導語：如(ru)何才能寫好一篇人身(shen)保險(xian)論文，這就(jiu)需要搜(sou)集(ji)整理更多的資料和(he)文獻，歡迎閱讀(du)由(you)公務員(yuan)之家(jia)整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

(一)前期(qi)建設(she)階段

該階段自1995至2003年。1994年內蒙古財經大學招收第一屆保險學專業(專科)學生，1995年《人身保險學(xue)》課(ke)程作為保險專(zhuan)業(ye)主干課(ke)程開(kai)設(she)。在此期間，該課(ke)程同時作為金(jin)融專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)生的專(zhuan)業(ye)選修課(ke)開(kai)設(she)。當(dang)時只有一名(ming)主講教師、一本教科書和一本教案，課(ke)程建設(she)開(kai)始起步。

(二)不斷完善階段

2004年經教育部(bu)批準(zhun)內蒙(meng)古財經學(xue)院成立保險學(xue)本(ben)科專業并開始招生(sheng)，以此為(wei)開端，課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)迎(ying)來了不斷完善階段。經過課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)組多(duo)年的探索，該課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的建(jian)設(she)得到(dao)不斷加強，課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)規劃情況主(zhu)要集中在6個方面:

1．組(zu)織人(ren)員(yuan)，形成(cheng)(cheng)團隊(dui)自2004年設立保(bao)險(xian)本(ben)科專業(ye)以(yi)來，在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)的大力(li)支(zhi)持下，《人(ren)身保(bao)險(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)組(zu)目前(qian)已(yi)經發展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)為一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)以(yi)中青(qing)年骨(gu)干教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)的知(zhi)識結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、年齡(ling)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、職稱結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)合(he)理(li)的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)隊(dui)伍。團隊(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)的專業(ye)背景充分融(rong)合(he)了保(bao)險(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、經濟學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、統計學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等交叉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，各成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)均具有較(jiao)(jiao)深的保(bao)險(xian)專業(ye)及相(xiang)關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科理(li)論功底、洞悉保(bao)險(xian)理(li)論和(he)應用的發展(zhan)前(qian)沿知(zhi)識，具備承擔人(ren)身保(bao)險(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)授課(ke)(ke)任務和(he)科研課(ke)(ke)題的能(neng)力(li)。《人(ren)身保(bao)險(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小組(zu)共有5人(ren)，其中教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授1人(ren)，副(fu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授3人(ren)，助(zhu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)1人(ren);博士(shi)2人(ren)、碩士(shi)3人(ren)，形成(cheng)(cheng)了一(yi)(yi)個結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)合(he)理(li)的課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梯隊(dui)。從學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)緣(yuan)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)上(shang)(shang)，課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)組(zu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)分別畢業(ye)于(yu)中央財(cai)經大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、西(xi)南(nan)財(cai)經大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、華東師(shi)(shi)范大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等國內知(zhi)名學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)府，有較(jiao)(jiao)好的專業(ye)背景。從年齡(ling)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)上(shang)(shang)，課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)年齡(ling)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)為30－40歲4人(ren)、40－45歲1人(ren)，是(shi)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)富有朝氣和(he)活(huo)力(li)的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)隊(dui)伍。

2．緊跟政策(ce)和(he)形勢，完(wan)善教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)是(shi)體現教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容的知識載(zai)體，是(shi)進行教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的基本工具，更是(shi)培養人才(cai)的重要保(bao)(bao)證。所以，課程組(zu)在(zai)選(xuan)取教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，充(chong)分考慮到了(le)所選(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的權威性、針對性和(he)時(shi)(shi)代性，優先采用國家規劃教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部、保(bao)(bao)監會(hui)(hui)(hui)推(tui)薦(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai))張洪(hong)濤(tao)、莊(zhuang)作(zuo)瑾(jin)主編的《人身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)》。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，選(xuan)擇國外經典教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)作(zuo)為(wei)補充(chong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料推(tui)薦(jian)給學(xue)(xue)生。在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容方面(mian)，課程組(zu)每學(xue)(xue)年都會(hui)(hui)(hui)根(gen)據政策(ce)與形式變化對教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容做相應的調(diao)整(zheng)，例如，當前延(yan)遲退休年齡成了(le)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)各(ge)界關(guan)注的熱(re)點問(wen)題，課程組(zu)在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容中(zhong)增加《退休政策(ce)與養老保(bao)(bao)險(xian)》專題來探討。

3．完善課程要(yao)(yao)件(jian)《人身保險學(xue)(xue)》課程在(zai)開(kai)課初期只(zhi)有一本教(jiao)科書和(he)一本教(jiao)案(an)。經(jing)過(guo)20年的努力和(he)探索，目前該課程有教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)大(da)綱、配(pei)套教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)課件(jian)、教(jiao)案(an)、教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)案(an)例庫(ku)、系列專題、習題庫(ku)和(he)無紙化試題庫(ku)等課程要(yao)(yao)件(jian)齊備(bei)。

4．完善教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法(fa)和(he)手段通過(guo)理(li)論(lun)(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相結(jie)(jie)合、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)練結(jie)(jie)合、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)用結(jie)(jie)合，將理(li)論(lun)(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、案(an)例(li)(li)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等方法(fa)有(you)機結(jie)(jie)合，形成了(le)理(li)論(lun)(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、案(an)例(li)(li)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“三位一(yi)體”的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式。基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)概念、基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)知識、基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)理(li)論(lun)(lun)的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)教(jiao)(jiao)師課堂講(jiang)授為主(zhu)，教(jiao)(jiao)師講(jiang)授中(zhong)大量運用啟發式方法(fa)。實(shi)(shi)踐性(xing)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)主(zhu)要運用案(an)例(li)(li)式方法(fa)。這可以(yi)使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)興趣，提高感性(xing)認(ren)識，加深對(dui)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)理(li)解和(he)重視(shi)程度。例(li)(li)如(ru)，保(bao)險的(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)原則、人(ren)壽(shou)保(bao)險理(li)賠可以(yi)通過(guo)案(an)例(li)(li)加以(yi)說明。在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)增加實(shi)(shi)踐環節，對(dui)于培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生理(li)論(lun)(lun)聯系實(shi)(shi)際的(de)意識、增強他們的(de)動手能力(li)和(he)適應能力(li)來講(jiang)都非常關(guan)鍵。根據(ju)課程實(shi)(shi)務性(xing)強的(de)特點，將課程的(de)相關(guan)內(nei)容(如(ru)人(ren)壽(shou)與(yu)健康保(bao)險的(de)營銷、條款分析、理(li)賠等)安排在(zai)暑期(qi)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)中(zhong)進一(yi)步學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)檢驗。

5．加強校際交流2006年(nian)派一(yi)名青(qing)年(nian)教(jiao)師(shi)赴(fu)中央財經大學(xue)(xue)做訪問學(xue)(xue)者。2006年(nian)、2008年(nian)分別派一(yi)名青(qing)年(nian)教(jiao)師(shi)攻讀博(bo)士學(xue)(xue)位，目前他(ta)們均以(yi)優異成績畢業回(hui)到(dao)金融學(xue)(xue)院的教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)與科研第一(yi)線。通(tong)過青(qing)年(nian)教(jiao)師(shi)在國內(nei)知(zhi)名高校學(xue)(xue)習和深造，課(ke)程組與這(zhe)些(xie)學(xue)(xue)校建(jian)立(li)并保持著良好的合(he)作(zuo)關系。

6．搭建實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)橋梁，建立(li)實(shi)習基地(di)2014年5月，金融學(xue)(xue)(xue)院保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)系與(yu)(yu)中國太平(ping)洋保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)內(nei)蒙古(gu)分(fen)公(gong)司(si)、百(bai)年人壽(shou)內(nei)蒙古(gu)分(fen)公(gong)司(si)草擬(ni)了(le)(le)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產學(xue)(xue)(xue)研合(he)(he)作試點(dian)方案》，達成了(le)(le)合(he)(he)作意向(xiang)。兩(liang)家保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)不(bu)僅(jin)可以(yi)為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)、教師提(ti)供(gong)調研和實(shi)習的(de)(de)便(bian)利，同時也(ye)可以(yi)選派管理(li)(li)人員為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)講授壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)營銷、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營管理(li)(li)等實(shi)務性較(jiao)強的(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)。通過(guo)與(yu)(yu)上(shang)述(shu)兩(liang)家保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)作，不(bu)僅(jin)解決了(le)(le)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)實(shi)習問題，通過(guo)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)環(huan)節可以(yi)進一步檢驗(yan)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識，而(er)且(qie)也(ye)為培養年輕(qing)教師的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)平(ping)臺。總之，《人身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)》課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)研究起步較(jiao)早，經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)20年的(de)(de)探索(suo)積累(lei)了(le)(le)豐富的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)，在教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)模式、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)研究與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)培養等方面形(xing)成了(le)(le)鮮明的(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)優(you)勢與(yu)(yu)特色。本課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)側重(zhong)人身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)領域(yu)，專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)性強，同時兼顧職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化特色，在課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)建設過(guo)程(cheng)中注(zhu)重(zhong)理(li)(li)論(lun)性與(yu)(yu)實(shi)務操作性。本課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)在區(qu)內(nei)同類(lei)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)中無論(lun)是(shi)開設時間還(huan)是(shi)從(cong)師資(zi)力(li)量、社會影響來講都是(shi)處(chu)于領先水平(ping);從(cong)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)的(de)(de)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)情況分(fen)析，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)后能夠很好(hao)地(di)適應工作，受到用人單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)普遍好(hao)評，已有一批(pi)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)管理(li)(li)層嶄(zhan)露頭角(jiao)。

二、《人身保險(xian)學(xue)》課程今后(hou)建(jian)設方向及(ji)思路(lu)

內蒙古財(cai)經大學(xue)以(yi)(yi)自治區(qu)區(qu)內生源(yuan)為(wei)主，以(yi)(yi)少數民族(zu)教育為(wei)特色。因此，《人身保(bao)險(xian)學(xue)》課(ke)程(cheng)立足實際，旨在使(shi)學(xue)生全面掌(zhang)握開(kai)放經濟條件下區(qu)域人身風險(xian)及(ji)人壽保(bao)險(xian)經營活動(dong)的原理和(he)規律，同時(shi)注重蒙漢雙語教學(xue)，為(wei)地方(fang)經濟培養能夠適應現代保(bao)險(xian)市場的風險(xian)管(guan)理與保(bao)險(xian)類民族(zu)人才。今后的課(ke)程(cheng)建設緊(jin)緊(jin)圍繞上述定位，同時(shi)結合保(bao)險(xian)行(xing)業發展需(xu)要，進一步調整和(he)完(wan)善本(ben)課(ke)程(cheng)教學(xue)體(ti)系，突出課(ke)程(cheng)特色，力爭將本(ben)課(ke)程(cheng)建設成為(wei)具有(you)較(jiao)高的教學(xue)水(shui)準、擁有(you)豐富的教學(xue)資源(yuan)、具有(you)良好(hao)示范作用(yong)的精品課(ke)程(cheng)。

(一)加強(qiang)師資隊伍的建(jian)設，提高團隊整體水平

今后進一步加強教學隊(dui)伍建設，在教學梯(ti)隊(dui)人員學歷水平、職稱(cheng)結構等方面全面加強，強化(hua)青年教師培養，提升整體(ti)教學團(tuan)隊(dui)的業務水平和科研水平。

1．建(jian)立完善可行的教(jiao)(jiao)師進(jin)修和(he)出(chu)國訪(fang)問長效(xiao)機(ji)制通過國內(nei)或(huo)國外(wai)、短期(qi)或(huo)長期(qi)培訓與(yu)進(jin)修提升本團隊的教(jiao)(jiao)學水平，特別是科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)實力。國內(nei)進(jin)修方(fang)面，定(ding)期(qi)或(huo)不(bu)定(ding)期(qi)選派教(jiao)(jiao)學科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)后備人才(cai)到(dao)國內(nei)名牌(pai)學校進(jin)行期(qi)限長短不(bu)同(三個月至一年(nian)(nian))的專題或(huo)系統學習(xi)，爭(zheng)取利用這種快(kuai)速、有(you)效(xiao)的方(fang)式(shi)提升后備人才(cai)的教(jiao)(jiao)學與(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)素養。國外(wai)訪(fang)問機(ji)制方(fang)面，鼓勵青年(nian)(nian)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)骨干(gan)到(dao)國外(wai)做訪(fang)問學者，緊跟國際主流研(yan)(yan)究范式(shi)和(he)方(fang)法，不(bu)斷提升教(jiao)(jiao)學科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)整(zheng)體水平。

2．引進(jin)優秀人才，特別是具有國際化(hua)背景的青年人才

隨著(zhu)中國(guo)金融業(ye)對外開放程度(du)的進一步加深，保險業(ye)競爭的加劇，保險業(ye)的發展無(wu)論(lun)是業(ye)務結(jie)構還是服務對象，都發生著(zhu)深刻變化(hua)(hua)。面對全球化(hua)(hua)，適應變化(hua)(hua)的復合型(xing)保險類人(ren)(ren)才(cai)已經(jing)顯(xian)得日趨稀缺化(hua)(hua)。為此，站在行業(ye)發展的高度(du)，引(yin)進能(neng)夠給課程教學團隊帶來(lai)新的范式沖擊、具有國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)背景的青(qing)年人(ren)(ren)才(cai)，強化(hua)(hua)教學梯隊的人(ren)(ren)才(cai)建設。

(二)注重課程建設(she)(she)，全面提升課程建設(she)(she)質量

隨(sui)著我(wo)國(guo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)服務(wu)業的(de)(de)迅(xun)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，商業保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)逐步(bu)成為個人(ren)和家庭(ting)商業保(bao)(bao)障計劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)主要承擔者(zhe)、企業發(fa)(fa)起的(de)(de)養老保(bao)(bao)障計劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)重要提(ti)(ti)供者(zhe)，《人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)》課程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)開課率會越來越高，對任課教(jiao)師的(de)(de)要求也會進一步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高。圍繞保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)學(xue)(xue)專業復(fu)合(he)型(xing)(xing)、應(ying)用型(xing)(xing)人(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)培養目標，結合(he)國(guo)際保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢，體現(xian)現(xian)代(dai)經濟(ji)社(she)會人(ren)才(cai)需(xu)求特點，科學(xue)(xue)設計課程(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容，突出實(shi)踐(jian)性教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)環節，實(shi)現(xian)應(ying)用型(xing)(xing)人(ren)才(cai)培養目標。以(yi)精品(pin)課程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設為契機，全(quan)面提(ti)(ti)高課程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設質量。

(三)加大實踐教(jiao)學(xue)和創新(xin)教(jiao)學(xue)的力度(du)

今后進(jin)一(yi)步強(qiang)化實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)教學(xue)(xue)環節(jie)，擴展實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)基地，加(jia)強(qiang)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教學(xue)(xue)的(de)軟硬(ying)件設施建設。根據《人(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)險學(xue)(xue)》課程實(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)的(de)特點，與《人(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)險學(xue)(xue)》同(tong)一(yi)學(xue)(xue)期(qi)開設《保(bao)險實(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)》實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)課，來配合講授壽險公司業(ye)務(wu)(wu)經營流(liu)程。同(tong)時將課程的(de)相關內容(rong)(如人(ren)(ren)(ren)壽與健康保(bao)險的(de)營銷、條(tiao)款分(fen)(fen)析、理賠等)安(an)排在“暑期(qi)實(shi)(shi)習”中進(jin)一(yi)步學(xue)(xue)習檢驗(yan)(yan)。同(tong)時將不斷追蹤學(xue)(xue)科前沿，緊跟(gen)行業(ye)發(fa)展步伐，及時更新教學(xue)(xue)內容(rong)、改進(jin)教學(xue)(xue)方法和手段，重視實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)性(xing)(xing)教學(xue)(xue)，引(yin)導學(xue)(xue)生進(jin)行研究(jiu)性(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)習，培養學(xue)(xue)生發(fa)現(xian)、分(fen)(fen)析、解決問(wen)題(ti)的(de)興趣和能力。

(四)加強教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)研究和教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)改(gai)革，鼓勵(li)教(jiao)(jiao)師從事教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)研究和承(cheng)擔(dan)教(jiao)(jiao)改(gai)項目

積極(ji)參加教(jiao)學改(gai)革(ge)與創新(xin)，著力(li)打造教(jiao)學改(gai)革(ge)工程項(xiang)目、精品課(ke)程、雙語課(ke)程改(gai)革(ge)、實訓基地建(jian)設(she)等教(jiao)改(gai)項(xiang)目。注重教(jiao)材建(jian)設(she)，根據社會和經(jing)濟發(fa)展，及(ji)時更(geng)新(xin)、提高教(jiao)材編寫內容和編寫質量;同時開放性引進國內外優秀教(jiao)材和課(ke)程，逐步實現教(jiao)材建(jian)設(she)標準的國際(ji)化。

(五)加大(da)與實(shi)體部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)聯系，發揮實(shi)體部(bu)門(men)在人才(cai)培養中(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用

篇2

[摘(zhai)要(yao)]：人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的代簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)現象(xiang)主要(yao)有兩種情況(kuang)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)代被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)業(ye)(ye)務員代客(ke)戶（投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)）簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)訂立(li)后，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)別人(ren)(ren)代其(qi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)的行為不(bu)(bu)予認可(ke)，則(ze)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效力不(bu)(bu)能(neng)存(cun)續。如按無效合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)處理(li)，則(ze)在(zai)法理(li)和事(shi)實上都存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)理(li)之處。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》第(di)55條應(ying)從立(li)法本意上去理(li)解，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效力所提出的異(yi)議(yi)均(jun)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)立(li)。業(ye)(ye)務員代客(ke)戶簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)，將嚴重危(wei)及到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)抗辯權的行使(shi)。對(dui)(dui)于代簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)現象(xiang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司應(ying)加(jia)強管(guan)理(li)，規(gui)范業(ye)(ye)務員的展業(ye)(ye)行為；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)應(ying)完善《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》的相關內容，健全法律規(gui)范，以保(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)的健康發展。

[關鍵詞]：人(ren)身(shen)保險合同(tong)；合同(tong)法；保險法；代簽名問題；無(wu)效合同(tong)；抗辯權

近期，在(zai)(zai)人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單過程中，因(yin)(yin)業(ye)務員違規(gui)操作所產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名問題(ti)日(ri)漸突(tu)出。由(you)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)現(xian)(xian)象具有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)普遍性，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)已引起管理層、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)和客(ke)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)關注。日(ri)前，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會為此(ci)(ci)(ci)專門發(fa)出通知，要(yao)求各保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)對此(ci)(ci)(ci)問題(ti)高度重視，防止和避免這種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)再度發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。并要(yao)求對已經產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)(zhong)問題(ti)認真清理，完善(shan)手續。代(dai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名現(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)，使得(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)與(yu)(yu)客(ke)戶(hu)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)這類保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)單的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力處于(yu)(yu)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)不確定(ding)(ding)(ding)狀態，由(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)極易造成保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)與(yu)(yu)客(ke)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力問題(ti)上(shang)(shang)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爭議，給(gei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)經營和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)發(fa)展帶(dai)來極大的(de)(de)(de)隱患(huan)(huan)。所謂代(dai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名，主要(yao)是(shi)指以下(xia)兩種(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)是(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單時(shi)由(you)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)代(dai)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單上(shang)(shang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名；另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)是(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單時(shi)業(ye)務員自己代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)（投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)）在(zai)(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單上(shang)(shang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名。這兩種(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)雖有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)差(cha)別(bie)，卻都產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了一(yi)個共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)后(hou)(hou)(hou)果：由(you)于(yu)(yu)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)未在(zai)(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單上(shang)(shang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名認可(ke)，故(gu)而(er)這種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)訂立(li)程序(xu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)瑕疵，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)效(xiao)力是(shi)不確定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，從而(er)給(gei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)履(lv)行(xing)埋(mai)下(xia)隱患(huan)(huan)。合(he)同(tong)(tong)各方的(de)(de)(de)權力與(yu)(yu)義務能否得(de)到正(zheng)常(chang)履(lv)行(xing)，將取決于(yu)(yu)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單后(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)否認可(ke)該合(he)同(tong)(tong)，并因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)后(hou)(hou)(hou)果。

一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)及(ji)其(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍性。此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)業務(wu)(wu)(wu)員和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)意識淡薄(bo)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴肅性認(ren)(ren)(ren)識不(bu)(bu)足(zu)所(suo)(suo)致。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)來(lai)講，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)操作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)而對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)情(qing)況(kuang)往往無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)從(cong)知(zhi)曉。從(cong)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)講，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)屬于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，須經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)方能(neng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。1999年(nian)頒布并(bing)(bing)(bing)實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》），依據(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成立(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)類：有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)撤(che)消的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)待定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。顯(xian)(xian)然(ran)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屬效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)待定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)歸(gui)屬將(jiang)(jiang)取(qu)決于(yu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)予(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)出(chu)(chu)具書面文(wen)件。則合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)然(ran)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)；如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)拒絕(jue)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)否(fou)認(ren)(ren)(ren)其(qi)知(zhi)情(qing)，那(nei)么該(gai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)顯(xian)(xian)然(ran)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)續(xu)。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》）第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死亡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)書面同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。”根據(ju)(ju)該(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)所(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)聲稱(cheng)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)情(qing)，不(bu)(bu)予(yu)(yu)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)，視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特別(bie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》本身并(bing)(bing)(bing)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)所(suo)(suo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。并(bing)(bing)(bing)且，自《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》頒布實(shi)(shi)施至今，也未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施細則出(chu)(chu)臺。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也不(bu)(bu)予(yu)(yu)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)，便出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)適用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依據(ju)(ju)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)-《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，將(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)(ci)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)，則無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)論(lun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)理上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)都存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理之(zhi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。首先，新《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)(bing)(bing)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)因(yin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)產生(sheng)(sheng)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)拒絕(jue)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)界定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。該(gai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)48條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)1款規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、超越權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)者權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)終(zhong)止后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)義(yi)訂(ding)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)責(ze)任。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拒絕(jue)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)能(neng)力(li)(li)，愿意履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，而合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方也同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。反之(zhi)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)轉化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，則應(ying)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)訂(ding)約責(ze)任。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》與《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)則》（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)則》）關于(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)精神上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。《民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)則》第(di)66條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“沒(mei)有(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、超越權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)者權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)終(zhong)止后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，只有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)過被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)任。未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)任。”由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)待定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)因(yin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而產生(sheng)(sheng)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)不(bu)(bu)予(yu)(yu)追(zhui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)界定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)問題上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》與《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》之(zhi)間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明顯(xian)(xian)差異。再者，《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》所(suo)(suo)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)因(yin)其(qi)違反法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、損害國(guo)家和(he)(he)社會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共利益，從(cong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)開始便不(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)方也不(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)約束力(li)(li)，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，不(bu)(bu)須經(jing)(jing)(jing)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)，國(guo)家司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)關即可(ke)(ke)(ke)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)誰認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將(jiang)(jiang)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》所(suo)(suo)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)按(an)(an)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》關于(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)，則于(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)理上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)欠(qian)妥。其(qi)次(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)期交納保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，便會按(an)(an)照合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)(suo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故，則按(an)(an)照合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賠(pei)付(fu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里，不(bu)(bu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)均會按(an)(an)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。問題在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)相當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段時間(jian)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，也未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)別(bie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)異議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，那(nei)么，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)自然(ran)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)存(cun)續(xu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)按(an)(an)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)按(an)(an)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》關于(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)，則顯(xian)(xian)然(ran)有(you)(you)失公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)允。《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)58條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)或(huo)(huo)者被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)撤(che)消后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，因(yin)該(gai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)取(qu)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財產，應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)予(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)返(fan)還(huan)(huan)。”按(an)(an)照這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)將(jiang)(jiang)收取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)全部退還(huan)(huan)給投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，因(yin)而，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)(suo)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)顯(xian)(xian)然(ran)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)。從(cong)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面來(lai)講，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)知(zhi)道(dao)了(le)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)情(qing)形之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)客戶一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)會對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)異議(yi)。但若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)時保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，主(zhu)(zhu)張合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，拒絕(jue)賠(pei)付(fu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)依據(ju)(ju)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，那(nei)么保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拒賠(pei)主(zhu)(zhu)張就當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)然(ran)成立(li)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)也是(shi)(shi)顯(xian)(xian)而易見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本意在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)維(wei)護(hu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)防止道(dao)德風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)益。但如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)簡(jian)(jian)單地按(an)(an)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)將(jiang)(jiang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)按(an)(an)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)，則可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)消除(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時產生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)(chu)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)55條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)簡(jian)(jian)單地從(cong)字面意義(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)去(qu)理解(jie)，而應(ying)該(gai)從(cong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)理上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，從(cong)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)本意上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)去(qu)理解(jie)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)不(bu)(bu)予(yu)(yu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，則應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)按(an)(an)照《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)68條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)予(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)：已交足(zu)2年(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)退還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)金(jin)價值；未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)交足(zu)2年(nian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)扣除(chu)(chu)手(shou)續(xu)費(fei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，退還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)。不(bu)(bu)難(nan)看出(chu)(chu)，解(jie)除(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)之(zhi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)溯及(ji)既(ji)往。解(jie)除(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，既(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)了(le)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)益，也體現(xian)了(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則。就投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質來(lai)講，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)待定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置可(ke)(ke)(ke)否(fou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)主(zhu)(zhu)張合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)；被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)明確表(biao)示不(bu)(bu)予(yu)(yu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)則應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)予(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)。

