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摘要：巖溶地區的地表塌陷是由溶洞與土洞的相互作用和持續發展引起的，它具有長期性、不可預見性、隨機性和突發性的特點，具有嚴重的危險性。巖溶、土洞及地表坍塌嚴重影響場地及基礎的穩定，嚴重影響結構的抗震設計，嚴重影響軌道交通的正常使用及地面設施的安全。該文依托深圳某巖溶強烈發育地鐵車站基坑工程，通過分析研究，提出了針對于巖溶發育地區地鐵基坑工程監測應該注意的事項及重點關注的點，希望能為今后巖溶地區的基坑監測方案提(ti)供(gong)合適(shi)的(de)思路，以便讓基坑(keng)監測為基坑(keng)的(de)正確分(fen)析(xi)評(ping)價及治理提(ti)供(gong)可靠(kao)的(de)科學(xue)依據。

關鍵詞：巖溶地表(biao)塌陷(xian)地鐵(tie)基(ji)坑(keng)基(ji)坑(keng)監測

巖溶發育地(di)區地(di)鐵基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)經常出現(xian)(xian)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)周(zhou)邊(bian)地(di)面(mian)沉降、基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)涌水涌砂(sha)等工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)事故(gu)，影響(xiang)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全甚至(zhi)造成(cheng)重大的(de)(de)社會影響(xiang)。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監測可提供及(ji)(ji)時、可靠的(de)(de)監測信息以評定工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)期間的(de)(de)安(an)全性及(ji)(ji)對周(zhou)邊(bian)環境(jing)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，并做(zuo)出有關(guan)預(yu)報(bao)(bao)，以便(bian)跟蹤和控(kong)制施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進程(cheng)，對可能出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)險情及(ji)(ji)時報(bao)(bao)警，做(zuo)到信息化設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。

1工程概況

深(shen)(shen)圳某車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)位于(yu)深(shen)(shen)圳市龍崗區(qu)。車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)長(chang)234.4m，站(zhan)(zhan)臺寬(kuan)12m，車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)標(biao)準(zhun)段寬(kuan)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)20.7m，底板埋深(shen)(shen)約(yue)16.95m,頂板覆土(tu)(tu)約(yue)3m。為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)下(xia)(xia)2層(ceng)(ceng)島式(shi)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)，采用明挖順(shun)筑法(fa)施工。車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)所處(chu)(chu)地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)從上而下(xia)(xia)依次(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：素填土(tu)(tu)、可(ke)塑(su)(su)狀粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質黏(nian)土(tu)(tu)<5-4-1>、礫砂(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)<5-7>、可(ke)-硬塑(su)(su)狀粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)<8-3-3>、溶(rong)(rong)槽堆(dui)積(ji)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質黏(nian)土(tu)(tu)<9-1>、微(wei)風化(hua)大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)<31-4-12>，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)底主要(yao)位于(yu)溶(rong)(rong)槽堆(dui)積(ji)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)，其(qi)中礫砂(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)厚約(yue)1~8.2m，為(wei)(wei)(wei)主要(yao)含水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)，非液化(hua)。該工點(dian)位于(yu)龍崗向斜，屬于(yu)匯水(shui)構造，向斜北(bei)西翼(yi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)出露不(bu)(bu)全(quan)，巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)產(chan)狀整體緩(huan)傾(qing)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垂(chui)向裂隙較發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，易形(xing)成(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)溝溶(rong)(rong)槽；且(qie)存(cun)在可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與(yu)非可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)接觸帶或不(bu)(bu)整合(he)面，易于(yu)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)垂(chui)向及水(shui)平向活(huo)動，從而也(ye)容易形(xing)成(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)等(deng)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)形(xing)態。該工點(dian)廣泛揭露大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，均分布(bu)于(yu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)底以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)溶(rong)(rong)（土(tu)(tu)）洞(dong)(dong)，見(jian)洞(dong)(dong)率(lv)約(yue)51.3%，線巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)24%，巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)級為(wei)(wei)(wei)強烈發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)水(shui)賦存(cun)于(yu)石(shi)炭系石(shi)大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中，溶(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)裂隙和溶(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，水(shui)量中等(deng)豐富，具承(cheng)壓性(xing)，承(cheng)壓水(shui)水(shui)頭11.0~45.0m。溶(rong)(rong)槽堆(dui)積(ji)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)可(ke)塑(su)(su)狀為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，系溶(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)成(cheng)因(yin)堆(dui)積(ji)而成(cheng)，主要(yao)由(you)黏(nian)性(xing)土(tu)(tu)、卵石(shi)、角礫、砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)等(deng)組成(cheng)，局部含灰白(bai)色(se)溶(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)殘(can)積(ji)物，地(di)質參數(shu)較差，滲(shen)透系數(shu)大(da)。站(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)北(bei)側(ce)(ce)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工業廠(chang)房，在車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)圍(wei)擋前以(yi)完成(cheng)拆(chai)遷(qian)。站(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)東南為(wei)(wei)(wei)城中村(cun)（淺基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)），型式(shi)，距離基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)約(yue)32m。南側(ce)(ce)有新(xin)建成(cheng)的居(ju)住區(qu)（樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)）、學校，距離基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)約(yue)33m。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)主要(yao)采用800mm厚地(di)下(xia)(xia)連續墻+內支撐(cheng)的結構形(xing)式(shi)。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)大(da)部分連續墻穿透礫砂(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)及溶(rong)(rong)槽堆(dui)積(ji)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)質粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)進入微(wei)風化(hua)大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)1.5m。局部微(wei)風化(hua)大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)面較深(shen)(shen)處(chu)(chu)連續墻未入巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，但保證嵌固深(shen)(shen)度不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)8m且(qie)穿過礫砂(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)3m。

