導語：如何才能寫好一篇(pian)(pian)ups電源，這就需要搜集整理更(geng)多的(de)資(zi)料(liao)和文獻(xian)，歡迎閱讀由公(gong)務(wu)員之家(jia)整理的(de)十(shi)篇(pian)(pian)范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

1、ups也叫不間斷電源，是將蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池與主機相連接(jie)，通(tong)過主機逆變器等模塊電(dian)(dian)路(lu)將直流電(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)成市電(dian)(dian)的(de)系統設備。ups電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)分為(wei)三種，即在線(xian)式，后備式，線(xian)上交錯式。

2、在線式(shi)ups工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理，當(dang)在線式(shi)UPS在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)輸(shu)入的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓經過噪(zao)聲濾(lv)波器(qi)去除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)的(de)高頻(pin)干擾，可以(yi)得到純凈的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，進入整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)進行整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)濾(lv)波，并(bing)將交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)平滑(hua)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，之(zhi)后分(fen)為(wei)兩路(lu)，一(yi)路(lu)進入充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，另一(yi)路(lu)供(gong)給(gei)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)，然而逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)又(you)將直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成220V，50Hz的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)。當(dang)發生市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)斷時(shi)(shi)，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)輸(shu)入已被切斷，整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)不再工(gong)作(zuo)，這時(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)把能量輸(shu)送到逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)，再由逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)把直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)成交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，供(gong)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)。所以(yi)，對負(fu)載(zai)(zai)來說，盡管市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已不復存(cun)在，但(dan)此時(shi)(shi)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)并(bing)未因市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)斷而停運(yun)，仍可以(yi)正常運(yun)行。

3、后(hou)備(bei)式ups工(gong)作(zuo)原理，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常(chang)時(shi)，一路市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)過整流器(qi)(qi)對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)另一路市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)過自動(dong)穩壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)初步穩壓(ya)、吸收部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)干擾后(hou)，再由(you)(you)旁(pang)路轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開關直(zhi)接給(gei)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這時(shi)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，直(zhi)到蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿(man)而(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)浮充(chong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。UPS相當(dang)于(yu)一臺穩壓(ya)性能較差的穩壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)，只是(shi)對市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅度波(bo)(bo)動(dong)有所改善(shan)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)上出現(xian)的頻(pin)率不(bu)穩、波(bo)(bo)形畸(ji)變(bian)等“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)污染”不(bu)作(zuo)任何調整。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)頻(pin)率超出UPS的輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)范圍時(shi)，即在(zai)(zai)非正(zheng)常(chang)的情況下，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)己被切斷，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)停止工(gong)作(zuo)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)(zai)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的控制(zhi)下逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)開始(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)，使逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)產生220V、50Hz的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，此時(shi)UPS供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)由(you)(you)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)繼續向負(fu)(fu)載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。后(hou)備(bei)式UPS的逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)總是(shi)處于(yu)后(hou)備(bei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

4、線(xian)(xian)上交錯式ups工作原理(li)，市電(dian)(dian)正常時直接由市電(dian)(dian)向負載供電(dian)(dian)，當市電(dian)(dian)偏低或(huo)偏高時，通過UPS內部(bu)穩壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)路穩壓(ya)后輸出，當市電(dian)(dian)異常或(huo)停電(dian)(dian)時，通過轉換開關轉為電(dian)(dian)池逆變供電(dian)(dian)。其(qi)特(te)點是(shi)：有(you)較寬的輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍，噪(zao)音低，體積小(xiao)等特(te)點，但同樣(yang)存(cun)在切換時間，但和一(yi)般后備(bei)UPS相比，這種機(ji)型保護功能較強，逆變器(qi)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波形(xing)較好，一(yi)般為正弦波。

（來源(yuan)：文章屋網 ）

篇2

關鍵詞：UPS原理(li)；注意事(shi)項；使用；維(wei)護

廣播電(dian)(dian)視(shi)行業對電(dian)(dian)源都有較高要求， 因(yin)此系(xi)統必(bi)須(xu)配(pei)備(bei)符合要求的(de)(de)(de)、健康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)U PS 電(dian)(dian)源， 保持(chi)供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)間斷供電(dian)(dian)非(fei)常重(zhong)要。如何提高機(ji)房的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量， 最大限度的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)止因(yin)電(dian)(dian)源原(yuan)因(yin)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)停機(ji)事(shi)故， 已成為保障廣播電(dian)(dian)視(shi)節目能否安(an)全優質(zhi)播出的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素。

UPS電源是(shi)衛(wei)星地面(mian)站保持供電系(xi)統不間斷供電的(de)(de)重要(yao)設備(bei)，確保機(ji)房供電的(de)(de)持續性，以(yi)(yi)防斷電而(er)造成電視(shi)節目(mu)的(de)(de)不正常(chang)(chang)播出。因此，要(yao)求(qiu)智能化程度高，儲能器材都采(cai)用(yong)免維護(hu)蓄電池，也是(shi)因為(wei)這樣(yang)，往(wang)往(wang)忽略(lve)了對UPS電源維護(hu)與檢修。這是(shi)很危險的(de)(de)，一旦出現故障(zhang)，整個工作系(xi)統將癱瘓。以(yi)(yi)下介(jie)紹(shao)UPS工作原理電路結構和使用(yong)注意(yi)事項及日常(chang)(chang)維護(hu)要(yao)求(qiu)。

1 UPS電路結(jie)構工作原理

該(gai)在線式(shi)UPS主要由EMI濾波器(qi)(qi)、旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、AC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)、DC/AC逆變器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、DC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)、控(kong)制和檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等組成，并配備(bei)了(le)智慧型(xing)監控(kong)軟件。當UPS開機時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓經EMI濾波器(qi)(qi)分二路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)：一路(lu)(lu)送至AC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)變成直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)送至半橋式(shi)DC/AC逆變器(qi)(qi)呈交流輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)；另一路(lu)(lu)作為旁(pang)(pang)通路(lu)(lu)徑。靠近輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)端的旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)(lu)開關(guan)可選(xuan)擇旁(pang)(pang)通路(lu)(lu)徑輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)或逆變輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)。若一切(qie)正常，旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)(lu)開關(guan)會選(xuan)擇逆變輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)，此種輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)稱為在線式(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)。

2 斷電故(gu)障發生時UPS的動(dong)作過程

當輸入(ru)的市電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)斷(duan)時，AC/DC轉(zhuan)換器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)均不動(dong)作，DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器(qi)將電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)轉(zhuan)換至DC/AC逆變(bian)器(qi)的輸入(ru)端，經DC/AC逆變(bian)器(qi)轉(zhuan)為交流輸出，這(zhe)就是所謂的電(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)模式。

圖中的輔助電(dian)源為所(suo)有控制電(dian)路供電(dian)。由于DC/AC逆變器(qi)一直在工(gong)作(zuo)，市電(dian)斷電(dian)時(shi)DC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)能(neng)快(kuai)速(su)啟動并接替AC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)，且DC匯流排上掛有儲能(neng)濾波電(dian)容器(qi)，使得DC/AC逆變器(qi)的輸(shu)出端，持續穩定地給負載供電(dian)，實現零時(shi)間轉(zhuan)換(huan)，對(dui)負載而言，不會感(gan)到(dao)發(fa)生(sheng)斷電(dian)。

3 維護與故障處(chu)理

3.1 運行環境(jing)維護

即便UPS電源(yuan)是在(zai)正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作狀態，也(ye)要經常(chang)(chang)觀(guan)察周邊環(huan)境，以(yi)保(bao)持電池最佳的(de)(de)溫度，避免(mian)太陽(yang)光(guang)直射或者環(huan)境的(de)(de)溫度過高。并(bing)防塵除塵，每到氣(qi)候干燥的(de)(de)時節，注意空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)灰粒飛進機(ji)(ji)內(nei)沉(chen)積，導(dao)致器件散(san)熱功能不好。當空(kong)氣(qi)潮(chao)濕(shi)時，經常(chang)(chang)觀(guan)看機(ji)(ji)子的(de)(de)工(gong)作動向，以(yi)免(mian)失常(chang)(chang)而報警(jing)不準確(que)。

3.2 定期檢測

除了對(dui)UPS電源常觀察，勤除塵外，還(huan)時不(bu)時檢查各個連接線路或者插(cha)件之間的連接情(qing)況，是否有松動和(he)接觸不(bu)牢(lao)的情(qing)況、腐(fu)蝕現象(xiang)、有無(wu)殼(ke)變形(xing)和(he)滲(shen)漏(lou)、主機設備(bei)是否正(zheng)常等。

對于儲能電(dian)池(chi)，要每年(nian)定期做一次放(fang)電(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)，為保證蓄電(dian)池(chi)處于飽和狀態，充電(dian)至少達到12 小時。

平時每組電池(chi)至少應(ying)有8只(zhi)電池(chi)作標示電池(chi)，作為了解全電池(chi)組工作情況的參考，對標示電池(chi)應(ying)定期測(ce)量并做好(hao)記錄。

3.3 故障處理

當出現故障時，斷(duan)開(kai)手動旁路(lu)開(kai)關，切至維護位置(zhi)（使用戶不停電(dian)），UPS 裝置(zhi)停工作，蓄電(dian)池開(kai)關合閘(zha)，打開(kai)裝置(zhi)門進行檢查。

當UPS電(dian)(dian)池系(xi)統出現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)時，及時的(de)找出故(gu)障(zhang)原因，要查清主機、電(dian)(dian)池組、UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系(xi)統等。通過進行分析(xi)、檢測。如自檢部分發生故(gu)障(zhang)，顯示(shi)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)內容則(ze)可能有誤。

當主機出(chu)現擊穿(chuan)，斷(duan)保險或燒毀(hui)器件的故障，一定要查(cha)明原(yuan)因并排除故障后才能重新(xin)啟(qi)動，否則會接(jie)連發生相(xiang)同的故障。

當電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)中發現(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)反極、壓(ya)降大、壓(ya)差大和酸霧泄(xie)漏現(xian)象的電(dian)池(chi)時，應(ying)及(ji)時采(cai)用相(xiang)應(ying)的方法恢復(fu)(fu)(fu)和修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu)，對不能恢復(fu)(fu)(fu)和修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu)的要更(geng)換(huan)，但不能把不同(tong)(tong)容(rong)量、不同(tong)(tong)性能、不同(tong)(tong)廠(chang)家的電(dian)池(chi)聯在一(yi)起(qi)，否則可能會對整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)帶來不利影(ying)響。對壽命已過(guo)期(qi)的電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)要及(ji)時更(geng)換(huan)，以免影(ying)響到主機。

4 使用注意事項

4.1 電源開關(guan)步驟(zou)

 開(kai)(kai)機要按順(shun)序合閘：儲能電池開(kai)(kai)關(guan)自(zi)動旁(pang)路開(kai)(kai)關(guan)輸出(chu)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)依次置于“ON”。日常(chang)開(kai)(kai)機只需按UPS面(mian)板“開(kai)(kai)”鍵(jian)，約20分鐘后，即可使用(yong)。

關機的時候先將電(dian)腦(nao)或其它儀器關閉(bi)，讓(rang)UPS空載(zai)運行(xing)10分鐘(zhong)，待(dai)機內(nei)熱量排出后(hou)，再按面(mian)板“關”鍵。

4.2 電源系(xi)統使用

雖然(ran)UPS電源主(zhu)機(ji)對環境(jing)溫度(du)要(yao)求不高，但要(yao)求室內清潔，少(shao)塵。儲(chu)能蓄電池則對溫度(du)要(yao)求較高，溫度(du)太低(di)，會使儲(chu)電池容(rong)量下降(jiang)。主(zhu)機(ji)中設置的參數在(zai)使用中不能隨意改變。

在無(wu)外電(dian)(dian)靠UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統自行(xing)供電(dian)(dian)時，應避免(mian)帶負(fu)載(zai)(zai)啟(qi)動(dong)UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，應先關斷各(ge)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，等UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統起動(dong)后(hou)再開啟(qi)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。

UPS電(dian)源系(xi)統按使用要求功率(lv)(lv)余量(liang)不大，在(zai)使用中要避免隨意增加大功率(lv)(lv)的額(e)外(wai)設備，也不允(yun)許在(zai)滿(man)負載狀態下長期運行。

由(you)于組(zu)合(he)電池組(zu)電壓很高(gao)，存(cun)在電擊危(wei)險，因此(ci)裝卸導(dao)電聯接(jie)條、輸出線(xian)時(shi)應用安全保(bao)障(zhang)，工(gong)具應采用絕(jue)緣措施，特別是(shi)輸出接(jie)點應有防觸摸措施。

對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池應避免(mian)(mian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，雖(sui)說在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時可以接(jie)受大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，但在(zai)實際操作中應盡量避免(mian)(mian)，否則(ze)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板膨脹(zhang)變形，使得極板活性物質脫落(luo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內阻增大(da)，溫升越(yue)高，嚴(yan)重時將造成容(rong)量下降，壽命(ming)提前終止。

正確連(lian)接好UPS，應(ying)將UPS的(de)輸(shu)入零（N）、相(xiang)（C）、地（G）與(yu)市電的(de)零、相(xiang)、地對應(ying)。

5 結束語

對(dui)于UPS的(de)(de)使(shi)用，做好維(wei)(wei)護工作(zuo)，遵(zun)行使(shi)用手冊，加強運(yun)行維(wei)(wei)護，做好測(ce)量工作(zuo)，這樣將延長壽命，避免不必要(yao)的(de)(de)故障發生。即便有智能化的(de)(de)設(she)備，但是(shi)(shi)預防是(shi)(shi)安全運(yun)行的(de)(de)重要(yao)保(bao)障。維(wei)(wei)護工作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)門學無(wu)止境的(de)(de)工作(zuo)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)門科技含量較高(gao)工作(zuo)，讓(rang)我們(men)一(yi)起共(gong)同探(tan)討通向(xiang)更高(gao)一(yi)層的(de)(de)階梯。

參考文獻

[1]楊廣(guang)義.UPS電源的使(shi)用(yong)與維護(hu)[J].西部(bu)廣(guang)播電視(shi).2013（06）

[2]劉鈞.UPS電源綜合故障(zhang)解決[J].數字通信世界.2011（11）

[3]李考明.UPS電源系統的維護與管理[J].通信電源技術.2011（01）

[4]趙鶴鳴，賀利群，周志信.UPS電源系統故障分析與處(chu)理[J].河北(bei)企(qi)業.2011（09）

篇3

關鍵詞：UPS電源；廣播電視播出系統；應(ying)用

大數(shu)據時(shi)代，廣播電(dian)(dian)(dian)視行業得(de)到了飛(fei)速發展，多(duo)(duo)數(shu)廣播電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺都采用了非編制作以及硬盤播出系統，硬件設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)較多(duo)(duo)，其對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性有著(zhu)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)源穩定(ding)性差，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)動劇烈或者(zhe)經常突然(ran)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，則很容(rong)易造成設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai)。對此，需要引入UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統，滿足設(she)備對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際需求(qiu)。