二、業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)（投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)及其法(fa)律(lv)(lv)后(hou)果業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)（投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)要(yao)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)樣一(yi)種情況：業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)后(hou)回(hui)公司交(jiao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)時(shi)(shi)，因投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)內容填(tian)寫有(you)(you)誤而進不了(le)(le)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)只能(neng)重(zhong)(zhong)新填(tian)寫一(yi)份并代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)。這(zhe)種情形(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)一(yi)樣，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣是(shi)(shi)難(nan)以(yi)覺察的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。然而，這(zhe)種由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)所(suo)(suo)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭議和(he)糾紛較前一(yi)種情形(xing)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)復雜(za)和(he)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)。其一(yi)，由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)重(zhong)(zhong)新填(tian)寫并代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)收到(dao)正(zheng)式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)后(hou)，可(ke)能(neng)會發現(xian)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)并非(fei)自(zi)己所(suo)(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)所(suo)(suo)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)性(xing)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟利益(yi)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)相當一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)未(wei)發生(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)能(neng)會以(yi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)并非(fei)他們(men)所(suo)(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)(you)，主(zhu)張合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)，并要(yao)求全額退費。從(cong)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度看，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張并不能(neng)成(cheng)立(li)(li)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不論(lun)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)與否(fou)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都以(yi)其自(zi)愿交(jiao)納首期保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費及續(xu)期保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，而從(cong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)認(ren)(ren)可(ke)了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。《合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)》第(di)37條(tiao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)作了(le)(le)明確(que)規定：“采用(yong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)形(xing)式訂(ding)立(li)(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)字或(huo)者蓋章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，當事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)方(fang)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要(yao)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，該合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)立(li)(li)。”被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)否(fou)認(ren)(ren)，由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)私下(xia)(xia)掉換(huan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，從(cong)而使得(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)曾簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)認(ren)(ren)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)變得(de)(de)不可(ke)能(neng)。并且(qie)，由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中并不履(lv)行(xing)(xing)實(shi)際義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，因而也(ye)無(wu)法(fa)從(cong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)證明被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)認(ren)(ren)可(ke)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異議，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)難(nan)以(yi)存續(xu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種情形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)，也(ye)應按投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)處理。如(ru)果僅僅是(shi)(shi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)非(fei)其本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)提(ti)出異議，這(zhe)種爭議還不是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難(nan)解決，而另(ling)一(yi)種可(ke)能(neng)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況則要(yao)復雜(za)、嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)得(de)(de)多。其二，業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)代(dai)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)（投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)）簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)所(suo)(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)可(ke)能(neng)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)危及到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗辯(bian)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)使。訂(ding)立(li)(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)則是(shi)(shi)最(zui)大誠信(xin)原(yuan)(yuan)則，這(zhe)一(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則要(yao)求合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)訂(ding)立(li)(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)必(bi)須履(lv)行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第(di)16條(tiao)規定：“投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)故(gu)(gu)意不履(lv)行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)解除(chu)前發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，不承擔賠償(chang)或(huo)者給(gei)付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)，并不退還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費；投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)因過失未(wei)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)解除(chu)前發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，不承擔賠償(chang)或(huo)者給(gei)付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)，但可(ke)以(yi)退還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費。”因此(ci)，如(ru)果投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)時(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，即便不是(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只要(yao)其對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司有(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)拒絕賠付。然而，由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)更(geng)換(huan)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)非(fei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，因此(ci)，如(ru)果投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)否(fou)認(ren)(ren)其未(wei)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，并聲稱(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)其簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)已(yi)(yi)真實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，則保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗辯(bian)權(quan)(quan)將很(hen)難(nan)得(de)(de)到(dao)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。這(zhe)樣，法(fa)律(lv)(lv)賦予保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當權(quan)(quan)利將可(ke)能(neng)得(de)(de)不到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護，這(zhe)必(bi)將會給(gei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)經(jing)營造成(cheng)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。

篇3

（一）人身(shen)保險業務(wu)平穩緩和發(fa)展

20世紀90年(nian)(nian)代保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業分業經營(ying)以(yi)來(lai)，寧(ning)(ning)夏人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)產(chan)業一直保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持著比(bi)較良(liang)好的(de)發展態勢，是寧(ning)(ning)夏發展最(zui)快的(de)產(chan)業之一。人(ren)身險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)始終占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)據著寧(ning)(ning)夏保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)的(de)重要地位。2009年(nian)(nian)以(yi)前(qian)人(ren)身險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)約占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)總(zong)收入(ru)的(de)70%。2010年(nian)(nian)以(yi)后(hou)人(ren)身險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)逐漸下(xia)降到了總(zong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)的(de)60%以(yi)內。2013年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)夏實現(xian)人(ren)身險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)41.31億元，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)收入(ru)的(de)57%。受(shou)財(cai)產(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)固定投資和機動(dong)車輛迅猛增(zeng)加(jia)等因(yin)素的(de)影響，人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)有所下(xia)降，但人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場仍然呈現(xian)出緩中(zhong)趨穩(wen)，穩(wen)中(zhong)有進(jin)的(de)發展態勢。

（二）人身保險市場主體進一(yi)步多元化

2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)只有中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)和中國(guo)平(ping)安兩家(jia)(jia)(jia)壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。此(ci)后，壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體逐步增加(jia)，到2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)，寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)共(gong)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)主體11家(jia)(jia)(jia)，分支機構194家(jia)(jia)(jia)，專(zhuan)業保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)機構8家(jia)(jia)(jia)，兼業機構1345家(jia)(jia)(jia)。2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)以前中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)1家(jia)(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)份(fen)額就占到了80%以上(shang)(shang)，到2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)其份(fen)額下降到了33%。過去國(guo)壽(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)一家(jia)(jia)(jia)獨大(da)的(de)經(jing)營格(ge)局已漸漸打破(po)，形成了由國(guo)壽(shou)、平(ping)安、新華三家(jia)(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)相(xiang)(xiang)對壟斷，并與其他公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)相(xiang)(xiang)互競爭的(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)格(ge)局。供給主體多元(yuan)化給市(shi)場(chang)(chang)帶來了競爭，提高了績效，使得(de)寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產業不斷發展(zhan)。盡管如此(ci)，寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產業和全國(guo)平(ping)均水平(ping)相(xiang)(xiang)比依(yi)然有比較(jiao)大(da)的(de)差距。以2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)參考，2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)全國(guo)共(gong)有壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)68家(jia)(jia)(jia)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)密度為(wei)750元(yuan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)深(shen)度為(wei)1.96%。2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)共(gong)有壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)11家(jia)(jia)(jia)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)密度為(wei)559元(yuan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)深(shen)度為(wei)1.56%。

（三(san)）人身(shen)保(bao)險業(ye)充分(fen)發揮了(le)現代保(bao)險功能

伴隨著寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，居民收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)取得了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)穩步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，現(xian)(xian)代保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經(jing)濟(ji)補償(chang)、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融通和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社會(hui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)得到了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮。2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)款和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)給(gei)付(fu)1.63億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)賠(pei)款和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)給(gei)付(fu)1.77億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，積(ji)累壽(shou)(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)(bei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)長(chang)期(qi)健康險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)(bei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)39億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，遠遠高(gao)于(yu)(yu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)期(qi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障基(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)總額，壽(shou)(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障程度(du)(du)(du)(du)明顯提(ti)高(gao)，全區(qu)(qu)(qu)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障程度(du)(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均2.19萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。到2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)底，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)積(ji)累了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)養老和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)健康風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)(bei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)100.2億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，提(ti)供人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)額5111.40億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)，各(ge)類(lei)(lei)(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)款和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)給(gei)付(fu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)6.87億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)正逐(zhu)步(bu)成為(wei)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障民生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手段。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)社會(hui)經(jing)濟(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)駕護航的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)得到進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮，為(wei)有(you)(you)效緩解(jie)(jie)經(jing)濟(ji)摩擦、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障體(ti)系建設(she)(she)，輔助社會(hui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)積(ji)極作用(yong)。1.市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)整體(ti)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)此(ci)來(lai)衡(heng)量(liang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)(shu)目(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)決定(ding)(ding)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)，它(ta)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)與(yu)壟(long)斷(duan)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)。最(zui)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)有(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)(shu)（CRn）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)赫芬達爾—赫希曼(man)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)(shu)（HHI），是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)測量(liang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭(zheng)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)壟(long)斷(duan)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，以(yi)(yi)測算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)便性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)測算結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)被廣泛應用(yong)。行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)(shu)CRn是(shi)衡(heng)量(liang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，通常(chang)(chang)用(yong)前幾(ji)位企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、銷售、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)或者(zhe)職(zhi)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)占整個(ge)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、銷售、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)或者(zhe)職(zhi)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)來(lai)表(biao)示。2.產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)化分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。盡管(guan)(guan)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)取得了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，但是(shi)各(ge)個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)依然比較低(di)(di)。險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)單一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，各(ge)家(jia)(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種同(tong)(tong)(tong)構(gou)(gou)率非(fei)常(chang)(chang)高(gao)，各(ge)家(jia)(jia)(jia)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)責(ze)任也基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)大同(tong)(tong)(tong)小異(yi)(yi)(yi)，缺乏差異(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)競爭(zheng)。壽(shou)(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)占比過(guo)高(gao)，健康險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)意(yi)外險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)占比較低(di)(di)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)壽(shou)(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)占比又相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)較高(gao)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)從(cong)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)上(shang)(shang)看不(bu)(bu)能(neng)算少(shao)，但是(shi)受市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)歡(huan)(huan)迎(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)并不(bu)(bu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，有(you)(you)些產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)多(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)不(bu)(bu)受市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)歡(huan)(huan)迎(ying)但也沒(mei)有(you)(you)及(ji)時修(xiu)訂。其實省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)客(ke)(ke)戶更(geng)(geng)加貼近，更(geng)(geng)加了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)需(xu)求，但由(you)于(yu)(yu)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)，省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)主(zhu)要(yao)負責(ze)本(ben)(ben)(ben)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)新(xin)(xin)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、健康保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、1年(nian)(nian)(nian)期(qi)及(ji)1年(nian)(nian)(nian)期(qi)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)外傷害(hai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)重(zhong)要(yao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種通常(chang)(chang)都(dou)是(shi)由(you)總公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)負責(ze)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)修(xiu)訂，省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)擅自變(bian)更(geng)(geng)。這(zhe)(zhe)些分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)很難而且(qie)也沒(mei)有(you)(you)能(neng)力針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)特點對(dui)(dui)(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)創新(xin)(xin)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)很低(di)(di)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)化主(zhu)要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)觀(guan)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)，各(ge)家(jia)(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)廣告(gao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)宣(xuan)傳上(shang)(shang)強調(diao)(diao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)特色。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)強調(diao)(diao)其歷史(shi)悠(you)久和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)身(shen)份，“相(xiang)(xiang)知(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，值(zhi)得托付(fu)”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)平安多(duo)(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)繁華(hua)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)打出(chu)高(gao)大醒目(mu)，絢麗多(duo)(duo)(duo)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣告(gao)。新(xin)(xin)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)則通過(guo)積(ji)極舉辦(ban)各(ge)種街區(qu)(qu)(qu)、廣場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文藝和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)宣(xuan)傳活(huo)動讓消(xiao)費者(zhe)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)其品(pin)(pin)牌和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)方(fang)面，由(you)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)消(xiao)費特殊，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)員在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)時服(fu)務(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)到，講解(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)清(qing)楚(chu)，甚至(zhi)是(shi)誤導投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)，加上(shang)(shang)很多(duo)(duo)(duo)消(xiao)費者(zhe)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)識(shi)淡(dan)薄和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)不(bu)(bu)足，對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)識(shi)別力弱，在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)時沒(mei)有(you)(you)仔細(xi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閱讀(du)條(tiao)款，倉促簽約承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，當保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故發(fa)(fa)(fa)生后容易引發(fa)(fa)(fa)爭(zheng)議和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)誤會(hui)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)出(chu)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)前后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，使得消(xiao)費者(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)感不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，由(you)此(ci)而產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)口碑也大不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。3.市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)壁(bi)壘(lei)(lei)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)使得政府對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)該(gai)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門檻都(dou)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)較高(gao)。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水平低(di)(di)，經(jing)濟(ji)總量(liang)小，特別是(shi)居民收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)高(gao)等(deng)(deng)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約著寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監(jian)(jian)會(hui)2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)并實施了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》，明確了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)設(she)(she)立分(fen)(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件及(ji)程序(xu)等(deng)(deng)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)內容。這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)強化了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)條(tiao)件，但放(fang)寬了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)開(kai)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)驗(yan)收(shou)(shou)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)：保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)為(wei)兩(liang)億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)其住所(suo)地(di)以(yi)(yi)外每申(shen)請(qing)設(she)(she)立一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，應當增加不(bu)(bu)少(shao)于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)千萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)(zai)(zai)五億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，可不(bu)(bu)再增加。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)設(she)(she)立省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)還(huan)要(yao)求“上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)及(ji)提(ti)交申(shen)請(qing)前連(lian)續兩(liang)個(ge)季度(du)(du)(du)(du)償(chang)付(fu)能(neng)力均達到充(chong)足Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)(lei)”以(yi)(yi)及(ji)“上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)及(ji)提(ti)交申(shen)請(qing)前連(lian)續兩(liang)個(ge)季度(du)(du)(du)(du)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別均不(bu)(bu)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)B類(lei)(lei)(lei)”，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時還(huan)強調(diao)(diao)分(fen)(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)立要(yao)考(kao)慮“地(di)方(fang)經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)狀(zhuang)況、市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)環(huan)境、競爭(zheng)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)”。不(bu)(bu)僅如此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審批等(deng)(deng)操(cao)作環(huan)節上(shang)(shang)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度(du)(du)(du)(du)也起(qi)(qi)到至(zhi)關(guan)(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。這(zhe)(zhe)些經(jing)濟(ji)、法(fa)律和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社會(hui)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)成為(wei)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)壁(bi)壘(lei)(lei)。2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)累計(ji)(ji)新(xin)(xin)設(she)(she)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)14家(jia)(jia)(jia)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)省級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)1家(jia)(jia)(jia)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)4家(jia)(jia)(jia)，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)9家(jia)(jia)(jia)。生命人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)進(jin)駐、泰康人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)設(she)(she)立省會(hui)周(zhou)邊市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)縣展(zhan)(zhan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、平安人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)后再次新(xin)(xin)設(she)(she)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)在(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)置(zhi)上(shang)(shang)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)必要(yao)性(xing)。市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)要(yao)讓市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源配置(zhi)起(qi)(qi)決定(ding)(ding)性(xing)作用(yong)，廠商(shang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)優(you)進(jin)劣退(tui)(tui)，吐垢納新(xin)(xin)是(shi)天經(jing)地(di)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。通過(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)退(tui)(tui)出(chu)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引導，政府也能(neng)夠逐(zhu)步(bu)掌握調(diao)(diao)整市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)動，有(you)(you)效防止結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)調(diao)(diao)整反(fan)彈。但是(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直遵循的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)謹慎原則。近年(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)按照人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)引導各(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)根據經(jing)營管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)情況和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自身(shen)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)能(neng)力，合理(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)整保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)布局，規(gui)范(fan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)秩(zhi)序(xu)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)合規(gui)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)量(liang)化考(kao)核(he)辦(ban)法(fa)》，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)4大類(lei)(lei)(lei)15項指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)并采取有(you)(you)針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)措施，在(zai)(zai)(zai)規(gui)范(fan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時也建立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)退(tui)(tui)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，降低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)退(tui)(tui)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)壁(bi)壘(lei)(lei)。

二、人身保(bao)險(xian)企業市場行為分(fen)析

（一）價格競爭行(xing)為分(fen)析

由于(yu)政府選取償付能力和市(shi)場行為監管并重的監管模式(shi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)監管機構對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司實行費(fei)率管制。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司因此(ci)一直缺乏足夠的自，難以自由地利(li)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)——保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)產(chan)品(pin)的價(jia)格進行市(shi)場競爭(zheng)。但是(shi)價(jia)格競爭(zheng)難以避免，于(yu)是(shi)各個地區(qu)就(jiu)出現了隱(yin)(yin)性(xing)(xing)的價(jia)格競爭(zheng)。有些(xie)公司采取暗中回扣的方式(shi)返還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)，更多的公司采取了節日慰(wei)問(wen)、家庭關(guan)愛、贈送禮品(pin)等方式(shi)變相降價(jia)。加上保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)專業(ye)性(xing)(xing)強，條款難懂，消費(fei)者對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)認識也有限，在購買(mai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)時(shi)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)產(chan)品(pin)本身關(guan)注不夠，倉促簽約，為日后退保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)埋下(xia)了隱(yin)(yin)患。這樣(yang)的行為最終會給保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)業(ye)帶(dai)來巨大風險(xian)。

（二）非價格競爭行為分(fen)析

從2003年到(dao)2013年，寧夏人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)省級分(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由3家增加(jia)到(dao)了(le)11家，分(fen)(fen)支機構增加(jia)到(dao)了(le)194家。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體的(de)(de)增加(jia)使(shi)得非價格競(jing)爭也日益(yi)劇烈。各(ge)(ge)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)為(wei)了(le)擴大公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)影響(xiang)力(li)，提高企業(ye)競(jing)爭力(li)，紛紛在服務(wu)宣傳、廣(guang)告行為(wei)、社會公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)和(he)文藝活(huo)動(dong)方(fang)面加(jia)大了(le)力(li)度(du)，以此(ci)來吸引消費者。特(te)別(bie)是(shi)各(ge)(ge)家公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)舉辦(ban)了(le)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)各(ge)(ge)樣的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)活(huo)動(dong)，贏得了(le)不同(tong)區域，不同(tong)群體的(de)(de)消費者的(de)(de)認(ren)可。在營銷手(shou)段上(shang)，各(ge)(ge)家保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)開(kai)始把廣(guang)告和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)活(huo)動(dong)結(jie)合起來，加(jia)大宣傳力(li)度(du)，使(shi)新產(chan)品(pin)盡快投入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)。在銷售(shou)渠(qu)道上(shang)，利用(yong)各(ge)(ge)自(zi)資源，各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)營銷，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)獲(huo)得了(le)不同(tong)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)份額。比如，太平(ping)(ping)洋壽(shou)(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)探索精(jing)英(ying)銷售(shou)團隊模式(shi)；中國人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)緊抓借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)意(yi)外(wai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)學平(ping)(ping)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等團險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)；平(ping)(ping)安人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)將萬(wan)能險(xian)(xian)(xian)做成(cheng)特(te)色(se)產(chan)品(pin)，以靈活(huo)度(du)占領市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)；生(sheng)命人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)(shou)開(kai)創銀郵渠(qu)道萬(wan)能險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)等。但是(shi)由于(yu)寧夏經濟總(zong)量小(xiao)，發展水(shui)平(ping)(ping)低，一些公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)小(xiao)型化(hua)、區域化(hua)和(he)分(fen)(fen)散化(hua)的(de)(de)特(te)點比較明顯，規模經濟效益(yi)尚(shang)不顯著(zhu)。

三、市場績效分析

（一）經營情況分析

“十五”期(qi)(qi)間，中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)完成了股份制(zhi)改造，平(ping)(ping)安保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)施了產(chan)(chan)壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)設經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。此后國(guo)家各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)重大(da)改革(ge)措施陸(lu)續(xu)出臺有(you)力(li)地促進了寧(ning)夏人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)發展(zhan)由粗放(fang)型(xing)向集約型(xing)轉(zhuan)變，各(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)公(gong)司的多(duo)項(xiang)(xiang)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)財務(wu)(wu)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)指(zhi)標均在(zai)各(ge)總公(gong)司系(xi)統內(nei)排名(ming)前(qian)列，顯示出良好的發展(zhan)勢頭和(he)(he)較高(gao)(gao)的經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)水平(ping)(ping)。2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)，寧(ning)夏壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司在(zai)面臨較大(da)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)壓(ya)力(li)的情況下，及時(shi)調整(zheng)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)結(jie)構(gou)，減少躉交業(ye)務(wu)(wu)比重，銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)開始銷(xiao)售期(qi)(qi)繳產(chan)(chan)品，產(chan)(chan)品結(jie)構(gou)有(you)所改善(shan)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)，寧(ning)夏人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司建立(li)了月度(du)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)發展(zhan)和(he)(he)結(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)動態報告制(zhi)度(du)，加(jia)大(da)發展(zhan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障型(xing)和(he)(he)長期(qi)(qi)儲蓄型(xing)產(chan)(chan)品的力(li)度(du)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)續(xu)期(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)占比在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)排名(ming)第一(yi)，高(gao)(gao)于全(quan)(quan)國(guo)平(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)19個百(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)；5年(nian)(nian)(nian)期(qi)(qi)以上(shang)期(qi)(qi)繳業(ye)務(wu)(wu)標準(zhun)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)同比增(zeng)長32個百(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)；銀郵人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)同比增(zeng)長43%。人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司標準(zhun)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)增(zeng)長率達到(dao)21%，增(zeng)速(su)位(wei)于全(quan)(quan)國(guo)第五；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)收入同比增(zeng)長37%，專業(ye)中介機構(gou)扭虧為盈，實(shi)現利潤181萬元。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)，人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)用率18.34，同比下降0.77個百(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)；簡單(dan)退(tui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率4.66%，較全(quan)(quan)國(guo)平(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)低1.65個百(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)；人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)新單(dan)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)中期(qi)(qi)繳保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)占比52.26%，較上(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了2.95個百(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)。到(dao)2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)夏人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)退(tui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率等(deng)指(zhi)標低于全(quan)(quan)國(guo)平(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)，整(zheng)個全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)也(ye)未發生大(da)規模(mo)群(qun)體性退(tui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)事件。寧(ning)夏人(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)在(zai)不斷地調整(zheng)中提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)和(he)(he)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)能力(li)。

（二）承保(bao)能力分析(xi)

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企業利潤(run)的(de)(de)主要(yao)來源。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)增長(chang)(chang)反映保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企業的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)拓展能(neng)力。2005年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)首次突(tu)(tu)破(po)10億(yi)元(yuan)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)了(le)11.16億(yi)元(yuan)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)；2008年(nian)(nian)突(tu)(tu)破(po)20億(yi)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)22.31億(yi)元(yuan)；2010年(nian)(nian)突(tu)(tu)破(po)30億(yi)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)30.83億(yi)元(yuan)；2013年(nian)(nian)突(tu)(tu)破(po)40億(yi)元(yuan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)41.31億(yi)元(yuan)。在(zai)(zai)過去十年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)，寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產業保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)以平均(jun)約18%的(de)(de)速度(du)增長(chang)(chang)，有些年(nian)(nian)份甚至(zhi)達(da)到36%，增長(chang)(chang)最低的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)份也(ye)超過了(le)8%。這樣的(de)(de)增長(chang)(chang)態勢(shi)在(zai)(zai)西部省(sheng)份中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)表現(xian)也(ye)是(shi)比較突(tu)(tu)出的(de)(de)。從人(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業提(ti)供的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額來看(kan)，2008年(nian)(nian)為2458億(yi)元(yuan)，到2010年(nian)(nian)就提(ti)高到了(le)5111億(yi)元(yuan)，大(da)大(da)增強了(le)寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)全社(she)會抵御風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)能(neng)力。寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產業的(de)(de)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障范圍在(zai)(zai)大(da)幅提(ti)高，人(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業務總(zong)體績效明顯。

四、結論和建議

（一）市(shi)場結(jie)構(gou)方面

基(ji)(ji)于前(qian)面的(de)(de)(de)分析，我們可以(yi)得出結(jie)(jie)論(lun)，寧夏(xia)人(ren)身保險(xian)產(chan)業(ye)依然是高寡(gua)占(zhan)型市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)構，保險(xian)主(zhu)體間的(de)(de)(de)競爭基(ji)(ji)本處在(zai)(zai)初(chu)級階段(duan)，但從(cong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)格(ge)局演變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢來看(kan)，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)集中(zhong)度在(zai)(zai)逐步降低，并向低寡(gua)占(zhan)型市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)構轉變(bian)，產(chan)業(ye)效(xiao)率也有(you)較大的(de)(de)(de)提高空間，發展態勢比較良好。從(cong)普遍接受的(de)(de)(de)經濟學理(li)論(lun)和國(guo)際成功經驗看(kan)，低寡(gua)占(zhan)型即壟(long)斷競爭型的(de)(de)(de)保險(xian)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)才是最有(you)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)。因此應當(dang)繼續(xu)引(yin)進人(ren)身保險(xian)機構進入(ru)寧夏(xia)，以(yi)培育競爭力(li)量(liang)，改變(bian)我國(guo)西部高度壟(long)斷的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)身保險(xian)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)構。需(xu)要強調的(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)(zai)引(yin)進保險(xian)主(zhu)體時，可以(yi)適當(dang)發揮(hui)政(zheng)府有(you)效(xiao)干預的(de)(de)(de)作用，注意引(yin)進養老保險(xian)、健康保險(xian)等有(you)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)保險(xian)公司。

（二）市場競爭方面

人身保險(xian)企業(ye)市(shi)場(chang)行為中價(jia)格(ge)競爭比較單一，以(yi)隱形價(jia)格(ge)競爭為主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)手段(duan)，非價(jia)格(ge)競爭各有特點，但大多屬于(yu)廣告宣傳的(de)(de)范疇，產品的(de)(de)核心差(cha)異度較小。造成這一結果的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)原因就是壽險(xian)費率嚴格(ge)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)制(zhi)度。今后要(yao)(yao)加快(kuai)推進壽險(xian)費率市(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)革，進一步放開對人身保險(xian)產品定價(jia)預定利率的(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)，給保險(xian)企業(ye)以(yi)產品定價(jia)的(de)(de)自由權(quan)。監管(guan)(guan)部門要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)監管(guan)(guan)重心轉移(yi)到(dao)對保險(xian)公司償付能力(li)的(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan)上，真正做到(dao)讓市(shi)場(chang)對資源配置起(qi)決定性(xing)作用。

（三）績效方面

篇4

論(lun)文(wen)摘要：保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)原則(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同訂立的前提(ti)條件(jian)，也是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同生效(xiao)和在(zai)(zai)存續期間保(bao)(bao)(bao)持效(xiao)力(li)的前提(ti)條件(jian)，其最早是(shi)(shi)由《1746年英(ying)國(guo)海上保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》以法律形式確立的，并在(zai)(zai)英(ying)美經數世紀的判例演變而進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)發展。本文(wen)通(tong)過對英(ying)美等(deng)國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)原則(ze)(ze)(ze)理論(lun)發展歷史的追溯，并將其同我國(guo)人身保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)原則(ze)(ze)(ze)的實踐(jian)與運用相比較(jiao)，對我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)制度進(jin)行(xing)評析與反(fan)思。

一、人身保險(xian)的(de)保險(xian)利(li)益原則概述

2009年10月1日(ri)起施(shi)行的(de)《中華人民共和國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第十二條規定(ding)(ding)：“人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同訂立(li)時，對被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人應當具有(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)；人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是以人的(de)身(shen)體和壽命為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)是指投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人或被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)具有(you)法(fa)律上承認的(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)。”然而并(bing)非投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)的(de)任何利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)都可以構成(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)，必須(xu)是合(he)法(fa)的(de)、確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)（已(yi)經確(que)定(ding)(ding)和能夠確(que)定(ding)(ding)）、經濟上的(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)才能構成(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)。