2監測等級的調整

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)主要(yao)(yao)依據(ju)《城市軌道(dao)交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)（GB50911-2013）》[1]。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)基坑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)自身風險(xian)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、周邊環境風險(xian)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)和地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)復雜(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)可按圖3劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)，并應根(gen)據(ju)當地(di)經驗(yan)結(jie)合(he)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)復雜(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)進(jin)該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)自身風險(xian)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、周邊環境風險(xian)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)，根(gen)據(ju)表(biao)1初(chu)步判(pan)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)。該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)巖溶強烈發育，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)專門進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)研究和處理，根(gen)據(ju)上(shang)(shang)述規(gui)范(fan)(fan)2條，地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)復雜(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)可劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)復雜(za)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周邊巖土(tu)體是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)支護結(jie)構(gou)和周邊環境對象的(de)(de)(de)載體，也是兩者之間相互作用的(de)(de)(de)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。兩者的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)狀態及穩定性都受(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。因此，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性有很密切的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。在已有分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，還需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)復雜(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)對監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調整(zheng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)復雜(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)中等(deng)(deng)或簡單時(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)可不(bu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調整(zheng)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)復雜(za)時(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)調一級(ji)(ji)(ji)，上(shang)(shang)調后(hou)最(zui)高為(wei)(wei)一級(ji)(ji)(ji)。

