護(hu)(hu)(hu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)的形(xing)式，防止基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)出(chu)現(xian)滑塌現(xian)象，提(ti)(ti)高基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)的穩(wen)定性(xing)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，必須(xu)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規模(mo)、基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)深度、地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巖土水文狀態(tai)以及周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環境等因素(su)進(jin)行(xing)綜合分(fen)析，合理(li)確定邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技術，確定邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，避免工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全(quan)事故的發生。結合目前我國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技術應(ying)(ying)(ying)用現(xian)狀和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)踐經驗，提(ti)(ti)供有效(xiao)的應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)策略，以期促(cu)進(jin)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技術的應(ying)(ying)(ying)用推廣。

1工程施工中邊坡(po)支護方式及(ji)技(ji)術形式

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中會涉(she)及深基坑開挖(wa)的(de)項目(mu)，為保障邊(bian)坡安(an)全穩定，就要做好邊(bian)坡支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。現階段(duan)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)采用邊(bian)坡支護(hu)的(de)措施(shi)多種多樣，具(ju)體(ti)選(xuan)(xuan)用時(shi)需根據項目(mu)特(te)點、地(di)質條(tiao)件和場地(di)限制(zhi)等認真分析、科學考慮，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)最合(he)適的(de)邊(bian)坡支護(hu)方案。目(mu)前，放坡開挖(wa)支護(hu)形式(shi)(shi)其技術等級不高、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要求(qiu)較低(di)，在(zai)小型(xing)建筑(zhu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質條(tiao)件良好的(de)情況下較為常用。除此之外，下面將(jiang)介紹幾種施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)常用的(de)邊(bian)坡支護(hu)方式(shi)(shi)。

1.1地下連(lian)續墻支(zhi)護(hu)形式

【摘要】結合哈爾(er)濱(bin)地鐵(tie)3號線二期(qi)工(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)鄉街站的(de)現場情況，對施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)方(fang)案優化(hua)進(jin)行了(le)總結。為了(le)響應哈爾(er)濱(bin)市(shi)“還路于民(min)，緩堵(du)保暢”的(de)號召，項(xiang)目部根(gen)據(ju)現場情況，通過(guo)優化(hua)深基坑(keng)開(kai)挖施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案，合理縮短了(le)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)期(qi)。

【關鍵詞】地鐵車站深基坑；土方(fang)開挖(wa)；施工優化

1工程概況

哈爾濱市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)3號線(xian)二期工程進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)與通(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)叉口處，沿通(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)南北方(fang)向(xiang)敷設，布置于(yu)(yu)通(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)西(xi)側，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)西(xi)北角為(wei)綠地(di)及小區住宅，東北角遠(yuan)東心腦血管(guan)醫院(yuan)，東南側為(wei)中國聯通(tong)分公司。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)高架橋(qiao)下方(fang)，在通(tong)向(xiang)通(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)街(jie)匝道橋(qiao)西(xi)側，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)量大。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)地(di)下雙(shuang)層3跨(kua)島式站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)臺，中間部分為(wei)3層3跨(kua)，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)起(qi)點(dian)(dian)里程DK16+141.916，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)終點(dian)(dian)里程DK16+412.566，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)長270.65m，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結構標準段(duan)寬度22.7m，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)2層結構開挖(wa)深度為(wei)16.3~18.9m。中間3層3跨(kua)段(duan)長度為(wei)50.25m，開挖(wa)深度為(wei)25.97~26.35m，支(zhi)護(hu)結構采用鉆孔灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)圍護(hu)加內支(zhi)撐的形式。主要地(di)層依次為(wei)：雜(za)填土(tu)、素填土(tu)、粉質黏土(tu)。

2工程特點

該工程有以(yi)下特點(dian)：1）車(che)站位于城市主(zhu)要(yao)道路(lu)路(lu)口，交通量大(da)。業主(zhu)方管線遷(qian)改進度慢，場地(di)(di)移交滯后，道路(lu)恢復節點(dian)任務重；2）基坑開挖(wa)深度大(da)，其中，3層(ceng)結構段(duan)基坑深度達26m，易(yi)引起土(tu)(tu)(tu)體變形，施工中需(xu)根據土(tu)(tu)(tu)體時(shi)空效應，分段(duan)、分層(ceng)均衡開挖(wa)，并及時(shi)進行支(zhi)護體系施工；3）該地(di)(di)區(qu)域地(di)(di)勢(shi)較低(di)，在(zai)雨(yu)季(ji)需(xu)考慮強降雨(yu)匯(hui)集的(de)地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)，做(zuo)好地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)疏導的(de)準備工作(zuo)，基坑外圍(wei)積水(shui)(shui)及時(shi)清理，避免積水(shui)(shui)倒灌(guan)進入基坑造成(cheng)事故。妥善處理開挖(wa)出的(de)棄(qi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，禁止在(zai)基坑周圍(wei)堆放棄(qi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)及其他(ta)附加荷(he)載。