二、各國保險利(li)益原則

各國關于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)原(yuan)則在(zai)人身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中的運(yun)用中可以大致歸納(na)出以下兩個特征(zheng)：（1）保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)原(yuan)則的確(que)立一定程度上遏制了道德風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的發生。（2）保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)原(yuan)則的確(que)立有利于(yu)(yu)區分保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)與賭博(bo)的標準。

三、保險利益原則在(zai)我國人身保險中的運用(yong)與問題(ti)分析

1．利益(yi)(yi)與(yu)同(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)相結合原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)機械性(xing)。同(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上賦(fu)予被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)主權，以其理(li)性(xing)判斷賦(fu)予他人(ren)(ren)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資格；而(er)利益(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)體現了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)宗旨(zhi)在(zai)于對不確定(ding)性(xing)事(shi)件造成的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)損失(shi)進行補償這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)宗旨(zhi)，單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)強調利益(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)，首(shou)先是(shi)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)了投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍，人(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)關系不能(neng)只具有(you)經(jing)濟(ji)利益(yi)(yi)，還有(you)感情、血緣、道義，若一(yi)(yi)味的(de)(de)(de)強調經(jing)濟(ji)利益(yi)(yi)，則(ze)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)就會失(shi)去對自(zi)己沒有(you)經(jing)濟(ji)厲害(hai)關系但(dan)出于善意(yi)(yi)(yi)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)，并限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展；同(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)雖然在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上解決(jue)了這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)問題，但(dan)也(ye)存在(zai)著它(ta)不容(rong)忽視的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)有(you)助(zhu)于確定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)最高限(xian)額、防止被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)獲得(de)額外(wai)利益(yi)(yi)，而(er)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)功能(neng)不僅限(xian)于此，更重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)其能(neng)防止道德風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)安全。

2．保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)不(bu)合(he)(he)理性。我(wo)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)和財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)樣(yang)，都規定投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)訂立(li)之時必須(xu)對(dui)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具(ju)(ju)有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)，而(er)(er)對(dui)受(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卻(que)沒有要求。若受(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為同(tong)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，則無(wu)討論的(de)(de)必要。但現實生(sheng)活中更常見的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為同(tong)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，即(ji)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以自己(ji)的(de)(de)生(sheng)命為標的(de)(de)訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，以達到保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障受(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)，正如我(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法第十二條采用(yong)列(lie)舉法的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)指出“本人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”對(dui)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具(ju)(ju)有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)樣(yang)。將投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)確(que)定為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體，看似合(he)(he)情合(he)(he)理，但卻(que)有它(ta)致命的(de)(de)缺陷——保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故一(yi)旦發生(sheng)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)(de)給(gei)付對(dui)象是(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，而(er)(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)原則的(de)(de)最大功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)防止(zhi)道德風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)，既然保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)(de)給(gei)付都與(yu)自己(ji)無(wu)關，那(nei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)就沒有危害被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)動機；因而(er)(er)將投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)一(yi)的(de)(de)確(que)定為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體是(shi)(shi)不(bu)恰當的(de)(de)。

3．保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)確定中存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。（1）范圍(wei)過(guo)于(yu)狹窄。從(cong)我(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法中可看(kan)出，人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同中具(ju)有(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)人有(you)五(wu)種：本人，父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)、配(pei)偶、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)，有(you)撫養(yang)(yang)、贍養(yang)(yang)、扶(fu)養(yang)(yang)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)家庭成(cheng)(cheng)員，由勞動雇(gu)傭關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)人，經被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人同意的(de)(de)(de)人。（2）父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)對(dui)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)問(wen)題。我(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法第三十三條(tiao)規定：“以(yi)死(si)亡為給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同，未(wei)經被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人同意并認可保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)額的(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同無(wu)效。父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)為其(qi)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)受本條(tiao)第一(yi)款(kuan)規定限制(zhi)。”這無(wu)疑大大放松了父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)對(dui)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)訂立死(si)亡保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)。從(cong)邏輯(ji)上講，未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)無(wu)任何收(shou)入來(lai)源(yuan)，幾乎不(bu)能夠(gou)（特(te)殊情況除外）為父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)帶來(lai)任何經濟方面的(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)，未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡只會給父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)帶來(lai)精(jing)神(shen)上的(de)(de)(de)痛苦，而不(bu)是經濟上的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)；而未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)對(dui)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)生命是具(ju)有(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)，特(te)別是在(zai)我(wo)國這樣一(yi)個社(she)會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)體系(xi)還(huan)不(bu)夠(gou)健(jian)全的(de)(de)(de)國家——兒童的(de)(de)(de)撫養(yang)(yang)主要依靠其(qi)監護人的(de)(de)(de)物質資源(yuan)、人力(li)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入來(lai)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，所(suo)以(yi)對(dui)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)(mu)為未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女(nv)(nv)訂立死(si)亡保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同不(bu)加(jia)任何限制(zhi)是不(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)邏輯(ji)的(de)(de)(de)。

4．保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)當事人(ren)(ren)間地位不對(dui)(dui)等(deng)問(wen)題。我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)規定(ding)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)必(bi)須對(dui)(dui)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)具有保(bao)(bao)險(xian)利益，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)利益的(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)直接決定(ding)著合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效力的(de)(de)有無(wu)，因而在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)之(zhi)時(shi)，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)方均有確(que)定(ding)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)利益是否(fou)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)義務(wu)，即投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)應履行(xing)將重要(yao)事實(shi)如實(shi)告知的(de)(de)義務(wu)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)應履行(xing)審核投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與被(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)相關情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)義務(wu)。但現實(shi)生活中(zhong)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)卻是，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)并未對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)利益的(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)與否(fou)進行(xing)積極審查，究其原因，無(wu)非是當事人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間地位不對(dui)(dui)等(deng)造成的(de)(de)。

參考文獻：

[1]鄧成明．《中外保險(xian)法律制度比較研究》．知(zhi)識產權出版社，2002（11）

篇5

關(guan)鍵詞：保(bao)險代位求償權；保(bao)險合(he)同(tong)；法律(lv)限(xian)制

中圖分類號：D923.99 文獻標(biao)志碼：A 文章編號：1002-2589（2014）05-0101-02

2013年6月7日，最高(gao)(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院頒布(bu)了《最高(gao)(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院關(guan)于適用若干(gan)問(wen)題的解(jie)(jie)釋（二）》（以(yi)下簡稱《保險(xian)法(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋（二）》）。該司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋從(cong)征(zheng)(zheng)求(qiu)意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao)到(dao)最終的出臺(tai)經過了一年多各(ge)界人(ren)(ren)(ren)士激烈(lie)縝密的討(tao)論(lun)研究(jiu)。而(er)其中關(guan)于保險(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償權(quan)的行(xing)(xing)使(shi)問(wen)題的解(jie)(jie)釋卻從(cong)征(zheng)(zheng)求(qiu)意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao)的五條(tiao)(tiao)縮減到(dao)一條(tiao)(tiao)，這一條(tiao)(tiao)司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋條(tiao)(tiao)文僅簡單(dan)地涉及了保險(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償權(quan)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)名義和訴(su)訟時效(xiao)的問(wen)題，而(er)諸多關(guan)于保險(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償權(quan)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)的法(fa)(fa)律限制(zhi)問(wen)題都未得到(dao)解(jie)(jie)決。

一、保險代(dai)位求(qiu)償(chang)權的行使對象限制

基于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)利益(yi)考(kao)慮，各國對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)代位求償權都規(gui)定了行使對象限制(zhi)，我國也不(bu)例外，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)62條對被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)家庭成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)或者(zhe)其組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)做了限制(zhi)規(gui)定，但是“家庭成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)”和“組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)”的(de)(de)具(ju)體范(fan)圍(wei)，立法(fa)(fa)(fa)及(ji)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋都未予以明確，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋（二(er)）》征求意(yi)見稿(gao)第(di)21條對“家庭成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)”的(de)(de)解釋曾提出了兩(liang)種方案，但是正式出臺的(de)(de)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋（二(er)）》基于某些原因刪除了本條的(de)(de)規(gui)定，因此(ci)該問題依然是司法(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)中的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)較不(bu)明確的(de)(de)問題。

有的(de)學者認為，保險法中所(suo)規定(ding)的(de)“組成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)”是指家庭(ting)組成(cheng)成(cheng)員(yuan)，是在家庭(ting)成(cheng)員(yuan)的(de)基礎上繼續擴張。如果被請求(qiu)的(de)第三人(ren)(ren)是與被保險人(ren)(ren)有經濟上或生計上的(de)利害關(guan)系的(de)人(ren)(ren)，應該(gai)禁止(zhi)(zhi)保險人(ren)(ren)對其行使代(dai)位權(quan)(quan)。保險代(dai)位求(qiu)償權(quan)(quan)的(de)限(xian)制應該(gai)做狹義解釋，防止(zhi)(zhi)擴大化[1]。

而另一種(zhong)觀點認(ren)為(wei)，應將家(jia)庭成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)與組成(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)區別對待。家(jia)庭成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)包括(kuo)配偶和(he)較近的(de)(de)(de)(de)血親或者(zhe)(zhe)姻親親屬，以及雖非共同生活(huo)但(dan)負有法定(ding)義務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。對被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)，應該作狹義解釋，這是指被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)或者(zhe)(zhe)受被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)委托(tuo)或者(zhe)(zhe)與被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有某(mou)種(zhong)特(te)殊法律(lv)關系而進(jin)行活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)[2]。因為(wei)這部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)是代替被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)履行行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，其(qi)履行職務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)所(suo)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損害由被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔責任，所(suo)以保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不能向其(qi)求(qiu)償。

筆者認為從保(bao)(bao)護(hu)被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)利(li)(li)益出發，將經濟上(shang)的(de)(de)一致性作(zuo)為判(pan)斷標(biao)(biao)準更(geng)合理。判(pan)斷“家庭(ting)成(cheng)(cheng)員”與(yu)“組成(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)員”的(de)(de)范圍，不應過于拘(ju)泥于形式，而應著重審(shen)查其與(yu)被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)是否有(you)著共同的(de)(de)經濟上(shang)的(de)(de)利(li)(li)害關系(xi)，更(geng)有(you)利(li)(li)于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)利(li)(li)益，從實際出發，而不能以“共同居住”作(zuo)為“家庭(ting)成(cheng)(cheng)員”的(de)(de)絕對(dui)標(biao)(biao)準。

二、保險代位求償權(quan)的(de)適用范(fan)圍限制

我國《保險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》規定(ding)，人(ren)身保險(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)適用保險(xian)(xian)(xian)代位求償權(quan)制度(du)，被保險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)在獲(huo)得(de)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)金后仍可向第三(san)者請求賠償。但是人(ren)身保險(xian)(xian)(xian)是否適用保險(xian)(xian)(xian)代位求償權(quan)制度(du)一直頗有爭議，特別是一些具(ju)有補償性質的保險(xian)(xian)(xian)爭論尤為激(ji)烈。

（一(yi)）人身保(bao)險適用(yong)代位求(qiu)償權的學說(shuo)

目前對具有(you)人身(shen)補(bu)償(chang)性質的(de)人身(shen)保險適用代(dai)位求償(chang)權問題，學(xue)界觀(guan)點(dian)主要有(you)否定說、肯定說、相對說。

否定說(shuo)即(ji)傳統觀點，基(ji)于人(ren)身(shen)無(wu)價理論不(bu)贊同(tong)保險代(dai)位求償(chang)權在人(ren)身(shen)保險中(zhong)的適(shi)用，具體來說(shuo)：人(ren)身(shen)補償(chang)的不(bu)確定性，且人(ren)身(shen)損害是難(nan)以度量(liang)的，并(bing)不(bu)存在不(bu)當(dang)得利的問題，人(ren)身(shen)侵(qin)權保險事故產生的侵(qin)權損害賠償(chang)請求權具有(you)人(ren)身(shen)的專屬性，不(bu)宜移(yi)轉[3]。

肯定說認為保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)位(wei)求償權(quan)(quan)為財產保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同所適(shi)(shi)(shi)用，當(dang)然(ran)也及于(yu)同財產保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)具有同種屬性的(de)(de)(de)(de)填補損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)所適(shi)(shi)(shi)用。在保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)實踐中(zhong)，意外傷害醫(yi)療保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和健康醫(yi)療保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務也必須(xu)貫徹代(dai)位(wei)求償原則，以防止(zhi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)遭(zao)受道(dao)德(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，投(tou)保(bao)方因此而(er)獲(huo)得非法(fa)利益[4]。以人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)以人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命和身(shen)體作(zuo)為標的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其所受損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無法(fa)量化(hua)作(zuo)為借口(kou)而(er)不考慮這種被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重請求權(quan)(quan)在某(mou)類人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同中(zhong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)用，因此可能產生道(dao)德(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)是(shi)有違保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)立法(fa)宗旨的(de)(de)(de)(de)[5]。

而(er)越來越多的(de)(de)學者對(dui)此(ci)問題(ti)是(shi)持相對(dui)肯定(ding)的(de)(de)態度(du)的(de)(de)。相對(dui)肯定(ding)說(shuo)認為(wei)短期健康保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)和意外(wai)傷害保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)這(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)類(lei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)能(neng)否適用(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)代位求償(chang)權要(yao)具體分析：在(zai)(zai)發生(sheng)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人殘疾或者死(si)亡時(shi)，不能(neng)適用(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)代位求償(chang)權，因為(wei)此(ci)時(shi)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人身體或生(sheng)命的(de)(de)損(sun)害是(shi)無法(fa)用(yong)(yong)金錢衡(heng)量的(de)(de)；而(er)若被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人的(de)(de)損(sun)失僅為(wei)醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)等其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)支出，則(ze)除非保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人與(yu)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人在(zai)(zai)合同(tong)中(zhong)另有約定(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人可(ke)在(zai)(zai)該費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)范圍內行使代位求償(chang)權。筆者較為(wei)贊(zan)同(tong)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)觀點(dian)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)折衷的(de)(de)做法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)考慮三方當事人權利(li)義務的(de)(de)方面(mian)有其(qi)合理性的(de)(de)一(yi)面(mian)，至少(shao)充分貫徹了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)補償(chang)原則(ze)，有可(ke)取之處，但(dan)缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)司法(fa)實踐中(zhong)難(nan)以把(ba)握這(zhe)(zhe)個度(du)。

（二）保險代位求償權在人身保險中(zhong)的(de)適用

因立(li)法(fa)者持“財產/人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)”之二元(yuan)論(lun)(lun)，過度強(qiang)調人(ren)(ren)身無價，加之法(fa)條結構之形式邏輯推(tui)論(lun)(lun)，認為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)規(gui)范不適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)。上(shang)述立(li)法(fa)論(lun)(lun)及解釋論(lun)(lun)，忽(hu)略了傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)之醫療費(fei)用(yong)給付性質上(shang)屬于(yu)損失保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，亦應有(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)之余地。理論(lun)(lun)上(shang)，同時具有(you)定(ding)額保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)和損害(hai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)性質的(de)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)如傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)的(de)醫療費(fei)用(yong)，這種損害(hai)并非(fei)不可(ke)(ke)以金錢價值計算，可(ke)(ke)以適(shi)(shi)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)償之規(gui)定(ding) [6] 。而在(zai)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)引(yin)入代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)償權，強(qiang)調人(ren)(ren)身損害(hai)的(de)物質性，不等(deng)于(yu)忽(hu)視其精(jing)(jing)神性，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)仍可(ke)(ke)向第(di)三(san)人(ren)(ren)要求(qiu)(qiu)精(jing)(jing)神損害(hai)賠(pei)償，該賠(pei)償仍不能代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)。

目前我國的(de)(de)人(ren)身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要險(xian)(xian)種包括人(ren)壽保(bao)險(xian)(xian)、意外傷害(hai)(hai)險(xian)(xian)和健(jian)康(kang)(kang)險(xian)(xian)，除(chu)了(le)人(ren)壽保(bao)險(xian)(xian)具有投(tou)資儲蓄的(de)(de)性(xing)質(zhi)，完全不適用(yong)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)代位(wei)求償(chang)權(quan)外，其余兩(liang)個險(xian)(xian)種中都在一定程(cheng)度上具有填補(bu)損害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)特征 [7] 。因(yin)此在意外傷害(hai)(hai)險(xian)(xian)和健(jian)康(kang)(kang)險(xian)(xian)中保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)用(yong)于賠付醫療費(fei)、護理費(fei)等費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)支出，一般應(ying)當(dang)可(ke)以適用(yong)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)代位(wei)求償(chang)權(quan)制度[8]。

筆(bi)者認為(wei)，損(sun)害(hai)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)原則(ze)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的核心，那么衡(heng)量人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能否(fou)適(shi)用代(dai)位求(qiu)償(chang)(chang)權(quan)的原則(ze)也(ye)應當是損(sun)害(hai)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)原則(ze)，即(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人支付的補(bu)償(chang)(chang)金(jin)屬于損(sun)害(hai)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)性(xing)質的，則(ze)應當適(shi)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償(chang)(chang)權(quan)，不屬于損(sun)害(hai)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)性(xing)質的，就不應當適(shi)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償(chang)(chang)權(quan)。從以上(shang)分析中可以看出，傳統的否(fou)定(ding)(ding)說以人身(shen)無價觀點否(fou)認保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償(chang)(chang)權(quan)在全部人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)中的適(shi)用顯然(ran)已經站不住腳，而肯定(ding)(ding)說的缺陷在于無法(fa)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人的人身(shen)專屬性(xing)利益，因此區分情形限(xian)制性(xing)的肯定(ding)(ding)適(shi)用更為(wei)合理(li)。

三、被保險人對第三者損害(hai)賠(pei)償棄權(quan)的限(xian)制

《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法》第(di)61條(tiao)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故(gu)發生(sheng)后，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)擅(shan)自免(mian)除第(di)三人(ren)賠償(chang)責任的(de)(de)情形(xing)作(zuo)了(le)規定。但對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故(gu)發生(sheng)前，如被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)與第(di)三人(ren)約定有(you)免(mian)責條(tiao)款，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)是(shi)否承(cheng)擔賠償(chang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)金責任的(de)(de)情形(xing)未作(zuo)規定。在此有(you)必(bi)要對被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)對第(di)三者損害賠償(chang)棄權行(xing)為分保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同簽(qian)訂前的(de)(de)棄權行(xing)為、在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同簽(qian)訂之后保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故(gu)發生(sheng)之前的(de)(de)棄權行(xing)為以(yi)及保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故(gu)發生(sheng)后的(de)(de)棄權行(xing)為三種(zhong)情形(xing)進行(xing)討論。

（一）保險(xian)合同簽(qian)訂(ding)之(zhi)前棄權行為的限制(zhi)

主流觀點(dian)認為由保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人主動(dong)詢問，被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人應(ying)當如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)未如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)按現行《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第(di)(di)16條之規定(ding)進行處(chu)理。正如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)2012年(nian)《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)司(si)法(fa)解釋（二）》征求(qiu)意(yi)見稿第(di)(di)20條就是這樣規定(ding)的：“保(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同訂立(li)之前(qian)被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人放棄對(dui)(dui)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)請求(qiu)權(quan)(quan)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人對(dui)(dui)此提出詢問的，投保(bao)人應(ying)當向保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)，否則(ze)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人不承擔賠償保(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)；保(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同訂立(li)之前(qian)被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人放棄對(dui)(dui)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)請求(qiu)權(quan)(quan)，投保(bao)人如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)后保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人仍同意(yi)承保(bao)的，發生保(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人應(ying)承擔賠償保(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，但無權(quan)(quan)向第(di)(di)三者(zhe)行使代位求(qiu)償權(quan)(quan)。”該規定(ding)也(ye)具有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的方向指引作用。

（二）保險合同(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)之后保險事故發生之前棄權行為的限制

有的(de)(de)學者認為被保險(xian)人在保險(xian)合(he)同成立(li)后(hou)，先(xian)于保險(xian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)發生放棄對第三人的(de)(de)賠償請求(qiu)權，直(zhi)接損害被保險(xian)人依法或者依據保險(xian)合(he)同而取得的(de)(de)保險(xian)代(dai)位求(qiu)償權益(yi)，保險(xian)人可以不承擔(dan)保險(xian)責(ze)任”[9]。

而(er)另外(wai)有(you)人(ren)認為(wei)基(ji)于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)是(shi)最(zui)大(da)誠信合(he)(he)同(tong)，并(bing)且為(wei)了(le)維(wei)護交易安全，不(bu)能因(yin)為(wei)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)放棄對(dui)第三人(ren)權利的(de)行為(wei)就簡單地(di)拒絕被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)請求支付保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)申請，而(er)應該(gai)具體情況具體分析。在美(mei)國明(ming)尼蘇達州(zhou)大(da)北石油公司(si)(si)訴圣保(bao)(bao)羅火災海事保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)一(yi)案中(zhong)，該(gai)州(zhou)最(zui)高(gao)法院(yuan)認為(wei)：“保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)沒有(you)禁止被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)訂立(li)免(mian)除責任的(de)協議(yi)的(de)明(ming)確約定，被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)有(you)權訴請保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)給付保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠償金。”[10]

筆者認為(wei)這種情形可(ke)以援引《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》第(di)52條(tiao)第(di)2款之規定(ding)，在合同(tong)(tong)有效期內，危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度增加(jia)的，被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)有通知義務，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)可(ke)以根(gen)據(ju)合同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定(ding)要求增加(jia)報廢或(huo)者解(jie)除合同(tong)(tong)，被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)違反通知義務發生保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)不承擔(dan)備嘗保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)責任。訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)后出險(xian)(xian)(xian)前的豁(huo)免(mian)第(di)三人(ren)責任的情形，應當(dang)適(shi)用危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)顯著增加(jia)通知規則(ze)，因(yin)為(wei)此時豁(huo)免(mian)最容易(yi)造成危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故的特定(ding)第(di)三者之責任，對保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)而言，即意味著危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)明顯增加(jia)，被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)若有違反通知義務，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)不承擔(dan)賠償保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)的責任[11]。

（三）保險事故發生后棄(qi)權行為的限(xian)制(zhi)

《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法》第61條規定：“保(bao)(bao)險(xian)事故發生后(hou)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)未賠償保(bao)(bao)險(xian)金(jin)(jin)之前，被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)放棄對(dui)第三者請求賠償的(de)(de)權利(li)的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)不(bu)承擔賠償保(bao)(bao)險(xian)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)責(ze)任。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)向(xiang)被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)賠償保(bao)(bao)險(xian)金(jin)(jin)后(hou)，被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)未經保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)同(tong)意(yi)放棄對(dui)第三者請求賠償的(de)(de)權利(li)的(de)(de)，該行為無效(xiao)。”

保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)，保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)未(wei)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)之前(qian)，被保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)放棄(qi)對(dui)第三者請(qing)求(qiu)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利的(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)當(dang)考慮(lv)第三人(ren)(ren)僅(jin)僅(jin)承(cheng)擔部分責任(ren)或者保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)未(wei)足額賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形，保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)承(cheng)擔被保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)棄(qi)權范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)給付(fu)責任(ren)。因此，為了法條更加嚴謹，此法條可以相應(ying)修改為：“保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)，保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)未(wei)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)之前(qian)，被保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)放棄(qi)對(dui)第三者請(qing)求(qiu)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)承(cheng)擔被保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)棄(qi)權范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)責任(ren)。”

參考文獻：

[1]劉宗榮(rong).新保(bao)險法(fa)：保(bao)險契約(yue)法(fa)的理(li)論與(yu)實務[M].北京(jing)：中(zhong)國人民大學出(chu)版(ban)社(she)，2009：245.

[2]霍艷(yan)梅.論保險代位求償權行使的(de)法律限制[J].河北法學，2006（1）：149.

[3]郭(guo)建(jian)標.保險代位求償(chang)權若干法(fa)律(lv)爭議問(wen)題之探討[J].法(fa)律(lv)適用，2011（5）：27-31.

[4]許良(liang)根(gen).保險代(dai)位求(qiu)償制度研究(jiu)[M].北京：法律出版社，2008（5）：18.

[5]謝艷萍.保(bao)險代(dai)位求(qiu)償權之反思[D].武漢(han)：華中師范大(da)學，2011：1-33.

[6]江朝國.保險法基(ji)礎理(li)論[M].臺北：瑞興圖書股(gu)份有限公(gong)司(si)，2003：396-416.

[7]周玉華.保險(xian)合同總(zong)論[M].北京：中國檢察(cha)出版社(she)， 2000.

[8]胡鴻(hong)高，李磊.保(bao)險代(dai)位(wei)求(qiu)償權在(zai)人身保(bao)險中(zhong)的適用(yong)問(wen)題(ti)研究[J].當代(dai)法(fa)學(xue)，2009（1）：117.

[9]胡(hu)尚永(yong).免責條款與(yu)代位權是否沖突(tu)[J].上海保(bao)險，1996（12）：10.

