商(shang)品混(hun)凝土裂縫(feng)的原(yuan)因分析

1.混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)配合比、水(shui)(shui)灰比目(mu)前采用的(de)(de)商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)，為了(le)(le)保(bao)證流動性(xing)，塌落度(du)都較大(da)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此水(shui)(shui)灰比也較大(da)。而混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)參與水(shui)(shui)化(hua)反應的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)約為游離(li)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)25%，大(da)部(bu)分游離(li)水(shui)(shui)僅僅為了(le)(le)滿(man)足混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)和易性(xing)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，當大(da)部(bu)分游離(li)水(shui)(shui)被蒸(zheng)發后留下(xia)大(da)量(liang)(liang)毛細孔(kong)，加劇了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)。2.粗(cu)骨(gu)(gu)料(liao)用量(liang)(liang)及粒(li)徑減(jian)小為了(le)(le)維持商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)可泵(beng)性(xing)，一般趨向(xiang)選擇減(jian)少粗(cu)骨(gu)(gu)料(liao)用量(liang)(liang)或降低粗(cu)骨(gu)(gu)料(liao)粒(li)徑。粗(cu)骨(gu)(gu)料(liao)在混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)起著骨(gu)(gu)架橋梁(liang)的(de)(de)作用，粗(cu)骨(gu)(gu)料(liao)的(de)(de)弱(ruo)化(hua)使得(de)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)下(xia)降，同時也增加了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)。3.施(shi)工原因(yin)(yin)(yin)造(zao)成(cheng)裂縫(feng)(feng)施(shi)工不(bu)當是造(zao)成(cheng)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)產生早(zao)(zao)期裂縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)最(zui)主要原因(yin)(yin)(yin)。混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)設計(ji)強(qiang)度(du)不(bu)夠、配筋不(bu)夠、鋼筋保(bao)護(hu)層不(bu)合格、混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚度(du)不(bu)足、養護(hu)不(bu)到位(wei)等(deng)都會產生早(zao)(zao)期裂縫(feng)(feng)。本文主要針對施(shi)工原因(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)的(de)(de)早(zao)(zao)期養護(hu)不(bu)到位(wei)，探(tan)討早(zao)(zao)期裂縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)防(fang)治措(cuo)施(shi)。

早期裂縫防治措施

1.因此(ci)，我國(guo)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)驗(yan)收規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)始(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)(hou)12h內。但對大(da)量(liang)摻(chan)用(yong)減水(shui)(shui)劑(ji)、緩凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，經(jing)相關(guan)試驗(yan)證明，初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)后(hou)(hou)8h內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收縮急劇增加。因此(ci)，掌握(wo)好初始(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)控制商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。如(ru)果(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)(hou)等12h再(zai)進(jin)(jin)行灑水(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，就(jiu)(jiu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)去了(le)控制早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳(jia)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)越(yue)早(zao)(zao)對混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)越(yue)有(you)(you)(you)利。2.早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)灑水(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當是(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)原(yuan)因造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)開(kai)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)因素(su)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)覆蓋、澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)水(shui)(shui)分快速流失(shi)(shi)(shi)，極(ji)易(yi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫。特(te)別是(shi)(shi)氣(qi)溫(wen)高、相對濕(shi)度(du)(du)低、風(feng)速大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)節，干縮更容(rong)易(yi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)持適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)濕(shi)條件(jian)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)措施(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)也有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)操作過(guo)程中，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)掌握(wo)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)難(nan)(nan)度(du)(du)，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根據混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)拌(ban)合物(wu)性能、氣(qi)候(hou)等情況(kuang)來(lai)確定(ding)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)分養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)前首先應(ying)對表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)因失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行處理(li)，以保(bao)(bao)證養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。所謂充(chong)(chong)分養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)全濕(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)證在(zai)(zai)(zai)整個(ge)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)狀況(kuang)。養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)越(yue)充(chong)(chong)分，則混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)少(shao)。規(gui)(gui)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)全濕(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)7d，商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)由(you)于(yu)(yu)使用(yong)了(le)外(wai)加劑(ji)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得少(shao)于(yu)(yu)14d。相關(guan)數(shu)據表(biao)(biao)(biao)明，商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)約為(wei)28d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60％，14d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)約為(wei)28d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80％，因此(ci)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)濕(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)14d是(shi)(shi)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，最(zui)好能保(bao)(bao)持14d都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)。根據經(jing)驗(yan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)14d中，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)越(yue)靠前，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)越(yue)容(rong)易(yi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)，越(yue)容(rong)易(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，防(fang)止(zhi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)也越(yue)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。3d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)約為(wei)28d強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50％，所以前3天防(fang)止(zhi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)非常(chang)(chang)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。而第(di)一(yi)(yi)天尤為(wei)關(guan)鍵，如(ru)果(guo)第(di)一(yi)(yi)天失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)多，所造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)可能以后(hou)(hou)都(dou)很難(nan)(nan)彌(mi)補(bu)(bu)。但目(mu)前大(da)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位難(nan)(nan)以做到，往往第(di)一(yi)(yi)天上午(wu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，對混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)大(da)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)天上午(wu)進(jin)(jin)行，每天灑水(shui)(shui)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)，既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)分，從而導致裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)。3.二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)振搗和(he)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)由(you)于(yu)(yu)外(wai)加劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因，一(yi)(yi)般初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)12h左右。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)(hou)，水(shui)(shui)分蒸(zheng)發很快，表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)幾毫米凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殼，外(wai)觀(guan)上貌(mao)似已經(jing)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)(jie)，但實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)內部遠沒有(you)(you)(you)初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)振搗和(he)二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免地會(hui)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫，并且裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫會(hui)逐步擴(kuo)展，直至形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)貫(guan)穿性裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)(hou)振搗工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，排(pai)除(chu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)，增加混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)、耐久性，減少(shao)蜂(feng)窩麻面(mian)(mian)(mian)等缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)。商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)灰比，注定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)量(liang)水(shui)(shui)分蒸(zheng)發后(hou)(hou)留下大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)細管(guan)通道，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)前，進(jin)(jin)行二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)振搗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)對結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)壞，還(huan)可以彌(mi)補(bu)(bu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些空隙(xi)，改善骨(gu)料界面(mian)(mian)(mian)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，提(ti)高混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)振搗密(mi)(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)，須一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)平，即(ji)用(yong)木抹(mo)(mo)(mo)子(zi)將表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)平。一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)平后(hou)(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)前，必(bi)須至少(shao)再(zai)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)次(ci)(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)單單是(shi)(shi)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)平，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“壓(ya)(ya)”，將混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)密(mi)(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，稱為(wei)“二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)”。二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)消除(chu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)及早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塑形(xing)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫，提(ti)高混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)密(mi)(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)。從一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)平到二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)，是(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)分濕(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，進(jin)(jin)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)害裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫，因此(ci)二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)(shi)對早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)。二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)最(zui)好采用(yong)圓盤式抹(mo)(mo)(mo)光機(ji)，抹(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束后(hou)(hou)，必(bi)須立(li)即(ji)對混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，以避免混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)失(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)。只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣，才(cai)能保(bao)(bao)證混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)化良好，提(ti)高硬化混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)和(he)耐久性。