1UPS電源概述

UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全稱是UninterruptiblePowerSystem，不(bu)(bu)間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)種包含了(le)(le)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)以及(ji)逆變器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恒壓(ya)恒頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為(wei)(wei)計算(suan)機或者網(wang)絡(luo)系統等(deng)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)。在(zai)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸入正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)發(fa)揮(hui)穩(wen)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以保證(zheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，防止(zhi)不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)跳斷(duan)或者損壞，同時也會向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；如果市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)故障或者檢(jian)修而中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)，則UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)夠將(jiang)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)通過逆變轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換，為(wei)(wei)負載(zai)(zai)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)，確(que)保負載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常運(yun)行[1]。UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)，能(neng)(neng)夠有(you)效滿(man)足設備(bei)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，對(dui)集中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)環境惡(e)劣(lie)問題進行改善。依照工作原(yuan)理，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以將(jiang)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)范圍3種不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)：一(yi)(yi)是后(hou)備(bei)式UPS，這也是最為(wei)(wei)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，其本身(shen)(shen)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)了(le)(le)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)、自動穩(wen)壓(ya)等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，雖然(ran)需要(yao)10ms左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換時間，但是基(ji)本不(bu)(bu)會對(dui)設備(bei)造成負面影響，在(zai)微機、外設以及(ji)POS機等(deng)領域有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。二是在(zai)線(xian)式UPS，相比較(jiao)后(hou)備(bei)式，在(zai)線(xian)式UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構更(geng)(geng)加復雜，不(bu)(bu)過功(gong)能(neng)(neng)也更(geng)(geng)加完善，基(ji)本上可(ke)(ke)(ke)以對(dui)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)問題進行解決(jue)，不(bu)(bu)過，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)本身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本偏高(gao)，在(zai)線(xian)式UPS一(yi)(yi)般(ban)被(bei)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)在(zai)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)要(yao)求較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)苛刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境中(zhong)(zhong)，如網(wang)絡(luo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)、終端服務器等(deng)。三是在(zai)線(xian)互(hu)動式UPS，具(ju)(ju)備(bei)濾波功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，抗干(gan)擾能(neng)(neng)力(li)強，而且轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換時間僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)4ms，在(zai)網(wang)絡(luo)設備(bei)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)環境相對(dui)惡(e)劣(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)性(xing)(xing)。

2UPS電源系(xi)統的設計

以某廣播電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)發射臺為例，其設(she)置有12套調頻(pin)廣播頻(pin)道和(he)5套模(mo)擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)頻(pin)道、8套數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)頻(pin)道，對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)安全性和(he)可靠性有著相(xiang)當嚴格的(de)要求(qiu)。在(zai)對(dui)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行設(she)計時(shi)，從實際(ji)需求(qiu)出發，采用了(le)(le)雙聯路(lu)(lu)(lu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)(lu)(lu)模(mo)式，每一(yi)條(tiao)UPS鏈(lian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)均相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)獨(du)立，在(zai)鏈(lian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中不(bu)存在(zai)單節點。鏈(lian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)了(le)(le)輸入源(yuan)(yuan)、UPS機組(zu)、蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)、ATS自動切(qie)換(huan)系統(tong)(tong)等(deng)，引入了(le)(le)兩路(lu)(lu)(lu)相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)獨(du)立的(de)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來作為主(zhu)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，經ATS自切(qie)選(xuan)擇(ze)后(hou)進(jin)入UPS機組(zu)，然后(hou)通過分配柜分配到設(she)備(bei)中。這里(li)的(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)選(xuan)擇(ze)SymmtraPX48kW模(mo)塊化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，支持熱(re)插拔(ba)，配合高性能(neng)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)，可以保證信號系統(tong)(tong)30min以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)。

2.1UPS容量計算

依照(zhao)(zhao)負載(zai)的性質和容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，選(xuan)擇相應的UPS容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，可以在(zai)保證系統正常運行(xing)的同(tong)時，減少(shao)成本投入。首先是對負載(zai)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的估算(suan)，然后以此為(wei)基礎，進行(xing)UPS容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的計算(suan)，其計算(suan)公式為(wei)：UPS設計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)=設計負載(zai)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)/（UPS主機理(li)想輸出效率×UPS輸出功率因(yin)數）在(zai)該案(an)例中，UPS設計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)31.35kW，參照(zhao)(zhao)2+1的冗(rong)余模(mo)式，總(zong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)48kW。

2.2ATS設計

ATS表(biao)示雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)切換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在微(wei)處(chu)理器(qi)的控制(zhi)下，完成兩(liang)路(lu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的自動切換(huan)(huan)。在該案例中，開(kai)關(guan)選擇ABBOTM_C_D的三點式結構，控制(zhi)器(qi)則(ze)選擇OTM_C_D微(wei)型智能控制(zhi)器(qi)，如果檢(jian)測(ce)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)發生故(gu)障，則(ze)控制(zhi)器(qi)會發出相應的動作指(zhi)令，使得(de)開(kai)關(guan)帶負荷切換(huan)(huan)到備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。從安全方面考(kao)慮，在ATS中加入(ru)了(le)旁路(lu)機械(xie)連(lian)鎖開(kai)關(guan)，這樣(yang)即(ji)使ATS開(kai)關(guan)出現問題，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過旁路(lu)開(kai)關(guan)實(shi)現切換(huan)(huan)。同時(shi)，設置了(le)自動和(he)手動兩(liang)種(zhong)操作模式，前者(zhe)用于(yu)ATS的自切，后(hou)者(zhe)則(ze)用于(yu)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的檢(jian)修和(he)維護[3]。

2.3UPS

選擇在線式(shi)UPS電(dian)源，其(qi)能(neng)夠實現對于各類供電(dian)的(de)零時間切換(huan)，同時具備穩壓(ya)、穩頻(pin)的(de)特(te)點，也(ye)可以(yi)有效(xiao)抵抗(kang)市電(dian)的(de)干擾，具備良好(hao)的(de)性能(neng)。UPS性能(neng)可以(yi)分(fen)為兩部分(fen)，一是(shi)電(dian)源本身的(de)穩定度，一般由逆變器輸(shu)出電(dian)路和電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)波動幅值(zhi)及頻(pin)偏決定，二是(shi)系統的(de)后備時間，通常取決于電(dian)池組充放(fang)電(dian)所需(xu)的(de)時間。

3UPS電源系統的管理和維護(hu)

對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)，主要(yao)設(she)置(zhi)了設(she)備監(jian)控(kong)、環境(jing)監(jian)控(kong)和視頻監(jian)控(kong)三種網絡化(hua)管理(li)(li)模(mo)式，通過分(fen)(fen)級管理(li)(li)來保(bao)證UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定可(ke)(ke)靠運(yun)行(xing)。通過網絡監(jian)控(kong)平臺，工(gong)作人員(yuan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)機(ji)房內(nei)(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)狀態(tai)進(jin)行(xing)實時(shi)(shi)監(jian)控(kong)，掌握UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)在(zai)運(yun)行(xing)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數信息，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)照(zhao)標準信息進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)析，一旦發現(xian)異常，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)第一時(shi)(shi)間(jian)發現(xian)并處理(li)(li)，從而消除安(an)全隱患[4]。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護，需(xu)要(yao)從多個方面開(kai)展工(gong)作：一是重(zhong)視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)選擇(ze)。在(zai)資金條件允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)，應(ying)該優先選擇(ze)質量較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)維(wei)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，確(que)保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具備良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)選擇(ze)容(rong)量較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系(xi)統，其不僅可(ke)(ke)以(yi)滿足系(xi)統擴充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)減少運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)。在(zai)沒有特殊要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)，UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查周期一般(ban)在(zai)4～6個月，技術人員(yuan)需(xu)要(yao)利用專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器(qi)設(she)備，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻和端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓進(jin)行(xing)檢測(ce)，如(ru)果發現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)阻超(chao)過80mΩ，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)最低臨界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，則需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)均衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)接對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)更換；二(er)是定期充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與(yu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相連接，如(ru)果市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量穩定，稍有停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，則蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會(hui)(hui)長期處于(yu)浮充(chong)狀態(tai)，很可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性降低，加(jia)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)老化(hua)，也會(hui)(hui)在(zai)一定程度(du)(du)上壓縮(suo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額使(shi)用壽(shou)命。針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)個問題(ti)，維(wei)護人員(yuan)需(xu)要(yao)每(mei)隔2～3個月，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)完全充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是應(ying)該避(bi)免(mian)出(chu)現(xian)過度(du)(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量以(yi)及(ji)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)確(que)定；三是做好(hao)(hao)環境(jing)控(kong)制。環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)用壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響巨大(da)，通常情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產廠家要(yao)求(qiu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳運(yun)行(xing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)在(zai)20℃～25℃之間(jian)，如(ru)果溫(wen)度(du)(du)偏高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力會(hui)(hui)有所提升，但是壽(shou)命會(hui)(hui)大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短。相關測(ce)試表明(ming)，當環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)在(zai)25℃以(yi)上時(shi)(shi)，每(mei)升高10℃，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命就會(hui)(hui)縮(suo)短一半。因此，需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)機(ji)房內(nei)(nei)設(she)置(zhi)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)調和通風系(xi)統，將溫(wen)度(du)(du)控(kong)制在(zai)20℃～25℃之間(jian)，以(yi)保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命[5]。

4結論

總而言(yan)之，UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源可(ke)(ke)以作(zuo)(zuo)為市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)一種補充，為設備(bei)提供(gong)穩(wen)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應，保證(zheng)設備(bei)的(de)運(yun)行安全。在(zai)廣播(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)領域應用UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統，可(ke)(ke)以減少突然斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)致的(de)數據(ju)丟(diu)失(shi)以及(ji)設備(bei)損壞問題，而想(xiang)要(yao)確保UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統功能的(de)充分(fen)發揮，不僅需要(yao)做好系統設計(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)，還必須重(zhong)視(shi)管(guan)理和(he)維護，及(ji)時(shi)發現系統運(yun)行中存在(zai)的(de)異常(chang)和(he)問題，保證(zheng)廣播(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)播(bo)出(chu)系統的(de)穩(wen)定可(ke)(ke)靠運(yun)行。

參考文獻

[1]張利.UPS電源在廣播電視臺制作播出(chu)系統中的應用(yong)[J].現代營銷(xiao)(學苑(yuan)版)，2012（1）：265.

[2]孫耀華(hua).淺談(tan)廣(guang)播電(dian)(dian)視直播系統UPS電(dian)(dian)源的使用和維護[J].黑龍江科(ke)技信(xin)息，2016（14）：25.

[3]關彥軍，郭利軍.廣播電(dian)(dian)視系統UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的管理(li)與維(wei)護[J].衛星電(dian)(dian)視與寬帶多媒體，2013（2）：66-67.

[4]鄭(zheng)斌，同紅(hong)茹(ru).UPS電源系統的(de)實際應(ying)用與安裝考慮[J].青海師(shi)范大學學報（自科(ke)版(ban)），2012，28（1）：108-110.

篇4

關鍵詞：UPS電源；電氣測試技術；性能

中圖分類號：F407文獻標識碼(ma)： A

一、UPS電(dian)源電(dian)氣(qi)測試系(xi)統工藝流程

UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)氣測(ce)(ce)試系統是(shi)檢測(ce)(ce)已生產好的(de) UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)達到質量要(yao)求，是(shi) UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)廠(chang)前(qian)的(de)重要(yao)工序(xu)，它需(xu)要(yao)能夠準確地檢測(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)合(he)格。其主(zhu)要(yao)生產流(liu)程(cheng)是(shi)：首先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)完成生產的(de) UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進行(xing)檢測(ce)(ce)，檢測(ce)(ce)內容包括市(shi)電(dian)(dian)空載輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、直流(liu)開(kai)(kai)機輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、直流(liu)開(kai)(kai)機輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、市(shi)電(dian)(dian)帶載輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、整流(liu)帶載輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、機箱內溫(wen)度、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逆變輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)直流(liu)低警告點以及關機點，并且將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)檢測(ce)(ce)值(zhi)與標(biao)準值(zhi)進行(xing)比較，若(ruo)與標(biao)準值(zhi)一(yi)致則(ze)說明 UPS 合(he)格，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)數(shu)據(ju)記錄(lu)在 SQL 數(shu)據(ju)庫中；若(ruo)檢測(ce)(ce)值(zhi)與標(biao)準值(zhi)不(bu)一(yi)致，則(ze) UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)合(he)格，不(bu)能出(chu)(chu)(chu)廠(chang)，要(yao)進行(xing)重新生產。在檢測(ce)(ce)時(shi)(shi)，如果發現存在較大(da)異常，立(li)即斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)所有(you)輸(shu)入。

UPS電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)作為輸入電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和用(yong)(yong)戶負載之間(jian)的橋梁(liang)，可以使用(yong)(yong)戶負載免(mian)受電(dian)網異常(chang)的干擾，提供(gong)安全(quan)、穩(wen)定的運(yun)行。在市電(dian)斷(duan)開后，UPS電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可以將內部(bu)電(dian)池(chi)能量提供(gong)給負載，從(cong)而繼(ji)續(xu)一段時間(jian)的供(gong)電(dian)。UPS 電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)原理框圖如(ru)圖1所示：

圖1UPS 原理框圖

（1）市電正(zheng)常供電。此過程中間的(de)(de)整流(liu)器(qi)正(zheng)常工作，由主電輸(shu)(shu)入，市電首先在(zai)開關(guan)閉(bi)合的(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)下輸(shu)(shu)入，再進入整流(liu)器(qi)中整流(liu)，平(ping)整的(de)(de)直流(liu)電壓(ya)則(ze)從(cong)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)濾波電容中輸(shu)(shu)出，此時市電分為(wei)兩路(lu)，一(yi)路(lu)從(cong)逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)通過，一(yi)路(lu)給內(nei)部(bu)電池。逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)將將平(ping)整的(de)(de)直流(liu)電經過SPWM 變(bian)(bian)換，后(hou)逆變(bian)(bian)轉換，輸(shu)(shu)出濾波，最(zui)后(hou)由右側(ce)的(de)(de)靜態(tai)(tai)開關(guan)轉換給用電負載(zai)。

（2）電(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)。當市電(dian)出(chu)現故障時，UPS 內部電(dian)池(chi)給負載供電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)存儲的電(dian)能經過逆變器轉換(huan)輸出(chu)平整的直流電(dian)壓(ya)，再經靜態(tai)開關轉換(huan)，最終(zhong)輸出(chu)符合要求的電(dian)壓(ya)。

（3）旁路(lu)(lu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)。當機(ji)器關機(ji)或者輸入市(shi)電(dian)、輸入直流(liu)電(dian)都出現(xian)故障時，轉為旁路(lu)(lu)輸入，由(you)備(bei)用(yong)機(ji)給(gei)用(yong)電(dian)負載(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)，通(tong)過旁路(lu)(lu)開(kai)關切換(huan)到旁路(lu)(lu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)狀態。

（4）手(shou)(shou)動維(wei)(wei)修旁(pang)路狀態。手(shou)(shou)動維(wei)(wei)修狀態要保(bao)證 UPS 電(dian)源內部(bu)的(de)主電(dian)路上沒有電(dian)池輸(shu)入(ru)，才能開(kai)始維(wei)(wei)修。第(di)一步要使 UPS 電(dian)源工作(zuo)在自(zi)動旁(pang)路狀態，第(di)二(er)步閉合手(shou)(shou)動維(wei)(wei)修旁(pang)路的(de)開(kai)關，且斷開(kai)旁(pang)路開(kai)關和右側的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)開(kai)關。

本系(xi)統根據(ju)(ju)某 UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)生產廠家(jia)的(de) UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)氣測(ce)(ce)試要求，流(liu)(liu)程圖(tu)如圖(tu)2所示。在檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)過程中，首先根據(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)型(xing)號確定測(ce)(ce)試參數(shu)，然(ran)后(hou)進行檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)，并將(jiang)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)值(zhi)與標(biao)準值(zhi)進行比較，如果與標(biao)準值(zhi)一致，則(ze)將(jiang)該數(shu)據(ju)(ju)記(ji)錄至SQL數(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫。檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)部分包括市電(dian)(dian)空載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、直流(liu)(liu)開機輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、直流(liu)(liu)開機輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、市電(dian)(dian)帶載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、整流(liu)(liu)帶載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、機箱內溫度、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)逆變輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)時低警告(gao)點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以及(ji)保護點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等。記(ji)錄的(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)放在 SQL 數(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫中，以備查看。