篇6

關鍵(jian)詞(ci):保險競合(he);損(sun)失補償原則;保險立(li)法

中圖分(fen)類(lei)號:F840文獻標識碼:A文章(zhang)編號:1006-3544(2009)04-0078-04

保險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)務當(dang)中十分(fen)常見, 而在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)立法中屬于空白,在(zai)(zai)理論(lun)研究中的(de)(de)相關文獻也較(jiao)少,同時爭議頗多(duo)且存在(zai)(zai)概念模(mo)糊等不足之處。 隨著(zhu)保險(xian)(xian)市場的(de)(de)日益(yi)發展,保險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)的(de)(de)案例會(hui)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo),怎樣(yang)合(he)理解決這類缺少法規依據的(de)(de)保險(xian)(xian)問題, 需(xu)要學(xue)術界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)持續關注與深入探(tan)索。 本(ben)文將(jiang)基于前人的(de)(de)研究和國(guo)內的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際狀(zhuang)況重新界(jie)(jie)定保險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)的(de)(de)概念, 并分(fen)類型討論(lun)其具(ju)體表現以及處理方式(shi), 提出原則性的(de)(de)政策(ce)建議。

一、保險競合(he)的概念界定

關于保(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)至(zhi)今缺乏準確的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi), 所(suo)見(jian)最多的(de)(de)(de)是:保(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)是指同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生導致同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)受損時, 兩個或兩個以上的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人對此均(jun)負保(bao)險(xian)(xian)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)責任的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing) [1-4] 。雖然此定(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)概括(kuo)出(chu)了保(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些主要特征(zheng), 如(ru)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)使得多個保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人均(jun)應負責,但存在明顯缺陷(xian)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是定(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)中“同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)受損”的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)法(fa)不妥當,使其不能解釋(shi)涉及(ji)責任保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)競合(he);二是該定(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)難(nan)以涵蓋人身保(bao)險(xian)(xian),因為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)生命和健(jian)康不能“保(bao)險(xian)(xian)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)”;三是此定(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)尚不能把重復(fu)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)排除在外(wai)。

合理界定(ding)保險競(jing)合的概(gai)念首(shou)先需要明(ming)確其基本構(gou)(gou)成要素。筆者認(ren)為,保險競(jing)合的構(gou)(gou)成要素應包括:

第(di)一, 存在兩個以上的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同或(huo)(huo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)關系①,且(qie)它(ta)們(men)約定(ding)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)范(fan)圍及責任期限(xian)相(xiang)同或(huo)(huo)部分(fen)重疊。 這是因為, 如果(guo)沒有(you)兩個以上的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同或(huo)(huo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)關系,或(huo)(huo)者它(ta)們(men)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)范(fan)圍及責任期限(xian)沒有(you)重疊, 那么就不會有(you)多個承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體同一時(shi)間面臨索賠, 從(cong)而(er)在責任履行上產生交叉重合及處理困(kun)難(nan), 也就無(wu)所謂保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)競合了(le)。

第二(er),須是同(tong)一(yi)保(bao)險事故(gu)引致競合的(de)出現,因(yin)為不同(tong)保(bao)險事故(gu)的(de)處理不涉及(ji)多個承(cheng)保(bao)主體(ti)賠付(fu)責(ze)任(ren)的(de)交叉與重合。對(dui)于這一(yi)點認識,大家幾(ji)無分歧。

第三,保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故中(zhong),須存在同一個受(shou)害(hai)(hai)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)。關于(yu)此(ci)(ci)問(wen)題(ti)許多研究者提(ti)出, 保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)競(jing)(jing)合須強(qiang)調一次保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故損及(ji)同一保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的(de)(de)(de) [1-4] ,筆(bi)者對此(ci)(ci)存在質疑:一方(fang)面,責(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)也(ye)有競(jing)(jing)合的(de)(de)(de)現象并且非常普遍(bian), 但責(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)標的(de)(de)(de)(即(ji)民事(shi)賠償(chang)(chang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren))本(ben)身(shen)(shen)(shen)不會(hui)受(shou)損, 真正受(shou)損的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)先是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故中(zhong)涉(she)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)人身(shen)(shen)(shen)或(huo)財產, 其次是(shi)(shi)依(yi)法向受(shou)害(hai)(hai)者給予了經濟賠償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人本(ben)人;另(ling)一方(fang)面,部分保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)競(jing)(jing)合也(ye)不一定只有一項保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)損, 而可能是(shi)(shi)多項標的(de)(de)(de)如財產與人身(shen)(shen)(shen)均受(shou)損, 決定是(shi)(shi)否會(hui)有多個承保(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)參(can)與理(li)賠進而產生責(ze)任(ren)(ren)交叉的(de)(de)(de)不在于(yu)受(shou)損保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)多寡。因此(ci)(ci), 把(ba)同一保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)損作為保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)競(jing)(jing)合的(de)(de)(de)構成要件并不合理(li)。

實(shi)際上(shang)(shang), 保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)發生(sheng)后(hou)但凡相關承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體(ti)需按約進(jin)(jin)行(xing)理賠(pei)的(de)(de)話,則(ze)此次事故(gu)(gu)總(zong)會存在(zai)(zai)受(shou)害(hai)者(zhe),前者(zhe)直(zhi)接(jie)或間接(jie)地向(xiang)后(hou)者(zhe)給予賠(pei)付(fu)(fu)。其中(zhong),若(ruo)受(shou)害(hai)者(zhe)本來就是(shi)(shi)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)或參(can)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren),則(ze)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體(ti)應直(zhi)接(jie)向(xiang)其支付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金,即直(zhi)接(jie)履(lv)行(xing)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu)職責;若(ruo)反之,則(ze)為間接(jie)履(lv)責,即保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)或被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)向(xiang)受(shou)害(hai)人(ren)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu)①。而在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)下,事故(gu)(gu)受(shou)害(hai)人(ren)可(ke)同時行(xing)使兩項(xiang)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu)請求(qiu)(qiu)權, 如果是(shi)(shi)自身享有多(duo)(duo)份保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同則(ze)可(ke)向(xiang)多(duo)(duo)個保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)要求(qiu)(qiu)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu), 若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)事故(gu)(gu)由多(duo)(duo)個致害(hai)責任(ren)人(ren)所造(zao)成(cheng)則(ze)可(ke)向(xiang)他們要求(qiu)(qiu)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu), 并最(zui)終使提供(gong)責任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)個承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體(ti)面臨索賠(pei)。 從這(zhe)個意義上(shang)(shang)講,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)根源于請求(qiu)(qiu)權的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)重性,是(shi)(shi)民商(shang)法中(zhong)的(de)(de)請求(qiu)(qiu)權競合(he)在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法律(lv)關系上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)特殊體(ti)現(xian)。所以(yi)(yi),筆者(zhe)認為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合(he)的(de)(de)要件之一(yi)是(shi)(shi)同一(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故(gu)(gu)導(dao)致了同一(yi)受(shou)害(hai)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)出現(xian),而他(她)從致害(hai)主(zhu)體(ti)或承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體(ti)那里實(shi)現(xian)賠(pei)付(fu)(fu)請求(qiu)(qiu)權的(de)(de)具體(ti)方式(shi)不惟(wei)一(yi)。

第四,須存(cun)在多(duo)(duo)項保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)往往與重(zhong)復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao), 后者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)立要(yao)求多(duo)(duo)份合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)均基于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi),而前(qian)(qian)者(zhe)卻不一(yi)(yi)(yi)定。從(cong)理論上(shang)看,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)項性是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)區別于(yu)重(zhong)復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵因素(su),后者(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)前(qian)(qian)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特例,即(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)惟(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)②,有(you)研究者(zhe)據(ju)此提(ti)出了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣義與狹義之(zhi)分(fen):包含重(zhong)復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)謂之(zhi)為(wei)廣義,否(fou)則為(wei)狹義 [5] 。我們之(zhi)所以要(yao)嚴格區分(fen)二者(zhe),一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)因為(wei)業內對(dui)重(zhong)復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理已經(jing)具有(you)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度,故研究重(zhong)點(dian)應(ying)當是(shi)留有(you)立法空白的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)。 另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian),根據(ju)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)學(xue)原(yuan)理可(ke)知,同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)經(jing)濟主(zhu)體可(ke)以存(cun)在不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi), 并(bing)可(ke)成(cheng)立多(duo)(duo)個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)關系, 故當一(yi)(yi)(yi)次保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生直接(jie)或(huo)間接(jie)損及多(duo)(duo)項保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)時, 可(ke)導(dao)致多(duo)(duo)個(ge)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)體同(tong)(tong)時予(yu)以理賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難, 而這正是(shi)產生保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)理基礎(chu)。從(cong)這個(ge)意(yi)義上(shang)講,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實質是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)。

綜上所述,本文將保險競合的(de)(de)概念歸納為:保險法律關(guan)系(xi)中,同(tong)一保險事故損及同(tong)一經濟(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)時,導致源于不同(tong)保險利益的(de)(de)多個承保主(zhu)體(ti)可(ke)同(tong)時理賠的(de)(de)情形。

二、保險(xian)競合的分類與處理

(一(yi))人身保險之間(jian)的競(jing)合

所謂人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之間的(de)(de)競合(he), 是指(zhi)競合(he)關(guan)系中(zhong)的(de)(de)多份保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同都基(ji)于人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利益(yi)。 其(qi)中(zhong)最典(dian)型的(de)(de)情況(kuang)是, 一(yi)(yi)個(ge)被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)分(fen)別(bie)基(ji)于血(xue)緣關(guan)系和姻親(qin)(qin)關(guan)系的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利益(yi)同時享有了多份合(he)同保(bao)障。例(li)如,某人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)父親(qin)(qin)和妻子(zi)各向一(yi)(yi)家(jia)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司為其(qi)投保(bao)了同期限的(de)(de)健康(kang)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和人(ren)(ren)身意(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian), 則保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故導(dao)致的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)身傷(shang)殘(can)和醫療(liao)費用可(ke)分(fen)別(bie)提出索賠, 即此人(ren)(ren)擁(yong)有的(de)(de)兩項(xiang)請求權產生了競合(he)。應當說,這類情況(kuang)的(de)(de)處理(li)尚(shang)不算困(kun)難, 因為人(ren)(ren)身傷(shang)害(hai)給(gei)付(fu)與醫療(liao)費用補償(chang)互(hu)不沖(chong)突, 兩家(jia)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司均向同一(yi)(yi)個(ge)被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)理(li)賠即可(ke)。

但(dan)是,若以上(shang)案(an)(an)例(li)(li)出現(xian)如(ru)下不同之處,例(li)(li)如(ru)被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)妻子(zi)也為其附(fu)加(jia)投保(bao)了健康保(bao)險(xian), 則處理(li)(li)起(qi)來具有爭議。 分歧主要來自于(yu)存在(zai)兩份(fen)健康保(bao)險(xian)的(de)情況下, 被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支出是否(fou)可以獲得兩次理(li)(li)賠(pei)。類似此案(an)(an)例(li)(li),現(xian)行《保(bao)險(xian)法》第(di)68條排除了保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)對(dui)醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)賠(pei)付的(de)代(dai)位(wei)追(zhui)償(chang)(chang), 不禁止被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)二次獲償(chang)(chang)。 王樹森和梁振華援(yuan)引民商法中專屬債權的(de)相關(guan)原(yuan)理(li)(li), 認為被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)請求權不能代(dai)位(wei)行使,從而贊(zan)同《保(bao)險(xian)法》第(di)68條的(de)立法主旨 [6] 。另一(yi)種意(yi)見則認為,醫(yi)療費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支出與普通(tong)財產損失一(yi)樣具有補償(chang)(chang)性質, 其理(li)(li)賠(pei)過程適用(yong)(yong)(yong)補償(chang)(chang)原(yuan)則和代(dai)位(wei)原(yuan)則 [7] 。

筆(bi)者傾向于(yu)(yu)以(yi)上(shang)第(di)二種(zhong)意見(jian), 因(yin)為健康保險(xian)涉及的(de)醫(yi)(yi)療費用(yong)和(he)誤(wu)工損失等(deng)項目的(de)確類同于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通財產損失,而與殘疾(ji)給付及精(jing)神損害補償等(deng)相異,是(shi)可以(yi)足額彌(mi)補的(de)。因(yin)此,上(shang)述案例(li)中(zhong)的(de)兩家保險(xian)公司應當(dang)對(dui)被保險(xian)人的(de)醫(yi)(yi)療費用(yong)加以(yi)分攤。 現實中(zhong)的(de)具體做(zuo)法可仿照對(dui)重復保險(xian)的(de)處理(li), 涉案保險(xian)公司或相互(hu)達成分攤協議的(de)從(cong)其協議, 或法定為按保險(xian)金額的(de)比(bi)例(li)分攤,從(cong)而滿足權責對(dui)等(deng)的(de)公平原則。

(二)財產保險之間的競(jing)合(he)

與人身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)類(lei)似, 財(cai)產(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)項保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)利益均源自(zi)財(cai)產(chan)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)現(xian)實中(zhong),狹(xia)義(yi)產(chan)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(即財(cai)產(chan)損失保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian))之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)十(shi)分(fen)罕見(jian),絕大多(duo)(duo)數產(chan)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)發生(sheng)于廣義(yi)產(chan)險(xian)(xian)(xian)間(jian), 主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)最為常見(jian)。例如,吳(wu)某乘(cheng)坐一輛車(che)主(zhu)(zhu)C駕(jia)駛的(de)(de)(de)(de)掛靠A運輸公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長途客車(che)前(qian)往目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di),途中(zhong)與B駕(jia)駛的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽車(che)相(xiang)撞后身受重傷且隨身行(xing)李受損,B負事(shi)故主(zhu)(zhu)責(ze)。于是(shi),本案產(chan)生(sheng)了典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)請求(qiu)權(quan)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he),因為運輸公司(si)(si)沒有平(ping)安地(di)(di)將吳(wu)某送達目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di), 故可被追究(jiu)旅客運輸合(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)違約責(ze)任; 同時車(che)禍損害了吳(wu)某的(de)(de)(de)(de)健康權(quan)和財(cai)產(chan)權(quan),他(ta)可以向(xiang)肇事(shi)車(che)主(zhu)(zhu)B和客車(che)車(che)主(zhu)(zhu)C追究(jiu)侵權(quan)責(ze)任。相(xiang)應地(di)(di),分(fen)別為A承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了承(cheng)(cheng)運人責(ze)任險(xian)(xian)(xian)、為B承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了機動車(che)第(di)三(san)者責(ze)任險(xian)(xian)(xian)以及(ji)(ji)為C承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了車(che)上人員責(ze)任險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲乙丙(bing)三(san)家(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)都可能參與理賠,最終形(xing)成(cheng)責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)。

此類案例(li)中(zhong)(zhong),對于(yu)(yu)受(shou)害人(ren)(ren)(ren)不應超額(e)獲償(chang)的(如財產) 損失(shi)部(bu)分(fen), 國際上存在源自美國的一(yi)套處理(li)規則,即依據保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)訂(ding)立的他(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)條(tiao)款(kuan)來(lai)加以解(jie)決,具體包括溢(yi)(yi)額(e)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(即本(ben)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只負責(ze)(ze)(ze)其他(ta)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應負賠付責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)以外的部(bu)分(fen))、不負責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(即存在其他(ta)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi)本(ben)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不負責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren))和比例(li)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(即存在其他(ta)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi)本(ben)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只按承保(bao)(bao)(bao)金(jin)額(e)比例(li)分(fen)攤責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren))三種方(fang)式。但是,在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)定他(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)條(tiao)款(kuan)并不能想當(dang)然地(di)約(yue)束其他(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)的當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)(ren), 真正履行起來(lai)并不順利。并且(qie)三種處理(li)方(fang)式本(ben)身就存在沖突(tu),最(zui)典型的是若(ruo)兩份(fen)合同(tong)均(jun)約(yue)定的“不負責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)”條(tiao)款(kuan),那(nei)豈不是受(shou)害者(zhe)無(wu)法真正得(de)到補償(chang)?所(suo)以,國家立法有必要介入對此類案例(li)的處理(li), 基本(ben)原(yuan)則是確立賠付的順序(xu)為:侵(qin)權(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)先(xian)于(yu)(yu)違約(yue)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren),過錯(cuo)方(fang)先(xian)于(yu)(yu)非過錯(cuo)方(fang),過錯(cuo)大者(zhe)先(xian)于(yu)(yu)過錯(cuo)小者(zhe)。這樣(yang)做,符合民事法律責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)的一(yi)般原(yuan)理(li),既可以合理(li)彌(mi)補受(shou)害方(fang)的合法利益, 又可對過錯(cuo)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)方(fang)起到懲戒作(zuo)用。具體到本(ben)案,由(you)于(yu)(yu)B和C是侵(qin)權(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)方(fang),故應先(xian)于(yu)(yu)違約(yue)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)方(fang)A進行賠償(chang),而B的過錯(cuo)大于(yu)(yu)C,故B的賠償(chang)又應先(xian)于(yu)(yu)C,最(zui)終(zhong),是乙保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司先(xian)行理(li)賠,丙和甲(jia)公(gong)司承擔(dan)溢(yi)(yi)額(e)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。

除以上案例(li)之外, 有時(shi)還會遇到強(qiang)制(zhi)性責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)任(ren)意性責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)競合, 如同(tong)一次車禍(huo)造成的(de)車輛損失(shi)可(ke)由兩(liang)家保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)分(fen)(fen)別承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)的(de)交強(qiang)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)商業性第三(san)者責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)理賠(pei)。此時(shi),考慮(lv)強(qiang)制(zhi)性責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)法律性質和(he)政(zheng)策意圖, 應當(dang)先由強(qiang)制(zhi)性責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)負責(ze)損失(shi)賠(pei)償,任(ren)意性責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)擔超出的(de)部分(fen)(fen)。

(三)人身(shen)保(bao)險與財產保(bao)險之間(jian)的競合

這一(yi)(yi)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)競(jing)合, 主要(yao)體現于(yu)人身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)與責(ze)(ze)任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)之間。一(yi)(yi)種情況(kuang)是(shi)涉及給(gei)付(fu)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人身(shen)保(bao)險(xian),例如享有(you)定期壽(shou)險(xian)或意外傷害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某被保(bao)險(xian)人因一(yi)(yi)起責(ze)(ze)任(ren)事故(gu)(如產品責(ze)(ze)任(ren))死亡,則承保(bao)其人身(shen)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)與承保(bao)致害(hai)方責(ze)(ze)任(ren)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)形成競(jing)合。顯然(ran),壽(shou)險(xian)或意外險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死亡給(gei)付(fu)不存在(zai)超額賠(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,所以死者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受益(yi)人(繼承人)可在(zai)獲得人身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)金(jin)給(gei)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時獲得責(ze)(ze)任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二次(ci)賠(pei)付(fu)。

另一種情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理要(yao)復雜一些, 即(ji)受害(hai)人享有(you)的(de)(de)(de)是帶有(you)補償(chang)性的(de)(de)(de)健康保險, 所以責任(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)故所致損(sun)失(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)醫療費用部分(fen)會引起保額賠(pei)(pei)付的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)困難。這種競合情(qing)形下, 筆者(zhe)認為應(ying)對(dui)費用損(sun)失(shi)進行(xing)分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)是肯定的(de)(de)(de), 當事(shi)人不能(neng)因(yin)保險事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)發生而(er)額外獲利;其次, 就分(fen)攤(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)而(er)論,應(ying)當是責任(ren)(ren)(ren)保險的(de)(de)(de)保險人先行(xing)負(fu)責, 原(yuan)因(yin)在于導致事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)有(you)過(guo)錯一方不能(neng)被輕易免除賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)責任(ren)(ren)(ren), 否則違(wei)的(de)(de)(de)公平正義原(yuan)則。

(四(si))商業保(bao)險(xian)與社會保(bao)險(xian)之間的競(jing)合(he)

這一類(lei)型的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)競合包(bao)括(kuo)兩(liang)種典型情況: 一種是同時(shi)享(xiang)有商業(ye)醫(yi)療保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)和社(she)會醫(yi)療保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)應(ying)(ying)向(xiang)哪一方要(yao)求醫(yi)療費用補償; 另一種是存(cun)在第三方責任(ren)人(ren)的(de)工傷事故(gu)中,受害的(de)雇員(yuan)(或勞動者)應(ying)(ying)向(xiang)致害責任(ren)人(ren)及其(qi)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)公司索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)還是向(xiang)社(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)機構索(suo)賠(pei)(pei),即(ji)所謂(wei)的(de)人(ren)身損害賠(pei)(pei)償與工傷保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)競合。

第一(yi)種情(qing)況中(zhong), 現實(shi)中(zhong)主要存在于商業醫療保險(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)報銷性(xing)而非預付性(xing)的(de)(de)場合下(xia), 被(bei)(bei)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)人面臨著將醫療費用發票(piao)交給(gei)哪一(yi)方承保機構(gou)(gou)理賠的(de)(de)選擇。業內以前的(de)(de)處理是(shi)(shi)被(bei)(bei)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)人只能擇一(yi)索賠, 現在是(shi)(shi)商業保險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司通常可以接受社保機構(gou)(gou)簽字(zi)蓋(gai)章(zhang)的(de)(de)醫療發票(piao)復印(yin)件,即原則上允許(xu)二次報銷。筆(bi)者認為,考(kao)慮社會保險(xian)(xian)(xian)提供基本(ben)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)保障的(de)(de)性(xing)質, 理論上應先由(you)(you)社保機構(gou)(gou)進(jin)行處理, 補償不足的(de)(de)部分(fen)再由(you)(you)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司補足。

第二種(zhong)情況中(zhong), 由于關系到社會保障制(zhi)度建設的(de)(de)基礎性問題當前討論比較(jiao)多, 總體上被歸納(na)為四(si)種(zhong)處理模式(shi)(shi)。一是取代(dai)模式(shi)(shi),即受害雇員只(zhi)能申請工(gong)傷賠(pei)償(chang),典型(xing)的(de)(de)如(ru)法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、瑞士、南(nan)非和挪威(wei)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo);二是擇(ze)一模式(shi)(shi), 即受害雇員可以(yi)且只(zhi)可以(yi)選擇(ze)一條索賠(pei)渠道, 英國(guo)(guo)(guo)和英聯邦(bang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)早期法(fa)律制(zhi)度均屬此類; 三是兼(jian)得模式(shi)(shi),即受害雇員可以(yi)得到雙重賠(pei)償(chang),如(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)臺灣和現在(zai)的(de)(de)英國(guo)(guo)(guo);四(si)是補(bu)充模式(shi)(shi),即受害雇員可向兩方主張權利(li), 但所得賠(pei)償(chang)不(bu)超(chao)過其實際損失(shi), 如(ru)日(ri)本、智利(li)和北歐諸國(guo)(guo)(guo)。

在(zai)(zai)我國的法規制度中(zhong),1996年(nian)(nian)的《企(qi)業職工(gong)工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保險試行(xing)辦法》不允許兼得,而2002年(nian)(nian)施(shi)行(xing)的《安全生產法》和2004年(nian)(nian)新(xin)實施(shi)的《工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保險條(tiao)例》則(ze)既不禁止兼得,也不排除補充模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。于是(shi),在(zai)(zai)《工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保險條(tiao)例》生效后(hou),一些地(di)方性(如黑(hei)龍江、四川、上海、湖(hu)北和安徽(hui)蕪湖(hu)等) 的實施(shi)細則(ze)或配套政策采(cai)取了(le)補充模(mo)(mo)式(shi),但被認為是(shi)“自出(chu)心(xin)裁越權(quan)立法造(zao)成的惡(e)果(guo)” [8] 。學術(shu)界中(zhong),補充模(mo)(mo)式(shi)曾得到不少學者的推(tui)崇,而現在(zai)(zai)支持兼得模(mo)(mo)式(shi)的日益增多 [8-9] 。

筆者認為,采取(qu)何種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)不可一(yi)概而(er)論。對于(yu)工傷(shang)事故所致(zhi)(zhi)的醫療(liao)費(fei)用(包括殘疾器(qi)具(ju)等(deng))和(he)(he)誤工損失等(deng)支出,正(zheng)如前文所述,由(you)于(yu)可以(yi)明確估算其(qi)金額大(da)小,故應(ying)當(dang)(dang)適用補(bu)充(chong)(chong)模(mo)式(shi),由(you)社保機構(gou)和(he)(he)致(zhi)(zhi)害責任人共同(tong)分擔。 但(dan)是(shi), 同(tong)樣考慮到(dao)對責任者的必要(yao)懲(cheng)戒,應(ying)當(dang)(dang)規(gui)定受(shou)害雇員須先(xian)向責任者索賠(pei)(pei),至少不能放棄索賠(pei)(pei)之權利, 再(zai)由(you)社保機構(gou)給予補(bu)充(chong)(chong)賠(pei)(pei)付(fu)并允(yun)許其(qi)代位追償。而(er)對于(yu)工傷(shang)事故所致(zhi)(zhi)的殘疾給付(fu),由(you)于(yu)其(qi)不具(ju)有損失補(bu)償性質,所以(yi)應(ying)適用兼得模(mo)式(shi),允(yun)許受(shou)害雇員兩(liang)次索賠(pei)(pei)。

三、結論與建議

(一(yi))加強理論(lun)研(yan)究

一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)首先是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個法(fa)(fa)(fa)律問題(ti),根源于民(min)事主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)請求權競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he), 并且(qie)與法(fa)(fa)(fa)律責任競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)乃至法(fa)(fa)(fa)條競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)都有(you)(you)關聯(lian)。因此,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)解(jie)決離不(bu)(bu)開相關法(fa)(fa)(fa)學(xue)原(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)指導, 加(jia)強民(min)商法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)及保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論研(yan)究具有(you)(you)現實意義。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)又(you)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)問題(ti), 其本質是(shi)(shi)多(duo)個經濟主(zhu)體保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)。 而從以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)分析可以(yi)看出, 保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)往往與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)過程相聯(lian)系, 凡是(shi)(shi)在須(xu)遵循損失(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)(he)來處理(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he),都不(bu)(bu)免(mian)遇(yu)到各(ge)種困難。換言之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)涉及到損失(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he), 其研(yan)究價值將不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)突出。 從這個意義上(shang)(shang)講, 是(shi)(shi)否須(xu)適(shi)用損失(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze), 似(si)乎可視作保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)第五個構成要素。所以(yi),加(jia)強對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利益(yi)以(yi)及損失(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze)等(deng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)學(xue)理(li)論問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究, 是(shi)(shi)準(zhun)確認識(shi)和(he)有(you)(you)效解(jie)決保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競(jing)(jing)合(he)(he)難題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

(二)補充(chong)和修(xiu)訂《保險法》

1. 應如(ru)《保險法》第41條對(dui)重復保險進行專門規定(ding)那樣(yang),在其中(zhong)也加入對(dui)保險競合的(de)相關規定(ding)。立法的(de)補充一是(shi)明確界定(ding)保險競合的(de)含義, 二(er)是(shi)規定(ding)保險競合的(de)處理(li)原則, 具(ju)體內容或做(zuo)法可參照前文的(de)分(fen)析。

2. 鑒于《保(bao)險法》第(di)68條排(pai)除人(ren)身保(bao)險適用損失(shi)補償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze)所存在的(de)疑問,筆者認為應對其(qi)進(jin)行修訂(ding)。因為人(ren)身保(bao)險中的(de)健康保(bao)險涉(she)及(ji)對醫療費用和收入損失(shi)的(de)給付, 而(er)這兩個項目正如前文所述具有補償(chang)性質,應適用損失(shi)補償(chang)原(yuan)則(ze)。因此,第(di)68條規(gui)定(ding)的(de)保(bao)險人(ren)不可代(dai)位追償(chang)的(de)范圍應將健康保(bao)險除外。

3. 可依照國際上的(de)通行做法(fa), 及時對商業(ye)保(bao)(bao)險業(ye)務分類重新界定, 將意外傷害(hai)保(bao)(bao)險及健康保(bao)(bao)險劃入非(fei)壽險的(de)范疇(chou)。 因為保(bao)(bao)險競(jing)合現象實際上與壽險無關,或者說涉及壽險合同的(de)保(bao)(bao)險競(jing)合不難處(chu)理,所(suo)以在新的(de)業(ye)務分類下將保(bao)(bao)險競(jing)合專門納入非(fei)壽險制度框架進(jin)行規范相對簡(jian)明。

(三(san))加快社(she)會保(bao)險(xian)立法

社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)與商(shang)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系十分密切, 二者(zhe)之間的(de)(de)相互競合充(chong)分證(zheng)明了這(zhe)一(yi)點。 有效處(chu)理(li)涉及(ji)社(she)(she)(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)關(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)競合, 除(chu)了依據規(gui)范商(shang)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)活動(dong)的(de)(de)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》之外(wai),必然也離不(bu)開規(gui)范社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)活動(dong)的(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。而(er)我國(guo)統一(yi)的(de)(de)《社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》尚未出臺,目前, 從中(zhong)央到地方制定(ding)的(de)(de)數量(liang)眾多的(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)規(gui)或規(gui)范性文件難(nan)免考慮(lv)不(bu)周甚(shen)至相互沖突, 不(bu)利于社(she)(she)(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)事業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)和諧發(fa)展。因(yin)此(ci),加快社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)立法(fa)進程是解決以(yi)上問題的(de)(de)重要一(yi)環。其中(zhong),針對人身(shen)損害賠償與工傷保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)給(gei)付的(de)(de)競合問題, 社(she)(she)(she)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)應當立足國(guo)情, 并(bing)借鑒國(guo)際經(jing)驗(yan)明確給(gei)出統一(yi)而(er)合理(li)的(de)(de)處(chu)置原則, 既要合乎保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)理(li)論的(de)(de)一(yi)般規(gui)律, 又要充(chong)分保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障勞動(dong)者(zhe)的(de)(de)合法(fa)利益。

參考文獻:

[1]稂文(wen)仲. 保險競合的法(fa)律(lv)思(si)考[N]. 中(zhong)國保險報,2002-08-29(003).