商品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)裂(lie)縫(feng)的(de)產生(sheng)是眾多因素共(gong)同作(zuo)用的(de)結果，其特(te)性(xing)(xing)使得它比(bi)普通混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)更易出現裂(lie)縫(feng)。本文(wen)主要(yao)提(ti)出早期養護環節商品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)開裂(lie)防治措施(shi)，在施(shi)工管理可控的(de)范圍內將裂(lie)縫(feng)產生(sheng)的(de)可能性(xing)(xing)降至最低，保障(zhang)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)工程的(de)內部質(zhi)量和外觀質(zhi)量。

本文作者：王(wang)俊李(li)應軍(jun)工作單位：江蘇省淮沭新河管理處

摘要:當前，商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)面臨著(zhu)原(yuan)材料可(ke)利用資源(yuan)日趨匱乏、市場(chang)容量(liang)小、運營成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)高以及市場(chang)惡性(xing)競(jing)(jing)爭等(deng)問題，要想產品(pin)(pin)在市場(chang)上能夠獲取(qu)更大的競(jing)(jing)爭優勢(shi)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)必須要重視成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、服務(wu)以及品(pin)(pin)牌榮譽等(deng)方面的管(guan)理。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)只有做好了成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制工作才能降低成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、增加利潤，實現(xian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)持續發展。本(ben)(ben)文(wen)以商品(pin)(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)為主體，研究(jiu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)控(kong)制成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的有效策略(lve)。

關鍵(jian)詞:商品(pin)混凝土企(qi)業;成(cheng)本控(kong)制;有(you)效策略

一、商品混凝土企業(ye)成本控制基本概述

(一(yi))商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點及(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)因(yin)素(su)。商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)行(xing)業具備(bei)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季(ji)節性(xing)、地域(yu)性(xing)、周期(qi)性(xing)、規模(mo)效(xiao)應、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)同(tong)質化等(deng)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)特征。其(qi)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)內容主要(yao)包括兩方(fang)面，一(yi)方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)固(gu)定生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，即管理(li)工(gong)資(zi)、勞動成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、固(gu)定資(zi)產(chan)(chan)計提(ti)折舊、機(ji)械設備(bei)保險(xian)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)以及(ji)其(qi)他固(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)費(fei)(fei)用(yong);另一(yi)方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)變動性(xing)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，即商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)泥(ni)、碎(sui)石、沙子、外部添加(jia)劑、油料等(deng)原材料費(fei)(fei)用(yong)、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)加(jia)工(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)使用(yong)和(he)維護費(fei)(fei)用(yong)以及(ji)按產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)計量(liang)(liang)所發放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薪資(zi)獎(jiang)金等(deng)。(二(er))商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)性(xing)。成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)管理(li)是(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)企業經營管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環(huan)節，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)推(tui)進企業健康發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)方(fang)式。對于商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)企業來(lai)說(shuo)，成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)性(xing)表現(xian)(xian)在(zai):其(qi)一(yi)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制能(neng)夠實現(xian)(xian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)企業向集(ji)約(yue)化管理(li)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉型，提(ti)升(sheng)各(ge)項經營決(jue)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)效(xiao)益，實現(xian)(xian)企業經濟價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大化;其(qi)二(er)，基于混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)加(jia)工(gong)及(ji)貨(huo)物運(yun)輸環(huan)節，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)管理(li)能(neng)夠有效(xiao)節約(yue)不(bu)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金支出，刪(shan)除無效(xiao)消耗環(huan)節，提(ti)升(sheng)企業各(ge)項資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)效(xiao)益，同(tong)時也(ye)能(neng)增強(qiang)(qiang)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)競爭優勢(shi)和(he)風險(xian)抵(di)御能(neng)力。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說(shuo)，在(zai)加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、運(yun)輸成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)以及(ji)人工(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)不(bu)斷攀升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)環(huan)境下，為了拓寬經濟利(li)潤空間，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)管理(li)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢(shi)。