圖2 測試流程圖

二、UPS電源電氣測試技術與方法

在熟悉 UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數檢測(ce)原理的情況下(xia)，才可以提出(chu)合理的測(ce)試(shi)方(fang)案，準確而又高效地對 UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能進行(xing)測(ce)試(shi)。測(ce)試(shi)的方(fang)法包(bao)括給出(chu)開始測(ce)試(shi)信號，系統(tong)啟動開關動作(zuo)，市電(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)入開關動作(zuo)，檢測(ce)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，……，最(zui)后對檢測(ce)的指標(biao)分(fen)析(xi)比對，如圖3所(suo)示。

圖3 測試方法

本(ben)系統主要功(gong)能(neng)是實現 UPS 電(dian)源(yuan)的電(dian)氣性能(neng)參(can)(can)數測試(shi)，主要包括(kuo)市(shi)電(dian)空載(zai)測試(shi)，整(zheng)流及逆變測試(shi)，市(shi)電(dian)帶(dai)載(zai)測試(shi)，機內溫度檢測，直流電(dian)源(yuan)開機測試(shi)。本(ben)系統對于要測量的參(can)(can)數所(suo)使(shi)用的方法(fa)具體(ti)如(ru)下所(suo)示：

(一)市電空載測(ce)試

在(zai)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)排主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，閉合輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開關，按顯示(shi)面(mian)板上的(de)開機鍵，將功(gong)率(lv)表打(da)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)排的(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)位置(zhi)，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)在(zai)參(can)考零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，延時 3S 后(hou)測量輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。閉合輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開關，將功(gong)率(lv)表打(da)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)到參(can)考零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)排的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)位置(zhi)，延時 3S 測得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)空載輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

(二)市電(dian)帶載測試

接(jie)(jie)上模擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，閉(bi)合主電(dian)(dian)開關(guan)(guan)。加上 50%的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，即(ji)閉(bi)合 50%負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)開關(guan)(guan)，延時 3S 后打開控制輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓開關(guan)(guan)，將功率表打在電(dian)(dian)壓檔，正極接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)線排的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓位(wei)置，負(fu)(fu)極接(jie)(jie)在參考零電(dian)(dian)位(wei)，測(ce)量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓為市(shi)電(dian)(dian) 50%負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓。然后改(gai)變模擬負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)箱(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)，用功率表測(ce)量不同負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓。在測(ce)試過(guo)程中(zhong)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)分為 50%、100%、110%、125%。

(三)整流(liu)及(ji)逆變測試

在(zai)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，UPS 內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以對用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負載(zai)進行供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池逆變(bian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，將功(gong)率(lv)表調到直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔位，檢測整(zheng)流時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值。改變(bian)模擬負載(zai)箱負載(zai)的大小（分(fen)別為負載(zai)總容量的 50%、100%、110%、125%），延時(shi)(shi)(shi) 3S 后(hou)用(yong)功(gong)率(lv)表檢測輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的大小。在(zai)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池逆變(bian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的過程中，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降至低報警(jing)點(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會報警(jing)，檢測此時(shi)(shi)(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為低警(jing)告點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)；若內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池繼續(xu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，則 UPS 會自行關機，記(ji)錄此時(shi)(shi)(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為保護點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

(四)機內溫度的檢測

UPS 電(dian)源(yuan)在運行過程中(zhong)機箱內(nei)溫(wen)度(du)是一個(ge)重要的參數，只(zhi)有機箱內(nei)溫(wen)度(du)在一個(ge)范圍內(nei)才(cai)(cai)能使 UPS 電(dian)源(yuan)正常安全地(di)運行。為(wei)了檢測機箱內(nei)溫(wen)度(du)，在機內(nei)安裝一個(ge)溫(wen)度(du)傳(chuan)感器，檢測溫(wen)度(du)是否(fou)正常（滿(man)載(zai)及超(chao)載(zai)情(qing)況下溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)超(chao)過 90°C），而(er)溫(wen)度(du)達到 50°C 左右(you)時機箱內(nei)的風(feng)機才(cai)(cai)開始轉動。

(五(wu))直流(liu)電源開機(ji)測試

用外(wai)部直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對(dui) UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進行(xing)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，調(diao)整外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)，直至 UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開機，用功(gong)(gong)率(lv)表(biao)檢(jian)測(ce)直流開機輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大小(xiao)(xiao)，在延時一段時間后，同樣用功(gong)(gong)率(lv)表(biao)檢(jian)測(ce) UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)。

三(san)、UPS 電(dian)源電(dian)氣測試系統功能(neng)要(yao)求

UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)測(ce)試系(xi)統主要是(shi)用來(lai)檢(jian)驗UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)產(chan)品電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能是(shi)否合(he)格，以免不合(he)格產(chan)品的(de)使用給顧客帶來(lai)損失。按(an)照國家相關規定(ding)，在 UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出廠(chang)投入市(shi)場之(zhi)前，必須(xu)對其(qi)性能進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)，因而就有了UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)測(ce)試系(xi)統。該(gai)系(xi)統可以對UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能包含(han)的(de)各種參(can)數進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)（市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)空載輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、直流(liu)開(kai)(kai)機(ji)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、直流(liu)開(kai)(kai)機(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)帶載輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、整流(liu)帶載輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、機(ji)箱內溫度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)逆變(bian)輸出時直流(liu)低警告(gao)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以及保(bao)護點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)），采集的(de)數據在 S7-1200 中判(pan)定(ding)是(shi)否合(he)格。

收(shou)集的(de)(de)數據通過(guo) RS485 串(chuan)行(xing)通信傳至 S7-1200 中(zhong)(zhong)，經過(guo) S7-1200 對數據進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析(xi)、處理與(yu)標準值進(jin)行(xing)比較，并(bing)且將測試數據在(zai)工控機(ji)監(jian)控界(jie)面中(zhong)(zhong)準確(que)的(de)(de)顯(xian)示出(chu)(chu)來。在(zai)分(fen)析(xi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)引入層(ceng)次分(fen)析(xi)法與(yu)關(guan)聯度分(fen)析(xi)法相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)算法，綜合分(fen)析(xi)這些參數，從(cong)而判斷出(chu)(chu) UPS 電(dian)源電(dian)氣(qi)性能是(shi)否合格，以決定是(shi)否投入市場運行(xing)。

UPS 電源電氣測試系統要實現的功能要求(qiu)如下所示：

（1）能夠對 UPS 電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能進行(xing)多種操作：檢(jian)測直(zhi)流空載、市電(dian)(dian)空載、市電(dian)(dian)滿載、市電(dian)(dian)空載的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等。

（2）在測試系統運(yun)行時，能顯示檢測到(dao)的電壓(ya)、溫度(du)等數(shu)據。

（3）根據制定好的檢測方法控(kong)制開關的動作(zuo)、延時(shi)、測試儀表的檢測等使系統協調運行。利(li)用 S7-1200 PLC 控(kong)制系統，使之實(shi)現延時(shi)、檢測、比(bi)對(dui)等功能。

（4）通過組(zu)態(tai)王組(zu)態(tai)軟(ruan)件監控整個 UPS 電源電氣測(ce)試過程的檢(jian)測(ce)和綜(zong)合分析。

（5）對(dui)于(yu)判定電氣性能為合格(ge)的(de)產品，將(jiang)檢測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)保存至(zhi) SQL 數(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫中。

四、系統(tong)硬件方案設計

UPS電(dian)源電(dian)氣測(ce)試系統分(fen)為測(ce)試現場與工控機(ji)監控兩大(da)部分(fen)。

在工(gong)控(kong)機中配備有 S7-1200 編(bian)程軟件和組態王組態軟件，是整個系統的(de)中心部分。其中 S7-1200 與工(gong)控(kong)機、組態王的(de)通信方式(shi)是工(gong)業以太網。電氣測試(shi)現場部分選(xuan)取西門子(zi)S7-1200 作為系統的(de)中心，用于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)現場各種參數(shu)的(de)采集和處(chu)理，從而實現對電氣測試(shi)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)準確分析。

數(shu)字(zi)量輸(shu)(shu)入模(mo)塊(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)接入 UPS 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)系統的(de)啟停、開(kai)關動作的(de) 1/0 輸(shu)(shu)入信號(hao)；數(shu)字(zi)量輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)模(mo)塊(kuai)用(yong)于(yu)顯示輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)分析結果；模(mo)擬量輸(shu)(shu)入模(mo)塊(kuai)實現對UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)空載輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓、直流開(kai)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓、直流開(kai)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓、市(shi)電(dian)(dian)帶(dai)載輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓、整流帶(dai)載輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓、機(ji)(ji)箱(xiang)內(nei)溫度(du)等多(duo)點(dian)值數(shu)據采集。電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)現場與 PLC 的(de)通(tong)信采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)RS485 串行通(tong)信，檢測(ce)(ce)值通(tong)過(guo) RS485 傳送至 PLC 中(zhong)。

五、系統軟件方(fang)案(an)設計

UPS 電(dian)源電(dian)氣測試系(xi)統的軟件(jian)設(she)計包(bao)括(kuo)在 PLC 軟件(jian)中設(she)計編寫程(cheng)序、監控(kong)組態界面的繪(hui)制、與數據(ju)庫的連接三大(da)部分(fen)。

PLC 程序(xu)(xu)設計(ji)部分(fen)采用 STEP7 Basic V10.5 編(bian)程軟件，完(wan)成 UPS 電源(yuan)電氣測試(shi)系統(tong)的硬件組態、符(fu)號編(bian)輯、地址(zhi)分(fen)配、網絡通訊設置等，并依據(ju)測試(shi)系統(tong)的設計(ji)要求(qiu)，編(bian)寫(xie)順序(xu)(xu)控制模擬量的采集(ji)和運用算(suan)法(fa)綜合分(fen)析 UPS 電源(yuan)電氣性(xing)能(neng)程序(xu)(xu)。

利用(yong)組(zu)態王組(zu)態軟件設計監控部分，其優點是在界(jie)面中可以顯(xian)示測試(shi)的(de)實時數(shu)據，進而確保測試(shi)的(de)精確度。此(ci)外(wai)，還可以對工程加密，確保重(zhong)要(yao)測試(shi)數(shu)據如輸出電壓(ya)、輸入(ru)電壓(ya)等的(de)精確顯(xian)示、存(cun)(cun)儲和(he)保密。同時將合格的(de)測試(shi)數(shu)據保存(cun)(cun)至 SQL 數(shu)據庫中，方便(bian)于日后查詢測試(shi)數(shu)據，也為管理人員提供(gong)依(yi)據。

結語

本(ben)文通過(guo)分(fen)析(xi) UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)整(zheng)流逆變基(ji)本(ben)原理，了解(jie) UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)測(ce)試(shi)工(gong)藝流程；詳細(xi)闡述了電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)測(ce)試(shi)的方法。確(que)定了 UPS 電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)測(ce)試(shi)系統(tong)功能要求，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)測(ce)試(shi)主(zhu)要用 PLC 來采(cai)集數據(ju)和分(fen)析(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)性能，并采(cai)用組(zu)態王軟件設計監控(kong)界面。

篇5

【關鍵(jian)詞(ci)】UPS;逆變器;智能(neng)化;蓄電池;維護

UPS電(dian)源也(ye)稱不間斷電(dian)源，能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)供(gong)持續、穩定(ding)、不間斷的電(dian)源供(gong)應(ying)(ying)的重(zhong)要外部設備(bei)。它在(zai)市電(dian)停止供(gong)應(ying)(ying)的時(shi)候，能(neng)保(bao)持一段供(gong)電(dian)時(shi)間，使(shi)人們(men)有時(shi)間存(cun)盤(pan)，再(zai)從容地關閉機器。

一、UPS電源的(de)工作原理

UPS電(dian)源(yuan)按工作原理(li)分(fen)成(cheng)后備式、在線(xian)式與在線(xian)互(hu)動式三大類。UPS電(dian)源(yuan)現(xian)已廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于：工業、通訊、國(guo)防、醫院(yuan)、廣(guang)播(bo)電(dian)視、計算機業務終端、網絡服務器(qi)、網絡設備、數(shu)據存儲設備等領(ling)域。

1.在線式

在線(xian)式UPS的(de)運作模式為(wei)(wei)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)和(he)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)是隔離的(de)，市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)不會(hui)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)給用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)，而(er)是到了(le)UPS就被轉(zhuan)換成直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，再兵分兩(liang)路(lu)，一路(lu)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，另一路(lu)則轉(zhuan)回交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)給用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)，市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)品(pin)質不穩或停電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)從充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)(zhi)到市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)恢復正常才轉(zhuan)回充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，UPS在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)整個(ge)過(guo)程是全程介入的(de)。其優點是輸出的(de)波型和(he)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)一樣是正弦波，而(er)且純凈無雜訊，不受市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)不穩定(ding)的(de)影(ying)響，可(ke)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)給電(dian)(dian)感型負載(zai)，例(li)如電(dian)(dian)風扇(shan)，只(zhi)要在UPS輸出功率足夠(gou)的(de)前題下，可(ke)以供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)給任何使用(yong)(yong)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)(bei)。

UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一直(zhi)使其逆變(bian)器(qi)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀態，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將(jiang)外部(bu)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)通(tong)過高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆變(bian)器(qi)將(jiang)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)波交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出(chu)給(gei)計算機。在(zai)線式(shi)UPS在(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀況下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)穩壓及防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波干擾;在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時則(ze)使用備用直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)（蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組）給(gei)逆變(bian)器(qi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)逆變(bian)器(qi)一直(zhi)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，因此不(bu)存在(zai)切換時間問題，適用于(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)有(you)嚴格要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)合。在(zai)線式(shi)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不(bu)同于(yu)(yu)(yu)后備式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大優點是(shi)(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)持續(xu)長，一般(ban)(ban)為幾(ji)個(ge)小時，也有(you)大到(dao)十幾(ji)個(ge)小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)可以讓您在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況可像(xiang)平常一樣工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，顯然，由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊，價格也明(ming)顯要(yao)貴很多。這種在(zai)線式(shi)UPS比較適用于(yu)(yu)(yu)計算機、廣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、交通(tong)、銀行、證(zheng)券、通(tong)信、醫療、工(gong)(gong)業(ye)控(kong)制等(deng)行業(ye)，因為這些領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦一般(ban)(ban)不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)出(chu)現(xian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象。