摘要(yao)：在(zai)(zai)深基坑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，支(zhi)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)程是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)環節，支(zhi)護施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)僅關(guan)乎到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)，也關(guan)乎到施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)，所(suo)以要(yao)做好監理(li)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。當(dang)前來看，深基坑支(zhi)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)程監理(li)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中依然存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)一些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)，這就需要(yao)把握住監理(li)要(yao)點，對(dui)于所(suo)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)有效(xiao)解決。本(ben)論文著重(zhong)于研究深基坑支(zhi)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)程監理(li)控制(zhi)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)和要(yao)點。

關(guan)鍵詞：深(shen)基坑(keng)支護；工程監理；控制；存(cun)在(zai)的問題；要點

本工程(cheng)位于(yu)海滄區海新路(lu)與馬青路(lu)交匯(hui)處西南面(mian)，為(wei)住宅項目，由九棟9~32層(ceng)住宅樓、地(di)下(xia)室及一棟商業（生鮮(xian)超(chao)市）和(he)相關配套組成。總用地(di)面(mian)積28841.228平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，總建筑面(mian)積約120500平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，其中地(di)上建筑面(mian)積80500平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，地(di)下(xia)建筑面(mian)積（兩層(ceng)地(di)下(xia)室）40000平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。該工程(cheng)基坑(keng)安(an)全等級為(wei)一級，承(cheng)臺(tai)墊層(ceng)底標(biao)高為(wei)-10.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)，設計坡(po)頂的黃海高程(cheng)為(wei)10.3~11.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)，基坑(keng)深度(du)(du)為(wei)9.3~10.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。擬(ni)建基坑(keng)大(da)體(ti)呈(cheng)不規(gui)則(ze)梯形，基坑(keng)周長約720米(mi)(mi)(mi)，基坑(keng)面(mian)積約26000平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，土(tu)方(fang)開挖量(liang)為(wei)260000米(mi)(mi)(mi)3。基坑(keng)擬(ni)定開挖深度(du)(du)為(wei)9.3~10.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。

1深基坑支護工程監理控制存在(zai)的(de)問題

1.1監理內(nei)容存在(zai)問題

任(ren)(ren)何一個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)(zai)進行深(shen)基坑(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中都要先明(ming)確支護工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的內(nei)容，監(jian)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)也是(shi)如(ru)此(ci)，從工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)際出發明(ming)確監(jian)理(li)(li)的內(nei)容，才能(neng)在(zai)(zai)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作中承擔(dan)其責(ze)任(ren)(ren)，保證監(jian)理(li)(li)質量(liang)。在(zai)(zai)深(shen)基坑(keng)支護工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的過程中，監(jian)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)要實(shi)(shi)時監(jian)理(li)(li)，對每一項監(jian)理(li)(li)內(nei)容都要落實(shi)(shi)到具體的跟(gen)蹤中，按(an)照監(jian)測要求進行[1]。但是(shi)，一些監(jian)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)明(ming)確監(jian)理(li)(li)內(nei)容，導(dao)致一些問題存在(zai)(zai)，特別(bie)是(shi)細節(jie)方面沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)監(jian)理(li)(li)到位，就會存在(zai)(zai)潛在(zai)(zai)的風險(xian)，導(dao)致監(jian)理(li)(li)問題產(chan)生。在(zai)(zai)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作中，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)抓住重點(dian)，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)按(an)照規定(ding)的方向推進，一些薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)不(bu)能(neng)攻克，對于深(shen)基坑(keng)支護工(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)不(bu)能(neng)完全把控，由此(ci)留下(xia)安全隱患。

1深基坑(keng)支護(hu)的類(lei)型(xing)分析

（1）鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護分析。鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護是(shi)一種廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)(yu)建筑工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護類(lei)型，這(zhe)種支(zhi)(zhi)護形(xing)(xing)(xing)式指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)通(tong)過熱(re)軋型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)材進(jin)行(xing)鉗口和鎖口，從而使鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)之間進(jin)行(xing)緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連接，進(jin)而組成完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)墻結(jie)(jie)構(gou)。鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護形(xing)(xing)(xing)式既可(ke)以(yi)起到(dao)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擋土作用，還(huan)有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擋水(shui)(shui)(shui)功(gong)能。現階段應用最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式主要有三(san)種：第一種，Z形(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式；第二種，U形(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式；第三(san)種，直腹(fu)板(ban)(ban)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式。鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)護類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)，具有相對(dui)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝，以(yi)及來(lai)源眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)材料。（2）深(shen)層(ceng)攪拌(ban)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。在(zai)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)(zhi)付中，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)攪拌(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是(shi)對(dui)軟土地(di)及進(jin)行(xing)加固(gu)和飽(bao)和。水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)可(ke)以(yi)發揮固(gu)化(hua)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，通(tong)過軟土結(jie)(jie)合(he)，發生一系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理反應或者化(hua)學反應，從而形(xing)(xing)(xing)成一種具有高強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)加固(gu)體，從而有效提(ti)升軟土地(di)基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承載能力以(yi)及變形(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)量。根(gen)據多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)，如果水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)摻(chan)入8%以(yi)上，20%以(yi)下，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)土重度(du)比就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高3%--5%。如果水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量降低10%，抗滲性能就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)10-7cm/ces——10-8cm/ces。也就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)土可(ke)以(yi)有效對(dui)土質(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)改良。另外，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無側限(xian)抗壓(ya)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)大(da)多數都(dou)大(da)于(yu)(yu)0.3MPa，要遠優于(yu)(yu)未(wei)經處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟土地(di)基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)。抗壓(ya)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升也就(jiu)代表著抗拉強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升[1]。