二、商品混凝土企業成(cheng)本(ben)控制存在的主要問題

(一(yi))缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意識(shi)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)并不(bu)是一(yi)味地追(zhui)求(qiu)節(jie)(jie)約成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)開支(zhi)，而(er)是以(yi)降成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)增(zeng)效(xiao)為目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，針對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務流(liu)程和經(jing)營活(huo)動所開展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)系(xi)(xi)統化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。我國大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)凝土企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)依舊(jiu)采(cai)用粗放(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式，大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)還(huan)局限于生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這種方(fang)(fang)式縮小了(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射范圍，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)十分(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)限，且(qie)過于追(zhui)求(qiu)降低(di)開支(zhi)會(hui)削弱基(ji)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)積極性(xing)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)無(wu)法促進(jin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步;同時(shi)，以(yi)降價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式達成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，勢必會(hui)影響商(shang)品(pin)(pin)質量，危害到(dao)建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全問題，嚴重(zhong)影響企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。(二(er))成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)法落后。目(mu)(mu)前，大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)凝土企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)法滯(zhi)后于企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)核算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式依舊(jiu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，不(bu)僅(jin)無(wu)法保證成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核算數據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)能有(you)(you)效(xiao)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物質資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)向與消耗過程;同時(shi)，部(bu)門企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)雖然已(yi)經(jing)建立了(le)基(ji)礎(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息系(xi)(xi)統，但(dan)信息技術僅(jin)僅(jin)應用于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)數據采(cai)集、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)估算、賬(zhang)目(mu)(mu)登(deng)記、存貨(huo)計價(jia)、生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)報表等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，不(bu)能作(zuo)(zuo)用于企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)會(hui)計分(fen)(fen)析、預算預測、經(jing)濟決策(ce)等(deng)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)，尚未實現(xian)會(hui)計電算化管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。(三)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)夠健全。大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)凝土企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量方(fang)(fang)面(mian)投(tou)入了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金及關(guan)注(zhu)度(du)，但(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)于形(xing)式，并未形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)由(you)財務部(bu)門牽頭(tou)主導(dao)，雖然在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上(shang)實現(xian)了(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核算與成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統優(you)化，但(dan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)加重(zhong)了(le)財務部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量，尤其在(zai)(zai)(zai)其他業(ye)(ye)(ye)務部(bu)門配合程度(du)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，很難(nan)保證成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫徹(che)落實;另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)未針對(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規章制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與業(ye)(ye)(ye)務流(liu)程融(rong)合度(du)較(jiao)低(di)，對(dui)基(ji)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考核管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)法有(you)(you)序推進(jin)。(四)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)匱乏(fa)(fa)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)匱乏(fa)(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)失效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原因，這是由(you)于大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)混(hun)(hun)凝土企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培養與人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)選拔方(fang)(fang)面(mian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)往(wang)往(wang)由(you)會(hui)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)兼任。而(er)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)會(hui)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)知(zhi)識(shi)層(ceng)面(mian)局限于會(hui)計核算、賬(zhang)目(mu)(mu)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)及資金收(shou)支(zhi)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，對(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相關(guan)知(zhi)識(shi)以(yi)及混(hun)(hun)凝土生(sheng)產(chan)、加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、運(yun)輸等(deng)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務環(huan)節(jie)(jie)了(le)解不(bu)清，在(zai)(zai)(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)溝(gou)通(tong)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)無(wu)法對(dui)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務環(huan)節(jie)(jie)開展(zhan)指導(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，資源浪(lang)費現(xian)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)能得到(dao)根(gen)治。

商(shang)品混凝土(tu)裂縫產生(sheng)的主要(yao)原因(yin)

1材料方面(mian)：水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥的不(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)常凝結、不(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)常膨脹、水(shui)(shui)(shui)化熱升溫(wen)；粗細(xi)骨料級配不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合要(yao)求與(yu)含泥量(liang)(liang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)高；外加劑的質量(liang)(liang)與(yu)摻(chan)量(liang)(liang)問題；混(hun)凝土(tu)配合比不(bu)(bu)(bu)當(dang)等。2施(shi)工（生產(chan)方面(mian)：混(hun)凝土(tu)運輸時間過(guo)(guo)(guo)長；施(shi)工現場混(hun)凝土(tu)隨意加水(shui)(shui)(shui)；澆筑速度(du)過(guo)(guo)(guo)慢(man)或過(guo)(guo)(guo)快；混(hun)凝土(tu)下料高度(du)超(chao)高；漏振或過(guo)(guo)(guo)振；混(hun)凝土(tu)鋼(gang)筋保護層過(guo)(guo)(guo)薄或過(guo)(guo)(guo)厚；施(shi)工縫處理不(bu)(bu)(bu)當(dang)（包括不(bu)(bu)(bu)設(she)(she)合理施(shi)工縫；模板(ban)支撐下沉，模板(ban)變形(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大；拆模過(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)；混(hun)凝土(tu)養護初(chu)期過(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)。3結構(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方面(mian)：構(gou)(gou)件截(jie)面(mian)承載(zai)力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足；細(xi)部構(gou)(gou)造不(bu)(bu)(bu)合理；設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)算與(yu)實際構(gou)(gou)件受力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符；設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)未考慮某些重要(yao)的次應(ying)力(li)作用(yong)。