2.后備式

后備(bei)式又稱為非在線式不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，它只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)“備(bei)援”性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS，市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直接供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)也(ye)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)旦(dan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穩(wen)或停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了，市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回路會(hui)自動切(qie)斷(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)被轉換(huan)(huan)成交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接手(shou)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務，直到(dao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)正常，UPS只(zhi)有(you)在市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了才(cai)會(hui)介(jie)入供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過從直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)方(fang)波，只(zhi)限于供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容型負(fu)載，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦和監視(shi)器(qi)。平(ping)時(shi)(shi)處于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)(tai)，在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)逆變(bian)器(qi)緊急(ji)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)到(dao)工(gong)作狀態(tai)(tai)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)為穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)出，因此(ci)后備(bei)式UPS也(ye)被稱為離線式UPS。后備(bei)式UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點是(shi)(shi)：運行效率(lv)高、噪音低、價(jia)(jia)格相對(dui)便宜，主要(yao)適用于市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波動不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)，對(dui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)(zhi)量要(yao)求不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)(he)，比較(jiao)適合(he)(he)家庭使用。然而這種UPS存在一(yi)個(ge)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)問(wen)題，因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適合(he)(he)用在關(guan)鍵性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能中(zhong)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過實(shi)際上這個(ge)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)很短，一(yi)般介(jie)于2至10毫秒，而計算(suan)機本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)應(ying)器(qi)在斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)可(ke)維持10毫秒左右(you)，所以個(ge)人計算(suan)機系統一(yi)般不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)因為這個(ge)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)而出現問(wen)題。后備(bei)式UPS一(yi)般只(zhi)能持續供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾分鐘(zhong)到(dao)幾十分鐘(zhong)，主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)讓您(nin)有(you)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)備(bei)份數據(ju)，并盡快結束手(shou)頭工(gong)作，其價(jia)(jia)格也(ye)較(jiao)低。對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)太(tai)關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦應(ying)用，比如個(ge)人家庭用戶，就可(ke)配(pei)小(xiao)功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后備(bei)式UPS。

3.線上交錯式

線(xian)(xian)(xian)上交錯式又稱為線(xian)(xian)(xian)上互(hu)動(dong)式或在線(xian)(xian)(xian)互(hu)動(dong)式，基本(ben)運作方(fang)式和(he)離線(xian)(xian)(xian)式一樣，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)之處在于線(xian)(xian)(xian)上交錯式雖不(bu)(bu)像在線(xian)(xian)(xian)式全程介入(ru)供電(dian)，但隨時都在監視(shi)市(shi)電(dian)的供電(dian)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，本(ben)身具(ju)備升壓和(he)減壓補償(chang)電(dian)路，在市(shi)電(dian)的供電(dian)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)不(bu)(bu)理想時，即時校正，減少不(bu)(bu)必要的切換(huan)，延(yan)長電(dian)池壽命。

這是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)智能化(hua)的(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，所(suo)謂(wei)在(zai)線互動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)UPS，是(shi)(shi)指在(zai)輸入(ru)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常(chang)時(shi)(shi)，UPS的(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)處(chu)(chu)于反向(xiang)工作（即整流工作狀態），給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian);在(zai)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)異常(chang)時(shi)(shi)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)立(li)刻轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)工作狀態，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出(chu)，因(yin)此在(zai)線互動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)UPS也有轉(zhuan)換時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。同后備式(shi)(shi)UPS相(xiang)比，在(zai)線互動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)保護功能較(jiao)強，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)器(qi)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)形較(jiao)好，一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)弦波(bo)，而其最大的(de)優點是(shi)(shi)具有較(jiao)強的(de)軟(ruan)件功能，可(ke)(ke)以方便地上(shang)網，進行UPS的(de)遠程(cheng)控(kong)制和(he)智能化(hua)管理。可(ke)(ke)自動(dong)(dong)偵測外部輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)(shi)否處(chu)(chu)于正(zheng)常(chang)范(fan)圍之內(nei)，如(ru)有偏差可(ke)(ke)由穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)或降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，提供比較(jiao)穩(wen)定的(de)正(zheng)弦波(bo)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。而且(qie)它與(yu)計(ji)算機(ji)之間(jian)可(ke)(ke)以通(tong)(tong)(tong)過數(shu)據接口（如(ru)RS-232串口）進行數(shu)據通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過監控(kong)軟(ruan)件，用戶可(ke)(ke)直接從電(dian)(dian)(dian)腦屏(ping)幕(mu)上(shang)監控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及UPS狀況(kuang)，簡化(hua)、方便管理工作，并可(ke)(ke)提高計(ji)算機(ji)系統的(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性。這種(zhong)UPS集中了(le)后備式(shi)(shi)UPS效率高和(he)在(zai)線式(shi)(shi)UPS供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量高的(de)優點，但其穩(wen)頻特性不是(shi)(shi)十分理想(xiang)，不適合做常(chang)延時(shi)(shi)的(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

隨著計算機網絡結(jie)構的擴展(zhan)，現在(zai)在(zai)網絡中應用的UPS不再

只是(shi)單純(chun)的(de)電(dian)源設備，而(er)逐步成為(wei)整個網(wang)絡中電(dian)源的(de)管(guan)理中心，UPS由最初單純(chun)不間斷供電(dian)已發展(zhan)到今(jin)天的(de)智能(neng)化、多功(gong)能(neng)。新(xin)型(xing)的(de)UPS本(ben)身融合了多種新(xin)技術，UPS不僅是(shi)提(ti)供不間斷電(dian)源的(de)工(gong)(gong)具，而(er)且當(dang)作(zuo)為(wei)負(fu)載的(de)設備在(zai)無人(ren)值守時，當(dang)市電(dian)故障(zhang)后，UPS可以按(an)照事先(xian)的(de)約定順(shun)序關(guan)機，甚至還(huan)可以自動(dong)發傳呼(hu)或E-mail給(gei)管(guan)理者。現(xian)代的(de)UPS與服(fu)務器上的(de)軟件(jian)協同工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，還(huan)能(neng)實現(xian)事件(jian)記錄、故障(zhang)告警(jing)、UPS參數自動(dong)測(ce)試分析、調節等多項功(gong)能(neng)，提(ti)供了完全(quan)的(de)電(dian)源管(guan)理解(jie)決方案。現(xian)在(zai)有些UPS甚至可以對環(huan)境溫度、濕度和煙霧等進行監(jian)視。

二、日常(chang)維護與修理

1.UPS電源在(zai)正常應用情(qing)況(kuang)下，主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)維護操作(zuo)很少，主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)防塵(chen)(chen)和(he)(he)定期除塵(chen)(chen)。特別是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)干燥的(de)(de)(de)地區，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)粒較多，機(ji)(ji)(ji)內的(de)(de)(de)風機(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)將灰(hui)(hui)(hui)塵(chen)(chen)帶入機(ji)(ji)(ji)內沉(chen)積、當遇空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)潮(chao)濕時會(hui)引起(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)紊亂造成主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)失常，并發生不準確告警(jing)，大量灰(hui)(hui)(hui)塵(chen)(chen)也會(hui)造成器件(jian)散熱不好。一般每季度應徹底清潔一次。其(qi)次就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)除塵(chen)(chen)時，檢查各(ge)連接(jie)(jie)件(jian)和(he)(he)插接(jie)(jie)件(jian)有(you)無松動和(he)(he)接(jie)(jie)觸不牢的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。

2.雖(sui)說儲能電(dian)池(chi)組現在都(dou)采用(yong)了免維(wei)護電(dian)池(chi)，但這只(zhi)是免除(chu)從(cong)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)測比、配比、定(ding)時(shi)增(zeng)加蒸餾水的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)業。但外因工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態對電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)影響并沒(mei)有轉變，不正常工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態對電(dian)池(chi)造成的(de)(de)(de)影響沒(mei)有變，這部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護修理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)仍(reng)是十(shi)分重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)，UPS電(dian)源系統的(de)(de)(de)大量維(wei)修修理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)主要(yao)在電(dian)池(chi)部(bu)分。

a.儲能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的作業全副是在浮充(chong)狀態(tai)，在這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)下至少應(ying)(ying)每(mei)年進行一(yi)(yi)次放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)前應(ying)(ying)先對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)進行均衡充(chong)電(dian)，以達(da)全組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的均衡。要清楚放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)前電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)已存留(liu)的退(tui)步(bu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)過程(cheng)中如(ru)有一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)達(da)到放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)壓時，應(ying)(ying)停(ting)止(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)，繼(ji)續放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)先鏟除退(tui)步(bu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)后再(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)。

b.核對性放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不是(shi)首先尋求放(fang)出容量的百分(fen)之多少(shao)，而是(shi)要關(guan)注發(fa)現和處理退步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，經對退步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池處理后再作(zuo)核對性放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實驗。這樣可(ke)避免事端，以(yi)免放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中退步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池惡化為反極電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

c.平時(shi)每組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)至(zhi)少應(ying)有8只(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)作標示(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，作為了解全電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組工(gong)作情況的參看，對標示(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)應(ying)定期測量并做好記錄。

d.日常維護(hu)中需(xu)檢查的項(xiang)目(mu)有：清潔并檢測(ce)電(dian)池(chi)兩端電(dian)壓(ya)、溫度;連(lian)接處有無(wu)松動，腐(fu)蝕現象(xiang)、檢測(ce)連(lian)接條壓(ya)降;電(dian)池(chi)外觀是(shi)否完整，有無(wu)殼變形和滲漏(lou);極柱(zhu)、安(an)全閥周圍(wei)是(shi)否有酸霧逸(yi)出;主機設(she)備是(shi)否正(zheng)常。

e.免維(wei)(wei)(wei)護電(dian)池(chi)要維(wei)(wei)(wei)護，不是(shi)(shi)什么無稽之談(tan)，應從廣義的維(wei)(wei)(wei)護立場出(chu)發(fa)，做到運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、日常管理的周到、細致(zhi)和規(gui)范性，保證設(she)備（包括主機(ji)設(she)備）保持(chi)良(liang)好的運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀況，從而延長(chang)應用年(nian)限(xian);保證直流(liu)母線保持(chi)合格(ge)的電(dian)壓和電(dian)池(chi)的放電(dian)容量;保證電(dian)池(chi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和人員的安全(quan)可靠。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護的目的，也是(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)程中包括的內容和運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)守則。

3.當UPS電(dian)池系(xi)統(tong)出現故(gu)障時，應先查明理由，分清是(shi)負載還(huan)是(shi)UPS電(dian)源系(xi)統(tong);是(shi)主機(ji)還(huan)是(shi)電(dian)池組(zu)。雖說(shuo)UPS主機(ji)有(you)故(gu)障自檢功能，但它(ta)對面而不(bu)對點(dian)，對更換(huan)配件很方便，但要維(wei)修故(gu)障點(dian)，仍需(xu)做大量的(de)分析、檢測工(gong)作。另外(wai)如(ru)自檢部分發生故(gu)障，顯(xian)現的(de)故(gu)障內容則可能有(you)誤。

4.對主(zhu)機出現(xian)擊穿，斷保險(xian)或焚毀器件的故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，定然要查明理由并消除故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)后才能從頭啟動，不然會(hui)接連發(fa)生等同(tong)的故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。

5.當(dang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組中發(fa)現(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)反極、壓(ya)降(jiang)大、壓(ya)差大和(he)(he)酸霧(wu)泄露現(xian)象的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)，應即(ji)時(shi)采用相應的(de)方法還原和(he)(he)修(xiu)(xiu)復，對(dui)不能(neng)還原和(he)(he)修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)要(yao)更(geng)換(huan)，但(dan)不能(neng)把不同容量、不同性能(neng)、不同廠家的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)聯在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，不然可能(neng)會對(dui)整組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)帶來不利影(ying)響。對(dui)壽命(ming)已過期的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組要(yao)即(ji)時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)，以免影(ying)響到主機。

篇6

關(guan)鍵字： 風電設備 UPS 國(guo)產化(hua) 環境(jing)條件(jian)

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao)：F407文(wen)獻標識碼： A

引言

隨(sui)著(zhu)我(wo)國(guo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事業(ye)的(de)飛(fei)速發(fa)(fa)展，大量進(jin)(jin)口風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)被成(cheng)(cheng)套引進(jin)(jin)、安裝(zhuang)和運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)，隨(sui)著(zhu)使用(yong)時(shi)間的(de)加長(chang)(chang)，各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元件(jian)(jian)不(bu)斷(duan)老化(hua)，部(bu)分(fen)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計因(yin)對(dui)國(guo)內環境條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)考(kao)慮(lv)不(bu)夠(gou)，而造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)批量損壞。中國(guo)企業(ye)往往是(shi)沒有(you)(you)技(ji)術(shu)參數(shu)，沒有(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)應商(shang)信息，所以只能(neng)從原設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)供(gong)(gong)應商(shang)購(gou)買，進(jin)(jin)口設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸周(zhou)期長(chang)(chang)，往往從訂貨(huo)到拿到組(zu)件(jian)(jian)需要經歷兩到四個(ge)月的(de)時(shi)間，關(guan)稅(shui)和運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)也(ye)使這些(xie)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)采購(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大大增加。備(bei)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)足，采購(gou)周(zhou)期過(guo)長(chang)(chang)，使設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)處于(yu)(yu)高風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。更(geng)換過(guo)于(yu)(yu)頻(pin)繁也(ye)影響(xiang)了(le)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)正常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)，影響(xiang)了(le)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)可利(li)用(yong)率，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量損失。備(bei)件(jian)(jian)國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)具有(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)貨(huo)周(zhou)期短(duan)，售(shou)后(hou)服務(wu)好，價格(ge)低等優點[1]。備(bei)件(jian)(jian)國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)工作(zuo)在各(ge)行(xing)各(ge)業(ye)，各(ge)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)制造(zao)(zao)商(shang)和業(ye)主單位(wei)都得到了(le)充(chong)分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)視。安裝(zhuang)了(le)進(jin)(jin)口機(ji)組(zu)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)已經成(cheng)(cheng)為現(xian)(xian)實所需，發(fa)(fa)展所向。本(ben)項目位(wei)于(yu)(yu)我(wo)國(guo)南方(fang)近海區(qu)(qu)域，在運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)中，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)UPS運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)一(yi)段時(shi)間后(hou)即無法充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)停機(ji)。打開多個(ge)故障(zhang)的(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源箱內部(bu)部(bu)分(fen)區(qu)(qu)域腐(fu)蝕(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)，尤其在強(qiang)(qiang)制送風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)扇附(fu)近，印刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板(ban)明顯嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)銹蝕(shi)，部(bu)分(fen)印刷(shua)線路(lu)從基板(ban)上(shang)脫離，甚至斷(duan)裂(lie)。經過(guo)仔細分(fen)析(xi)，我(wo)們認為造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)UPS故障(zhang)的(de)主要原因(yin)有(you)(you)二，其一(yi)，UPS設(she)(she)(she)(she)計對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)南方(fang)沿海高濕，高溫，高鹽(yan)霧的(de)使用(yong)環境考(kao)慮(lv)不(bu)足，沒有(you)(you)采取(qu)足夠(gou)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)防護措施。其二，強(qiang)(qiang)制送風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)扇與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板(ban)的(de)相對(dui)位(wei)置設(she)(she)(she)(she)計不(bu)合(he)理，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)灰塵堆積，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)腐(fu)蝕(shi)，在送風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)壓力(li)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下導致(zhi)印刷(shua)線路(lu)脫離基板(ban)或斷(duan)裂(lie)。

1可能性和必要性

1.1 可能性

首先(xian)，雖然國(guo)(guo)外進口的設(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)系統(tong)總體(ti)(ti)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)先(xian)進，但其先(xian)進的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)是通(tong)過充(chong)分集成各種軟、硬(ying)件資源(yuan)實(shi)現的，具(ju)體(ti)(ti)到(dao)各項功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)都是通(tong)過一些基(ji)本功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)單元實(shi)現。隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)裝備(bei)制造業(ye)及相(xiang)關產(chan)(chan)業(ye)的飛速發展，我(wo)們現有的電氣產(chan)(chan)品一般(ban)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿足或(huo)經(jing)改進后能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿足這些單元的功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)。對風電機(ji)組來(lai)說，整個系統(tong)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)化十分困難(nan)，但具(ju)體(ti)(ti)到(dao)UPS電源(yuan)，則不存在技(ji)術(shu)瓶(ping)頸(jing)，國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)和(he)(he)合資品牌的UPS電源(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)都能(neng)(neng)滿足風機(ji)運行要(yao)求(qiu)。