3地下水位的監測尤為重要

巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)涌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)涌砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)是富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災害，給基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)安全生產造成(cheng)極大(da)影(ying)響(xiang)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)過分(fen)(fen)(fen)析基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所在(zai)(zai)場地(di)(di)(di)(di)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)類(lei)型，有針對性(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)內、外(wai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)，能夠在(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)預測(ce)(ce)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)涌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)涌砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能性(xing)(xing)，并驗證及(ji)檢(jian)驗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果[2]。根(gen)據(ju)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)裂(lie)隙通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、斷層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)河通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)間巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、覆蓋巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)隱伏(fu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)等(deng)[3-4]。根(gen)據(ju)此工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘察報告[5]，該地(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵車站基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)內巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)和(he)侵蝕(shi)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，經過漫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)，形(xing)成(cheng)了大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)網絡，其連通(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量豐(feng)富(fu)，與(yu)上(shang)部(bu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)孔(kong)(kong)隙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力聯(lian)系(xi)密切(qie)，并且網絡系(xi)統(tong)隨著時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)移(yi)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷地(di)(di)(di)(di)演(yan)變(bian)和(he)交(jiao)替。該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)槽(cao)堆積粉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)(ke)塑狀為主(zhu)(zhu)，系(xi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)成(cheng)因堆積而成(cheng)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)黏性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)、卵石、角(jiao)礫(li)、砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)等(deng)組成(cheng)，局(ju)部(bu)含灰白色溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)殘(can)積物。可(ke)(ke)認為是大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)長(chang)期溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，節(jie)理(li)(li)(li)(li)裂(lie)隙不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷擴大(da)并最(zui)終與(yu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)洞填充物一起形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)蝕(shi)殘(can)積層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。該堆積層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參(can)數較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，透水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)強，位(wei)于(yu)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)上(shang)，作為基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底板下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，當隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)存在(zai)(zai)承壓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)，承壓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有突破隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能。根(gen)據(ju)以(yi)上(shang)情(qing)況(kuang)，建(jian)議該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)著重考(kao)慮以(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)措施(shi)。大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)應設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)獨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)孔(kong)(kong)，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)長(chang)期觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)并跟蹤巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)變(bian)和(he)交(jiao)替。大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)孔(kong)(kong)宜(yi)結合(he)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)布(bu)設(she)(she)，可(ke)(ke)利(li)用(yong)(yong)圖3規范圖、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)等(deng)級表1地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za)(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za)(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)復(fu)雜(za)(za)中(zhong)等(deng)簡單(dan)等(deng)級劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)標準地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復(fu)雜(za)(za)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)強烈發育；特殊性(xing)(xing)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)需要(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)門處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)；地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)、圍巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)邊(bian)(bian)坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差；地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)專(zhuan)門研究(jiu)和(he)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)(za)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)一般(ban)發育；特殊性(xing)(xing)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)需要(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)門處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)；地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)、圍巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)邊(bian)(bian)坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一般(ban)；地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌簡單(dan)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)發育；地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)、圍巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)邊(bian)(bian)坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好；地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)無影(ying)響(xiang)注：符合(he)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件之(zhi)一即為對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za)(za)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)，從復(fu)雜(za)(za)開始(shi)，向中(zhong)等(deng)、簡單(dan)推(tui)定，以(yi)最(zui)先滿足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為準。巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)孔(kong)(kong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)。巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)果檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)孔(kong)(kong)法是在(zai)(zai)注漿處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結束后設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)孔(kong)(kong)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別查(cha)(cha)看(kan)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)時(shi)及(ji)放置(zhi)(zhi)一段(duan)時(shi)間后是否(fou)完(wan)整，是否(fou)涌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、涌砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、涌泥(ni)，檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)孔(kong)(kong)是否(fou)塌孔(kong)(kong)等(deng)，可(ke)(ke)定性(xing)(xing)評定注漿效(xiao)果。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)封(feng)閉后開挖前在(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)內設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)孔(kong)(kong)，在(zai)(zai)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)孔(kong)(kong)中(zhong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)試驗，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過抽降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)恢(hui)復(fu)速率(lv)判(pan)斷巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)果及(ji)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效(xiao)果。該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)槽(cao)堆積粉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)上(shang)為深(shen)(shen)厚富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)礫(li)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底部(bu)及(ji)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)深(shen)(shen)度(du)內均有分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)。雖(sui)然基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)圍護結構全部(bu)穿透砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)并進(jin)(jin)入(ru)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)2m，但考(kao)慮到地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確定性(xing)(xing)及(ji)礫(li)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力聯(lian)系(xi)復(fu)雜(za)(za)性(xing)(xing)，根(gen)據(ju)情(qing)況(kuang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)外(wai)礫(li)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)，以(yi)針對因礫(li)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力流失造成(cheng)上(shang)部(bu)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)固(gu)結沉降(jiang)導(dao)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面沉降(jiang)房屋開裂(lie)等(deng)現象進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)預測(ce)(ce)及(ji)采(cai)取相應措施(shi)。

4土體深層水平位移

溶(rong)洞注漿效果的(de)(de)好(hao)壞(huai)決定(ding)了地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)通道(dao)，對支護結構承受的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壓力(li)有較大影(ying)響(xiang)，且溶(rong)洞的(de)(de)存在改變原始土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)應(ying)力(li)狀(zhuang)態，溶(rong)洞發育地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)與不發育地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)基坑(keng)(keng)及(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)外土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)平方向變形(xing)(xing)差(cha)別較大，直接影(ying)響(xiang)著基坑(keng)(keng)整(zheng)體(ti)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)[6]。大量(liang)監測數據(ju)表明(ming)，巖(yan)溶(rong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移累計值(zhi)及(ji)(ji)變形(xing)(xing)速率明(ming)顯大于非巖(yan)溶(rong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)。巖(yan)溶(rong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)產(chan)生(sheng)深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移，可能原因為(wei)巖(yan)溶(rong)處(chu)理不到位(wei)(wei)造(zao)成溶(rong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)洞開始產(chan)生(sheng)塌陷等。土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)產(chan)生(sheng)較大深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移往(wang)往(wang)最終會(hui)導致產(chan)生(sheng)地(di)(di)面沉陷及(ji)(ji)建構筑物變形(xing)(xing)，所(suo)以巖(yan)溶(rong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)城市軌道(dao)交通基坑(keng)(keng)工程基坑(keng)(keng)外土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移建議列為(wei)應(ying)測項目[7]。