[2]陳紓(shu). 發生保險競合應該如何賠償[N]. 金融時報,2002-10-25(05).

[3]宋卓. 我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)險立法與保(bao)(bao)險理論中補充保(bao)(bao)險競(jing)合的思考[J]. 保(bao)(bao)險研(yan)究(jiu),2005(1):81-84.

[4]劉李. 從大連“3. 4”風暴潮看保險競合(he)的(de)法律(lv)問題[J]. 中國保險,2008(4):50-53.

[5]徐民(min),繆晨. 保險競(jing)合研究――兼論我國保險法的完善[J]. 中國商法年(nian)刊,2007(00):722-728.

[6]王樹森,梁振華. 論(lun)人(ren)身(shen)保險(xian)中(zhong)保險(xian)責任與(yu)第三人(ren)責任的請求權競合[J]. 保險(xian)研究,2003(5):52-54.

[7]羅湘玉. 對(dui)保險競合問題的初步(bu)思考[D]. 西南民族大學學士(shi)論文(wen),2008.

篇7

一、保(bao)險費的(de)法律性質(zhi)

我國《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》第十三條(tiao)(tiao)規定(ding)：“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)立后(hou)，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)按照約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)交(jiao)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)按照約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間開始承擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)。”可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么？這些并沒有在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法中體現出來。有學(xue)者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)“是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)交(jiao)付(fu)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)作為(wei)(wei)其(qi)負擔(dan)(dan)(dan)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金錢。……保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，系要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)給予保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，作為(wei)(wei)其(qi)負擔(dan)(dan)(dan)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)價(jia)，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)所(suo)應獲得之(zhi)報(bao)酬，而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立要(yao)(yao)件(jian)。”1在這種解釋中，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)承擔(dan)(dan)(dan)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)價(jia)應無(wu)異議(yi)，但對(dui)(dui)(dui)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立要(yao)(yao)件(jian)一說，筆者(zhe)持有不(bu)同(tong)意(yi)見。蓋保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法第十二條(tiao)(tiao)規定(ding)：“投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)提出保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，經保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)同(tong)意(yi)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，并就(jiu)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款達成(cheng)(cheng)協議(yi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)立。”由此可(ke)見，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)諾成(cheng)(cheng)性(xing)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)，而(er)(er)非(fei)要(yao)(yao)式及要(yao)(yao)物契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)，它不(bu)以(yi)(yi)給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)立要(yao)(yao)件(jian)，正如有的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe)指(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)，“除(chu)將(jiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單(dan)或暫保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)之(zhi)簽發(fa)或保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)之(zhi)交(jiao)付(fu)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)生效之(zhi)停止要(yao)(yao)件(jian)外，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)立應以(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)約(yue)(yue)(yue)與承諾合致這時點為(wei)(wei)準。”2所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)應當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生效要(yao)(yao)件(jian)，即無(wu)此約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)無(wu)效。

但保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同究竟以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)抑或以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)為(wei)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件，在理論上(shang)仍存在分(fen)歧。主張(zhang)前(qian)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者基于(yu)(yu)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)，認(ren)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)在有(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)即已生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)債務成(cheng)為(wei)既(ji)得債權，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應于(yu)(yu)何時(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)，悉由當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，法(fa)令無(wu)加以(yi)干涉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)。3主張(zhang)后(hou)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者則認(ren)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)前(qian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)力，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)于(yu)(yu)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翌日(ri)開始，“原則上(shang)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)給付(fu)(fu)之(zhi)后(hou)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)始生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)力”。4我國臺(tai)灣地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)第(di)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)分(fen)一(yi)次交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)及(ji)分(fen)期(qi)(qi)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)兩種，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)一(yi)次交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)或分(fen)期(qi)(qi)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)之(zhi)第(di)一(yi)期(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，應于(yu)(yu)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)前(qian)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)之(zhi)。但保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)簽訂時(shi)(shi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)未(wei)能確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)者，不(bu)(bu)在此限。”該規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)似乎采納了(le)后(hou)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見，但該法(fa)第(di)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)二條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)又規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應由要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)依(yi)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)。”這條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)明顯帶有(you)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩，從(cong)而與(yu)第(di)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)產生(sheng)了(le)抵(di)觸(chu)。至于(yu)(yu)我國大陸地區(qu)施行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)中(zhong)并沒有(you)對(dui)該問(wen)題進行(xing)明確(que)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，只是(shi)(shi)在第(di)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)六條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)二款(kuan)中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“合同約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分(fen)期(qi)(qi)支付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應當于(yu)(yu)合同成(cheng)立(li)時(shi)(shi)支付(fu)(fu)首期(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，并應當按期(qi)(qi)支付(fu)(fu)其余(yu)各(ge)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。”但如果(guo)未(wei)能按期(qi)(qi)支付(fu)(fu)首期(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同是(shi)(shi)否生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)？當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在合同中(zhong)如果(guo)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)另有(you)約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，則該約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)否與(yu)法(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)相抵(di)觸(chu)？有(you)學者依(yi)據第(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，認(ren)為(wei)我國采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)作(zuo)為(wei)合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件。5但是(shi)(shi)“投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)按照約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)按照約(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間開始承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)”，并不(bu)(bu)必然表明投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，合同便不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)了(le)，它僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)合同當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應承擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合同履行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種表述，以(yi)此作(zuo)為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理由過于(yu)(yu)勉(mian)強。

筆者認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，采取(qu)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)約定為(wei)(wei)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件(jian)的(de)(de)學說在理論上更為(wei)(wei)可(ke)行。因為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)應當(dang)遵(zun)循意思自治(zhi)原則(ze)，只要(yao)雙方(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人約定，一(yi)方(fang)(fang)負給(gei)(gei)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)義(yi)務，另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)則(ze)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故發(fa)生時(shi)負給(gei)(gei)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)償的(de)(de)義(yi)務，則(ze)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)即可(ke)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)成立。若堅持將保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)認(ren)定為(wei)(wei)要(yao)物合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)交付(fu)為(wei)(wei)生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件(jian)，如果(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雖然(ran)(ran)已經成立，但(dan)由于(yu)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人尚(shang)未(wei)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)致使(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)尚(shang)未(wei)生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，則(ze)該保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)將長(chang)期處(chu)于(yu)成立但(dan)未(wei)生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)不確定狀態(tai)，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)人的(de)(de)權利義(yi)務也(ye)自然(ran)(ran)無法得到(dao)法律的(de)(de)適當(dang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護。而(er)且這將使(shi)分(fen)期付(fu)費(fei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)存(cun)續(xu)產生理論上的(de)(de)困難，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人如果(guo)要(yao)使(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)一(yi)直延續(xu)下去，就必(bi)須于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)到(dao)期之日或到(dao)期之前交付(fu)，否則(ze)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)便(bian)會失去效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人對于(yu)此(ci)后發(fa)生的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)事(shi)故固(gu)不得請求賠(pei)償，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人也(ye)無法主張第(di)二期以(yi)后的(de)(de)各期保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)了(le)，這對于(yu)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人還是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人都是(shi)沒有任何益處(chu)的(de)(de)。

所以筆者以為(wei)不(bu)論財(cai)產保(bao)(bao)險(xian)或是(shi)人(ren)壽保(bao)(bao)險(xian)均應以保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費的約定為(wei)效力要件，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費的交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)一般僅為(wei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)生效后(hou)，投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)應履行的義務，當事人(ren)另有特(te)別(bie)約定的除外(wai)。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)成立后(hou)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費即為(wei)既得債權，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)可以容許投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)遲(chi)延交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費。如到期不(bu)獲(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)，則保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)有權終止(zhi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)或請求投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費。惟此，對于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)和投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)才是(shi)公平合(he)理的。

二(er)、保險費(fei)怠于給(gei)付的法律后果(guo)

保(bao)險合(he)同(tong)為(wei)有償(chang)契約(yue)，任何(he)一方都應(ying)給付或承諾給付對(dui)價。投保(bao)人交付保(bao)險費(fei)是其履行(xing)合(he)同(tong)的義(yi)務(wu)之一，也是保(bao)險人承擔保(bao)險責任的前提，若(ruo)怠于(yu)給付保(bao)險費(fei)，應(ying)當(dang)依照一般(ban)合(he)同(tong)不履行(xing)的規定處理。但由于(yu)人身保(bao)險的保(bao)險費(fei)的法律性質(zhi)具有特殊性，因而產生的法律后(hou)果也不同(tong)于(yu)財產保(bao)險。

（一）怠于給付財產保險(xian)合同保險(xian)費(fei)的法(fa)律后果(guo)

對(dui)于(yu)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)為一次交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)而(er)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)未交(jiao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或約(yue)(yue)定(ding)分期(qi)(qi)(qi)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)而(er)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)未付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)首期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，若保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)有特別約(yue)(yue)定(ding)，應(ying)從其約(yue)(yue)定(ding)；若無(wu)特別約(yue)(yue)定(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)追究投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)債務不(bu)履行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)約(yue)(yue)責(ze)任，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)請求(qiu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)給(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（包(bao)括訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式），保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)經定(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)催告(gao)(gao)后解除合同(tong)(tong)(tong)。6在投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)怠于(yu)給(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)之(zhi)后至投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)之(zhi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)內(nei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)基于(yu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)履行抗(kang)辯權(quan)(quan)對(dui)發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)不(bu)承擔(dan)賠(pei)償責(ze)任。假(jia)如以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生效(xiao)要件，其產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，不(bu)僅使保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)發(fa)(fa)生時(shi)不(bu)須擔(dan)負賠(pei)償責(ze)任，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)也(ye)使得(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)得(de)向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)請求(qiu)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。則保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)只能(neng)依照(zhao)締約(yue)(yue)過失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有關內(nei)容請求(qiu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)償付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為締約(yue)(yue)而(er)支付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)，而(er)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)請求(qiu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)繼續(xu)履行合同(tong)(tong)(tong)，以(yi)使合同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力能(neng)夠持續(xu)，這樣(yang)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護欠周，更不(bu)利于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)、持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)，在投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)怠于(yu)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，將合同(tong)(tong)(tong)認(ren)定(ding)為有效(xiao)而(er)追究其違(wei)約(yue)(yue)責(ze)任，是更為公(gong)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)。當然，由于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)當給(gei)予投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)一個(ge)給(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬限期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)履行抗(kang)辯權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行使必須在該(gai)寬限期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)屆滿之(zhi)后，誠(cheng)如德國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契約(yue)(yue)法(fa)(fa)第(di)三十九條第(di)二款規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“若保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)在（催告(gao)(gao)）期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)屆滿后發(fa)(fa)生，而(er)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)發(fa)(fa)生時(shi)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)尚欠付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、利息(xi)或費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)付(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)償責(ze)任。”

在(zai)實務(wu)中，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)有可能與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)合同(tong)(tong)成立后的(de)(de)(de)(de)某一時間或(huo)期(qi)間內交(jiao)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費，如果其超出約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間仍未給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)自可依(yi)上(shang)述理(li)由拒(ju)絕承(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)責(ze)任。但(dan)是如果在(zai)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)期(qi)間內發生了合同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事故，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)不得以投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)未交(jiao)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費為由拒(ju)絕承(cheng)擔賠償責(ze)任。蓋此種情況下，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)(tong)已(yi)經生效，當事人(ren)(ren)應(ying)當各自履行應(ying)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)義務(wu)，故保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)自合同(tong)(tong)生效時起承(cheng)擔賠償責(ze)任，不得在(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)尚(shang)未違約(yue)時便自行中止合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)履行。

若保(bao)險(xian)費經約定(ding)分期(qi)(qi)交付，則陸(lu)續到期(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)費即為(wei)既得確(que)定(ding)之債務(wu)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)人(ren)對之有履行的(de)義務(wu)。投(tou)(tou)保(bao)人(ren)對于任何一期(qi)(qi)保(bao)險(xian)費到期(qi)(qi)而未(wei)交付的(de)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)人(ren)應承擔履行遲延的(de)責(ze)任，保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)有權以訴訟方式請求其給付，他也可以據此(ci)在(zai)經合理催(cui)告后(hou)解除合同。

（二(er)）怠于給付人(ren)身(shen)保險(xian)合同(tong)保險(xian)費的法律后果

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)五十六條(tiao)(tiao)規定(ding)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同約定(ding)分期(qi)(qi)(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當于合(he)同成立(li)時支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)首期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)。但是(shi)如(ru)果(guo)未(wei)能支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)力如(ru)何(he)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)并未(wei)有(you)明(ming)確規定(ding)。值得(de)(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)五十九條(tiao)(tiao)規定(ding)，“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，不得(de)(de)用訴訟方式要求(qiu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)。”由此，有(you)學者指(zhi)出“在(zai)通常情況下(xia)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同須自保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)日(ri)起開始發(fa)生效(xiao)(xiao)力。”7因(yin)為(wei)如(ru)果(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于首期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)不得(de)(de)以(yi)訴訟請(qing)求(qiu)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)，即(ji)表示(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同于第(di)(di)一(yi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)未(wei)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)前，合(he)同仍未(wei)生效(xiao)(xiao)。但正如(ru)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者指(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“其(qi)實保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)不得(de)(de)以(yi)訴訟請(qing)求(qiu)之(zhi)，意在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)于契約成立(li)生效(xiao)(xiao)后，不致因(yin)不愿繼(ji)續具有(you)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)性之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)契約之(zhi)約束，而(er)全(quan)部喪失其(qi)以(yi)前所繳保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)之(zhi)應得(de)(de)利益(yi)，因(yin)此只適于以(yi)后保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)。”8所以(yi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)果(guo)并未(wei)要求(qiu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)預付(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，而(er)僅基于投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)諾使合(he)同生效(xiao)(xiao)，則保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)請(qing)求(qiu)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)即(ji)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)既得(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)權(quan)(quan)以(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式請(qing)求(qiu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，也有(you)權(quan)(quan)據此解(jie)除合(he)同。也就是(shi)說，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同第(di)(di)一(yi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)未(wei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)應當和財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)第(di)(di)一(yi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)一(yi)次交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)而(er)怠于給(gei)(gei)付(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)相同。

至于第(di)二期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以后各(ge)(ge)到(dao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)得以訴(su)訟請求(qiu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)給付(fu)(fu)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)不(bu)(bu)象財產(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)那樣，只是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)承擔(dan)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)對價(jia)，它還兼(jian)有(you)儲蓄的(de)(de)性(xing)質，故(gu)其在立法上與一般的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)履(lv)行有(you)所區分。而且人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一般為(wei)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)持續(xu)性(xing)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，在這(zhe)段期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間中，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)很(hen)有(you)可能因各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)原(yuan)因不(bu)(bu)愿繼續(xu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，如果(guo)強(qiang)(qiang)迫(po)其交付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)，顯(xian)然(ran)有(you)違公平原(yuan)則，而且有(you)強(qiang)(qiang)迫(po)儲蓄之嫌。對于該保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)債務(wu)的(de)(de)性(xing)質，大致有(you)兩種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)見解(jie)：第(di)一種(zhong)意見認為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)經約定按(an)年交付(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)應當(dang)(dang)視(shi)為(wei)按(an)年生效的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，并附有(you)以投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)按(an)年付(fu)(fu)費(fei)(fei)為(wei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)更(geng)新(xin)的(de)(de)停(ting)止條(tiao)件的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)意；第(di)二種(zhong)意見認為(wei)應將(jiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)視(shi)為(wei)在被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生存(cun)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間均屬有(you)效的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，而附有(you)若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)按(an)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)付(fu)(fu)費(fei)(fei)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)失(shi)效的(de)(de)解(jie)除條(tiao)件。9不(bu)(bu)論基于哪(na)種(zhong)見解(jie)，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對于第(di)二期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以后各(ge)(ge)到(dao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)都不(bu)(bu)負交付(fu)(fu)義務(wu)，如果(guo)他不(bu)(bu)按(an)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)付(fu)(fu)費(fei)(fei)，僅使保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)失(shi)效，其于合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)下(xia)所能享有(you)的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)也(ye)告喪(sang)失(shi)。但是(shi)應當(dang)(dang)強(qiang)(qiang)調的(de)(de)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法第(di)五(wu)十九條(tiao)所稱之人(ren)(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)應當(dang)(dang)僅僅理解(jie)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)壽保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，健(jian)康保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和意外傷害(hai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)仍(reng)然(ran)得以訴(su)訟方式(shi)請求(qiu)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)。10

根(gen)(gen)據此(ci)原理，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)第(di)五(wu)十(shi)七條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，除(chu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)另有(you)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)外(wai)，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)超(chao)過規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)期(qi)限(xian)六十(shi)日未(wei)(wei)支付(fu)當(dang)(dang)期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)，或者由(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)按照合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)約定(ding)的(de)(de)條件減少(shao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額。若(ruo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)按照約定(ding)減少(shao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)繼(ji)續有(you)效(xiao)。如(ru)果合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)，則可(ke)能會依法(fa)(fa)產(chan)生兩種(zhong)法(fa)(fa)律后果：①保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)恢復(fu)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)第(di)五(wu)十(shi)八條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，經保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)與投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)協商并達成(cheng)協議，在投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)補(bu)交保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)后，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)恢復(fu)。此(ci)條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)在法(fa)(fa)理上沒有(you)漏(lou)洞，但是在效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)恢復(fu)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間上規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)過于(yu)簡陋，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)何時(shi)(shi)恢復(fu)關系到保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)承擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)(ze)任的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)此(ci)條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)恢復(fu)時(shi)(shi)間過于(yu)模(mo)糊根(gen)(gen)本不具有(you)可(ke)操作性，對實(shi)踐的(de)(de)指導作用并不明顯，將如(ru)此(ci)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)問題交付(fu)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)自由(you)決斷是不負責(ze)(ze)任的(de)(de)，尤其(qi)對投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)利益(yi)維護(hu)更(geng)為(wei)不利。反觀我國(guo)臺灣(wan)地區保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)第(di)116條則規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)已經停止(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)契約于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)及其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用清償后，翌日上午零時(shi)(shi)開始(shi)恢復(fu)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。此(ci)項規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間十(shi)分明確，而且屬于(yu)強行性規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)不得變更(geng)，但有(you)利于(yu)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)除(chu)外(wai)，從而有(you)效(xiao)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)了(le)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)和被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)，避免他們因一期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)未(wei)(wei)付(fu)輒喪失以前所繳保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)所產(chan)生的(de)(de)利益(yi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證了(le)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間利益(yi)的(de)(de)衡平。②保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)解除(chu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。根(gen)(gen)據保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，自合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)日起(qi)二年內雙(shuang)方未(wei)(wei)達成(cheng)協議的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)有(you)權解除(chu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。

保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)盡管(guan)對(dui)分期(qi)付(fu)(fu)款的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同中(zhong)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)怠于給付(fu)(fu)當期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)效果(guo)有所規定(ding)，但(dan)對(dui)于在上(shang)述(shu)期(qi)間(jian)內，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)賠償責任的(de)(de)承擔問題(ti)沒有涉及。筆(bi)者(zhe)認為，在合同中(zhong)止效力后，即使保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)尚未解除合同，如果(guo)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)始終(zhong)未交付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，其間(jian)如發生保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)不負擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)賠償責任。

三(san)、付費通知(zhi)與寬限期間

根據合同(tong)法的(de)基本原(yuan)理，當(dang)債(zhai)務人(ren)不(bu)按(an)期履行債(zhai)務時，債(zhai)權人(ren)應(ying)給予其適當(dang)的(de)寬限期間，而不(bu)得(de)即(ji)刻(ke)解除合同(tong)。基于此(ci)，如果投保人(ren)怠于給付保險(xian)費(fei)，保險(xian)人(ren)也不(bu)得(de)以付費(fei)遲(chi)延(yan)而隨即(ji)主張終止保險(xian)合同(tong)，這是公平(ping)原(yuan)則在(zai)此(ci)問題上的(de)具體(ti)體(ti)現。

然而(er)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)對(dui)于(yu)財產保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)中付(fu)(fu)費(fei)(fei)遲延的(de)催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)卻沒有(you)(you)明確(que)的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。那么一旦投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)怠(dai)于(yu)給(gei)付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)，是否意(yi)味著保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)可(ke)以立即終止(zhi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，并對(dui)此(ci)后(hou)發生的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故不(bu)負責任呢(ni)？這(zhe)(zhe)似(si)乎不(bu)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)理(li)，既然保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)對(dui)此(ci)沒有(you)(you)相關(guan)的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，就(jiu)應(ying)當(dang)適用合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)九十(shi)四(si)條的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)在“合(he)(he)理(li)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)內(nei)”進(jin)行催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)，但合(he)(he)理(li)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)到(dao)底(di)應(ying)為(wei)多(duo)長(chang)時間(jian)(jian)并不(bu)確(que)定(ding)，這(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)于(yu)當(dang)事人(ren)都是不(bu)利的(de)。“按(an)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)之給(gei)付(fu)(fu)，性質十(shi)分單純，與民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)上其他給(gei)付(fu)(fu)之種類(lei)繁多(duo)者不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，故不(bu)須以‘相當(dang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)’之不(bu)確(que)定(ding)性法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)概念(nian)，以求(qiu)具(ju)體之妥(tuo)當(dang)性。”11德(de)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)契約法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，不(bu)論(lun)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)種類(lei)如何(he)，催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)一律(lv)(lv)定(ding)為(wei)“至少(shao)二星期(qi)(qi)(qi)”，這(zhe)(zhe)一規(gui)(gui)定(ding)可(ke)供我(wo)國(guo)(guo)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)參考(kao)。關(guan)于(yu)人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)寬限期(qi)(qi)(qi)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)五十(shi)七條則規(gui)(gui)定(ding)人(ren)壽保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)超過(guo)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)限六十(shi)日(ri)未支付(fu)(fu)當(dang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)的(de)，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)效力中止(zhi)。但是保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)只(zhi)就(jiu)催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)作了規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，而(er)未明確(que)催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)方式，這(zhe)(zhe)仍(reng)是一個缺憾。筆(bi)者認為(wei)，對(dui)此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)應(ying)予明文規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)應(ying)以書(shu)面為(wei)之，且應(ying)記載逾期(qi)(qi)(qi)仍(reng)不(bu)履行的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)后(hou)果(guo)。催(cui)(cui)(cui)告(gao)(gao)的(de)費(fei)(fei)用自然應(ying)由(you)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)負擔。

承保(bao)(bao)(bao)事(shi)故(gu)于(yu)寬(kuan)限(xian)(xian)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)內發生的(de)，由于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)仍然有效(xiao)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)仍須依照約定承擔給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)的(de)責(ze)任。在(zai)寬(kuan)限(xian)(xian)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)屆滿(man)后，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)如(ru)果行使(shi)合同(tong)解(jie)除(chu)權，則對(dui)此后發生的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)不承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)給付(fu)責(ze)任。至于(yu)在(zai)寬(kuan)限(xian)(xian)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)屆滿(man)后至合同(tong)解(jie)除(chu)之(zhi)前，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)發生的(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)享有拒(ju)絕承擔給付(fu)義務的(de)抗辯權，這(zhe)已(yi)在(zai)上文備述。

在催告期(qi)間的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)之外，付費(fei)(fei)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)是重要(yao)的(de)(de)法律(lv)概(gai)念。因為當投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人違反約定(ding)(ding)(ding)時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人并不(bu)(bu)能坐視其違約，他應采取必要(yao)的(de)(de)措施敦促對(dui)(dui)方履行義務以(yi)避免損失，這(zhe)是維(wei)護其利益的(de)(de)必然選擇，也(ye)(ye)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人的(de)(de)一項(xiang)義務，而(er)付費(fei)(fei)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)便表明(ming)了保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人的(de)(de)這(zhe)種意圖(tu)。而(er)且在現代社會中，作(zuo)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司相對(dui)(dui)于投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人個體而(er)言，不(bu)(bu)論在經濟實力(li)還是信息占有(you)(you)方面都有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)比(bi)擬的(de)(de)優勢，要(yao)求保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人付費(fei)(fei)是可(ke)能的(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)于當事(shi)人雙(shuang)方都有(you)(you)利。只可(ke)惜我(wo)(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法對(dui)(dui)此沒有(you)(you)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。反觀(guan)英美則多(duo)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人須(xu)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)到(dao)(dao)期(qi)前一定(ding)(ding)(ding)時間為付費(fei)(fei)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)，否則保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同效(xiao)力(li)于一定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)間內不(bu)(bu)停止。例如(ru)美國大(da)多(duo)數(shu)州(zhou)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，付費(fei)(fei)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)應在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)到(dao)(dao)期(qi)前四(si)十五日(ri)發出，載明(ming)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)額、到(dao)(dao)期(qi)日(ri)、付費(fei)(fei)地(di)點等內容(rong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人如(ru)不(bu)(bu)在法定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)間為通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)，則保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同自保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)到(dao)(dao)期(qi)日(ri)起(qi)六個月至一年間不(bu)(bu)中止。12此規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)對(dui)(dui)于我(wo)(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法的(de)(de)完善不(bu)(bu)無裨益。