第二(er)，整個風電機組設備在(zai)我(wo)國安(an)裝(zhuang)運行，我(wo)們負責維護和故障處理，根據(ju)隨機圖紙等技術(shu)資料(liao)、實際使用經驗(yan)和現場測量，我(wo)們可以獲得UPS電源組件的功能和技術(shu)性能指標(biao)。

第三，UPS電(dian)源不涉及風機核心技術保(bao)密要(yao)求，批量(liang)損壞會影響整機制造商的可利用(yong)率保(bao)證和商業信譽，容易取得國(guo)產化的技術許可。

第四，我(wo)們更了解設備的國內(nei)實際使(shi)用環境和UPS電源組件(jian)損壞(huai)的根本原因，可以采取針對性(xing)的措施(shi)，彌補設計缺(que)陷(xian)。

1.2 必要性

首先，風(feng)(feng)機(ji)整機(ji)制造(zao)商(shang)一(yi)(yi)般在商(shang)業(ye)合同中需保證(zheng)(zheng)整機(ji)的(de)可利(li)(li)用(yong)率(lv)；業(ye)主要確保完成(cheng)年度(du)生產經營(ying)目(mu)標(biao)，也需要保證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)設備的(de)可利(li)(li)用(yong)率(lv)。組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)損壞，將影響風(feng)(feng)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)正常運(yun)行，降低可利(li)(li)用(yong)率(lv)，所以整機(ji)制造(zao)商(shang)必(bi)須保證(zheng)(zheng)備件(jian)(jian)充(chong)足。但國外(wai)品牌的(de)大(da)部件(jian)(jian)廠(chang)商(shang)出(chu)于各種考(kao)慮，一(yi)(yi)般只允(yun)許(xu)成(cheng)套銷售，國內用(yong)戶無法(fa)獲得其中某個(ge)易損組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)信息(xi)，只能向原大(da)部件(jian)(jian)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)購買。而UPS電(dian)源作為(wei)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)變(bian)頻(pin)器內的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)，我們缺乏必(bi)要的(de)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)信息(xi)，只能經變(bian)頻(pin)器供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)購買。

第二，采購(gou)周期長，數量(liang)小，品種多，采購(gou)矛盾日益突出。部(bu)分備件(jian)因其特殊性、專(zhuan)用性，外國廠家形成(cheng)技術(shu)壟斷(duan)，價(jia)格昂(ang)貴(gui)。對單件(jian)或小批量(liang)備件(jian)，外方經常高(gao)價(jia)銷售(shou)，再加(jia)上(shang)關稅和物(wu)流附加(jia)成(cheng)本(ben)。使(shi)組件(jian)的實際采購(gou)價(jia)格遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)出其實際價(jia)值[2]。作為(wei)備件(jian)UPS電源同樣面臨這些問題。

第(di)三(san)，進(jin)口設備產品更新換代比較快(kuai)，部件制造商不斷對自己的產品進(jin)行(xing)升級，經過一(yi)段時間后，某些(xie)備件就無法購(gou)買，外(wai)方也(ye)不會提供充分的采(cai)購(gou)信息(xi)。為防止這種情況發生，保證機組的可靠(kao)運行(xing)，對損壞較頻繁的該UPS電源(yuan)必須國產化。

2UPS電源(yuan)國產化(hua)實踐

2.1滿(man)足基本功(gong)能，實現等效(xiao)代換

UPS國(guo)產(chan)化工(gong)作的前提(ti)是充分了解該UPS電(dian)源(yuan)的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)要求，包括其(qi)工(gong)作方式、性能(neng)指標、容量以及(ji)其(qi)它功能(neng)以及(ji)外觀和安裝要求[3]。了解其(qi)功能(neng)的渠道主要有：原(yuan)有技(ji)(ji)術(shu)資料和圖紙，產(chan)品(pin)數(shu)據(ju)手冊，實際測量值。在UPS電(dian)源(yuan)國(guo)產(chan)化的過程中，我們根據(ju)原(yuan)有組件的隨機(ji)產(chan)品(pin)說明書(shu)和現(xian)場售后服務(wu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員提(ti)供的測量數(shu)據(ju)，確定了UPS電(dian)源(yuan)的基(ji)本(ben)(ben)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)指標為(wei)：雙變換式，額(e)定容量為(wei)2000kVA，備(bei)用時間(jian)大于等于10分鐘(zhong)（100%負載），基(ji)本(ben)(ben)參數(shu)如表1所示(shi)：

表(biao)1 國(guo)產化(hua)UPS 電源(yuan)基本參數表(biao)

2.2考慮實際環境，彌補(bu)設計缺陷

充分了解實(shi)際運行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)出現的(de)(de)問題(ti)，解決原(yuan)有(you)(you)設(she)(she)(she)計中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu)，是國產(chan)化工(gong)作的(de)(de)重要環節。進口設(she)(she)(she)備，由于設(she)(she)(she)計者(zhe)的(de)(de)工(gong)作經驗、設(she)(she)(she)計理念和設(she)(she)(she)計目標不(bu)同，往往在(zai)國內實(shi)際運行(xing)(xing)環境中(zhong)會出現各種不(bu)適應。根據售(shou)后(hou)服務部門反饋的(de)(de)信息和故障原(yuan)因(yin)分析，認為該UPS原(yuan)有(you)(you)設(she)(she)(she)計對(dui)我國近海環境考(kao)慮不(bu)足(zu)，IP防(fang)護等(deng)級低，風道(dao)設(she)(she)(she)計不(bu)合理，針對(dui)這(zhe)些設(she)(she)(she)計缺(que)陷，考(kao)慮我們采取了提高防(fang)護等(deng)級到IP54以上(shang)、在(zai)進風口加過(guo)濾棉、改進冷卻(que)風道(dao)、使(shi)用絕緣漆對(dui)電路板表面進行(xing)(xing)防(fang)腐(fu)處理等(deng)技術措(cuo)施[4]。

2.3 充分調查市場，盡量選(xuan)用成熟產品

UPS電源國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)化(hua)工作(zuo)不需要(yao)從零做起(qi)，在明(ming)確(que)實(shi)際功能(neng)和使(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境后，首先(xian)要(yao)從市場上(shang)已經批量(liang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)現有產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)中選(xuan)型，如果某些(xie)功能(neng)需要(yao)補(bu)充(chong)，可以(yi)聯系(xi)制造商(shang)添(tian)加(jia)或改進(jin)。這樣既能(neng)保證產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和質量(liang)，也能(neng)提(ti)高國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)化(hua)的(de)進(jin)度(du)。通過充(chong)分的(de)調查后，我們(men)選(xuan)擇了三個UPS供應(ying)商(shang)的(de)系(xi)列產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，根據(ju)各供應(ying)商(shang)提(ti)供的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)技(ji)術手冊，各系(xi)列產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)主(zhu)要(yao)電氣特性(xing)(xing)如表(biao)2所示，基本滿(man)足我們(men)的(de)基本性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)。同時我們(men)要(yao)求(qiu)供應(ying)商(shang)在耐候性(xing)(xing)、電氣接口和外形尺(chi)寸方面進(jin)行了專門設計處理，以(yi)滿(man)足我們(men)的(de)實(shi)際安(an)裝(zhuang)條件和使(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境要(yao)求(qiu)。

品牌

表(biao)2國(guo)內三個系列生(sheng)產的(de)UPS選型(xing)參數(shu)比較表(biao)

2.4重(zhong)視外形尺寸和電氣接口

電氣組件國產化對外(wai)(wai)形尺寸(cun)要(yao)(yao)求非常嚴格。主要(yao)(yao)體現在：原有(you)組件外(wai)(wai)形尺寸(cun)是(shi)設(she)(she)計時根據空間布局(ju)和安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方式優化過的(de)(de)，從功能和外(wai)(wai)觀(guan)上(shang)都是(shi)經設(she)(she)計師精心設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)，要(yao)(yao)國產化某組件，首先要(yao)(yao)考慮的(de)(de)就是(shi)空間問(wen)題，必須能裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)下(xia)，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后整體外(wai)(wai)觀(guan)上(shang)要(yao)(yao)和諧(xie)統(tong)一(yi)，否則用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)是(shi)無法(fa)接受的(de)(de)。功能相(xiang)同的(de)(de)組件往往因(yin)外(wai)(wai)形尺寸(cun)不合適被(bei)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)一(yi)票否決。在充分了解UPS的(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方式和可用(yong)(yong)空間后，我們可以確(que)定UPS的(de)(de)基本(ben)外(wai)(wai)形尺寸(cun)和允許(xu)的(de)(de)尺寸(cun)偏差。

電氣(qi)接(jie)口(kou)也十分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)，直接(jie)影響到(dao)(dao)國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化的(de)系(xi)統(tong)成本和(he)(he)難易(yi)程度，最好能找到(dao)(dao)與原產(chan)(chan)品具有(you)相同或相近電氣(qi)接(jie)口(kou)的(de)產(chan)(chan)品進行國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化，否則，牽(qian)一發而(er)動全(quan)身，因電氣(qi)接(jie)口(kou)不同，改變布線(xian)，端(duan)子形式和(he)(he)連(lian)接(jie)順序等都會(hui)給國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化工(gong)作(zuo)帶來很多麻煩，影響系(xi)統(tong)性能的(de)實現，甚至(zhi)關乎國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)成敗(bai)。為此，我(wo)們要(yao)求供應商按照(zhao)原來使用的(de)UPS電氣(qi)和(he)(he)控制接(jie)口(kou)形式提品。這使電氣(qi)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)便，更換備件容易(yi)。

2.5充分進(jin)行現場試驗

為了(le)(le)確(que)保國產化后的(de)UPS能用，耐用，我們制(zhi)定了(le)(le)嚴格的(de)進(jin)貨檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案和性(xing)能試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案。進(jin)貨檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行外形尺寸、顏色、外觀以(yi)(yi)及合格證(zheng)(zheng)、備(bei)件(jian)等常(chang)規(gui)檢查；性(xing)能試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括線下模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，在線空(kong)載試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)及帶(dai)載試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等[5]，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)項目依據(ju)《GB/T 7260.3-2003不間斷電源(yuan)設(she)備(bei)（UPS) 第(di)3部分(fen)：確(que)定性(xing)能的(de)方(fang)法和試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求以(yi)(yi)及相關風機(ji)技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)求》，測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過后，樣機(ji)安裝(zhuang)到(dao)風機(ji)上試(shi)(shi)(shi)用考(kao)核，經過為期六個月的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)期間定期安排專人進(jin)行監(jian)控和記錄。由(you)于前期準備(bei)充分(fen)，在模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和上電試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中多次溝通(tong)和修改設(she)計(ji)(ji)，所選國產產品在上機(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)用考(kao)核期間未發生任何異常(chang)。從樣機(ji)安裝(zhuang)運行至今，一年多時間，國產化后的(de)UPS電源(yuan)運行正常(chang)，打開(kai)機(ji)箱后未見明顯腐蝕。實踐(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)明國產化后的(de)UPS電源(yuan)彌補了(le)(le)原(yuan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)缺(que)陷，滿足(zu)了(le)(le)風機(ji)的(de)使用要(yao)(yao)(yao)求和可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。

3結語

UPS電源在(zai)國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化后，除(chu)了滿足原產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的功能、電氣接口，安裝位置(zhi)及(ji)尺(chi)寸等(deng)要(yao)(yao)求外還采(cai)(cai)取了專門技(ji)術措施，增強(qiang)了防腐(fu)性能，彌補(bu)了原UPS的設(she)計缺陷。采(cai)(cai)購(gou)周(zhou)期也(ye)從(cong)原來的兩個月以(yi)上，降(jiang)到15天左右(you)，采(cai)(cai)購(gou)成本從(cong)17000元(yuan)降(jiang)低(di)6000元(yuan)左右(you)，效益明顯(xian)，因此國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化工作十分重要(yao)(yao)，也(ye)十分必要(yao)(yao)。UPS國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化過程中，在(zai)保證設(she)備安全運行的前(qian)提下，充分考(kao)慮了經濟(ji)因素，達到了滿足基本功能需求，降(jiang)低(di)成本，縮短采(cai)(cai)購(gou)周(zhou)期，彌補(bu)設(she)計缺陷，提高產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量的國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化初衷。

參考文獻：

[1] 劉崗，孫承國，進(jin)口設備備件國產化應(ying)用[J]，設備管理與維修，2002年，第S1期，84-87。

[2] 馬慧(hui)妹，王燁華(hua)，酒鋼碳鋼薄板廠進口(kou)設(she)備備件(jian)國產化工作實踐(jian)[J]，山西冶金，2013.10 第145期(qi)，72-74。

[3] 張星海(hai)，司德亮(liang)，變電站UPS的選擇及其配電方式探討[J]，黑龍江電力(li)，2009.10 第5期，359-361。

篇7

[關(guan)鍵詞(ci)]UPS 分(fen)類與(yu)特點 選擇 工作原理 安裝與(yu)使用

中圖分類號:U284.77文獻標識碼(ma):A

[引(yin)言(yan)]電(dian)源(yuan)從它的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地電(dian)廠出來(lai),通過電(dian)網(wang)、變電(dian)站(zhan)、輸電(dian)線路、配電(dian),直(zhi)至各(ge)(ge)個(ge)用(yong)電(dian)終端,有如人體的(de)(de)(de)血(xue)液,發(fa)自心臟,通向人體的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)個(ge)器官(guan)、肢(zhi)體直(zhi)至各(ge)(ge)個(ge)角落。數字(zi)電(dian)力(li),無疑(yi)為發(fa)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)建設、生產、管理(li)和(he)運行提供了(le)現代化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)手段,而數字(zi)電(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)基礎仍然是(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)動力(li)――電(dian)源(yuan)。目前不間斷(duan)電(dian)源(yuan)(UPS)在各(ge)(ge)行各(ge)(ge)業都(dou)得(de)到了(le)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong),對如何(he)合理(li)使用(yong)及維護,減(jian)少(shao)故障、延長(chang)其使用(yong)壽命,結合我在工作(zuo)實際中的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體做(zuo)法和(he)積(ji)累的(de)(de)(de)經驗技巧,作(zuo)一簡(jian)單介紹。

一(yi)、UPS電源的分類與(yu)特點

不間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)源(yuan)UPS(UninterruptiblePowerSystem),是一種含有儲(chu)能裝(zhuang)置,以逆變器為主要(yao)組(zu)成部分的(de)恒壓恒頻的(de)不間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)源(yuan)。

UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)種(zhong)類很多,一(yi)般為靜(jing)態變(bian)換(huan)式(shi)(shi),分為后備式(shi)(shi)、在(zai)(zai)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)、在(zai)(zai)線(xian)互動式(shi)(shi)三大類,最常(chang)用的(de)是在(zai)(zai)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)UPS。在(zai)(zai)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)(shu)入時(shi)以“交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)整流一(yi)逆變(bian)器”方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)向(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),同時(shi)向(xiang)機內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);當市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中斷時(shi),即以“蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池逆變(bian)器”逆變(bian)轉換(huan)的(de)方(fang)(fang)極方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)向(xiang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)提供220V交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。其特點(dian)是真(zhen)正(zheng)實現(xian)了對負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)無干擾穩壓供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),由市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)零時(shi)間(jian)切換(huan),使負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)維持正(zheng)常(chang)工作并保護負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)軟、硬件不(bu)受損壞。UPS效率、功率因(yin)數、轉換(huan)時(shi)間(jian)、輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、頻率范圍等(deng)都是表征UPS性能的(de)重要(yao)參數。總(zong)的(de)來(lai)說,在(zai)(zai)線(xian)式(shi)(shi)UPS幾乎(hu)可以解決(jue)所有的(de)常(chang)見電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力問題。