5監測方案應與基坑施工工況進行聯動

明挖(wa)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)回筑(zhu)階段，每一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)主體板施工(gong)(gong)完成后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行所在(zai)位(wei)置臨時(shi)支撐的拆除(chu)，每一(yi)道(dao)臨時(shi)支撐拆除(chu)過(guo)程是圍(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構（連續墻(qiang)）內力(li)重新(xin)分布(bu)(bu)的過(guo)程，必(bi)然導(dao)致連續墻(qiang)水平變(bian)(bian)形也(ye)重新(xin)分布(bu)(bu)，基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)外土層(ceng)(ceng)塑性區的分布(bu)(bu)和(he)發(fa)展也(ye)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。因(yin)此，在(zai)支撐拆除(chu)過(guo)程及支撐拆除(chu)完成后(hou)3d內連續墻(qiang)深層(ceng)(ceng)水平位(wei)移、地表沉降及建(jian)構筑(zhu)物(wu)沉降等監測(ce)項目(mu)的監測(ce)頻率可以考慮適(shi)當增加。一(yi)般基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)前一(yi)周測(ce)定監測(ce)初值，在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)時(shi)開(kai)始(shi)進(jin)(jin)行各(ge)項監測(ce)工(gong)(gong)作。該(gai)工(gong)(gong)程圍(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構在(zai)成槽過(guo)程中需要(yao)穿透深厚礫(li)(li)(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)并(bing)且(qie)大部分深入微(wei)風化(hua)大理(li)巖(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)，可能(neng)會對礫(li)(li)(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)產生(sheng)(sheng)擾(rao)動導(dao)致礫(li)(li)(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)失水塌陷，還可能(neng)會因(yin)溶、土洞(dong)承載力(li)不(bu)夠，引起地面塌陷，影(ying)響鄰近(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)安全。因(yin)此，針對該(gai)工(gong)(gong)程情況(kuang)建(jian)議在(zai)圍(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中同(tong)步進(jin)(jin)行地面沉降、礫(li)(li)(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)及巖(yan)(yan)溶的水位(wei)監測(ce)工(gong)(gong)作。

6有必要推行自動化監測和信息化施工

該(gai)地鐵基(ji)坑地處城市(shi)繁華(hua)區域，周圍環境復雜，地質情況存(cun)在深(shen)厚礫(li)砂層及(ji)巖(yan)(yan)溶(rong)強(qiang)烈發育大理巖(yan)(yan)層。這種典(dian)型復雜巖(yan)(yan)溶(rong)條件(jian)下(xia)城市(shi)繁華(hua)區地鐵深(shen)基(ji)坑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對施工(gong)(gong)監(jian)測(ce)和(he)信(xin)息化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)技術提出的新的要求，決定(ding)了必須對基(ji)坑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行自(zi)動化(hua)監(jian)測(ce)和(he)信(xin)息化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)。自(zi)動化(hua)監(jian)測(ce)可進行缺失監(jian)測(ce)數據處理、建立(li)監(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息反饋機(ji)制，及(ji)時掌(zhang)握(wo)施工(gong)(gong)開挖過程(cheng)中基(ji)坑的實際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀態，指導修改(gai)設計參數，調整(zheng)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝，保證(zheng)結構和(he)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)。

7結語

除(chu)了(le)在設(she)(she)計和施(shi)工中采取相應(ying)的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)外(wai)，通過有針對(dui)性的(de)基坑(keng)監測，不但能預測事故的(de)發生(sheng)、驗(yan)證設(she)(she)計措(cuo)施(shi)，還能為研究分析提供依據，值得引起相關(guan)工作(zuo)者重視。如果能在對(dui)比研究的(de)基礎上編制專門(men)的(de)巖溶區基坑(keng)監測規范，則可以更好地為工程建設(she)(she)服務。

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作者：李瀟 單位：廣州地鐵設計研究院股份(fen)有限(xian)公司