四、保險費的返還

保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同的效力因(yin)法定(ding)或(huo)約(yue)定(ding)的原因(yin)而終止(zhi)時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)是否(fou)返(fan)還(huan)及應(ying)如何請求(qiu)返(fan)還(huan)？各國(guo)規(gui)定(ding)不盡(jin)相(xiang)同。英美法院堅持“危險(xian)(xian)(xian)不可分原則”，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人所提供的保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)構(gou)成對其所受領的保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)的整個對價。契(qi)約(yue)一(yi)經(jing)生(sheng)效，全部保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)視為已經(jing)賺得(de)，除非法律或(huo)契(qi)約(yue)另有相(xiang)反的規(gui)定(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人對已收取的保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)不予(yu)返(fan)還(huan)。13顯(xian)然該(gai)規(gui)定(ding)對于投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人有失(shi)公平(ping)。我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法規(gui)定(ding)在某些(xie)情形下(xia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人應(ying)當(dang)返(fan)還(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)，這有利于投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人利益的維護，但這些(xie)規(gui)定(ding)過于零亂(luan)，無助于系統理解。因(yin)此(ci)，筆者試以諸種情形分類(lei)，分析如下(xia)：

（一）保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。關于(yu)何種(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)只在第十(shi)一條(tiao)中(zhong)規定，“投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)不具有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利(li)益(yi)的(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。對于(yu)其他情形未有明(ming)確規定，筆(bi)者認為(wei)(wei)，無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要還包(bao)括以(yi)下幾(ji)種(zhong)：1、投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人惡(e)意(yi)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)或(huo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人惡(e)意(yi)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。2、財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人重復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、超額(e)(e)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)，超過保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)價值的(de)部分無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。3、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)訂(ding)立時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已經發生或(huo)已經消滅的(de)，該(gai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。4、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)違反法(fa)律、法(fa)規的(de)強(qiang)行性規定或(huo)損(sun)害社會公共利(li)益(yi)的(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。這條(tiao)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)中(zhong)主(zhu)要體現為(wei)(wei)：投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人為(wei)(wei)無(wu)民事行為(wei)(wei)能(neng)力人投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)以(yi)死亡為(wei)(wei)給付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金條(tiao)件的(de)人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（第五(wu)十(shi)四條(tiao)）；未經被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人書(shu)面同(tong)(tong)意(yi)并認可保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額(e)(e)的(de)以(yi)死亡為(wei)(wei)給付條(tiao)件的(de)人身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)（第五(wu)十(shi)五(wu)條(tiao)）等。

上述合同無效的(de)情(qing)形并不要求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)全部返(fan)還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)。已經(jing)繳付的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)是否應(ying)予返(fan)還(huan)(huan)取決于投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是否可(ke)(ke)歸責，如(ru)果投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是出于惡意(yi)(yi)(yi)則不應(ying)當返(fan)還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，如(ru)果出于善意(yi)(yi)(yi)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)本(ben)身(shen)并沒有過(guo)(guo)失(shi)，則應(ying)請求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)返(fan)還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)。但是有些情(qing)形下，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是否可(ke)(ke)歸責是較(jiao)難認定(ding)的(de)，例如(ru)對(dui)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)沒有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利益而投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，或以他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死亡為(wei)給(gei)付條件訂立保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同而未(wei)經(jing)書面許可(ke)(ke)的(de)等等。如(ru)果僅因投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有可(ke)(ke)歸責事(shi)由，即(ji)令保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)免負返(fan)還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)責任(ren)，對(dui)于投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)免過(guo)(guo)于嚴苛(ke)。因此(ci)有學者認為(wei)，在此(ci)情(qing)形下，“應(ying)以要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)雙方所處之(zhi)地位(wei)客(ke)觀衡量，除非(fei)(fei)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)隱瞞事(shi)實，否則應(ying)認為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)本(ben)即(ji)有調查之(zhi)義務。換言(yan)之(zhi)，除非(fei)(fei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)得證明要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)雖(sui)然有詐欺之(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)圖，原則上皆認為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)仍(reng)應(ying)負返(fan)還(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)之(zhi)責。”14

（二）保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)(tong)解(jie)除。保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)(tong)解(jie)除后，保(bao)(bao)險人是(shi)否應當(dang)將(jiang)已收取的(de)保(bao)(bao)險費返(fan)還，應依(yi)保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)的(de)有關條文視情況而定(ding)。

1、投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人違反(fan)如實(shi)告知義務，足以(yi)影響保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人決定是否同意(yi)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)或提高保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)率的，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人有權解除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同。投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人故意(yi)不履行如實(shi)告知義務的，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人不退(tui)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)；投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人因過失未(wei)履行如實(shi)告知義務的，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人可以(yi)退(tui)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)（第十六條(tiao)）。

2、投保(bao)(bao)人故意謊(huang)報、制造保(bao)(bao)險(xian)事故的，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人有權解除合同，也不退還保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)（第二十七(qi)條(tiao)）。

3、投保(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)未按照約定履行其(qi)對(dui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)安全(quan)應盡的(de)(de)責任的(de)(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)有權要(yao)求增加保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)或(huo)者解(jie)除合同(tong)(tong)（第三十(shi)五條）。因為(wei)投保(bao)人(ren)或(huo)被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)是有過錯的(de)(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)如果返還全(quan)部已收取的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)，顯然(ran)不妥。在此可以借鑒(jian)臺(tai)灣(wan)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)第六(liu)十(shi)條規定，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)契(qi)約所載(zai)之危(wei)險(xian)(xian)由(you)要(yao)保(bao)人(ren)或(huo)被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)之行為(wei)而增加，經保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)提議另(ling)定保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)，要(yao)保(bao)人(ren)不予同(tong)(tong)意(yi)者，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)得終止(zhi)契(qi)約，保(bao)留保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)之全(quan)部或(huo)一部以為(wei)賠償。

4、投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人對于(yu)危險(xian)程度的(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)有通知(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人的(de)(de)(de)義務，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人或被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人對于(yu)應(ying)通知(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)項而怠于(yu)通知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)，除不(bu)(bu)可抗力(li)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故外(wai)，不(bu)(bu)論是否故意，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人得(de)據此(ci)為解除保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同的(de)(de)(de)原因（第三十(shi)六條）。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人解除合同的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)按照(zhao)相應(ying)比(bi)例返還已(yi)收取的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費。

5、人(ren)身(shen)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)因投保(bao)人(ren)怠于給付保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)而效(xiao)力(li)中止的(de)(de)，自合(he)同(tong)效(xiao)力(li)中止之日起二年(nian)內雙方未達成協議的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)有(you)權(quan)解除合(he)同(tong)。投保(bao)人(ren)已(yi)交足(zu)二年(nian)以上保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)按(an)照合(he)同(tong)約定退還(huan)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)單的(de)(de)現金(jin)價值；投保(bao)人(ren)未交足(zu)二年(nian)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)在(zai)扣除手(shou)續(xu)費(fei)后，退還(huan)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)（第五(wu)十八條）。

6、投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)主動解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同的(de)(de)情形。財產保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)中，投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任開始(shi)前要求(qiu)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)同的(de)(de)，應(ying)當向保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)支付手續費(fei)(fei)(fei)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當退還保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)；投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任開始(shi)后要求(qiu)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)同的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)可以(yi)收取自保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任開始(shi)之(zhi)日(ri)起(qi)至合(he)同解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)之(zhi)日(ri)止期(qi)間的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)，剩余(yu)部分退還投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)（第三十(shi)八條）。人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)中，投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)同，已交(jiao)(jiao)足(zu)二年以(yi)上保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當自接到解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)同通(tong)知(zhi)之(zhi)日(ri)起(qi)三十(shi)日(ri)內，退還保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)單的(de)(de)現金價值；未交(jiao)(jiao)足(zu)二年保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)按(an)照合(he)同約定在(zai)扣除(chu)(chu)(chu)手續費(fei)(fei)(fei)后，退還保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)（第六十(shi)八條）。

此外，臺灣保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)還規(gui)定違(wei)反(fan)合(he)同(tong)特約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)條(tiao)(tiao)款也構成(cheng)解除(chu)合(he)同(tong)的(de)事由。所謂特約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)條(tiao)(tiao)款，為當事人(ren)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)基本條(tiao)(tiao)款外，承認(ren)履行(xing)特種義務(wu)(wu)之條(tiao)(tiao)款（臺灣保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)第六十六條(tiao)(tiao)），保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)當事人(ren)一方(fang)(fang)違(wei)背特約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)條(tiao)(tiao)款時，他方(fang)(fang)得(de)解除(chu)契(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，其危險(xian)(xian)發(fa)生后亦同(tong)（臺灣保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)第六十八條(tiao)(tiao)）。如果是保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)解除(chu)合(he)同(tong)，則應負(fu)返(fan)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的(de)義務(wu)(wu)。我國大陸(lu)未有(you)類似(si)的(de)立(li)法(fa)，筆(bi)者(zhe)認(ren)為，該條(tiao)(tiao)款的(de)規(gui)定是符合(he)法(fa)理的(de)，對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)完善有(you)促進作用。但應當強(qiang)調(diao)的(de)是，該特約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)條(tiao)(tiao)款的(de)內容不得(de)違(wei)反(fan)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)的(de)強(qiang)制性規(gui)定，也不得(de)違(wei)反(fan)當事人(ren)權利(li)義務(wu)(wu)的(de)公(gong)平，以防止保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)利(li)用其優勢地(di)位損害投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)利(li)益。

（三）保(bao)險(xian)合同終止(zhi)(zhi)。保(bao)險(xian)合同終止(zhi)(zhi)時，其效力自終止(zhi)(zhi)之時起(qi)消(xiao)滅。保(bao)險(xian)人對于已收取的保(bao)險(xian)費中屬于終止(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)的既已承擔危險(xian)，因而無須(xu)返還。至于屬于終止(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)的保(bao)險(xian)費是否(fou)應予返還，則應視(shi)具體情形定。

1、保險標的(de)發生部(bu)分損失的(de)，在(zai)保險人(ren)賠償后三十日(ri)內，投(tou)(tou)保人(ren)可以終止(zhi)合同(tong)(tong)；除(chu)合同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定不得終止(zhi)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)以外，保險人(ren)也可以終止(zhi)合同(tong)(tong)。保險人(ren)終止(zhi)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)，應當提前十五日(ri)通知投(tou)(tou)保人(ren)，并將保險標的(de)未(wei)受損失部(bu)分的(de)保險費，扣除(chu)自(zi)保險責任開(kai)始之(zhi)日(ri)起至終止(zhi)合同(tong)(tong)之(zhi)日(ri)止(zhi)期間的(de)應收部(bu)分后，退還(huan)投(tou)(tou)保人(ren)（第四十二條(tiao)）。

2、保險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)因其(qi)標的(de)非(fei)因保險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)所載的(de)保險(xian)(xian)事故完全(quan)消滅而中止(zhi)時，或(huo)保險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)因危險(xian)(xian)增加，保險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)要求(qiu)增加保險(xian)(xian)費，投保人(ren)(ren)不同(tong)意而終止(zhi)的(de)，保險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)應將終止(zhi)后的(de)保險(xian)(xian)費返(fan)還。

3、保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)因投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人破(po)產或(huo)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人破(po)產而(er)終止，終止后(hou)的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費應予(yu)返還。蓋(gai)因此時保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人與(yu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人已經失去了繼續履行義(yi)務的(de)能力，合同(tong)自無存在的(de)必(bi)要。但根據保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法第八(ba)十七條的(de)規定(ding)，人壽保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)不適用上述情(qing)形。

（四）其他情形(xing)下，保險費的返(fan)還

1、據以確定保險(xian)費(fei)率的(de)有關情況發(fa)生變(bian)化，保險(xian)標的(de)危險(xian)程(cheng)度(du)明顯減(jian)少的(de)，除合同另(ling)有約定外，保險(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當降低保險(xian)費(fei)，并按(an)日計算退還相應(ying)的(de)保險(xian)費(fei)（保險(xian)法第三十(shi)七條第一款）。

2、保(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)價值明顯減(jian)少(shao)的，除(chu)合同另(ling)有約定外(wai)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當(dang)降低保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)，并按日計算退還相應(ying)的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)（保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)第(di)三十七(qi)條第(di)二款）。

3、人(ren)(ren)(ren)身保險合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)投保人(ren)(ren)(ren)申報的(de)(de)(de)被(bei)保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)年(nian)(nian)齡不(bu)(bu)真實，并且其真實年(nian)(nian)齡不(bu)(bu)符合合同(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)齡限(xian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)，保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)可以解除合同(tong)(tong)，并在扣除手(shou)續費后(hou)，向投保人(ren)(ren)(ren)退還保險費，但是自合同(tong)(tong)成立(li)之日起逾二年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)除外；此外，投保人(ren)(ren)(ren)申報的(de)(de)(de)被(bei)保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)年(nian)(nian)齡不(bu)(bu)真實，致使(shi)投保人(ren)(ren)(ren)實付保險費多于應付保險費的(de)(de)(de)，保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)應當將(jiang)多收的(de)(de)(de)保險費退還投保人(ren)(ren)(ren)（保險法(fa)第五(wu)十四條）。

4、以死亡為給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金條(tiao)件的合同，被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)自殺的，而合同成立不(bu)滿(man)二年的，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)不(bu)承擔給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)金的責任，但對投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)已支(zhi)付(fu)的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應按(an)照保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)單退(tui)還其現金價值（保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法第六十五條(tiao)）。

5、被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人故意犯罪導致其(qi)自(zi)身傷殘或者死亡的，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人不(bu)承擔給付保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金的責任(ren)。投保(bao)(bao)人已交足二年以(yi)上保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人應(ying)當(dang)按照保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)單(dan)退還其(qi)現金價值（保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法第六十七條(tiao)）。

6、臺灣保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)第二十六條規定依保(bao)險(xian)(xian)契約所(suo)載增加危險(xian)(xian)之特別情形計算保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的，自情形消(xiao)滅時，得(de)請求比例減少保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費，超收之保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費應予返(fan)還。15我國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)中未有相類(lei)規定，但在保(bao)險(xian)(xian)實踐中，已(yi)確實存在有關問題，因此在法(fa)律上作出相關的規范也是必要(yao)的。

7、保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)物遭受部(bu)(bu)分損(sun)失(shi)(shi)而雙方當事人(ren)均(jun)未(wei)終止保(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同的(de)(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)如何收(shou)取，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法未(wei)有明確(que)規定(ding)，筆者認(ren)為(wei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)既然已經部(bu)(bu)分損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，則保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)按比例收(shou)取以(yi)后的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)，超額(e)收(shou)取的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)應(ying)予返還(huan)。

參考文獻：

1[臺(tai)]鄭(zheng)玉波《保險(xian)法(fa)論》，三民書(shu)局印(yin)行，1981年版，第77頁。

2[臺(tai)]林勛(xun)發《保險法論著譯作選集》，自版，1991年版，第28頁。

3[臺]施文森《保險(xian)法總論》，三民(min)書局，1994年版，第70頁(ye)。

4[臺]劉宗榮《保險法(fa)》，三民書局股份有限公司，1995年版，第(di)154頁。

5參見閻新建(jian)、劉(liu)守(shou)建(jian)《中國保險法律(lv)與實務》，中信(xin)出(chu)版社，1996年(nian)版，第68頁。

6德國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)契約(yue)法第38條規定了，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)契約(yue)成立后，若(ruo)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)怠未(wei)給付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)，在投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)給付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)前，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)得撤(che)消保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)契約(yue)；投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)怠未(wei)給付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)自保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)到期日起三個月(yue)未(wei)提訟請求給付(fu)(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)，視為撤(che)銷保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)契約(yue)。該立法例(li)對我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法的(de)(de)修訂(ding)有參(can)考(kao)價值。

7孫(sun)積祿(lu)，《保(bao)險法論(lun)》，中(zhong)國法制出版社，1997年版，第102頁。

8[臺]江朝國《保險法論(lun)》，瑞興圖書公司(si)印(yin)行，1994年(nian)版(ban)，第189頁(ye)。

9轉引(yin)自[臺]施文(wen)森《保險(xian)法總論(lun)》，三民書局，1994年版，第77頁(ye)。

10在臺灣(wan)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)的有(you)(you)關條文(wen)中(zhong)明確規定，僅(jin)人壽(shou)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費不得以訴訟方式請(qing)求。這(zhe)是因為只有(you)(you)人壽(shou)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)才兼有(you)(you)儲蓄的性質，而傷害險(xian)和健康險(xian)并不具(ju)備。關于此觀(guan)點(dian)還可(ke)參見鄒海林《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》，人民法(fa)院(yuan)出版社，1998年版，第(di)452頁。

11[臺]劉(liu)宗(zong)榮《保(bao)險法(fa)》，三民書局(ju)股份(fen)有限公司(si)，1995年版(ban)，第(di)156頁。

12Vance，Insurance，3rdEd.，1951，p336。

13轉引自[臺]施(shi)文森《保險法論文》（第(di)二集），三民(min)書局，1998年(nian)版，第(di)133頁。

篇8

要(yao)：保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)權作為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)利益失衡的矯正方式，對保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同雙方當(dang)事人(ren)的利益影響極大。本文通過(guo)對投保(bao)人(ren)與保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)權的行使情形進行列舉，分(fen)析(xi)現(xian)行法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)制(zhi)度(du)存在的缺(que)陷，并借鑒(jian)其他(ta)國家有關(guan)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，對進一(yi)步完(wan)善我國保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)制(zhi)度(du)提出建議(yi)。

關鍵(jian)詞：保(bao)險；合同；法定解除權

Abstract：The　right　of　statutory　rescission　of　insurance　contract　as　a　kind　of　interest　unbalance　correction　modes　has　great　influence　on　both　parties　of　insurance　contract.　This　article，through　listing　the　applicant　and　the　insurer’s　statutory　rescission　exercise　situation，analyzes　current　legal　relief　system　defects，and　refers　to　other　relevant　regulations，to　improve　Chinese　insurance　legal　system　of　contract　rescission　proposal.

Key　Words：insurance，contract，right　of　statutory　rescission

中圖分類(lei)號：F840

文獻標識碼：B

文章(zhang)編號：1674-2265（2012）12-0030-04

保險(xian)合同法(fa)定(ding)解除權作為一種利益失衡的(de)矯正(zheng)方(fang)式(shi)，對(dui)(dui)保險(xian)合同雙方(fang)當事人的(de)利益影(ying)響極大。本(ben)文通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)投保人與保險(xian)人法(fa)定(ding)解除權的(de)行(xing)(xing)使情(qing)形(xing)進行(xing)(xing)列舉(ju)，分(fen)析現行(xing)(xing)法(fa)定(ding)解除制度存(cun)在的(de)缺(que)陷，并借鑒其(qi)他國家有關規定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)進一步完(wan)善(shan)我國保險(xian)合同法(fa)定(ding)解除制度提出(chu)建議。

一、理(li)論支點：法定解除權的性質(zhi)與分配規則

（一）性質界定

合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)解除是(shi)(shi)指合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)效成立(li)后(hou)，當(dang)具備(bei)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)解除條件時(shi)，因當(dang)事人(ren)一方(fang)(fang)或(huo)雙方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)意思(si)表示(shi)而使合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)自始消滅或(huo)向將來消滅的(de)(de)一種行(xing)為。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)解除權是(shi)(shi)指保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)成立(li)后(hou)，《中華人(ren)民共和(he)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)》）賦(fu)予(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事人(ren)在(zai)一定(ding)情況下(xia)依(yi)據法(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)解除合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，使合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)歸于(yu)消滅的(de)(de)權利(li)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)解除權是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)形成權，依(yi)據保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)的(de)(de)意思(si)表示(shi)即可發生(sheng)法(fa)(fa)律效果(guo)，該權利(li)的(de)(de)行(xing)使無需以對(dui)方(fang)(fang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)意為條件。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)》賦(fu)予(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)和(he)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)情況下(xia)均享有(you)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)解除權。

（二）分配規則

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成立以(yi)后(hou)，除《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》另(ling)有規(gui)定(ding)或者合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)另(ling)有約(yue)(yue)定(ding)外，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)可隨時(shi)提出(chu)解(jie)(jie)除合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，無需(xu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)必須(xu)具備《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》上規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件或保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件時(shi)，才可以(yi)行(xing)使(shi)解(jie)(jie)除權。原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)上，契約(yue)(yue)必須(xu)遵守，然(ran)而(er)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》卻在(zai)這一傳統(tong)規(gui)則(ze)(ze)之外通過(guo)法(fa)定(ding)解(jie)(jie)除權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賦予(yu)，使(shi)當事人(ren)在(zai)一定(ding)情形下可以(yi)不經與對(dui)(dui)方協商而(er)徑直脫(tuo)離(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)，是國家(jia)為建立有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場秩序而(er)對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本身所進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要干預，體現了對(dui)(dui)利益失衡(heng)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矯正與救(jiu)濟(ji)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)嚴重違背誠實(shi)信用(yong)、平等公(gong)平原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在(zai)經過(guo)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補救(jiu)措施后(hou)仍然(ran)沒有辦法(fa)實(shi)現合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價值(zhi)、目標時(shi)，給予(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當事人(ren)脫(tuo)離(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當事人(ren)經濟(ji)地(di)位懸殊、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符合(he)性深奧難懂，將(jiang)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)置于(yu)公(gong)認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱勢地(di)位，就需(xu)要借助(zhu)法(fa)律規(gui)范對(dui)(dui)其進(jin)行(xing)“傾(qing)斜(xie)性保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護”，加大對(dui)(dui)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)合(he)法(fa)權益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護，以(yi)實(shi)現實(shi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)平交易。故此，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)解(jie)(jie)除權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)依據(ju)應為誠實(shi)信用(yong)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)、對(dui)(dui)價平衡(heng)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)合(he)法(fa)權益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。

二、立法(fa)(fa)現狀：法(fa)(fa)定解(jie)除權行使情(qing)形

（一）投保人的法定解(jie)除權

根據(ju)《保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)，保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)成立以后(hou)，除(chu)(chu)《保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)》另有規定(ding)(ding)或(huo)合同(tong)另有約定(ding)(ding)外，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)可以隨時任(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)。由于投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)行使該權(quan)利(li)具(ju)有任(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)性，不受限制，通常被稱為“任(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)”。從性質上看，雖(sui)然投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)有其(qi)獨特性，但就本質而言，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)仍是依據(ju)法(fa)律規定(ding)(ding)所享有的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)，而法(fa)定(ding)(ding)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)就是指法(fa)律賦(fu)予合同(tong)當事(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)情形下的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)，那(nei)么投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)仍然屬于法(fa)定(ding)(ding)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)。《保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)》對投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)法(fa)定(ding)(ding)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)規制極(ji)其(qi)有限，除(chu)(chu)貨物運輸(shu)(shu)保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)、運輸(shu)(shu)工(gong)具(ju)航程保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險責任(ren)(ren)開始后(hou)當事(shi)人(ren)不得解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)保(bao)(bao)險合同(tong)外，其(qi)法(fa)定(ding)(ding)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)“任(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)性”絲毫沒(mei)有受到限制。

（二）保險人的法定解(jie)除(chu)權

《保(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》規定保(bao)險(xian)人可(ke)以(yi)行使保(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)法(fa)定解除權的(de)情形(xing)主要包括：

1.　投(tou)保(bao)人未履行如(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)。訂立保(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)時，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人就保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)或(huo)(huo)者被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人的(de)有關(guan)(guan)情況(kuang)提出(chu)詢問(wen)的(de)，投(tou)保(bao)人應當如(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)。投(tou)保(bao)人因(yin)故意(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)重大過(guo)失未履行如(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)，足以影響保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人決定(ding)是否同(tong)意(yi)(yi)承保(bao)或(huo)(huo)者提高保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費率的(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人有權解(jie)除合同(tong)。上(shang)述所規定(ding)的(de)是如(ru)實(shi)(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)制度(du)，是保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)律中(zhong)一(yi)項(xiang)重要制度(du)，源(yuan)于《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)法(fa)》的(de)基本原則，即最大誠信(xin)原則。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人就與保(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)有關(guan)(guan)事實(shi)(shi)進行詢問(wen)的(de)，投(tou)保(bao)人應當告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人，不(bu)得有任何的(de)隱瞞、欺騙、錯誤或(huo)(huo)遺漏。

2.　未(wei)履(lv)行保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)時的(de)(de)通(tong)知義務(wu)。在合同有(you)效(xiao)期內，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度顯著(zhu)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應當按(an)照(zhao)合同的(de)(de)約(yue)定及時通(tong)知保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)可以按(an)照(zhao)合同約(yue)定增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費或(huo)解除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同。所謂危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)是指保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)在投保(bao)(bao)(bao)期間的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)狀況(kuang)呈現(xian)持續(xu)性增(zeng)長狀態。在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)時，賦予保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)合同解除(chu)權，主要(yao)是由(you)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》對價平衡等基(ji)本原則(ze)決定的(de)(de)。

3.　投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)受(shou)益人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為。未發生保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)者受(shou)益人(ren)(ren)謊稱(cheng)發生了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)，向保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)提出賠償(chang)或(huo)者給付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金請求的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)有權解除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同，并不(bu)退(tui)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費。投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)故(gu)意制造保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)有權解除(chu)合(he)同，不(bu)承擔賠償(chang)或(huo)者給付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金的(de)(de)責任。除(chu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)已交足兩年以上(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)情況(kuang)外，不(bu)退(tui)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費。謊稱(cheng)發生保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)或(huo)故(gu)意制造保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故(gu)，違背了誠實(shi)信用原則(ze)，也破(po)壞了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同的(de)(de)對價平衡關系(xi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)當(dang)然享有解除(chu)權。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)解除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同且不(bu)返(fan)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費，既保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)了自身利益，也是對被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)一種(zhong)懲罰。

4.　投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)未履行(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)。財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)中，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)未按照合(he)同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定(ding)履行(xing)其對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)有權(quan)要求增加(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)或(huo)者解(jie)除合(he)同(tong)(tong)。所(suo)謂(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)，是(shi)指投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)在合(he)同(tong)(tong)履行(xing)期間所(suo)負(fu)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)。國家有關消防(fang)、安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)、生產操作和勞動保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)是(shi)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)和被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應當遵守的(de)(de)(de)(de)最低(di)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)。