2深基坑支護(hu)設計的改進

（1）引(yin)進(jin)(jin)新技術和新理念。在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)時候，一定(ding)要結合建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程的(de)特點(dian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及實(shi)際情況(kuang)，切忌生搬硬套，延(yan)用陳舊的(de)設(she)計(ji)理念。尤其是(shi)現階段(duan)，深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)結構的(de)設(she)計(ji)還處(chu)于發展階段(duan)，缺乏公認的(de)、權威的(de)計(ji)算公式(shi)，一切都需要設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)在(zai)實(shi)際工(gong)作中(zhong)摸索(suo)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)將施工(gong)監測反饋動(dong)態信(xin)息作為基(ji)(ji)礎，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此來(lai)進(jin)(jin)行深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑的(de)支(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)。（2）加強(qiang)試驗研究。所謂實(shi)踐(jian)出(chu)真(zhen)知。一切正(zheng)確的(de)理論(lun)都是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)大(da)量(liang)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)、大(da)量(liang)的(de)研究總(zong)結出(chu)來(lai)的(de)。而我國現階段(duan)的(de)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)結構，與發達(da)國家(jia)有著(zhu)不小的(de)差距(ju)，很多地(di)方都有待提(ti)升。但(dan)是(shi)我國的(de)城市(shi)建(jian)立力度(du)不斷(duan)地(di)加大(da)，我國地(di)下建(jian)筑(zhu)與高(gao)層建(jian)筑(zhu)越來(lai)越多，這就(jiu)為我國深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)開展研究工(gong)作提(ti)供了一手(shou)施工(gong)數據(ju)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)，設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)一定(ding)要重視深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)性，通過(guo)大(da)量(liang)的(de)數據(ju)分析，不斷(duan)地(di)總(zong)結，最(zui)終獲得正(zheng)確的(de)理論(lun)和觀點(dian)，形成一套完整的(de)體系[2]。

3深基坑支護(hu)監測數據的分析方法

（1）有(you)限(xian)元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)。有(you)限(xian)元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)屬于確定(ding)函數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)，指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)研究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象按(an)照(zhao)某(mou)種(zhong)規則搭建分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)模型，然(ran)后再(zai)將分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)模型劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)若(ruo)干計(ji)(ji)算單(dan)元(yuan)，因為(wei)每一種(zhong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)都有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)力(li)學性(xing)質，所以(yi)(yi)要按(an)照(zhao)所選(xuan)(xuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)力(li)學性(xing)質，搭建荷載與(yu)變(bian)形之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)函數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)關系(xi)。然(ran)后再(zai)根(gen)據現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)條件對(dui)(dui)(dui)函數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)程進(jin)(jin)行(xing)求解，從而得出變(bian)形值。但是，有(you)限(xian)元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)存在(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)。首先，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)模型劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)元(yuan)、所選(xuan)(xuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)設置、選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)函數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)關系(xi)都是假(jia)設的(de)(de)(de)。其次，計(ji)(ji)算變(bian)形值的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)并(bing)沒有(you)考慮施工現場的(de)(de)(de)環境因素的(de)(de)(de)影響。所以(yi)(yi)也就容易(yi)導(dao)致計(ji)(ji)算結果存在(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)偶然(ran)性(xing)，可(ke)采納度(du)較低。所以(yi)(yi)在(zai)使(shi)用有(you)限(xian)元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)和反演分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)一起(qi)使(shi)用。（2）小波(bo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)。小波(bo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)是在(zai)多種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)之上(shang)研究(jiu)出來的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)處理(li)方(fang)法(fa)，又稱為(wei)信(xin)號(hao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學顯微(wei)鏡。小波(bo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)在(zai)時域方(fang)面(mian)以(yi)(yi)及頻域方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)化(hua)特(te)(te)征較為(wei)明顯，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)將局(ju)部(bu)(bu)信(xin)號(hao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效信(xin)息進(jin)(jin)行(xing)提取(qu)。另(ling)外，小波(bo)變(bian)化(hua)還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)周期性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)形特(te)(te)征進(jin)(jin)行(xing)探測(ce)和分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)。例如，通過(guo)離(li)散小波(bo)變(bian)換可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)解實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)監測(ce)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)重構(gou)，進(jin)(jin)而分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)與(yu)噪(zao)聲相關的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息，找出對(dui)(dui)(dui)自己有(you)用的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據和信(xin)息。