二、UPS電源使用的必要(yao)性

公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中一些較大的(de)(de)感(gan)性、容性、開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源等(deng)負載會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)形畸變(bian)或頻(pin)率漂移,惡化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)品質,意外的(de)(de)自然(ran)和人為(wei)事故,如地震(zhen)、雷擊(ji)、輸變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統斷路或短路,也會(hui)影響負載的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)工作(zuo)。據測試(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中經(jing)常(chang)(chang)發生并(bing)且對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦(nao)和精密儀器產生干擾或破壞(huai)的(de)(de)問題主(zhu)要(yao)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)涌、高(gao)壓(ya)尖(jian)脈(mo)沖、暫態過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下陷(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線噪(zao)聲(sheng)、頻(pin)率偏移、斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)等(deng)。

計算機(ji)對電源的(de)(de)要求較高,尤(you)其是(shi)內(nei)存,如(ru)果非正(zheng)常(chang)斷電,內(nei)存中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)來不(bu)(bu)及(ji)保存到硬(ying)盤(pan)等存儲設備上,會造(zao)成(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)丟(diu)失(shi)或(huo)變得不(bu)(bu)完(wan)整而失(shi)去價(jia)值,浪(lang)費(fei)大量的(de)(de)工(gong)作精(jing)力和(he)時間(jian),甚至造(zao)成(cheng)巨大的(de)(de)經(jing)濟損(sun)(sun)失(shi),像(xiang)UNIX這樣的(de)(de)操作系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),如(ru)內(nei)存中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)沒有(you)回寫(xie)(xie)到硬(ying)盤(pan)上,還可能造(zao)成(cheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩潰(kui)。電腦中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)硬(ying)盤(pan)雖(sui)是(shi)磁存儲介質,不(bu)(bu)因斷電而損(sun)(sun)失(shi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi),但突然(ran)的(de)(de)電力故(gu)障會使正(zheng)在進(jin)行(xing)讀寫(xie)(xie)工(gong)作的(de)(de)硬(ying)盤(pan)物理磁頭損(sun)(sun)壞,或(huo)者(zhe)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)文件在維(wei)護(hu)文件系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)時,造(zao)成(cheng)文件分配表錯(cuo)誤,而造(zao)成(cheng)整個硬(ying)盤(pan)數據丟(diu)失(shi)。現存的(de)(de)操作系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)大都設置虛擬內(nei)存,由于突然(ran)的(de)(de)斷電,使系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)來不(bu)(bu)及(ji)取消虛擬內(nei)存,從而造(zao)成(cheng)硬(ying)盤(pan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)“信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)碎片(pian)”,不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)浪(lang)費(fei)了硬(ying)盤(pan)存儲空間(jian),還會導致機(ji)器運行(xing)緩(huan)慢(man)。

電(dian)(dian)腦電(dian)(dian)源是(shi)一(yi)種整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源,過高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓可能(neng)會造(zao)成整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)燒(shao)毀。電(dian)(dian)壓尖脈沖和管態過電(dian)(dian)壓以及電(dian)(dian)源雜訊等干擾都(dou)可能(neng)通過整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)進入(ru)主機板,影響機器(qi)的(de)(de)正常工作,甚至燒(shao)毀主機線(xian)路。隨(sui)著計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機和網絡的(de)(de)廣泛應用,安全可靠的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源已是(shi)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機管理人員必須認真面對的(de)(de)重要問題。

三、UPS的選擇

不是所有的電器設備都需(xu)要使用UPS,在選擇UPS時,主要應考慮負載大小、負載的特性及重(zhong)要程度(du)以及放電時間。

(一)負(fu)載的(de)特性。電(dian)腦及(ji)其(qi)設備(bei)多為帶容性的(de)整流(liu)性負(fu)載,啟(qi)動(dong)時(shi)都有(you)(you)沖擊電(dian)流(liu),即使是(shi)在正常(chang)運行時(shi),其(qi)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)峰值也有(you)(you)其(qi)有(you)(you)效值的(de)23倍,因此在選用UPS時(shi)應(ying)考慮(lv)到這一特性,給UPS留一定的(de)余量(liang)。

(二)負載大小與UPS容(rong)量計算。電腦設備負載功(gong)率因數在0.65――0.7之間(jian),可(ke)將各(ge)個負載的額定功(gong)率矢量累加求(qiu)出總功(gong)率,UPS容(rong)量按以下(xia)公式選擇(ze):

UPS容量≥負載容量/0.8

即(ji)考慮(lv)到(dao)負載(zai)啟動(dong)的沖擊電流,負載(zai)容量應為UPS額定容量的80%以下。

(三)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的配置。一般長效型(xing)UPS備用(yong)時(shi)間主(zhu)要受電(dian)(dian)池成本(ben)、安(an)裝空間以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)池回充(chong)時(shi)問等(deng)因素的限制(zhi)。在電(dian)(dian)力環境較差,停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)較為(wei)頻繁的地區采用(yong)UPS與發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)配合供電(dian)(dian)的方式。停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)時(shi),先由UPS電(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian),如停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間較長,可以啟動備用(yong)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)對UPS繼續供電(dian)(dian),當市電(dian)(dian)恢復(fu)時(shi)再切換(huan)到(dao)市電(dian)(dian)供電(dian)(dian)。

(四(si))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)計算(suan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)主要受負載大小、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量、環境溫度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等因(yin)素影響。UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),可先計算(suan)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,然后根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線查出其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。

電(dian)池放電(dian)電(dian)流可以按(an)經驗公式計算:

放電電流=UPS容量(VA)×功率(lv)因數(shu)/電池放電平均電壓×效率(lv);

如要(yao)計算實際負載(zai)放電時(shi)間,只需將UPS容(rong)置(zhi)換為實際負載(zai)容(rong)量即可。

四、UPS的工作原(yuan)理(li)

(一)AC-DC變(bian)換(huan):將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)來的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)經(jing)自耦變(bian)壓(ya)器降(jiang)壓(ya)、全波整流(liu)、濾波變(bian)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),供給(gei)逆變(bian)電(dian)(dian)路。AC-DC輸入有軟啟動電(dian)(dian)路,可避免開機時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的沖擊。

(二)DC-AC逆變電(dian)(dian)路(lu):采(cai)用(yong)大(da)功(gong)率IGBT模塊全橋(qiao)逆變電(dian)(dian)路(lu),具有很大(da)的(de)功(gong)率富余量,在輸(shu)出(chu)動(dong)態范圍內輸(shu)出(chu)阻抗特別小,具有快速(su)響應(ying)特性(xing)。由于采(cai)用(yong)高頻(pin)調制限流(liu)技(ji)術(shu),及(ji)快速(su)短路(lu)保護技(ji)術(shu),使逆變器無論(lun)是(shi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓瞬變還是(shi)負載沖擊或短路(lu),均可安全可靠地(di)工作(zuo)。

(三)控制(zhi)(zhi)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong):控制(zhi)(zhi)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)是完成(cheng)整(zheng)機(ji)功(gong)能控制(zhi)(zhi)的核心,它除了(le)提供檢測、保護、同步(bu)以及各種開關和顯示驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)信號外,還(huan)完成(cheng)SPWM正弦脈(mo)寬調制(zhi)(zhi)的控制(zhi)(zhi),由于采用靜(jing)態和動(dong)態雙重電(dian)(dian)壓反饋。極大地改(gai)善了(le)逆(ni)變器的動(dong)態特性(xing)和穩定性(xing)。不(bu)間斷電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)工作(zuo)原理框圖(tu)下圖(tu)所示。

五、UPS的安裝

UPS安裝(zhuang)質量(liang)好壞直接影響到UPS系統今后的(de)長期運行,因此UPS從規劃到安裝(zhuang)過程(cheng)都應該規范。主(zhu)要考(kao)慮以下幾(ji)方面因素(su):電網情(qing)況、負載容量(liang)及特性(xing)、使用環境(jing)、接地情(qing)況、配(pei)線及開關容量(liang)等。

(一)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)情況。主要(yao)包(bao)括電(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)壓波動(dong)范圍、停電(dian)頻(pin)率等已(yi)確定UPS備用時(shi)間的(de)(de)配(pei)備。如有必要(yao)可以在UPS前級增設(she)其他保(bao)護措施。使用UPS電(dian)源時(shi),應(ying)務必遵守廠家(jia)的(de)(de)產品說明書(shu)有關規定,保(bao)證所接的(de)(de)火(huo)線、零線、地線符合要(yao)求,不得(de)隨意改變其相互(hu)的(de)(de)順序(xu)。

(二)使用環境(jing)。UPS電源(yuan)的使用環境(jing)應(ying)避免(mian)陽光(guang)直射,并留(liu)有足夠的通風空間(jian),利于散(san)熱(re),保證UPS進行(xing)維護(hu)時(shi),工(gong)程人員有一定的施(shi)展空問。溫度(du)要求為0℃-40℃,濕度(du)要求為10%-90%,周圍環境(jing)要保持清潔,以減少有害灰塵對UPS內部線(xian)路的腐(fu)蝕,UPS長延時(shi)配置時(shi),電池(chi)較重,應(ying)考(kao)慮地板單位面積(ji)承重問題。

(三)接(jie)地(di)情況。為了(le)確保(bao)電腦系統穩(wen)定(ding)可靠工作,防(fang)止寄(ji)生電容耦(ou)合干擾,保(bao)護設(she)備(bei)及人(ren)身安全,因此(ci)必須要有(you)良好的接(jie)地(di)系統,一(yi)般接(jie)地(di)電阻小(xiao)于4Ω較為理想。

鳴開關打開。

六、結束語

在UPS的使用過程中(zhong)注(zhu)意,再好的設備(bei)也(ye)有壽命,也(ye)會出現各類故障,不要因(yin)為(wei)高智能(neng)、免維護而忽略(lve)了(le)本(ben)應進行的維護工作(zuo),預(yu)防在任何時(shi)候都是安全運行的重要保障。

參考文獻

1、徐濟(ji)仁,陳家松;UPS技術及其發展趨勢[J];有線(xian)電視技術;2003年11期

篇8

論文摘要:論UPS、直(zhi)流(liu)電源在線維護管理系統的組成及其功能(neng)，并提出建議。

UPS和(he)直流電(dian)源是(shi)企業重要的(de)供電(dian)保障設備，傳(chuan)統的(de)維護(hu)管理包括(kuo)：①日(ri)常巡檢(jian)外觀，定期更換電(dian)池(chi)、濾(lv)波電(dian)容、風機等易(yi)損件，大修時做電(dian)池(chi)活化等；②改造或采用換代設備，使用高級工(gong)具(ju)測試電(dian)池(chi)性能。這種(zhong)管理方式(shi)企業投入成本(ben)高，維護(hu)人員工(gong)作量大，不易(yi)實時掌握設備運(yun)行狀態和(he)關(guan)鍵(jian)數據，設備事(shi)故預防能力低。實施在(zai)線(xian)維護(hu)管理可避免傳(chuan)統方式(shi)的(de)不足之(zhi)處，獲得(de)良好效益。下面介紹某企業實施實例及注意事(shi)項。

一、計算機(ji)在線維護(hu)管理系(xi)統

（一）系統組成

1、總控站（后臺）。由監控站、工程維護(hu)站、系統(tong)接口等構成，運用管(guan)理(li)(li)分析軟件(jian)處理(li)(li)接收的數據(ju)并通過Web。工程維護(hu)人員(yuan)登(deng)錄服務器可查(cha)看全廠(chang)所有在線設(she)備(bei)的運行狀(zhuang)態以及完善的歷史、實時數據(ju)分析統(tong)計。

2、現場設備(bei)(bei)控(kong)制(zhi)站(zhan)（ES）。根據現場設備(bei)(bei)需要，可選(xuan)擇監(jian)(jian)控(kong)功能儀(yi)或設備(bei)(bei)運(yun)行狀態信(xin)(xin)息(xi)彩集儀(yi)（EII）。EII通(tong)過RS-232/485端口與電能表、電池采集模塊(kuai)、直流屏、UPS等智能設備(bei)(bei)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)，將監(jian)(jian)測數據轉換為符(fu)合通(tong)信(xin)(xin)協議的數據包，接(jie)入局(ju)域網(wang)，傳送至主(zhu)控(kong)室服務(wu)器。獨立完整(zheng)的ES包括(kuo)以下部分(fen)。

（1）系統主機。由(you)下行(xing)串口(kou)通(tong)(tong)道、數(shu)據(ju)(ju)處理(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、顯(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、上(shang)行(xing)串口(kou)通(tong)(tong)道組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。下行(xing)串口(kou)通(tong)(tong)道通(tong)(tong)過RS-485總線訪問電池電壓采集(ji)模塊，采集(ji)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)電壓采集(ji)模塊，數(shu)據(ju)(ju)處理(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)完成(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)解壓、數(shu)據(ju)(ju)計算、存儲管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，將(jiang)處理(li)(li)后(hou)的數(shu)據(ju)(ju)一(yi)部分送往顯(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，另(ling)一(yi)部分由(you)上(shang)行(xing)串口(kou)通(tong)(tong)道發送至協議處理(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，或傳給(gei)上(shang)一(yi)層(ceng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統。

（2）數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)模塊(kuai)組。可根據(ju)用(yong)戶需要確(que)定采(cai)集(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要求及配置(zhi)相應采(cai)集(ji)(ji)儀器，一般(ban)由電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓采(cai)集(ji)(ji)模塊(kuai)、電(dian)流、溫度、功率(lv)等(deng)組成，模塊(kuai)間(jian)隔(ge)離良(liang)好(hao)、絕緣性強(qiang)，可靠性、安全性高。數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)可分組，每個模塊(kuai)可對一定數(shu)(shu)(shu)量電(dian)池(chi)進行電(dian)壓采(cai)集(ji)(ji)，可配備電(dian)流、溫度傳感器，模塊(kuai)間(jian)與系統主機一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)RS-485連(lian)接(jie)。

（3）協(xie)議(yi)處理(li)器(qi)。具(ju)有協(xie)議(yi)處理(li)程序的(de)(de)接口板，處理(li)各種通信協(xie)議(yi)。可實現：①將主機發(fa)送(song)(song)的(de)(de)電池電壓、電流、溫度等信息(xi)按約定(ding)協(xie)議(yi)編碼、打(da)包、發(fa)送(song)(song)至遠(yuan)程服(fu)務器(qi)；②將遠(yuan)程服(fu)務器(qi)發(fa)出的(de)(de)遙(yao)控、遙(yao)調指令經過(guo)解碼發(fa)給(gei)主機，實時控制。

（4）放電模塊。可(ke)快速(su)測出電池(chi)直流內阻(zu)，瞬(shun)間(jian)測試電池(chi)性能，大功率放電模塊可(ke)提供瞬(shun)間(jian)大電流沖擊負荷。

（5）遠程(cheng)服務器(qi)。實現局域(yu)(yu)網(wang)內計算(suan)機數(shu)(shu)據(ju)通信，通過局域(yu)(yu)崗遠程(cheng)訪(fang)問(wen)現場的蓄電池監測系統，接收、分析數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，通過Web服務器(qi)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。

3、通信(xin)網絡。聯網現場設備各分站(zhan)（采集監控站(zhan)），采用光纖作為數(shu)據通信(xin)主(zhu)干(gan)線，組成(cheng)全(quan)廠UPS和直流電源(yuan)在線監控的局域(yu)網。