商品混凝(ning)土(tu)裂縫控制措施

混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面，嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、攪(jiao)拌技術標準，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)運(yun)(yun)輸與(yu)(yu)泵送(song)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)1選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低(di)(di)水(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)，水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品種、細(xi)(xi)(xi)度(du)(du)(du)、強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)等級都會對(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)產生(sheng)影響(xiang)。水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)C3A和(he)(he)C3S的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)越高、水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)越細(xi)(xi)(xi)、對(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)越不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利。應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)，一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)低(di)(di)熱(re)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)和(he)(he)粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)。2粗、細(xi)(xi)(xi)骨(gu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要組成(cheng)，它(ta)在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要起到(dao)(dao)骨(gu)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，并(bing)且(qie)對(dui)膠凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮具(ju)(ju)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)抵(di)抗(kang)(kang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。骨(gu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)級配(pei)(pei)越好，所組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)骨(gu)架(jia)越穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)，抵(di)抗(kang)(kang)變(bian)形能(neng)力(li)越好。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，骨(gu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)級配(pei)(pei)越好，能(neng)降(jiang)低(di)(di)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮。此外(wai)，嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)粗、細(xi)(xi)(xi)骨(gu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)量(liang)(liang)。3粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)是一種活(huo)性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)好、堆積(ji)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摻(chan)合(he)(he)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，且(qie)其(qi)水(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)遠(yuan)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)，在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要起到(dao)(dao)改善(shan)(shan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)易(yi)(yi)性(xing)、降(jiang)低(di)(di)水(shui)(shui)熱(re)化(hua)、節(jie)約成(cheng)本等作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。但粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)隨(sui)著粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等級降(jiang)低(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)減(jian)少(shao)，有(you)時(shi)甚至起到(dao)(dao)相反(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)好活(huo)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粉煤(mei)(mei)灰(hui)。4高效減(jian)水(shui)(shui)外(wai)加(jia)(jia)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)降(jiang)低(di)(di)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)灰(hui)比(bi)以(yi)(yi)及改善(shan)(shan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔隙結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，減(jian)少(shao)泌水(shui)(shui)及保證(zheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)(ding)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內具(ju)(ju)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)性(xing)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)加(jia)(jia)劑對(dui)降(jiang)低(di)(di)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)優(you)先(xian)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮率(lv)低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)外(wai)加(jia)(jia)劑。5混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)①優(you)化(hua)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)比(bi)，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)復(fu)合(he)(he)摻(chan)合(he)(he)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，減(jian)少(shao)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)商品混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮；②不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)季節(jie)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)比(bi)；③不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)比(bi)；④原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)變(bian)化(hua)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)重(zhong)(zhong)新確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)比(bi)；⑤加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計量(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，特別要加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)雨季砂、石含(han)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。⑥商品混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)灰(hui)比(bi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)為0.4～0.6，砂率(lv)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)為38%～45%。6充(chong)分考慮混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)運(yun)(yun)輸與(yu)(yu)泵送(song)諸(zhu)多不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利因素，確(que)(que)保混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)按時(shi)運(yun)(yun)送(song)到(dao)(dao)需(xu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)指定(ding)(ding)地點及混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)泵送(song)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)正確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澆筑(zhu)和(he)(he)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式以(yi)(yi)及二次(ci)(ci)振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)多次(ci)(ci)抹面是消除塑(su)性(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。1嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)按照模板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，保證(zheng)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)剛度(du)(du)(du)、強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)并(bing)拼(pin)縫(feng)嚴(yan)(yan)密(mi)(mi)(mi)。2高度(du)(du)(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)鋼筋(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)型與(yu)(yu)綁扎質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，有(you)效控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)鋼筋(jin)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)矩與(yu)(yu)保護(hu)(hu)層厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)。3對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)管或(huo)多根線(xian)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)(mi)(mi)集(ji)處，增(zeng)設(she)垂直于(yu)(yu)(yu)線(xian)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)短(duan)鋼筋(jin)網(wang)片(pian)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)，抗(kang)(kang)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)短(duan)鋼筋(jin)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)Φ6～Φ8，間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)距≤150，兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錨(mao)固長度(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)300mm。4混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要點①控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)高度(du)(du)(du)，對(dui)柱(zhu)、墻(qiang)、轉換梁等應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)分層澆灌，每(mei)層澆灌厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)30～50cm。②混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)點合(he)(he)理(li)、振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)密(mi)(mi)(mi)實，快(kuai)插慢撥，振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)10～15s/次(ci)(ci)為宜(yi)(yi)(yi)，嚴(yan)(yan)禁過振(zhen)漏振(zhen)。③混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆搗(dao)(dao)1～2h后(hou)、初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)前對(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)進行二次(ci)(ci)振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)并(bing)將表面壓實抹光。④在(zai)(zai)澆筑(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)積(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)溫度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)，澆筑(zhu)后(hou)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)內溫度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)氣溫度(du)(du)(du)溫差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)25℃。5加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)商品混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)是減(jian)少(shao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮變(bian)形，有(you)效控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)非荷載裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)(zhong)要措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)在(zai)(zai)澆筑(zhu)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)期間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內相對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)越大(da)(da)(da)。①充(chong)分重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)，指派專人負責養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。②混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)完畢至凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)后(hou)，需(xu)及時(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)薄膜覆保濕(shi)(shi)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，避(bi)(bi)免混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)失水(shui)(shui)干燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)急劇變(bian)化(hua)。保濕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)7天(tian)(tian)。③摻(chan)入膨脹劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)膨脹劑反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)產生(sheng)膨脹需(xu)要大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)，因此必(bi)須充(chong)分保持混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)潮濕(shi)(shi)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)連續噴水(shui)(shui)或(huo)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)薄膜覆蓋保濕(shi)(shi)，時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)14天(tian)(tian)，抹面后(hou)即可(ke)開始養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)。設(she)計方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面1采(cai)取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)防止不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)均(jun)勻沉(chen)降(jiang)而(er)(er)(er)產生(sheng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)。2在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預留洞、窗下(xia)墻(qiang)、轉角處等容(rong)易(yi)(yi)發(fa)生(sheng)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)。避(bi)(bi)免結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)突變(bian)產生(sheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)薄弱環節(jie)采(cai)取(qu)加(jia)(jia)筋(jin)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。3在(zai)(zai)易(yi)(yi)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊緣部(bu)位(wei)(wei)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)暗粱(liang)，加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)該部(bu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)率(lv)，提(ti)高混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極限拉(la)伸。4適當提(ti)高樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墻(qiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)率(lv)或(huo)在(zai)(zai)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)取(qu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)而(er)(er)(er)密(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)。通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、現澆剪力(li)墻(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)(gou)造鋼筋(jin)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)溫度(du)(du)(du)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)。在(zai)(zai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)，宜(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)直徑細(xi)(xi)(xi)而(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)距密(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)距不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)100mm，沿板(ban)(ban)(ban)縱(zong)橫兩(liang)個方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)率(lv)分別不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0.1%。在(zai)(zai)墻(qiang)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)分布筋(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)筋(jin)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0.4%，間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)距不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)100mm。5梁板(ban)(ban)(ban)、柱(zhu)墻(qiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)同(tong)(tong)一強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，在(zai)(zai)高層建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)有(you)時(shi)為了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)便，而(er)(er)(er)對(dui)梁板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墻(qiang)柱(zhu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)同(tong)(tong)一強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，造成(cheng)梁、板(ban)(ban)(ban)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)偏高，導致混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)現澆板(ban)(ban)(ban)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)縫(feng)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。梁板(ban)(ban)(ban)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)等級應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)柱(zhu)，。6在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)合(he)(he)理(li)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)澆縫(feng)，在(zai)(zai)正常(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件下(xia)。后(hou)澆縫(feng)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)距20～30m。保留時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一般不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)60天(tian)(tian)。超長樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)也可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)部(bu)分預應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補償(chang)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)。

本文作者(zhe)：陸總兵(bing)陸健工作單位(wei)：南(nan)通新華建筑集團有限公司(si)