5.　申(shen)(shen)報(bao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡不真(zhen)實超過合(he)(he)(he)同限制。人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同中，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)申(shen)(shen)報(bao)的(de)(de)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡不真(zhen)實時，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)真(zhen)實年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡不符合(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)同約(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡限制的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)可以解(jie)除保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同，并(bing)按照合(he)(he)(he)同約(yue)定(ding)退(tui)還保(bao)(bao)(bao)單的(de)(de)現金價值(zhi)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡在人(ren)(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同中具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要意義(yi)，直接與保(bao)(bao)(bao)費掛(gua)鉤，年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡不準確對雙方都(dou)有(you)直接利(li)害關系。投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)申(shen)(shen)報(bao)的(de)(de)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)年(nian)(nian)(nian)齡不真(zhen)實，也是沒有(you)履行如(ru)實告知義(yi)務的(de)(de)一種表(biao)現，違反了誠實信用原則。

6.　保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力中止(zhi)超(chao)過兩年(nian)。約定(ding)分(fen)期(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力依法中止(zhi)的(de)(de)，經保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)與投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)協商并(bing)達(da)(da)成(cheng)協議，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)補(bu)交(jiao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費后，合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力恢(hui)復。但(dan)自合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力中止(zhi)之日起滿兩年(nian)雙(shuang)方(fang)未(wei)達(da)(da)成(cheng)協議的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)有(you)權(quan)解除(chu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。對于(yu)(yu)分(fen)期(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)未(wei)按期(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)并(bing)非立(li)即享有(you)合(he)同(tong)(tong)解除(chu)權(quan)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法設(she)置了寬(kuan)限期(qi)和復效期(qi)。只有(you)在復效期(qi)內雙(shuang)方(fang)仍未(wei)達(da)(da)成(cheng)協議，才(cai)賦(fu)予保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)合(he)同(tong)(tong)解除(chu)權(quan)。由于(yu)(yu)人(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)一般具有(you)長期(qi)性，如(ru)果因投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)一時困(kun)難(nan)或一時疏(shu)忽而未(wei)能在規定(ding)期(qi)限及寬(kuan)限期(qi)內繳納保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)就可即刻(ke)解除(chu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，顯然顯失公平，不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)合(he)法權(quan)益。

三(san)、缺陷分析(xi)：保險合同(tong)法定解除權制度的不足(zu)

（一(yi)）投保人法定(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)的缺陷(xian)分析

1.　投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)限制(zhi)情(qing)形不(bu)(bu)足。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》對(dui)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)任意(yi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)例(li)外(wai)情(qing)形，只包括(kuo)貨物運輸保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)和運輸工具航程保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)，沒有窮盡所有的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)。以保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)包括(kuo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)三方。當被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)或不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)致使(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)遭(zao)受經濟損失時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)負經濟賠償責任。因此保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)實際(ji)上是一種(zhong)(zhong)擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)業務。此種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)形下(xia)(xia)，若(ruo)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)）行使(shi)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》賦予的(de)(de)任意(yi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)權(quan)(quan)，權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)將受到侵害(hai)。因此，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)中，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)）不(bu)(bu)宜享(xiang)有任意(yi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)權(quan)(quan)。除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)外(wai)，還存在(zai)其他(ta)的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)而為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)，如(ru)交(jiao)強(qiang)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等。另外(wai)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)壽保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單可(ke)以設(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)質權(quan)(quan)，在(zai)此種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)形下(xia)(xia)若(ruo)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)權(quan)(quan)，則不(bu)(bu)利(li)(li)(li)于維護信用交(jiao)易的(de)(de)安(an)全，不(bu)(bu)利(li)(li)(li)于新型(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)品的(de)(de)發展。

2.　投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)可能(neng)(neng)損(sun)(sun)害被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)利(li)益。投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)具有任(ren)意性，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)弱勢方即投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益，既無時間上的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制，也(ye)(ye)無程(cheng)(cheng)序上的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。立(li)(li)法者(zhe)在(zai)立(li)(li)法過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)似(si)乎(hu)認為(wei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)并未(wei)損(sun)(sun)害合同(tong)相對人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益，或即使(shi)有損(sun)(sun)失也(ye)(ye)在(zai)可容(rong)忍范(fan)圍(wei)內。但(dan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)行使(shi)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)僅會導(dao)致投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)消滅(mie)，還可能(neng)(neng)涉及被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)、受益人(ren)(ren)利(li)益。假設一份以被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)存為(wei)給付條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)，繳費數十年后，在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)即將(jiang)滿期(qi)(qi)給付保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金時，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)行使(shi)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)，則被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)期(qi)(qi)待、即將(jiang)實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金立(li)(li)刻化為(wei)烏有。投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)享有任(ren)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除權(quan)(quan)(quan)，則被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)處于不(bu)確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態，無法預知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出現時可能(neng)(neng)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)補償，這與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)是相矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（二）保險人法定解除權的(de)缺陷分(fen)析

1.　保險人(ren)法定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)權(quan)行使的(de)(de)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)斥(chi)期(qi)間規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)不足。保險人(ren)法定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)權(quan)屬于形成權(quan)。鑒(jian)于此，法律一(yi)般會規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)形成權(quan)的(de)(de)存續時間，即除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)斥(chi)期(qi)間。《保險法》對投保人(ren)違反(fan)如實告知(zhi)義務、申報年(nian)齡不實超過限制情況下保險人(ren)行使法定(ding)(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)權(quan)作出了除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)斥(chi)期(qi)間的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，但對上述兩(liang)種情況以(yi)外事由的(de)(de)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)斥(chi)期(qi)間未作規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。

《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險法(fa)(fa)》規定(ding)(ding)，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)違反安全(quan)維護義(yi)務，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)可(ke)以行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)權(quan)。若是在實(shi)務中(zhong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)知道投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)未履行對保(bao)(bao)(bao)險標(biao)的的安全(quan)維護義(yi)務時，并不立(li)即行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)權(quan)，而是在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險事故發生后才行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除(chu)權(quan)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)此行為(wei)既違背了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險合同誠實(shi)信(xin)用(yong)原則(ze)，也(ye)直(zhi)接(jie)損(sun)害了(le)(le)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險人(ren)的利益。因此，在此情形下有必要規定(ding)(ding)除(chu)斥(chi)期間。

《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》規定(ding)，違反(fan)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加的(de)通知(zhi)義務，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)可以行(xing)(xing)使(shi)法(fa)定(ding)解除(chu)權。危險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度增(zeng)加破壞了保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合同的(de)對(dui)價平衡，因(yin)此《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》賦予了保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)此種情形(xing)下的(de)法(fa)定(ding)解除(chu)權。但是，實踐中應該考(kao)慮到保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)違背誠(cheng)實信用原則(ze)時而(er)怠于行(xing)(xing)使(shi)解除(chu)權等特例(li)。因(yin)此，在此情形(xing)下也有必要(yao)規定(ding)除(chu)斥期(qi)間。

2.　申報年齡(ling)不(bu)實行為(wei)未區(qu)分善(shan)意(yi)與(yu)惡(e)(e)意(yi)。《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》規(gui)定，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人申報的(de)(de)被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人年齡(ling)不(bu)真(zhen)(zhen)實，且真(zhen)(zhen)實年齡(ling)不(bu)符合(he)合(he)同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定的(de)(de)年齡(ling)限制，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人可(ke)以(yi)解除(chu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。但(dan)《保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》并(bing)未區(qu)分投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人是(shi)善(shan)意(yi)而為(wei)還是(shi)惡(e)(e)意(yi)而為(wei)。惡(e)(e)意(yi)而訂(ding)立保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，實為(wei)欺詐。過失(shi)而訂(ding)立保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，實為(wei)失(shi)誤。惡(e)(e)意(yi)與(yu)過失(shi)兩種主觀狀態下訂(ding)立的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)法(fa)律效果沒有(you)任何區(qu)別、同(tong)(tong)等待(dai)之，顯然(ran)不(bu)合(he)理。

3.　危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)增加通(tong)知義務(wu)的(de)(de)主體(ti)范圍(wei)小。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》規定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)增加的(de)(de)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應及(ji)(ji)時通(tong)知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，為的(de)(de)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持對(dui)(dui)價平衡(heng)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)利(li)益(yi)，使其及(ji)(ji)時知悉(xi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)并(bing)作出(chu)判斷、采取措(cuo)施。《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》只(zhi)規定(ding)了(le)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)是通(tong)知義務(wu)主體(ti)。但是在實務(wu)中，了(le)解保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)真實狀(zhuang)況(kuang)的(de)(de)并(bing)非只(zhi)有(you)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，還包括投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)。若在投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)與被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)相分離情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)可能明知危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度增加，但由(you)于自己不(bu)具(ju)有(you)通(tong)知義務(wu)而(er)未及(ji)(ji)時通(tong)知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，則會對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)產生侵害。

四、路徑選擇(ze)：完善保險合同法定(ding)解除制度的建議(yi)

（一）增加(jia)為(wei)他人(ren)利(li)益的保險合同規定

隨(sui)著經(jing)濟社會發展，新興的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)種(zhong)類如汽車消費貸款、小額(e)信貸等保(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)層出(chu)不窮，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人行(xing)使(shi)任意的(de)法(fa)定解(jie)除權(quan)，會侵害第(di)三方的(de)合法(fa)權(quan)益，違背(bei)了保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同的(de)誠實信用與(yu)對價平衡原則。因此，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》應將保(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)等為他人利益的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同作為行(xing)使(shi)法(fa)定解(jie)除權(quan)的(de)例外，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人不得行(xing)使(shi)任意法(fa)定解(jie)除權(quan)。

對于投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)行使法(fa)定解除權(quan)對被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)利益產生(sheng)損害(hai)的情形，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》應(ying)加以必要(yao)的限制。如《韓國(guo)商法(fa)典》第(di)649條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定：在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故發生(sheng)前，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)人(ren)可(ke)以隨時解除全部或(huo)一部分合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)；但是在投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)為他人(ren)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的情形下，若保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)人(ren)未經(jing)該他人(ren)的同(tong)(tong)意或(huo)者持有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)證券，則不(bu)得終止該合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。因此(ci)，建議《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》規(gui)(gui)定，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)解除保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)應(ying)通知被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)，經(jing)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)同(tong)(tong)意后，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)方可(ke)解除保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。

（二）擴大保險人法定解除權(quan)除斥期間范(fan)圍

民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)形成權的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能是導致法(fa)(fa)律關(guan)系發生變動。形成權只需要一方當事(shi)人(ren)行使(shi)，無需對(dui)方當事(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)介入。但民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)形成權的(de)(de)(de)行使(shi)并非(fei)肆無忌(ji)憚(dan)。除斥期(qi)間(jian)就(jiu)是對(dui)形成權的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)限制與約束(shu)，進而保(bao)護相(xiang)對(dui)方的(de)(de)(de)利益。《保(bao)險法(fa)(fa)》只對(dui)保(bao)險人(ren)可以行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除權的(de)(de)(de)部分事(shi)由作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了(le)除斥期(qi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)，對(dui)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)險人(ren)未履行安全維(wei)護義(yi)務以及(ji)被保(bao)險人(ren)未履行保(bao)險標的(de)(de)(de)危險增加的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知義(yi)務，保(bao)險人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)解除權沒有作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)除斥期(qi)間(jian)規定(ding)(ding)，有必(bi)要增加除斥期(qi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)范圍。

（三）對申報年齡(ling)不實(shi)行為的主觀狀態(tai)進(jin)行區(qu)分

對申報(bao)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經區(qu)分，既是對過(guo)失(shi)失(shi)誤行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)公(gong)，更是對惡(e)意(yi)欺詐行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)放任(ren)。《德國(guo)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)契約(yue)(yue)法》第(di)162條規定：被(bei)(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人對于(yu)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)陳述，致約(yue)(yue)定的(de)保(bao)費過(guo)低的(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人的(de)責任(ren)應(ying)(ying)依照所付保(bao)費與(yu)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人真實(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)應(ying)(ying)付的(de)保(bao)費相應(ying)(ying)減少。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人對于(yu)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人真實(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)已在(zai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)契約(yue)(yue)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)限制(zhi)之外，可因其(qi)違(wei)反真實(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)說(shuo)明義務而(er)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)契約(yue)(yue)。第(di)163條規定：保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人在(zai)契約(yue)(yue)訂立后經過(guo)十年(nian)，即使(shi)發現投保(bao)人在(zai)締(di)約(yue)(yue)時有違(wei)反其(qi)應(ying)(ying)盡(jin)的(de)告知義務，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)契約(yue)(yue)；但投保(bao)人惡(e)意(yi)違(wei)反者，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)限。所以，應(ying)(ying)當借鑒此(ci)(ci)規定，對申報(bao)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)主觀(guan)狀態(tai)進(jin)行(xing)區(qu)分，規定不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)法律后果(guo)。對惡(e)意(yi)申報(bao)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人的(de)合(he)同(tong)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)權可不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受保(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)成立超過(guo)兩(liang)年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得行(xing)使(shi)解(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)權的(de)限制(zhi)。

（四）擴大危險增加通知義(yi)務的(de)主體范圍

各國對危險(xian)程度(du)顯著增加(jia)時通知義(yi)務(wu)的主體有不同規(gui)定。《意大(da)利(li)民法(fa)(fa)典(dian)》規(gui)定的是投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)，《德國保(bao)險(xian)契約(yue)法(fa)(fa)》規(gui)定的是被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)，《日本(ben)商法(fa)(fa)典(dian)》和(he)《韓國商法(fa)(fa)典(dian)》規(gui)定的是投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)和(he)被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)。在(zai)財產保(bao)險(xian)合同中，了(le)(le)解保(bao)險(xian)標的狀況(kuang)的除了(le)(le)被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)外，還包括投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)。為此，建(jian)議(yi)將危險(xian)程度(du)顯著增加(jia)時通知義(yi)務(wu)主體范(fan)圍擴大(da)到投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)。

參考文獻：

[1]王西(xi)剛.人身(shen)保險(xian)合同(tong)投保人法定解除權研究[J].蘭州學刊，2010，（4）.

[2]楊恒(heng)鑫.關(guan)于保險合同(tong)解(jie)除問題(ti)的研(yan)究[D].大連海(hai)事大學碩士(shi)學位論文，2010.

[3]梁昊(hao)然.保險合同(tong)法定解除權(quan)研究[D].吉林大學碩士學位論文，2010.

[4]王書江，殷建平.　韓國(guo)商法典[M].中國(guo)法制(zhi)出版社，2000.

篇9

[論文摘要]從現實生活中人(ren)們對(dui)保(bao)險不信(xin)任的現狀(zhuang)出發,分析了(le)長期以來這(zhe)(zhe)種想法產生的原因,有些是(shi)機制問(wen)(wen)題(ti),有些是(shi)從業人(ren)員素質(zhi)的問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。針(zhen)對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)些問(wen)(wen)題(ti),提出了(le)加(jia)強人(ren)管理(li)和理(li)賠(pei)外包的兩(liang)種方(fang)案(an)。

[論文關鍵詞]保險誠信(xin)人理賠(pei)誤導

一(yi)、公民對(dui)保險不信任(ren)的現狀

長久以來,保(bao)險(xian)似(si)乎成(cheng)了一個(ge)諱莫(mo)如深的(de)(de)(de)詞(ci)語,只(zhi)要有(you)(you)一個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)說“我是(shi)賣(mai)保(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)”,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們首(shou)先(xian)就(jiu)會先(xian)入為主地對這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)產生(sheng)一種(zhong)不(bu)信任(ren)和排斥的(de)(de)(de)想(xiang)法,對他唯恐避之不(bu)及。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)觀念,有(you)(you)些(xie)是(shi)因為曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)買過保(bao)險(xian)產品而(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)享受(shou)到良好的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務,有(you)(you)些(xie)是(shi)因為曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)被某些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)糾纏得不(bu)勝其(qi)煩(fan),而(er)有(you)(you)些(xie)則是(shi)因為其(qi)他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口耳(er)相(xiang)傳保(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)不(bu)是(shi),從而(er)產生(sheng)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)不(bu)信任(ren)感。“保(bao)險(xian)都(dou)是(shi)騙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)”“保(bao)險(xian)都(dou)是(shi)收錢的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)給你笑(xiao)臉,理賠的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)給你坐冷板(ban)凳(deng)”“有(you)(you)責任(ren)免(mian)除當初也(ye)(ye)不(bu)和我說清楚,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)知道(dao)換了多少個(ge)”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)負(fu)面的(de)(de)(de)評論(lun),經(jing)(jing)常充斥我們的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)朵,就(jiu)難免(mian)會對保(bao)險(xian)產生(sheng)懷疑。

我(wo)們知道,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)是一(yi)種誠信(xin)(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin),保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)向客(ke)戶承諾:當發生(sheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)在合同范(fan)圍(wei)內給予理賠(pei),幫助投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)度過難關(guan)(guan)。這種產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)和其他(ta)企業賣的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)不同,在剛開始的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候是看(kan)不見摸不著的(de)(de)(de)(de),人(ren)們購買(mai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)憑(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是對(dui)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)任(ren)。所以(yi)信(xin)(xin)任(ren)對(dui)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)來(lai)說(shuo)是至關(guan)(guan)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de),關(guan)(guan)系著保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)死存亡。但是現在社會普遍存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不信(xin)(xin)任(ren),使得保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)銷(xiao)(xiao)售人(ren)員展業時(shi)經常感(gan)覺碰到(dao)一(yi)面(mian)摸不見的(de)(de)(de)(de)墻,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)銷(xiao)(xiao)售異常艱難。

二、公民對(dui)保險不信任的原因分析

人們對于保險(xian)不信(xin)任的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)有很多,也可(ke)(ke)能產(chan)生于不同時(shi)期(qi),按照人們接觸保險(xian)的(de)(de)過程,我們分別從展業期(qi),保險(xian)生效期(qi),理賠期(qi)三個(ge)時(shi)間(jian)進(jin)行分析。在這三個(ge)期(qi)間(jian),都可(ke)(ke)能產(chan)生不同的(de)(de)不誠信(xin)現象,導致人們的(de)(de)不信(xin)任。

1·展業期。展業期是(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)接(jie)觸(chu)保(bao)險(xian)的(de)第一步,保(bao)險(xian)展業就是(shi)保(bao)險(xian)公司進行市場營銷的(de)過程(cheng),即向客(ke)戶提供保(bao)險(xian)商品(pin)和服(fu)務(wu)。在這個期間,保(bao)險(xian)營銷人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(主要是(shi)保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren))給客(ke)戶推銷所賣產(chan)品(pin)的(de)公司,介紹保(bao)險(xian)產(chan)品(pin),促成(cheng)保(bao)險(xian)交易(yi)。根(gen)據(ju)以往案例(li)的(de)分析(xi),主要有(you)以下幾個方面會導致人(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)不信(xin)任:

(1)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)沒有(you)(you)詳細解(jie)釋(shi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款。從客觀原(yuan)因分析是(shi)因為保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款非常(chang)專業(ye),內(nei)容冗長復雜、術語連篇累(lei)牘、措辭生僻難懂,一(yi)般(ban)人(ren)(ren)很難看懂,即(ji)使是(shi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)內(nei)人(ren)(ren)士也會有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)理解(jie)的(de)(de)時(shi)候,另一(yi)方面,保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)專業(ye)詞匯有(you)(you)的(de)(de)時(shi)候和(he)人(ren)(ren)們日(ri)常(chang)生活中(zhong)的(de)(de)理解(jie)有(you)(you)很大的(de)(de)出入,如果保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)本(ben)身業(ye)務不(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing),對合(he)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款包(bao)括合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)最關鍵(jian)的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)、責(ze)任(ren)免除、賠(pei)償方法及比例、特(te)別約(yue)定、承保(bao)和(he)理賠(pei)時(shi)的(de)(de)一(yi)些限制條(tiao)(tiao)件等內(nei)容不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟(shu)悉,也沒能認真研究,無法和(he)客戶解(jie)釋(shi)清(qing)楚(chu),嚴重的(de)(de)會導(dao)致客戶的(de)(de)誤解(jie)。比如某意(yi)(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),這種保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)只(zhi)承保(bao)傷(shang)殘風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),對于一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)予賠(pei)償的(de)(de),由(you)于老百姓一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)概念,經常(chang)包(bao)含了磕(ke)傷(shang),碰傷(shang)等一(yi)般(ban)性傷(shang)害(hai)。所(suo)以,許(xu)多人(ren)(ren)買意(yi)(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi),如果人(ren)(ren)沒有(you)(you)解(jie)釋(shi)清(qing)楚(chu),就會被意(yi)(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)名(ming)稱誤導(dao)了。

(2)某(mou)些(xie)(xie)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)道德(de)素質(zhi)不(bu)高。存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著誤導客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避重就輕(qing),過分(fen)夸(kua)大(da)產(chan)品功能,私自承諾不(bu)能實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資回報,以(yi)虛夸(kua)回報為誘餌;有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)談收(shou)益(yi),不(bu)講風險(xian)(xian)(xian),對(dui)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)重要事實(shi)刻意(yi)隱(yin)(yin)瞞;有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為了多(duo)拿手續(xu)費(fei),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)從客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際需要出(chu)發,而(er)是(shi)(shi)只(zhi)賣(mai)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)賣(mai)對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),一(yi)味(wei)向(xiang)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)推銷(xiao)保(bao)費(fei)高卻不(bu)一(yi)定適(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)險(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong);有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務中隱(yin)(yin)瞞與保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要情況,欺騙投保(bao)人(ren)、被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)或(huo)受益(yi)人(ren)。比如最常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)也最容易引起糾(jiu)紛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)退(tui)(tui)保(bao)時關于退(tui)(tui)保(bao)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,很多(duo)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)退(tui)(tui)保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候才發現退(tui)(tui)回來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢遠(yuan)遠(yuan)低于自己所(suo)交納的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei),而(er)有些(xie)(xie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)如果第一(yi)年退(tui)(tui)保(bao),甚(shen)至有可能一(yi)分(fen)錢也拿不(bu)到。這些(xie)(xie)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)簽訂合(he)同前對(dui)此并不(bu)知情,主(zhu)要原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)沒有和他(ta)們(men)說清楚。因(yin)(yin)為人(ren)主(zhu)要靠業(ye)務提成獲(huo)得收(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如果把這個事實(shi)告訴客(ke)(ke)戶(hu),可能會使客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)打(da)消買保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)念頭(tou),從而(er)導致交易不(bu)能完成,人(ren)也因(yin)(yin)此不(bu)能得到傭金,所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)使下,人(ren)會做出(chu)故(gu)意(yi)隱(yin)(yin)瞞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為。

(3)人引導(dao)(dao)客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶填(tian)寫(xie)虛假(jia)資料。在客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶同意(yi)買(mai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)后,人一(yi)般會(hui)(hui)讓客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶填(tian)寫(xie)一(yi)份投(tou)保(bao)(bao)書(shu),里面的資料都(dou)要求客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶如實(shi)告知(zhi)。這些內(nei)容關系到這個客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶是(shi)(shi)否符合投(tou)保(bao)(bao)條(tiao)件(jian),是(shi)(shi)否能夠承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)。如果保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司的核保(bao)(bao)①部門審核這個客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶不符合承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)條(tiao)件(jian),不予承(cheng)保(bao)(bao),那么(me)人前(qian)面的努力就(jiu)都(dou)會(hui)(hui)白費。為了獲得傭金(jin),有些人會(hui)(hui)讓客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶把一(yi)些重要事(shi)實(shi)隱(yin)瞞(man)或者寫(xie)上(shang)虛假(jia)的資料。業務(wu)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)后,一(yi)旦(dan)發生了保(bao)(bao)險(xian)責任(ren)范圍內(nei)的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)事(shi)故,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)以投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人投(tou)保(bao)(bao)時沒(mei)有如實(shi)告知(zhi)為由(you),拒(ju)絕(jue)賠(pei)(pei)付。即使是(shi)(shi)走(zou)上(shang)法庭(ting),投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人一(yi)般也不能拿(na)出人當初誤導(dao)(dao)自己的證據,最(zui)后往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)(shi)客(ke)(ke)(ke)戶不僅(jin)拿(na)不到賠(pei)(pei)償,還白白支付了保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費。在很多人心中,人就(jiu)代表了保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司,所以就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)有“當初騙我(wo)買(mai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian),有事(shi)情(qing)時推得一(yi)干二凈”這種想法,從(cong)而給(gei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司帶(dai)來負(fu)面影響(xiang)。

此(ci)外,人過(guo)于(yu)糾纏。即使(shi)是(shi)在客(ke)(ke)戶明確(que)表示不想購買(mai)保(bao)險的情(qing)況下,人還(huan)是(shi)堅持(chi)要說服客(ke)(ke)戶購買(mai),甚(shen)至(zhi)擾(rao)亂他(ta)人的正常生活(huo),引起客(ke)(ke)戶反感。

2·保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)期(qi)。人(ren)身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)除短期(qi)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種外,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)一般(ban)都(dou)很(hen)長,在(zai)(zai)這么長的(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)內,投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活可(ke)(ke)能發(fa)生(sheng)很(hen)大的(de)(de)變化,其中(zhong)(zhong)涉及到(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同的(de)(de)需要及時對合同進行(xing)變更(geng)(geng),比(bi)如(ru)變更(geng)(geng)家(jia)庭地址或者聯(lian)系(xi)電話等,可(ke)(ke)是很(hen)多投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)都(dou)不知(zhi)道這些內容需要通知(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。一旦(dan)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)疏(shu)忽忘記(ji)續交保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費,而(er)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)又(you)(you)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)聯(lian)系(xi)方式(shi)失效(xiao)(xiao)而(er)通知(zhi)不到(dao)(dao)頭(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren),則(ze)可(ke)(ke)能會引(yin)起保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)失效(xiao)(xiao)。如(ru)果(guo)人(ren)和投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持聯(lian)系(xi),一旦(dan)發(fa)生(sheng)變動(dong)及時通知(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si),則(ze)可(ke)(ke)避(bi)免這種情況。可(ke)(ke)實(shi)際上(shang)(shang),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)淘汰率非(fei)常(chang)高(gao),而(er)剩(sheng)下的(de)(de)這些人(ren)又(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)各保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)之間(jian)(jian)跳(tiao)動(dong)頻(pin)繁,他們經手簽(qian)訂的(de)(de)這些保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)都(dou)成(cheng)了“孤兒(er)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)②”。業(ye)務員(yuan)頻(pin)頻(pin)跳(tiao)槽,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)長時間(jian)(jian)無人(ren)問津(jin),即使保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)安排了其他人(ren)接管這些保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan),但因(yin)(yin)為(wei)這些人(ren)拿到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)傭(yong)金是后續傭(yong)金(首期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費的(de)(de)5%~10%,且(qie)逐年遞(di)減(jian)),遠低(di)于新保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)所得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)傭(yong)金(首期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費的(de)(de)20%~35%),所以他們往(wang)往(wang)會把(ba)精力放在(zai)(zai)開拓(tuo)新保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)上(shang)(shang),而(er)忽視(shi)對舊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)維護。據上(shang)(shang)海(hai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監(jian)局統計(ji),目(mu)前上(shang)(shang)海(hai)各壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)中(zhong)(zhong),除少數經營時間(jian)(jian)較短者之外,“孤兒(er)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)”在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)所占比(bi)例(li)大致在(zai)(zai)10%~50%之間(jian)(jian),極大地損(sun)害了客戶的(de)(de)利益。