（二）系統主要功能

1、臺賬管理。集成各站UPS、直(zhi)流系統、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)信息設備及(ji)查(cha)詢功能。可查(cha)詢每臺UPS、直(zhi)流設備的每節電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、平均電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、整組電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、環境溫度等實(shi)時、歷(li)史數據，以曲線(xian)和(he)柱狀(zhuang)圖方式顯(xian)示，或生成報表打印。

2、實時分析(xi)。對(dui)(dui)選定時間段內的電(dian)池運行狀態、歷史數(shu)據(ju)進行分析(xi)，當(dang)某(mou)個蓄電(dian)池被放(fang)過電(dian)，滿足一定電(dian)流(liu)范圍(wei)和時間（大(da)于(yu)設置值）時，系(xi)統將對(dui)(dui)蓄電(dian)池進行電(dian)池容量評價(jia)（容量估算）。

3、報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)指示和查(cha)詢。可對每(mei)臺(tai)UPS、直流電(dian)源(yuan)故障進行報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)，提(ti)供報(bao)(bao)(bao)警(jing)查(cha)詢，以便及時處理。

4、網(wang)絡化。系統(tong)(tong)具有遠端通(tong)信(xin)和(he)遙(yao)測、遙(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)控(kong)功能，使遠程服(fu)務器通(tong)過以太網(wang)對各站UPS、直流電源(yuan)、蓄電池監測系統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行實時監控(kong)與數據管理。還可(ke)根據企(qi)業需要，與其(qi)他系統(tong)(tong)聯網(wang)，采集一些重要設備的(de)信(xin)息，實現更多功能。

二、系統(tong)應用注意事項

認(ren)真查清企(qi)(qi)業內(nei)部UPS和(he)直(zhi)流電源現(xian)狀以(yi)及企(qi)(qi)業現(xian)有網絡規(gui)模(mo)，根據(ju)設備功能和(he)重要性合理配置。

1、確定網(wang)絡構架方案，即企業是否有必要建(jian)立完整(zheng)網(wang)絡系統或在現(xian)有網(wang)絡基礎上構建(jian)，對單個(ge)電池組也可實(shi)現(xian)完整(zheng)、獨立的(de)在線維護管(guan)理。

2、以在(zai)線管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)為核心，輔以必要人(ren)工測試，可(ke)降低管理成(cheng)本(ben)，大(da)站、關鍵(jian)設備直(zhi)接采用完整系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，小站、單體UPS等經后臺機處理形成(cheng)整體維護(hu)管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

3、有些UPS和直流電源已(yi)具備多(duo)種管理功能，如狀(zhuang)態(tai)參數、狀(zhuang)態(tai)記錄、報警等，合理配(pei)置不僅降低開發(fa)成本，還可(ke)減少線路過(guo)多(duo)帶(dai)來的故障隱(yin)患。

4、維護(hu)管理系統(tong)只進行監視，建議(yi)控制指令（如故障處理、切換(huan)、活化(hua)等）的發出(chu)由人工(gong)實施。

5、系統(tong)建立(li)后，可在(zai)有(you)人(ren)值(zhi)守的(de)地(di)方(fang)設監(jian)視站，由操作人(ren)員實現全天候運(yun)行(xing)狀態監(jian)視，維修(xiu)人(ren)員要定期查閱管理。

6、要預留接口(kou)和(he)協議以便兼容(rong)其(qi)他系統，系統上層管理(li)也可建在企業已(yi)有(you)網站上。

7、建議狀態(tai)管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)與過程(cheng)控(kong)制或執行系(xi)統(tong)(tong)分開，注(zhu)意相互(hu)間獨立性，不要相互(hu)干擾(rao)。

篇9

【關(guan)鍵詞】UPS；發電(dian)機(ji)組；諧波危(wei)害；頻率漂移

1、諧波的產生與危害(hai)

諧波的(de)(de)產生是由非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負載所致。當電(dian)流(liu)流(liu)經非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負載時，與(yu)所加的(de)(de)電(dian)壓不(bu)呈(cheng)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)關系，就(jiu)形(xing)成非(fei)正弦(xian)電(dian)流(liu)，從(cong)而(er)產生諧波。

諧(xie)波的危害很大(da)，由(you)于(yu)諧(xie)波的頻率(lv)較高，使(shi)導(dao)線的趨(qu)膚效應加重，因(yin)此(ci)銅(tong)損急(ji)劇(ju)增(zeng)加；諧(xie)波還會影響表計(ji)的計(ji)量精(jing)度，使(shi)精(jing)密電子設備(bei)會被嚴重干擾，導(dao)致不(bu)能正(zheng)常工作(zuo)。另(ling)外，接于(yu)電網中(zhong)的設備(bei)損耗都會增(zeng)加，溫升增(zeng)加。最(zui)后，諧(xie)波會造成繼電保護機(ji)構誤動或拒(ju)動。

2、UPS產生的諧(xie)波對電網(wang)及發電機組的危害(hai)

在(zai)空管(guan)系統中(zhong)，計算(suan)機、服(fu)務器、雷達等設備對(dui)交(jiao)流電源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)最高(gao)，屬于(yu)特別重要(yao)的(de)一級負荷。因此，大功率UPS得以(yi)大面積的(de)廣(guang)泛使用，但由于(yu)UPS使用的(de)整流器和逆(ni)變器等電子開(kai)關元件(jian)產(chan)生的(de)諧波(bo)，使 UPS本身成了一個大的(de)電磁(ci)發射源(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)為(wei)所(suo)保護的(de)負載提供持續電能的(de)同時，自身又(you)會產(chan)生新的(de)電磁(ci)干擾。

如上圖所示，UPS由市電中吸取的能量不是(shi)連(lian)續的正弦波，而是(shi)斷續的。因此，雖然輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)交流電壓是(shi)正弦波，但(dan)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)交流電流波形卻嚴重畸變，呈脈沖狀，這樣(yang)勢必造(zao)成輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率因數下降并污(wu)染電網。

2.1UPS產生的(de)諧波電流(liu)對電網的(de)危害

脈沖狀的(de)(de)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，含(han)有大(da)量諧(xie)波，造成對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)諧(xie)波污染(ran)，一(yi)方(fang)面產生“二次效(xiao)應”，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過線路(lu)阻抗造成諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降，反過來使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也發生畸變(bian)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)由正弦波畸變(bian)為非正弦波形；另一(yi)方(fang)面，會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)故障(zhang)，使變(bian)壓(ya)設備損(sun)壞。線路(lu)和配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器過熱；引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網LC諧(xie)振(zhen)；高次諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，使之過流(liu)(liu)(liu)、過熱而爆炸(zha)。

2.2UPS產生的諧(xie)波電流對發電機組的危害

⑴降低發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)(de)帶(dai)載(zai)(zai)能力(li)：由于發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)畸變度大(da)(da)（波形失真大(da)(da)），而且額定輸(shu)出(chu)功率有限，其內阻(zu)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)問題顯得更加突出(chu)。用發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組帶(dai)非線性(xing)負載(zai)(zai)時，會發(fa)生各(ge)種(zhong)不兼容的(de)(de)問題。其原因是非線性(xing)負載(zai)(zai)向發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組反射(she)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)高次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波，其中(zhong)以5次(ci)(ci)和(he)11次(ci)(ci)諧(xie)(xie)波對發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)(de)危害最(zui)嚴重。這些諧(xie)(xie)波會消耗大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)無功功率，從而使(shi)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組帶(dai)載(zai)(zai)能力(li)下降，輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)波形畸變增大(da)(da)。

⑵電壓(ya)(ya)震(zhen)蕩(dang)：UPS產生(sheng)的電流(liu)(liu)諧波(bo)(bo)分(fen)量“倒流(liu)(liu)”，造成(cheng)(cheng)輸(shu)(shu)入電壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)畸變，反饋的電壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)動(dong)，造成(cheng)(cheng)發電機(ji)組的輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電壓(ya)(ya)穩定度(du)差，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)震(zhen)蕩(dang)。

⑶電流震蕩(dang)：同樣(yang)由(you)于電流諧波分量，造成輸入電流畸變。在UPS負(fu)載穩定的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，發電機組輸出(chu)電流大范(fan)圍擺(bai)動，而且這種(zhong)擺(bai)動無法調整。

3、頻率漂移對UPS和發電(dian)機組的危害(hai)

3.1UPS不能(neng)正常工作

⑴在UPS電源(yuan)中，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)輸出(chu)跟(gen)蹤(zong)旁路(lu)電源(yuan)，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電源(yuan)與旁路(lu)電源(yuan)鎖相、同(tong)步。當(dang)旁路(lu)電源(yuan)由發電機組提供時，頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)會(hui)發生(sheng)快速變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。當(dang)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)超(chao)出(chu)于先設定的(de)極限值時，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)就無法跟(gen)上旁路(lu)電源(yuan)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)（在這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)下切(qie)換，可能(neng)造成逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)過流、短路(lu)）。

⑵整(zheng)流器在頻率(lv)正常時(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，頻率(lv)漂移時(shi)不工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，如(ru)此以來(lai)，就會造(zao)成頻繁的(de)放電循環，將(jiang)大大縮短(duan)電池壽命。更嚴重(zhong)的(de)后果是將(jiang)電池電量全(quan)部放光(guang)，造(zao)成輸(shu)出中斷。

3.2增(zeng)加發(fa)電(dian)機組機械磨損(sun)

頻(pin)率漂移導致(zhi)UPS整流器時而工(gong)作，時而不工(gong)作的頻(pin)繁切換的狀(zhuang)態，加速了機(ji)械(xie)磨(mo)損(sun)，甚至損(sun)壞機(ji)組部件。

4、如何解決UPS與發電機(ji)組(zu)兼(jian)容性

4.1發電機組(zu)的(de)選(xuan)擇。不同的(de)勵磁方式和(he)適(shi)當的(de)匹(pi)配(pei)功率有助于將發電機組(zu)和(he)UPS配(pei)合時出現的(de)問題(ti)最小(xiao)化(hua)。發電機組(zu)的(de)選(xuan)擇可以(yi)從以(yi)下(xia)兩方面考慮。

（1）發電(dian)機組的(de)輸出功(gong)率。

發電機(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)與UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)并(bing)不是(shi)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)對(dui)一(yi)關系，還必須考(kao)慮UPS電池(chi)充(chong)電所(suo)需功(gong)率(lv)，UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)機(ji)效(xiao)率(lv)，UPS整(zheng)流(liu)器引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧波(bo)電流(liu)失(shi)真等(deng)，都需要適當增加發電機(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)。UPS的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)流(liu)器對(dui)頻(pin)率(lv)漂移更加敏感(gan)，這也需要增大發電機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)。所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般選擇發電機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)是(shi)UPS功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2倍以(yi)上。

（2）發電機組的勵(li)磁工作方式(shi)。

發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)分為自勵式(shi)(shi)和(he)永磁式(shi)(shi)（PMG）兩(liang)種。這兩(liang)種發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)勵磁方式(shi)(shi)的(de)根本區別是(shi)：自勵式(shi)(shi)從發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞繞組(zu)給調壓器(qi)AVR同時提供功(gong)率和(he)信(xin)號源；而永磁式(shi)(shi)從永磁發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)樞繞組(zu)給調壓器(qi)AVR提供功(gong)率，與(yu)同步發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)樞繞組(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)波(bo)形畸(ji)變無關(guan)。

因(yin)此(ci)自(zi)勵式(shi)發電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)調壓器AVR受(shou)非線(xian)性負載的(de)影(ying)響比較(jiao)明顯(xian)。但由于現在的(de)發電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)幾乎全(quan)部采用自(zi)勵式(shi)的(de)勵磁方式(shi)，所以UPS功率與發電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)功率之比至少(shao)為1：（2～2.5），但仍(reng)不能排除發電機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)不受(shou)UPS影(ying)響。

4.2UPS的(de)選擇。UPS整流(liu)方式的(de)不同(tong)以及對(dui)頻(pin)率(lv)漂(piao)移的(de)適應性都是選擇UPS的(de)重要技(ji)術依據(ju)。其(qi)中(zhong)高頻(pin)PWM整流(liu)技(ji)術的(de)“綠色環(huan)保”UPS，即通常所說的(de)高頻(pin)UPS。

高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)UPS采用(yong)的高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)PMW整流(liu)(liu)電路(lu)和(he)傳統(tong)相控式(shi)UPS整流(liu)(liu)電路(lu)最大的不同在(zai)于，其(qi)中(zhong)輸(shu)入(ru)PMW整流(liu)(liu)電路(lu)和(he)輸(shu)出SPMW逆變(bian)電路(lu)均采用(yong)IGBT器件，使用(yong)IGBT整流(liu)(liu)技術的整流(liu)(liu)器利用(yong)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)切割脈寬調制電流(liu)(liu)，達到正(zheng)弦波式(shi)輸(shu)入(ru)電流(liu)(liu)的目的。

高頻UPS主要的(de)技術特性：

（1）具有完美的(de)(de)正弦波(bo)輸入電(dian)流，極大的(de)(de)減少了UPS對(dui)電(dian)網的(de)(de)諧波(bo)污(wu)染。如下圖所示：

（2）因(yin)為輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)壓與(yu)輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)流同相，使得功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)近似為PF=1，UPS與(yu)電(dian)網(wang)之間幾乎(hu)沒有無功(gong)傳遞，大幅(fu)度減小(xiao)無功(gong)損耗，降(jiang)低電(dian)源系(xi)統的容量。

因(yin)此可(ke)以(yi)選擇UPS功(gong)率與(yu)發電機組功(gong)率之比為1：1，從而節約能源，降(jiang)低(di)系統成本。下表是IGBT高頻整(zheng)流(liu)與(yu)傳統相控UPS的技術參(can)數比較：

（3）輸入電壓范圍寬，更適(shi)合電網電壓劇烈(lie)波動。

（4）整流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓波紋小(xiao)，可(ke)延長續電(dian)池壽命(ming)。

5、“發電(dian)機(ji)組+電(dian)力穩壓器+UPS電(dian)源”供電(dian)系統是否必(bi)要

在民航(hang)的(de)空管(guan)系(xi)統用的(de)UPS供電(dian)系(xi)統中，為使UPS電(dian)源能適(shi)應輸入電(dian)網(wang)的(de)電(dian)壓波(bo)動范圍大(da)的(de)應用條件，需要在備(bei)用發電(dian)機與(yu)UPS供電(dian)系(xi)統之(zhi)間增配電(dian)力穩壓器。

通過上述分析，知道影(ying)響(xiang)UPS的最大問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)諧波和(he)頻率漂移。而處(chu)于”串聯工作狀態”中(zhong)的電力穩壓器不(bu)會對輸入諧波特(te)性和(he)頻率產生(sheng)任何實質(zhi)性的影(ying)響(xiang)。而且采(cai)用電力穩壓器還會產生(sheng)負面影(ying)響(xiang)。

5.1電(dian)力穩壓器與UPS的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓和(he)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)流不(bu)僅具有非常(chang)(chang)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)工作波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形和(he)基本(ben)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)諧波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)特性(xing)參數。而且，它們的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)流諧波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)分量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)譜分布曲線也具有非常(chang)(chang)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)變化規律。對輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形失真毫無助益。

5.2電力穩壓(ya)器的使用是(shi)為(wei)了防(fang)止電源電壓(ya)劇烈波動。從目前(qian)來(lai)看，電網和發電機組的輸出電壓(ya)相當(dang)穩定，而且(qie)UPS本身具有穩壓(ya)功能，適應輸入電壓(ya)范圍相當(dang)大（一(yi)般為(wei)±10%）；因此電力穩壓(ya)器的應用無(wu)疑為(wei)畫蛇添足，多此一(yi)舉。