1原材料方面控制

1.1水泥品種的優選

優先選用(yong)C3A含量低的中、低熱的普通水(shui)泥(ni)或(huo)復(fu)合、礦渣水(shui)泥(ni)等,除(chu)冬期施工外,不宜選早強型水(shui)泥(ni);也不宜采用(yong)火山灰(hui)水(shui)泥(ni),因火山灰(hui)水(shui)泥(ni)需水(shui)量大,易泌水(shui)。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥等級和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土等級應(ying)相(xiang)匹配,一般C25以下混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土宜選(xuan)32.5級水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥,C30以上混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土宜選(xuan)42.5級水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥,但(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥品(pin)(pin)(pin)種不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)混(hun)用,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)家(jia)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種即(ji)是(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥等級也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)混(hun)用,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廠家(jia)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)批(pi)號的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥原則上也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)混(hun)用。因不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廠、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種雖說強(qiang)度(du)等級相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),但(dan)其(qi)中所(suo)含的(de)(de)礦(kuang)物成分不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥摻合料不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),所(suo)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),其(qi)收縮(suo)、變(bian)形、凝(ning)(ning)結時(shi)間(jian)等不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)時(shi)反(fan)映(ying)了各(ge)自水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)個性(xing),所(suo)以不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)混(hun)用,如果(guo)混(hun)用:(1)可能(neng)造(zao)成收縮(suo)、變(bian)形不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),而影(ying)響(xiang)結構(gou)的(de)(de)耐久性(xing);(2)凝(ning)(ning)結時(shi)間(jian)、需水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)速度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),所(suo)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土強(qiang)度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),將使(shi)混(hun)用后的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土強(qiang)度(du)降低5%—20%,(3)由于收縮(suo)變(bian)形不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),產(chan)(chan)生裂縫隱(yin)患存(cun)在(zai)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥應(ying)分別使(shi)用,只能(neng)待上一品(pin)(pin)(pin)種水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥產(chan)(chan)生一定強(qiang)度(du)后,才可向(xiang)其(qi)上面澆(jiao)筑其(qi)他品(pin)(pin)(pin)種、等級的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥。在(zai)保證混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土強(qiang)度(du)的(de)(de)前提下,商品(pin)(pin)(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥用量(liang),應(ying)降低到最低程度(du)。

1.2細骨料

細(xi)骨料(liao)宜采用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)、粗砂。泵送砼宜采用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)砂并靠(kao)上限,0.315mm篩孔篩余量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)應(ying)少(shao)于(yu)15%。實踐(jian)證明,采用(yong)細(xi)度(du)模(mo)數(shu)2.8的中(zhong)(zhong)砂比采用(yong)細(xi)度(du)模(mo)數(shu)2.3的中(zhong)(zhong)砂,可減少(shao)用(yong)水量(liang)(liang)(liang)20kg/m3—25kg/m3,可降低(di)水泥(ni)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)28kg/m3—35kg/m3,因而降低(di)了(le)水泥(ni)水化熱(re)、降低(di)了(le)混凝土(tu)溫(wen)升和收(shou)縮(suo)。細(xi)骨料(liao)的含泥(ni)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)超(chao)過3%,泥(ni)塊含量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)得大于(yu)1%。其他質量(liang)(liang)(liang)指標(biao)應(ying)符合現行(xing)行(xing)業標(biao)準《普通混凝土(tu)用(yong)砂質量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)準及檢驗方(fang)法》的規定(ding)。

在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)澆筑過(guo)程中(zhong)，由于(yu)(yu)施(shi)工人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)時(shi)間振搗(dao)，結果使混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)石子﹑骨料下沉，漿(jiang)體上(shang)浮，造成(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)砂(sha)(sha)漿(jiang)層。這就(jiu)使它的(de)(de)(de)干縮(suo)性(xing)能增(zeng)大，等(deng)到(dao)水(shui)分(fen)蒸發(fa)后(hou)(hou)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)失去水(shui)分(fen)而(er)變得(de)更加(jia)干燥，從(cong)而(er)使毛細孔收(shou)縮(suo)或沉縮(suo)引(yin)起(qi)了(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)龜(gui)裂(lie)。（1）由于(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工中(zhong)各(ge)工種操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人員(yuan)沒(mei)有相互配合，人為地將樓(lou)板(ban)鋼筋的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)品(pin)（板(ban)面(mian)(mian)負筋）踏壞﹑壓彎，出現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)支(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)負彎矩，在(zai)(zai)澆筑混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)后(hou)(hou)便(bian)出現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)板(ban)面(mian)(mian)裂(lie)縫。（2）在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工中(zhong)由于(yu)(yu)要提前預埋線(xian)管，而(er)且加(jia)上(shang)預埋線(xian)管外表光(guang)滑(hua)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)經過(guo)振搗(dao)，石子滑(hua)落，水(shui)泥砂(sha)(sha)漿(jiang)浮于(yu)(yu)預埋線(xian)管上(shang)層，這就(jiu)會(hui)使混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)沿管線(xian)預埋方(fang)向產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)干縮(suo)裂(lie)縫。（3）施(shi)工方(fang)為了(le)(le)(le)趕超進度，節約替換模板(ban)和支(zhi)撐系統，當混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)沒(mei)有達到(dao)規定的(de)(de)(de)強度標準時(shi)，操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人員(yuan)就(jiu)過(guo)早地將模板(ban)拆除(chu)；或者在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)還(huan)沒(mei)有完(wan)全終凝(ning)(ning)后(hou)(hou)，就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)加(jia)壓重荷，甚(shen)至上(shang)人作(zuo)(zuo)業等(deng)。這都會(hui)使混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)彈性(xing)發(fa)生(sheng)變性(xing)，破壞混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)板(ban)結構，從(cong)而(er)出現(xian)裂(lie)縫。（4）混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)澆筑后(hou)(hou)，還(huan)有大量的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)化熱量得(de)不(bu)到(dao)散(san)發(fa)，在(zai)(zai)內部就(jiu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)溫度應(ying)力。由于(yu)(yu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)抗拉強度低，容易被溫度引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)拉應(ying)力拉裂(lie)，從(cong)而(er)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)溫度裂(lie)縫，這就(jiu)給施(shi)工后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)護(hu)帶來了(le)(le)(le)難度。如果在(zai)(zai)樓(lou)板(ban)養(yang)護(hu)時(shi)沒(mei)有采(cai)取覆(fu)蓋或覆(fu)蓋措施(shi)不(bu)到(dao)位(wei)，養(yang)護(hu)時(shi)間不(bu)夠，也會(hui)使樓(lou)板(ban)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)縫。