3·理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)時。理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)是(shi)最容易發生(sheng)糾紛的(de)環節。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)從(cong)自身(shen)角度出發,肯定是(shi)希(xi)望理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)支(zhi)出是(shi)越少越好(hao),所(suo)以各保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)一般(ban)都會(hui)(hui)有一個(ge)激(ji)勵機制,來(lai)促使理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)部門盡(jin)量減少理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)金(jin)(jin)額。如(ru)某保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)是(shi)這(zhe)樣規定的(de):理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)部門員工的(de)獎金(jin)(jin)和拒(ju)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)金(jin)(jin)額相關連的(de),拒(ju)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)金(jin)(jin)額越高,拿(na)的(de)獎金(jin)(jin)也會(hui)(hui)越多。這(zhe)個(ge)規定有積極(ji)的(de)一面:可以更好(hao)地避免因騙保(bao)(bao)(bao)導致的(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)支(zhi)付(fu),從(cong)而在大范(fan)圍內(nei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)所(suo)有投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平;但也有其消(xiao)極(ji)的(de)一面:理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)人員可能會(hui)(hui)讓(rang)那些本應該得(de)到理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)案件以拒(ju)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)結束。在人壽健康險(xian)(xian)種中(zhong),保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)拒(ju)絕理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)最常用的(de)條款是(shi)———“沒有如(ru)實告知既(ji)往病史”。在這(zhe)樣的(de)案例中(zhong),如(ru)果單純(chun)由保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)理(li)(li)(li)(li)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)部門判(pan)定是(shi)否賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償,其出于自身(shen)利(li)益的(de)考(kao)慮,必然作出有失公(gong)(gong)(gong)平的(de)判(pan)定。

另一(yi)個客(ke)戶抱怨(yuan)很多的是理(li)賠(pei)程(cheng)序麻煩(fan)的問題。因為客(ke)戶一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)是保(bao)險(xian)業內人(ren)(ren)士,所以對索(suo)賠(pei)時(shi)的流程(cheng),需要準備的材料等等都(dou)不(bu)熟悉,這(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)候就(jiu)需要人(ren)(ren)協助辦理(li)。而人(ren)(ren)流失嚴重這(zhe)(zhe)么一(yi)個現(xian)象使得(de)很多客(ke)戶得(de)不(bu)到幫助,和人(ren)(ren)當初(chu)的承諾相去甚遠(yuan),索(suo)賠(pei)可能大費(fei)周折,再加上理(li)賠(pei)時(shi)間長,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)難(nan)免(mian)給客(ke)戶“保(bao)險(xian)公司(si)索(suo)賠(pei)難(nan)”的印象。

三、針對(dui)不(bu)信任的解決辦法

目前(qian),社會對(dui)保險業滿(man)意程度褒(bao)貶不(bu)一,消費者(zhe)的(de)投訴時常(chang)存在,為(wei)了提升客戶滿(man)意度,也為(wei)了保險業能夠發展得更好,我們有必要(yao)對(dui)目前(qian)保險業不(bu)夠完(wan)善的(de)地方加(jia)以改(gai)進,主要(yao)從以下幾個(ge)方面入手:

1·加強對(dui)保險人的管理(li)。

首先,要提(ti)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)證(zheng)上崗(gang)率(lv),持(chi)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應具備基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)知識,能(neng)夠為(wei)(wei)客戶(hu)(hu)提(ti)供專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)(wu)。提(ti)高(gao)持(chi)證(zheng)率(lv)也就(jiu)是提(ti)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)水平。第二,加強人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)體制(zhi)建設。應建立保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)據(ju)庫,客戶(hu)(hu)通過訪問這(zhe)個數(shu)據(ju)庫,就(jiu)可以(yi)很容易地(di)了(le)解人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎懲情況。同(tong)時,行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自律(lv)組織也要發揮相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),充分實現信(xin)(xin)息共享,完善行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)“黑名單(dan)(dan)”制(zhi)度,對(dui)違(wei)規(gui)違(wei)紀人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)僅要列入(ru)黑名單(dan)(dan),而且嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要將其驅(qu)逐(zhu)出保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye),并追究相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)責(ze)任。信(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)公(gong)(gong)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度,既有(you)利(li)于(yu)客戶(hu)(hu)選擇優秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),又可以(yi)起到(dao)懲罰(fa)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、約(yue)束違(wei)規(gui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。第三,提(ti)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)素(su)質。中(zhong)資壽險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)過去給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)幾乎全(quan)是灌(guan)輸銷(xiao)(xiao)售技(ji)巧(qiao),是以(yi)如何賣保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),對(dui)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)教育卻不(bu)多(duo),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)良莠不(bu)齊。提(ti)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de),除(chu)了(le)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)要把好增員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)質量(liang)關,即把那些(xie)思想素(su)質比較好、業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)能(neng)力較強、富有(you)敬業(ye)(ye)(ye)精神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)吸引到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)銷(xiao)(xiao)售人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)隊伍(wu)中(zhong)來(lai)以(yi)外,還要完善公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)系統(tong),通過新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學習,來(lai)協調人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,以(yi)達到(dao)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡。第四,明確人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)地(di)位。現行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營銷(xiao)(xiao)模式決定了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong),不(bu)能(neng)享受員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待遇和(he)福利(li),所(suo)以(yi)很多(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒有(you)把保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)終身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),缺乏(fa)長期創業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識,很容易出現各種短視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。要解決這(zhe)個問題,保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)首先應對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)隊伍(wu)進行(xing)(xing)精簡,將素(su)質低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)清出保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場,然(ran)后(hou)對(dui)剩下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)進行(xing)(xing)分流,一部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)留在保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong),保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)自己管理,一部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)轉(zhuan)換到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)工(gong)作(zuo),成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)。第五,改革傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金制(zhi)度。首期傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金高(gao)而后(hou)續(xu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象使得人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只顧開發新保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)而忽視舊(jiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維護,造成(cheng)服務(wu)(wu)質量(liang)低下。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)應降低首期和(he)前幾年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金支付比例,提(ti)高(gao)后(hou)續(xu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金支付比例,延長后(hou)續(xu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發放年(nian)限。在后(hou)續(xu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發放上,應綜(zong)合考(kao)察人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退保(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)、投訴率(lv)等(deng)指(zhi)標(biao),根據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)績(ji)設立相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎懲制(zhi)度,增加人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)約(yue)成(cheng)本。這(zhe)樣才能(neng)強化(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長期服務(wu)(wu)意(yi)識,促使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)主動關注業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)質量(liang)和(he)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)建設。

2·理賠(pei)環節外(wai)包。

在(zai)發生保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)索賠的(de)時候,不(bu)(bu)論是(shi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)還是(shi)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),都(dou)有(you)各自(zi)的(de)立場。對(dui)于(yu)是(shi)否賠償和賠償多少的(de)問題(ti)如果全部由(you)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司說了算,顯然是(shi)有(you)失公(gong)(gong)平。把判決的(de)權力交給與合(he)同無任何瓜葛的(de)第(di)三方,可以(yi)最(zui)大限度地(di)(di)減(jian)少不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)平現象,降低客戶(hu)的(de)投訴(su)率。雖然保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)市(shi)場上有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)立的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)估人(ren)(ren)(ren),但大部分的(de)業務(wu)都(dou)集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)了產險(xian)(xian)市(shi)場上,對(dui)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)介(jie)入甚少,一方面(mian)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)沒有(you)太(tai)多的(de)精力處理(li)(li)這些小的(de)案(an)件(jian),另一方面(mian)也是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司不(bu)(bu)愿意公(gong)(gong)估人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)介(jie)入。各保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司應該把理(li)(li)賠業務(wu)分出去(qu),因(yin)為(wei)第(di)三方的(de)判決保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)比較(jiao)信服,比較(jiao)不(bu)(bu)會引起很大的(de)糾紛,這樣(yang)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司可以(yi)從(cong)一堆的(de)理(li)(li)賠糾紛中(zhong)(zhong)抽身出來,更好(hao)地(di)(di)設計自(zi)己的(de)產品,提高對(dui)保(bao)(bao)戶(hu)的(de)服務(wu),從(cong)而增強自(zi)己的(de)核心(xin)競(jing)爭力。

[參考文獻]

[1]馬莉娜·信(xin)用查詢倒(dao)逼(bi)保險(xian)人誠信(xin)[EB/OL]·

篇10

論文摘要(yao)(yao)：保(bao)(bao)險公司的(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化營(ying)銷(xiao)戰(zhan)略是以競爭對(dui)手為導向，尋求(qiu)從產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、服(fu)務(wu)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)形象、促銷(xiao)等(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化，建立起獨樹一幟(zhi)的(de)(de)競爭優(you)勢。本(ben)文對(dui)中資和(he)(he)外(wai)資保(bao)(bao)險企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)公司:中國人壽和(he)(he)友(you)邦(bang)保(bao)(bao)險在品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)、營(ying)銷(xiao)渠道(dao)、服(fu)務(wu)、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)(he)廣告等(deng)方面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化營(ying)銷(xiao)戰(zhan)略的(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)。差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化營(ying)銷(xiao)戰(zhan)略是一個系(xi)統(tong)，保(bao)(bao)險企(qi)業(ye)不僅要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)行(xing)業(ye)內競爭態(tai)勢、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)生命周(zhou)期(qi)、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)類型實施(shi)相應的(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化，更有必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)是使(shi)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)化營(ying)銷(xiao)戰(zhan)略形成一個系(xi)統(tong)全面(mian)實施(shi)。

1.網點、地域(yu)、品牌的優勢對比

中國人壽

友邦保險

1、中國(guo)(guo)(guo)人壽:在全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)30多(duo)個省市、自治區、直轄(xia)市設立(li)分公司，而各地(di)(di)(di)、市、縣級設立(li)支公司、營銷(xiao)服務(wu)部有幾萬(wan)個，廣泛地(di)(di)(di)扎根(gen)于中國(guo)(guo)(guo)各地(di)(di)(di)域(yu)范(fan)圍內;同時(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)人壽成立(li)于上世紀50年代(dai)，在中國(guo)(guo)(guo)的年代(dai)久遠(yuan)，影(ying)響(xiang)力深(shen)遠(yuan)，品牌已經(jing)深(shen)入人心，作(zuo)為(wei)民族保險業的一面大(da)旗，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)人壽擁有了(le)得天獨厚的優勢。

2、友(you)(you)邦保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian):是(shi)美(mei)國(guo)最(zui)大(da)(da)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)集團AIG的全資子公司(si)，具有雄厚(hou)的資本和經營(ying)(ying)實力(li)。然(ran)而(er)友(you)(you)邦保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)(da)陸的發展始于1992年，引入(ru)時間(jian)較短，也(ye)是(shi)第(di)一家(jia)(jia)獲許在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)經營(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業(ye)務的外(wai)資保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)。十多年過去了，目前友(you)(you)邦保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)(da)陸才開設5家(jia)(jia)分公司(si)和3家(jia)(jia)支公司(si)，且都分布在(zai)經濟發達城市，因此地域影響力(li)不大(da)(da)。但是(shi)友(you)(you)邦作為第(di)一家(jia)(jia)將壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)營(ying)(ying)銷員制度(du)引進(jin)國(guo)內(nei)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)，在(zai)個人營(ying)(ying)銷員銷售渠道的鋪設上(shang)，取得了驕人的業(ye)績，特別是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)高端客戶群中(zhong)(zhong)塑造了良好(hao)的商業(ye)品牌形象。而(er)其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)功的商業(ye)經營(ying)(ying)模式(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)為了其(qi)他外(wai)資保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)的典范(fan)，成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)百(bai)萬中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)家(jia)(jia)庭首(shou)選保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)品牌。

2.服務策略的對比(bi)

中國人壽

友邦保險

1、中國人(ren)壽:強(qiang)調全面服務。服務理念為“1+N”:一個客戶，一張國壽鶴卡，多種服務。

1)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)好幫手:一般客戶可享用健(jian)(jian)康(kang)短(duan)信提示、VIP客戶則更享受健(jian)(jian)康(kang)管理服(fu)務(wu)，包(bao)括預約掛(gua)號、健(jian)(jian)康(kang)體檢、導醫(yi)導診等個性化服(fu)務(wu)。

2)咨詢(xun)通服務:短(duan)信及時(shi)提示客(ke)戶(hu)的續期(qi)服務，使(shi)客(ke)戶(hu)動態了解(jie)保(bao)單狀態和交費(fei)情況，同(tong)時(shi)還免費(fei)提供幾類實用(yong)資訊短(duan)信，例如:重大新聞、時(shi)尚(shang)生活、理財點金、保(bao)險資訊等。

3)國(guo)壽大講(jiang)堂(tang):不定期(qi)組織講(jiang)座，邀請經濟學家(jia)、政(zheng)治學家(jia)、科學家(jia)等(deng)國(guo)內外(wai)知名專家(jia)，為(wei)您(nin)提(ti)供(gong)健康(kang)、理財、人(ren)文社(she)科等(deng)方面的權(quan)威資訊，并在網站上實時(shi)通知播放講(jiang)座信(xin)息或通過短信(xin)方式通知客戶。

4)客(ke)戶持有國壽鶴(he)卡，可(ke)以在1800余個特約服(fu)務(wu)商(shang)家，涵蓋“醫”、“食”、“住(zhu)”、“行”、“玩”、“用”等(deng)與您生活密(mi)切相關的各(ge)個方面，包(bao)含(han)多種折扣和優惠(hui)，為您提供各(ge)種全面貼(tie)心的特惠(hui)超值服(fu)務(wu)。

5)特色(se)客(ke)(ke)戶服務節:真情回饋客(ke)(ke)戶，讓(rang)客(ke)(ke)戶感(gan)受(shou)國壽的溫暖。

2、友邦保險(xian):提倡全球化(hua)和服(fu)務創新，服(fu)務理(li)念(nian):無處不在、意想不到。

友邦(bang)保險及其母公司(si)美國(guo)國(guo)際(ji)集團的服(fu)務(wu)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)遍布(bu)全球近一百個國(guo)家和地區。當(dang)客戶身(shen)處(chu)海外，不(bu)幸遇(yu)到(dao)意(yi)外事故(gu)時，可經由網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)內成員機構(gou)提供理賠咨詢及相關服(fu)務(wu)。

投保人申請保險金額達到(dao)本公司規(gui)定之金額時(shi)，可(ke)獲贈(zeng)一張美國(guo)國(guo)際支(zhi)援(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)卡(AIAS)。此卡可(ke)幫助客戶在外出公干(gan)時(shi)，只需撥(bo)打公司指定的電話號(hao)碼，便(bian)可(ke)獲得周全的24小時(shi)以普通話(或粵語(yu))應答的全球免費(fei)電話查詢服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)。具體包括:旅行(xing)前咨詢服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(有(you)關各地(di)旅游資(zi)料、簽證(zheng)、檢疫、天氣等(deng)綜(zong)合(he)信息)、緊(jin)急(ji)票(piao)務(wu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(預定航(hang)空機票(piao)和酒店客房(fang))、遺失行(xing)李(li)、證(zheng)件支(zhi)援(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)、醫療(liao)支(zhi)援(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)、法(fa)律人員轉介、翻譯服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)轉介、大使館(guan)及(ji)領(ling)事館(guan)資(zi)料、緊(jin)急(ji)口訊傳遞服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)、一般支(zhi)援(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)。

在日趨全球化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟和(he)生活形勢之下(xia)，友(you)邦(bang)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)全球化(hua)概念被(bei)越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨國企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、外(wai)資(zi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)甚至是(shi)優秀民(min)族企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)所青睞，吸引了(le)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高端(duan)消費(fei)群(qun)體，同時創新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)理念緊跟(gen)著(zhu)時代和(he)經濟前進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步伐，正(zheng)是(shi)商務(wu)(wu)人士和(he)成(cheng)功人士所夢寐以求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貼(tie)心保(bao)(bao)障，因(yin)此(ci)在這(zhe)個服(fu)務(wu)(wu)策略上面(mian)，我們完全有理由相信友(you)邦(bang)更(geng)勝一籌。目前國內各大(da)高端(duan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)多年(nian)來一直與本地(di)化(hua)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合作保(bao)(bao)險(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)，但是(shi)從近年(nian)開始，己經逐步轉向國外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，正(zheng)是(shi)因(yin)為看中(zhong)(zhong)了(le)全球服(fu)務(wu)(wu)這(zhe)塊新蛋糕。因(yin)此(ci)，我們推而廣之地(di)說(shuo)民(min)族企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)繼續發展和(he)壯大(da)，要(yao)注重(zhong)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)和(he)客戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，及時趕上市(shi)場需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步調，在大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟環(huan)境和(he)形勢下(xia)，迎(ying)頭趕上，保(bao)(bao)持在行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不敗之地(di)。

3.產品對比

中國人壽

友邦保險

1、中國人壽:產品種類繁多、保障齊全(quan)

公司提供涵(han)蓋(gai)生存、養老、醫(yi)療(liao)、死亡、殘疾等多種(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)范圍，傳統、分(fen)紅、投(tou)資(zi)等多種(zhong)類型的(de)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)產(chan)品(pin)和業務，全面滿(man)足客(ke)戶(hu)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)領域的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)和投(tou)資(zi)理財需求，不同收入(ru)水平及(ji)年齡階段的(de)客(ke)戶(hu)均可(ke)通(tong)過公司產(chan)品(pin)和業務的(de)組(zu)合獲得個性化(hua)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。比如重力推出:針(zhen)對家庭成員的(de)兩全保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(分(fen)紅型)，既有生命(ming)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，又保(bao)(bao)(bao)值增值的(de)兩全型產(chan)品(pin)受到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)多人(ren)(ren)的(de)關注。而對企業來說，團(tuan)體人(ren)(ren)員的(de)補(bu)充醫(yi)療(liao)(基(ji)金型)可(ke)以(yi)幫(bang)助企業穩定(ding)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)、吸引人(ren)(ren)才(cai)，塑造企業的(de)價值文(wen)化(hua)、提高(gao)企業社會影響力。

2、友邦(bang)保險:細分客戶群、有的放矢

同樣與中國人(ren)壽(shou)的(de)市場(chang)策略類似，友邦(bang)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)以客(ke)戶(hu)的(de)需(xu)求為(wei)導向，憑借(jie)公司豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)經驗(yan)、雄厚(hou)的(de)財務(wu)(wu)實力(li)以及高(gao)度(du)的(de)信(xin)譽為(wei)客(ke)戶(hu)度(du)身(shen)定制綜合保(bao)險(xian)(xian)計劃，業務(wu)(wu)涵蓋壽(shou)險(xian)(xian)、健(jian)康(kang)險(xian)(xian)以及人(ren)身(shen)意外傷(shang)害險(xian)(xian)。同時，以豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)全面的(de)產品(pin)組合以及完善周到的(de)服務(wu)(wu)，為(wei)客(ke)戶(hu)提供全方(fang)位(wei)的(de)保(bao)障，幫助客(ke)戶(hu)達(da)成(cheng)財務(wu)(wu)計劃。

4.營銷渠道策略

中國人壽

友邦保險

1、中國人壽:營銷渠(qu)道豐富，其中包括:

1)個人客戶:通過保險(xian)人隊伍傳統銷售模式下的個人客戶

2)網上(shang)直銷:通過電(dian)子商務的模式(shi)，實現網上(shang)銷售保險產

3)團體、企業年金客(ke)戶:大型企業、團體為員工購買的(de)年金保(bao)險

4)尋找金融合(he)作伙伴:如與(yu)工商銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)、光大銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)、民生銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)的合(he)作。主要(yao)建立銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)保險(xian)業(ye)務的渠道(dao)，借(jie)助(zhu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)的網點和融資優(you)勢，獲得(de)客戶(hu)資源，關注企業(ye)年金、補充養老保險(xian)等大項目管理。

5)借(jie)助于信(xin)息系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)平臺上的(de)(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)售渠道(dao)還有互聯網營銷(xiao)(xiao)員銷(xiao)(xiao)售支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、中(zhong)介(jie)短(duan)(duan)險銷(xiao)(xiao)售系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。互聯網營銷(xiao)(xiao)員銷(xiao)(xiao)售支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)公司(si)(si)營銷(xiao)(xiao)員日(ri)常工(gong)作(zuo)提供(gong)服務支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平臺，伙(huo)伴們可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)及(ji)時(shi)獲(huo)取公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最新動態(tai)和通(tong)知、查詢(xun)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)業績信(xin)息、管理自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)客戶保(bao)(bao)單(dan)，還可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)內部論(lun)壇進(jin)行在線溝通(tong)交流。中(zhong)介(jie)互聯網短(duan)(duan)險銷(xiao)(xiao)售系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)我公司(si)(si)針對中(zhong)、小機構提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基于互聯網的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)時(shi)出單(dan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。合作(zuo)伙(huo)伴可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)此(ci)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行短(duan)(duan)險卡(ka)折式(shi)保(bao)(bao)單(dan)和航意(yi)險保(bao)(bao)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)時(shi)出單(dan)，保(bao)(bao)單(dan)重打、當日(ri)撤單(dan)及(ji)資金結(jie)算等功能。

2、友(you)邦保險:多元化營銷(xiao)的發展模式

友邦注重開拓三大(da)營銷渠道:個人人保險(xian)、銀(yin)行保險(xian)和團(tuan)體(ti)保險(xian)。友邦在(zai)去年(nian)來(lai)已(yi)有所(suo)斬獲(huo)。銀(yin)保渠道有超(chao)過20個合作伙伴，團(tuan)體(ti)保險(xian)客戶囊(nang)括摩托羅拉、可口可樂等大(da)型國際(ji)跨國公司及國內中(zhong)小企業。在(zai)前期(qi)發展(zhan)的(de)基礎上，友邦要(yao)做的(de)則是(shi)如(ru)何引入更多(duo)的(de)銷售渠道。“在(zai)保險(xian)多(duo)渠道發展(zhan)的(de)時代(dai)，選擇一條(tiao)腿(tui)走路顯然是(shi)不(bu)明智(zhi)的(de)。”

5.廣告差異化

中國人壽:相知多年，值得(de)托付(fu)

友邦保(bao)險(xian):未來你好!

1、中(zhong)國人壽(shou)，中(zhong)國第一號國字頭(tou)保險公司，其(qi)廣告(gao)語(yu)“相知多年，值得托付(fu)”，長期以來己經深入(ru)廣大(da)國民的(de)內(nei)心，中(zhong)國人壽(shou)這句看似簡單的(de)廣告(gao)語(yu)被賦予了多元因素，文化與(yu)(yu)思想交融，感(gan)性(xing)與(yu)(yu)理性(xing)同在，運用中(zhong)國特有的(de)寫意風格切(qie)實塑造(zao)出了中(zhong)國保險航(hang)母(mu)的(de)企業形(xing)象。

中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)廣(guang)告(gao)(gao)語(yu)運用(yong)含蓄(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、具(ju)有(you)(you)文(wen)化(hua)氣息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言表(biao)達(da)出了(le)(le)(le)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心訴求點，既包含了(le)(le)(le)公司(si)與客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真誠交流互(hu)動中(zhong)培養起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)深切(qie)感情(qing)，又顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)了(le)(le)(le)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)對(dui)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信任以(yi)及值得客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)相依的(de)(de)(de)(de)強大實(shi)力(li)。“相知多年(nian)”表(biao)明中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)與其客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流合(he)作有(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)，是以(yi)老朋(peng)友的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份在同客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)交流;“值得托付”表(biao)明中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)在保險業內所擁(yong)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)力(li)能夠(gou)承(cheng)載客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)給予的(de)(de)(de)(de)這份信任。通過這則廣(guang)告(gao)(gao)語(yu)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)成功地塑造了(le)(le)(le)美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)牌形象，強化(hua)了(le)(le)(le)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)對(dui)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信賴(lai)，在2005年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項針(zhen)對(dui)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)20個(ge)城市壽(shou)(shou)險品(pin)牌調查顯(xian)(xian)示(shi):中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)壽(shou)(shou)以(yi)成熟(shu)、穩重的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象成為消費者喜愛(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)牌，其品(pin)牌健康指數排名(ming)第一。

2、友邦保險，采用(yong)互動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)交流方式(shi)，邀請現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)你給“未(wei)來的(de)(de)你”寫一封信，提醒您從“現(xian)在(zai)”開始著手思(si)考未(wei)來。以(yi)積極的(de)(de)心(xin)態和行動(dong)(dong)為(wei)“未(wei)來”的(de)(de)生(sheng)活出(chu)謀劃(hua)策。這個廣告(gao)概念同樣體現(xian)了企業傳(chuan)承的(de)(de)客(ke)戶價值，同時包含了生(sheng)活的(de)(de)哲學道理，讀完后(hou)能令消費者(zhe)回味無(wu)窮，不僅(jin)記住了廣告(gao)語(yu)，更(geng)對(dui)使用(yong)該(gai)廣告(gao)語(yu)的(de)(de)企業產生(sheng)興趣，體現(xian)公司對(dui)消費者(zhe)的(de)(de)關心(xin)。

但是，對(dui)于(yu)保(bao)險這種無形服務(wu)的(de)產業而言，穩健與守信可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)比(bi)暢(chang)想更(geng)加(jia)(jia)重要，作為中國的(de)消費(fei)者來說，含蓄內斂、低調沉(chen)穩的(de)風格可(ke)(ke)能更(geng)加(jia)(jia)容易值得信賴。