綜上所述，“發(fa)電(dian)機組+電(dian)力穩壓器+UPS電(dian)源”供電(dian)系統(tong)不僅毫無必要，還會(hui)增加故障點，引起負面(mian)影響，增加系統(tong)成本。所以(yi)(yi)，使用(yong)“發(fa)電(dian)機組+UPS電(dian)源”就完全可以(yi)(yi)滿足(zu)用(yong)戶需求。

篇10

關鍵詞(ci)：UPS系統 設計 維護

一、UPS電源

UPS（Uninterruptible Power System），它主要(yao)由(you)整(zheng)流器(qi)、逆(ni)變器(qi)和蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、靜態開關等(deng)組成，UPS電(dian)源(yuan)具有良好(hao)的穩壓功能，當市電(dian)電(dian)網停電(dian)或瞬間斷(duan)電(dian)時，UPS電(dian)源(yuan)能自動將(jiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲存的直流電(dian)逆(ni)變為交流電(dian)，不間斷(duan)地繼續(xu)向負載供電(dian)。

（一）UPS電源(yuan)的分(fen)類(lei)

按其工作方式(shi)(shi)一般可分為后備(bei)式(shi)(shi)、在線式(shi)(shi)和在線互(hu)動式(shi)(shi)幾種。

后備式UPS電(dian)源，在(zai)市電(dian)正常供電(dian)時(shi)(shi)，市電(dian)通(tong)過交(jiao)流旁路通(tong)道直(zhi)接向負載(zai)供電(dian)，此時(shi)(shi)主機上的(de)逆變(bian)器不工作，它的(de)特點是：結構(gou)簡單，體積小，成本(ben)較低，但輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)壓范圍窄，市電(dian)正常時(shi)(shi)無凈化電(dian)網污染(ran)功能，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓穩定精度差(cha)，轉換(huan)時(shi)(shi)間較長，功率等(deng)級通(tong)常在(zai)0.25-2KVA左(zuo)右(you)。

在線式UPS電(dian)源，在市(shi)電(dian)正常(chang)時，它首先將(jiang)交流變(bian)成直流電(dian)，并(bing)同時給(gei)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，立即改為由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池逆(ni)變(bian)器對負載(zai)供(gong)電(dian)，保證負載(zai)連(lian)續不斷地穩定工作。它的(de)特(te)點是(shi)：有較(jiao)寬的(de)輸入電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍，無切換時間，且輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穩定精度高，特(te)別適合(he)(he)對電(dian)源要求(qiu)較(jiao)高的(de)場合(he)(he)，但是(shi)成本較(jiao)高。

在線互(hu)動(dong)式(shi)(shi)UPS電源(yuan)，是一(yi)種介于后備式(shi)(shi)和在線式(shi)(shi)之間工作方(fang)式(shi)(shi)的UPS電源(yuan)。它的特(te)點(dian)是：有較寬的輸入(ru)電壓范(fan)圍，噪音低(di)，體積小等，市電正常時基本無凈化電網(wang)污染功能。

以下是幾種工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)UPS的(de)比較：

（二）UPS電(dian)源的功能和作用(yong)

UPS電源廣泛(fan)使用(yong)在各類(lei)通信機房，為通信設備(bei)提(ti)供(gong)電力保障，UPS在通信機房中的作(zuo)用(yong)主要有兩個(ge)方面：一是提(ti)供(gong)高可靠(kao)性(xing)不間(jian)斷供(gong)電；二是對電網(wang)的穩(wen)壓和(he)凈化，為通信設備(bei)提(ti)供(gong)高質量的交(jiao)流供(gong)電電源，確保通信設備(bei)正常(chang)工作(zuo)。

UPS設備一般應具備四大(da)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，即不間斷(duan)供(gong)(gong)電供(gong)(gong)電功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電網穩壓和凈化功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電池管理功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、智能(neng)(neng)(neng)監控功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

二(er)、UPS電(dian)源系統的設計

（一）UPS供電方案的設計

通信機(ji)房用(yong)的UPS電源通常都(dou)采(cai)用(yong)在線式(shi)，并(bing)且要求有冗余備份，按照結(jie)構方(fang)式(shi)，可(ke)分為(wei)并(bing)機(ji)系統和(he)串(chuan)聯系統。

主從(cong)串聯(lian)熱(re)(re)備(bei)份(fen)方式，就是(shi)將從(cong)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸出作(zuo)為(wei)主機(ji)的(de)(de)旁路輸入(ru)，從(cong)機(ji)平常處于(yu)(yu)(yu)熱(re)(re)備(bei)份(fen)、空載狀態，全部的(de)(de)負載由(you)主機(ji)帶(dai)載。只有當(dang)主機(ji)切換(huan)到旁路工作(zuo)時，從(cong)機(ji)才能(neng)進行帶(dai)載。該(gai)方案的(de)(de)優點是(shi)：易于(yu)(yu)(yu)安(an)裝調(diao)試，主要用于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)小功(gong)率系統，缺點是(shi)設備(bei)老化程(cheng)度不同、系統轉換(huan)可靠度低，不能(neng)擴容。

為解決輸出單點的問題(ti)，可采用(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)路UPS組(zu)成(cheng)的雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)母線(xian)(xian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系統，該(gai)系統可與服務器等雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)路冗余(yu)電(dian)(dian)源的設(she)備實現(xian)最佳(jia)(jia)配合，同時又解決了供(gong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路79%的故(gu)障概(gai)率(lv)問題(ti)，最佳(jia)(jia)的IDC機(ji)房的供(gong)電(dian)(dian)方(fang)案應該(gai)采用(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)路UPS組(zu)成(cheng)的雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)母線(xian)(xian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系統。此外，雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)路UPS組(zu)成(cheng)的雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)母線(xian)(xian)UPS供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系統，還能實現(xian)系統在(zai)線(xian)(xian)擴容(rong)、在(zai)線(xian)(xian)維護等要求。

靜態轉(zhuan)換開關(guan)（STS）是(shi)一種(zhong)固態的、三極、雙位的轉(zhuan)換開關(guan)，是(shi)設計(ji)用來實現兩個(ge)同步三相交流電源之間(jian)(jian)進行不間(jian)(jian)斷（

（二）UPS系統容(rong)量(liang)的配置

UPS電源(yuan)容量(liang)要根據設備負(fu)荷情(qing)況確(que)定(ding)，合理(li)的UPS電源(yuan)負(fu)載(zai)應當(dang)是其額(e)定(ding)功率(lv)的25%～80%，考慮(lv)到用(yong)戶負(fu)載(zai)啟動時的沖擊(ji)，一般情(qing)況下最佳負(fu)載(zai)容量(liang)應為(wei)UPS額(e)定(ding)容量(liang)的70%~80%。如果負(fu)載(zai)太(tai)小，電池(chi)(chi)不能充分放電，會對電池(chi)(chi)的維護不利。

不(bu)間斷電源系統的基本容量可按下式計算：

E≥1.2P

式中：E―不間斷(duan)電源系統(tong)的基本容量（不包含(han)備(bei)份不間斷(duan)電源系統(tong)設備(bei)）[（kW／kV?A）]；P―電子信(xin)息設備(bei)的計算(suan)負荷[（kW／kV.A）]。

（三）蓄電池容量的(de)配置(zhi)

蓄電(dian)池(chi)容量的選擇(ze)要根(gen)據實際負載的大(da)(da)小和所要求的備(bei)用(yong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)來決定。最(zui)大(da)(da)電(dian)流法因其計算方便快速，一般用(yong)于大(da)(da)概(gai)估算蓄電(dian)池(chi)的后備(bei)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，但存(cun)在一定的誤(wu)差，恒(heng)功率法則相對較準確些，在實際應用(yong)中還需(xu)考慮環境溫度(du)、電(dian)池(chi)質量、不(bu)同品牌間(jian)(jian)的差異等因素(su)。以下是(shi)最(zui)大(da)(da)電(dian)流法的計算方法：

蓄電(dian)池最大放電(dian)電(dian)流值(zhi)按下式計算：

Imax=P×cos∮/（η×E臨界×K）

式(shi)中(zhong)，Imax――蓄電池最大放(fang)電電流；

P――UPS視(shi)在功率（VA）；

cos∮――負載功率因數（計算機(ji)類負載為(wei)0.7左(zuo)右）；

η――UPS逆變器效率（0.85~0.90）；

E臨(lin)界――蓄電(dian)(dian)池組臨(lin)界放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓（V）；（12V蓄電(dian)(dian)池單體的臨(lin)界放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓，

對(dui)于(yu)大電流放電時取(qu)10V，對(dui)于(yu)小電流放電時取(qu)10.5V）。

K――電池的放電效率（可取0.95）

計算(suan)出(chu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值后，再根據用戶(hu)所(suo)要(yao)求的(de)備用時間，從(cong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠家所(suo)提供的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性曲線查出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率，按公式式：蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)標稱容(rong)量C（AH）=蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際最大放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Imax（A）/蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率，得出(chu)應該配置(zhi)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量值。

計(ji)算出蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量后，再根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)型號和(he)連接方式，確(que)定電(dian)(dian)池(chi)柜(ju)的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸數(shu)量等。UPS供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系統后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)并聯組(zu)數(shu)不宜超(chao)過(guo)4組(zu)，后備(bei)時間一般應保證(zheng)滿負荷工作60分鐘以上。

（四）配線選擇

合理(li)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)配線是很重要的(de)(de)，線徑太(tai)細，容易發熱而引起(qi)火(huo)災；線徑太(tai)粗則(ze)會造成浪費(fei)，而且施(shi)工(gong)困難。根據金(jin)屬(shu)導線的(de)(de)電(dian)氣特性，一般(ban)多股銅(tong)芯(xin)線容量(liang)為6A/m。考慮到UPS不平衡的(de)(de)問(wen)題，UPS輸(shu)(shu)入、輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)交流電(dian)纜應選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)四芯(xin)同截面的(de)(de)阻燃(ran)銅(tong)電(dian)纜。

三、UPS電源的(de)維護

UPS的維護(hu)工作主要包括對主機、電(dian)池、配電(dian)系統(tong)等的維護(hu)。

（一）主機的維護

1、保(bao)持機房環(huan)(huan)境清潔和溫度(du)。UPS電源應安裝在清潔、陰涼、通風(feng)、干燥的地方，機房環(huan)(huan)境應保(bao)持清潔，空氣中漂浮的灰塵(chen)進(jin)人UPS后，會(hui)對其內部器件造(zao)成腐蝕(shi)或(huo)短路，從而(er)影響UPS的正常工作(zuo)甚(shen)至(zhi)損(sun)壞。

2、定(ding)期(qi)檢查運行參數(shu)。定(ding)期(qi)進行UPS各(ge)項功能(neng)測(ce)試；定(ding)期(qi)檢查電(dian)池及配電(dian)部分(fen)引線及端子的接觸情況，檢查饋電(dian)母線、電(dian)纜及軟連接頭(tou)等各(ge)連接部位的連接是否可靠，并測(ce)量壓降和溫升；UPS濾波電(dian)容使用超(chao)過三年應(ying)重點維護。

3、定期檢查負(fu)載(zai)情況。當雙系(xi)統(tong)UPS中(zhong)某套系(xi)統(tong)出現故障(zhang)，或者單(dan)系(xi)統(tong)UPS中(zhong)某臺UPS設備(bei)出現故障(zhang)不能正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作時，其余(yu)UPS設備(bei)的單(dan)機(ji)負(fu)荷率最大(da)不應超(chao)過80％。UPS系(xi)統(tong)輸出端應盡量做到三(san)(san)相平衡，中(zhong)性(xing)線電(dian)流(liu)(liu)（含三(san)(san)次諧(xie)波疊加產(chan)生的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)）不宜大(da)于相線電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的50％。

（二）蓄(xu)電池組的維護(hu)

1、正確設置電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)參數。浮充電(dian)壓(ya)的設置對電(dian)池(chi)的壽命具有(you)相(xiang)當的影響，浮充電(dian)壓(ya)應嚴格按廠家說明書來設定(ding)。浮充電(dian)壓(ya)過低，會(hui)使電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)不足和電(dian)極(ji)硫酸鹽化。

2、定期檢查、測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。在線(xian)測(ce)量(liang)各(ge)電(dian)池端電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，如各(ge)單體電(dian)池壓(ya)(ya)偏差過大時，要(yao)進(jin)行均充(chong)(chong)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)不得大于0.2C10。

3、定(ding)期進行電池組帶載測試(shi)。每(mei)半(ban)年做(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)核對(dui)性放電試(shi)驗，放出額(e)定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)的30～40％，每(mei)年一(yi)次(ci)容(rong)量(liang)試(shi)驗，放出額(e)定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)的80%。

4、如果長(chang)時間沒有停電(dian)(dian)，應每隔(ge)3個(ge)月左右關閉(bi)市電(dian)(dian)，讓UPS電(dian)(dian)池(chi)對負載放電(dian)(dian)一次(ci)以保(bao)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的活性。在放電(dian)(dian)過程中應避免過大或(huo)極小電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不得低于蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，避免電(dian)(dian)池(chi)深度放電(dian)(dian)。

5、及時更(geng)換電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。為(wei)確保通(tong)信設備的安(an)全，閥(fa)控(kong)式密封蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用6年以上(shang)或容量(liang)低于80%額定(ding)容量(liang)的應(ying)進行更(geng)換處理。更(geng)換電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)應(ying)整組(zu)更(geng)換，不(bu)(bu)同品牌、不(bu)(bu)同型號、不(bu)(bu)同生產日期的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)混用。

（三）配電設備的維(wei)護

配電(dian)系統(tong)故障是影響UPS供電(dian)可靠性的最(zui)大因素，因此，必須加強防范，并注意以下幾個方面：

1、負載配(pei)電(dian)(dian)柜的零地電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應控(kong)制在1V以內(nei)。零地電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對(dui)通(tong)信(xin)設備的影響，主要表現在：引起硬件故障，燒毀計(ji)算機接口設備；引發控(kong)制信(xin)號(hao)的誤(wu)動作；影響數據傳(chuan)輸質(zhi)量等。

2、定(ding)(ding)期巡視，檢查各電器(qi)元件(jian)(jian)和部件(jian)(jian)的溫升不得(de)超過(guo)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的溫度；檢查配電系統繼電保(bao)護(hu)必須配套，避免失配過(guo)大導致(zhi)繼電保(bao)護(hu)失效；檢查檢查、調整三相(xiang)電流不平衡度≤25％。

3、及時更換老化設備，防(fang)止設備超期使用(yong)。UPS主(zhu)機的(de)(de)使用(yong)年限一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為8年，輸入輸出配電系統(tong)的(de)(de)使用(yong)年限一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為15年。設備使用(yong)到年限時，應(ying)對設備的(de)(de)性能進行評估，并作(zuo)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)處理。

四、結束語

UPS供電方案的(de)好壞，決定了通(tong)(tong)信(xin)機房(fang)內重要負(fu)載是(shi)否能(neng)可(ke)靠運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，科(ke)學的(de)設計(ji)可(ke)避免日后在維(wei)護(hu)中可(ke)能(neng)遇到的(de)各種(zhong)問題。只有(you)對(dui)UPS電源進(jin)行(xing)(xing)科(ke)學的(de)設計(ji)、正確地使用、認真(zhen)地維(wei)護(hu)，減(jian)少其(qi)故障率、延長其(qi)使用壽命才(cai)能(neng)真(zhen)正為通(tong)(tong)信(xin)設備提供有(you)效(xiao)的(de)保障。

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