因此，民居工程的(de)(de)施工中(zhong)應從(cong)以(yi)下幾(ji)方面來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)商品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)樓(lou)板裂(lie)縫的(de)(de)發生。施工方要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇有資質的(de)(de)商品混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)生產廠家，根據混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)強度等級﹑和(he)易性及實驗(yan)室配合(he)比的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，確定(ding)各種標號混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)配合(he)比，嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)按照配合(he)比控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)水灰比和(he)水泥(ni)用(yong)量(liang)；選(xuan)擇級配良好的(de)(de)石子(zi)，減少(shao)孔隙率以(yi)減少(shao)收(shou)縮(suo)量(liang)；嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)砂子(zi)的(de)(de)含(han)泥(ni)量(liang)﹑泥(ni)塊含(han)量(liang)，采用(yong)中(zhong)粗砂，避(bi)免使用(yong)過量(liang)粉砂。同時，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)審查出(chu)廠合(he)格(ge)(ge)證及設計配合(he)比報告，嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)坍落(luo)度，以(yi)便(bian)提高它的(de)(de)抗裂(lie)性能。

先(xian)進合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和方(fang)法，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅能(neng)降(jiang)低(di)(di)建筑(zhu)(zhu)成本，提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率，還能(neng)有效(xiao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫。（1）梁、柱(zhu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)完成后(hou)，制(zhi)定(ding)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案，并對(dui)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)支撐(cheng)系統(tong)編(bian)制(zhi)專項施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案。要(yao)(yao)求模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)及支撐(cheng)系統(tong)除(chu)滿足(zu)(zu)強度要(yao)(yao)求外，還必(bi)須有足(zu)(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剛度和穩定(ding)性(xing)；而(er)且根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)求要(yao)(yao)準備充足(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，以確保(bao)按標(biao)準﹑按要(yao)(yao)求拆除(chu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。梁、板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、柱(zhu)宜采(cai)用同一標(biao)號混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。（2）混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)前，應(ying)將(jiang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)用水(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)(jiao)濕潤(run)，避免模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)干燥而(er)吸收水(shui)(shui)分(fen)。同時，要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)振搗時間(jian)，以防止(zhi)(zhi)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)產生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)沉(chen)降(jiang)收縮，使樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)裂(lie)(lie)縫。（3）現(xian)(xian)(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預埋(mai)線(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)必(bi)須布置(zhi)在(zai)底部鋼筋網(wang)片之上，交叉(cha)布線(xian)(xian)處可(ke)采(cai)用接線(xian)(xian)盒集中鋼筋網(wang)帶，嚴禁將(jiang)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)平埋(mai)設在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中；而(er)且在(zai)埋(mai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)集中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)，切不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)管(guan)(guan)(guan)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)緊密相列，要(yao)(yao)留(liu)有適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距。（4）現(xian)(xian)(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)完畢(bi)后(hou)，應(ying)在(zai)12h內進行(xing)覆(fu)蓋并作保(bao)濕養(yang)護(hu)，12h后(hou)應(ying)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)養(yang)護(hu)，養(yang)護(hu)時間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得少(shao)于(yu)1個星(xing)期(qi)(qi)。對(dui)于(yu)摻(chan)用緩凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)型外加劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，養(yang)護(hu)時間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得少(shao)于(yu)2個星(xing)期(qi)(qi)。同時，對(dui)于(yu)已澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)完畢(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，嚴格(ge)禁止(zhi)(zhi)人或(huo)重物加荷其(qi)上，以防止(zhi)(zhi)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人為破壞，從而(er)導致(zhi)裂(lie)(lie)縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。綜(zong)上所述，混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)裂(lie)(lie)縫是混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)結構中普遍存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅會降(jiang)低(di)(di)居(ju)(ju)民(min)樓(lou)(lou)層(ceng)與層(ceng)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)滲能(neng)力，影響居(ju)(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)活，還會降(jiang)低(di)(di)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐久性(xing)，影響整個居(ju)(ju)民(min)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命。因此，建筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位必(bi)須嚴格(ge)加強混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)原材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產質量控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和現(xian)(xian)(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，民(min)居(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫就能(neng)得到(dao)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。

本文作者：柴燕侖(lun)工作單位：大同煤礦集團公司企劃(hua)部(bu)

一訂立合同階段應注意(yi)的問題

一(yi)(yi)般情況，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)主(zhu)張按車載混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)數量(liang)(liang)結(jie)算，而需(xu)方(fang)(fang)要(yao)求按圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙結(jie)算。因而應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)將結(jie)算方(fang)(fang)式在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)做(zuo)出(chu)明(ming)(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)，以(yi)防(fang)(fang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)(huo)后(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)算時(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)生爭議。當合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)規定(ding)(ding)按車載混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)數量(liang)(liang)結(jie)算時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注意明(ming)(ming)確(que)結(jie)算車載混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)數量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判定(ding)(ding)條(tiao)件與(yu)標準。當合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)規定(ding)(ding)按圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙結(jie)算時(shi)(shi)(shi)，條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)明(ming)(ming)確(que)需(xu)方(fang)(fang)向供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)交(jiao)付用于結(jie)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任，并(bing)要(yao)明(ming)(ming)確(que)在(zai)(zai)(zai)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙變更時(shi)(shi)(shi)需(xu)方(fang)(fang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)向供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變更后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)及不(bu)交(jiao)付圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違約責任及后(hou)(hou)果(guo)承擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任，以(yi)保證供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)獲得(de)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)算依(yi)(yi)據。在(zai)(zai)(zai)依(yi)(yi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紙進行(xing)結(jie)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，還應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)進一(yi)(yi)步明(ming)(ming)確(que)計(ji)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法。以(yi)免在(zai)(zai)(zai)交(jiao)付混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)后(hou)(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)算環(huan)節上(shang)出(chu)現糾紛(fen)(fen)，影響貨(huo)(huo)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)回。如(ru)有必(bi)要(yao)還應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)寫(xie)明(ming)(ming)計(ji)算方(fang)(fang)法所依(yi)(yi)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文件。收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)授(shou)權(quan)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)是商(shang)品(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)購銷合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)簽證是結(jie)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)(yi)據，因此，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)必(bi)須明(ming)(ming)確(que)需(xu)方(fang)(fang)向供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)授(shou)權(quan)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)名單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)。如(ru)需(xu)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)發(fa)(fa)生變更時(shi)(shi)(shi)，需(xu)方(fang)(fang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)向供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變更后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)員名單以(yi)保證收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)簽證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)性。由于商(shang)品(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)付大多數是在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間內(nei)分多次(ci)完成(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此期間需(xu)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)可能發(fa)(fa)生變動，往(wang)往(wang)由于簽收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變動或(huo)無(wu)權(quan)簽收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽單，會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貨(huo)(huo)簽證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)效(xiao)而使(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)數量(liang)(liang)無(wu)法計(ji)算，給企業造(zao)成(cheng)經濟(ji)損失。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽訂(ding)(ding)(ding)地(di)(di)(di)或(huo)履(lv)行(xing)地(di)(di)(di)對于訴訟管轄(xia)具有意義(yi)(yi)，不(bu)容忽視。應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力爭合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽訂(ding)(ding)(ding)地(di)(di)(di)或(huo)履(lv)行(xing)地(di)(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)有利(li)于自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)。或(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)直接明(ming)(ming)確(que)解決糾紛(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仲(zhong)裁(cai)與(yu)訴訟地(di)(di)(di)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽訂(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，還應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對用語用字做(zuo)好(hao)斟酌(zhuo)，以(yi)防(fang)(fang)發(fa)(fa)生歧義(yi)(yi)產生糾紛(fen)(fen)，導致不(bu)利(li)后(hou)(hou)果(guo)。如(ru)“定(ding)(ding)金”與(yu)“訂(ding)(ding)(ding)金”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用要(yao)搞(gao)準等。

二(er)在履行合同中應注意的問(wen)題

供方在履行合同中應注意(yi)以下(xia)幾個問題。

1．做(zuo)好供貨(huo)委托單的簽證(zheng)與保存(cun)

每次(ci)供(gong)(gong)貨前都應要(yao)求需方(fang)(fang)(fang)填(tian)寫供(gong)(gong)貨委托單(dan)(dan)，并由(you)需方(fang)(fang)(fang)授權的(de)人員簽字(zi)。如有可能，加蓋需方(fang)(fang)(fang)公章最為(wei)可靠。這個環節很重要(yao)，它能夠證明(ming)需方(fang)(fang)(fang)要(yao)求供(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)供(gong)(gong)給其混凝土的(de)數量(liang)、型號和質量(liang)要(yao)求及(ji)供(gong)(gong)貨時間、澆注部(bu)位(wei)，是結算貨款的(de)重要(yao)依據，必(bi)須做好保存。無供(gong)(gong)貨委托單(dan)(dan)的(de)堅決不能供(gong)(gong)貨，否則出現爭議，供(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)必(bi)受損失(shi)。

第一(yi)條為全面推廣使(shi)用商(shang)品混凝土，加強(qiang)我市(shi)建設工(gong)程管理，確(que)保建設工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)，減少(shao)環境(jing)污染，根據國家有關法律法規(gui)(gui)及《廣東省散裝水泥(ni)管理規(gui)(gui)定》，結合我市(shi)的(de)實際，制定本(ben)規(gui)(gui)定。

第二條本規定(ding)所稱建設工(gong)程包括(kuo)工(gong)業與民(min)用建筑，市政(zheng)公(gong)用設施，公(gong)路、橋梁、港口、碼頭、水庫、堤壩等工(gong)程。

第三條(tiao)市建(jian)設(she)局是(shi)我(wo)市商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土行業的行政主管(guan)部(bu)門，負責(ze)組織和監(jian)督(du)本(ben)規定的實施。市建(jian)設(she)局下設(she)散裝水泥管(guan)理(li)站，負責(ze)全(quan)市商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土的生產、銷售、運輸和使用(yong)的管(guan)理(li)。各鎮政府（區辦(ban)事(shi)處）協助(zhu)市建(jian)設(she)局做好本(ben)轄區范(fan)圍內建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程使用(yong)商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)。

市交通局、水利局各自負責本部門專(zhuan)業工(gong)程使用商品(pin)混凝土(tu)的組織實施和監督工(gong)作。

第四條下列(lie)范圍(wei)內(nei)的建設工程(cheng)必須使(shi)用商品混凝土：

㈠石岐區(qu)、東(dong)區(qu)、南(nan)區(qu)、西區(qu)、火炬區(qu)范圍內的(de)建設工程；

1裂紋問題

商品混凝土裂紋，特別是(shi)梁板(ban)裂紋始終是(shi)大(da)家十分頭(tou)疼(teng)的(de)事情，現就(jiu)裂紋的(de)種類，產(chan)生原因和防(fang)治(zhi)辦法作(zuo)以下分析(xi)：

1.1沉縮裂紋

商品混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)早期沉縮裂(lie)紋(wen)往往出現在(zai)梁(liang)板(ban)結構澆(jiao)注后幾小(xiao)時，多數(shu)沿鋼(gang)筋開(kai)裂(lie)，長度10cm～100cm，寬度0.1mm～1mm，也有寬達1cm的貫(guan)穿性裂(lie)紋(wen).產(chan)生裂(lie)紋(wen)的主要原因是板(ban)面上部鋼(gang)筋保護(hu)層偏小(xiao)、混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)攪拌用水(shui)量(liang)大、坍落(luo)度偏大，混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)沉降(jiang)收縮導(dao)致裂(lie)紋(wen)產(chan)生。

防止此類(lei)裂紋產生(sheng)的(de)主(zhu)要措施是(shi)：嚴格控制攪拌用(yong)水量(liang)(liang)，在(zai)滿(man)足泵送前提(ti)下(xia)(xia)，盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)降低鋼板結構混(hun)(hun)凝土砂率，滿(man)足強度(du)的(de)前提(ti)下(xia)(xia)，盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)減少水泥(ni)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，混(hun)(hun)凝土中適量(liang)(liang)摻入粉煤灰和礦渣微粉。

1.2混凝土干(gan)縮裂紋

委(wei)機關(guan)各(ge)科室、直(zhi)屬各(ge)單位，各(ge)施工開發企(qi)業、監(jian)理單位、預拌(ban)混(hun)凝土生(sheng)產企(qi)業：

為切(qie)實(shi)搞好預(yu)(yu)拌商品(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產使用(yong)(yong)管理工(gong)作，提(ti)高工(gong)程(cheng)質量和安全生(sheng)(sheng)產水平，節(jie)約資源、保護環(huan)境，根據《建(jian)設領(ling)域(yu)推廣應用(yong)(yong)新(xin)技(ji)術管理規定(ding)》（中華人民共和國建(jian)設部(bu)令109號(hao)）、《重(zhong)慶(qing)市建(jian)設領(ling)域(yu)推廣應用(yong)(yong)新(xin)技(ji)術管理辦(ban)法（暫行(xing)）》（**建(jian)發〔2003〕141號(hao)）、《重(zhong)慶(qing)市建(jian)設領(ling)域(yu)限制、禁止使用(yong)(yong)落后(hou)技(ji)術的通告》（第(di)一號(hao)）和縣府(fu)辦(ban)《關于推廣使用(yong)(yong)預(yu)(yu)拌商品(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的通知》（足府(fu)辦(ban)發〔**〕255號(hao)）文(wen)件精神，現(xian)就加強(qiang)我縣預(yu)(yu)拌商品(pin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)產使用(yong)(yong)管理工(gong)作的相關事(shi)宜(yi)通知如下：

一、推行使用預拌商品混凝土的時(shi)間、范圍

從(cong)**年3月1日(ri)起(qi)，組團縣城(cheng)城(cheng)市(shi)規劃區內建筑面積1000平方米(mi)以上或者混(hun)凝土用(yong)量500立方米(mi)以上的建設工程（包括在建工程、新(xin)開工工程）必(bi)須使用(yong)預(yu)拌混(hun)凝土，禁(jin)止現場(chang)攪拌混(hun)凝土。從(cong)3月1日(ri)起(qi)的新(xin)建工程，禁(jin)止使用(yong)跨度3.9米(mi)及以上的空(kong)心板(ban)，必(bi)須采用(yong)現澆鋼筋混(hun)凝土樓板(ban)。

二(er)、推行(xing)使用(yong)預拌商品混凝土的具體措施和辦法

（一(yi)）在辦理工(gong)(gong)程招(zhao)投標手續時，標書中必須(xu)明確要求建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程嚴格按(an)規定使用(yong)預拌商品混凝土(tu)。否則，招(zhao)投標監(jian)督管理部(bu)門(men)不得對其工(gong)(gong)程招(zhao)投標情況進行(xing)備案(an)。

從(cong)節(jie)約資源，保護和(he)改善環(huan)境出(chu)發，國(guo)家(jia)出(chu)臺了一(yi)系列行政(zheng)法規，鼓勵發展散裝水(shui)泥和(he)預拌混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，我(wo)(wo)省也于2008年出(chu)臺了《省促(cu)進散裝水(shui)泥和(he)預拌混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發展條例》，為確(que)保我(wo)(wo)縣(xian)散裝水(shui)泥和(he)預拌混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工作的正常(chang)開展，我(wo)(wo)縣(xian)于2009年成立了散裝水(shui)泥和(he)預拌混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)管(guan)理辦公室（與墻材革新辦公室合署辦公）。近年來，商品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)在我(wo)(wo)縣(xian)建設工程(cheng)中得到(dao)推(tui)廣應用，對(dui)提高和(he)穩定工程(cheng)質量(liang)、改善城(cheng)鎮(zhen)環(huan)境起到(dao)了積極作用，但也存在一(yi)些(xie)不容忽視的問題。

一、我縣商品混(hun)凝土行業的基本情況

通過比選(xuan)(xuan)招標，2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)有限公(gong)司(si)在(zai)(zai)鎮(zhen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)了一條年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)20萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品(pin)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)生(sheng)產(chan)線(xian)(xian)（立(li)(li)項(xiang)批復為年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)40萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)二條生(sheng)產(chan)線(xian)(xian)，由(you)于市場需(xu)求(qiu)不足，目(mu)前僅建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一條生(sheng)產(chan)線(xian)(xian)）；2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)2月經縣(xian)政府(fu)(fu)批準，縣(xian)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)有限公(gong)司(si)目(mu)前鎮(zhen)村(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)60萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)商(shang)品(pin)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)二條生(sheng)產(chan)線(xian)(xian)，預計(ji)10月份可(ke)投產(chan)；2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月縣(xian)政府(fu)(fu)抄(chao)告同(tong)意建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)材有限公(gong)司(si)在(zai)(zai)鎮(zhen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)一座(zuo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)60萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)站(zhan)，由(you)于當地(di)(di)(di)村(cun)民不同(tong)意，導(dao)致(zhi)征(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)工(gong)作進展緩慢，加之所選(xuan)(xuan)場址地(di)(di)(di)質條件不是(shi)很適宜建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)站(zhan)，至今項(xiang)目(mu)未開工(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)。項(xiang)目(mu)單位想將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)地(di)(di)(di)址改至鄉(xiang)村(cun)，由(you)于改變了當時縣(xian)政府(fu)(fu)抄(chao)告單批復的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)地(di)(di)(di)點，現已(yi)在(zai)(zai)向縣(xian)政府(fu)(fu)申請變更項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)選(xuan)(xuan)址。已(yi)批復的(de)(de)(de)三座(zuo)預拌(ban)(ban)(ban)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)設(she)計(ji)產(chan)能(neng)合(he)計(ji)達160萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，已(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成和建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)二座(zuo)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)能(neng)合(he)計(ji)達80萬立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。

二、存在的問題

由于我(wo)(wo)縣目前還(huan)未(wei)列入禁止(zhi)現場(chang)(chang)攪拌混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)縣市(shi)區，縣政府未(wei)出臺(tai)禁止(zhi)現場(chang)(chang)攪拌混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)實施(shi)方(fang)案，現在使用商品(pin)混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)主要是房地產(chan)(chan)開發(fa)和一些單(dan)位建(jian)筑工程量(liang)較大(da)的(de)項目，新老縣城商品(pin)混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)年需求量(liang)不足20萬立方(fang)米(mi)，現有(you)預拌混凝(ning)土(tu)攪拌站的(de)產(chan)(chan)能遠遠大(da)于市(shi)場(chang)(chang)需求量(liang)，產(chan)(chan)能嚴重過(guo)剩(sheng)，容易引(yin)起生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)惡意競爭，增加管理難度。同(tong)時，在產(chan)(chan)能過(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)情況下，一些單(dan)位的(de)工作人(ren)員(yuan)利用工作之(zhi)便還(huan)引(yin)進(jin)外縣企(qi)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)商品(pin)混凝(ning)土(tu)進(jin)入我(wo)(wo)縣市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，造成稅收流失。

三、建議