導語：如何才(cai)能寫好一篇抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為，這就需要搜集(ji)整理更多的(de)資(zi)料(liao)和文獻(xian)，歡迎閱(yue)讀由公務員(yuan)之家(jia)整理的(de)十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

[關鍵詞]抽象行政行為；具(ju)體行(xing)政行(xing)為；分(fen)類(lei)；意義

中圖分類號(hao)(hao)：D922.1；D925.3 文(wen)獻標(biao)識碼：A 文(wen)章編號(hao)(hao)：1009-914X（2014）41-0138-01

一. 抽象行政行為與具體行政行為概述

1. 抽象行政(zheng)行為

抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)指以(yi)不特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)人或(huo)事為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管理對象(xiang)，制定(ding)(ding)(ding)具(ju)有普遍約束(shu)力的(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性文件的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主體實(shi)(shi)施(shi)抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)結果，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)導致行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)的(de)出(chu)現。抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：（1）羈束(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即(ji)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)對實(shi)(shi)施(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)條件、程序和手(shou)續等作(zuo)了(le)詳細具(ju)體的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主體只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)嚴格按(an)照這(zhe)些規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。（2）自由裁量(liang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即(ji)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)對如(ru)何(he)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)只(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)原(yuan)則性或(huo)留(liu)有余地的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主體在實(shi)(shi)施(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)時除遵守這(zhe)些規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)外，還必須根據自己(ji)意(yi)見(jian)來決定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。（3）要式(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即(ji)符(fu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)律特定(ding)(ding)(ding)方式(shi)(shi)才能(neng)(neng)成立的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。（4）不要式(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即(ji)無(wu)須以(yi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)方式(shi)(shi)就(jiu)可成立的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。

2. 具(ju)體行政行為

具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)指國家行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)、法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規授權的(de)(de)組(zu)織、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)委托的(de)(de)組(zu)織以(yi)及這(zhe)些組(zu)織中(zhong)的(de)(de)工作人員，在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)理活動中(zhong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)職權，針對(dui)(dui)特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)公(gong)民、法(fa)(fa)人或者其他組(zu)織，就特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)事項，作出的(de)(de)有關(guan)(guan)該公(gong)民、法(fa)(fa)人或者其他組(zu)織權利義(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)單方行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可以(yi)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)：（1）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰。即特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)國家行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)對(dui)(dui)有違(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚未構成(cheng)犯罪(zui)的(de)(de)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)者所給予的(de)(de)一(yi)種法(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)裁。如(ru)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)拘留、罰款、吊銷(xiao)營業執照、沒收等(deng)。（2）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)。即行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主體(ti)依法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)理相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人守(shou)法(fa)(fa)情況作單方面了解的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。如(ru)海關(guan)(guan)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)、稅務(wu)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)、衛生(sheng)防疫檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)等(deng)。（3）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)許(xu)(xu)可。即行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)根據相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人的(de)(de)申請，依法(fa)(fa)賦予相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人從事某種法(fa)(fa)律所一(yi)般性允許(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)活動的(de)(de)權利和(he)資格。如(ru)頒發(fa)許(xu)(xu)可證或執照。（4）行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)強(qiang)制(zhi)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。即行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)依法(fa)(fa)強(qiang)制(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)理相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)義(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。如(ru)查(cha)(cha)封、扣(kou)押(ya)、凍結等(deng)。

二. 抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為與(yu)具體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為的(de)劃分標準(zhun)

1. 行為(wei)對(dui)象標(biao)準說

該說認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)和具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)劃分(fen)的(de)(de)根本標志(zhi)在(zai)于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)所針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)是(shi)否(fou)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定。如果行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)作出(chu)的(de)(de)，則是(shi)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。可(ke)以(yi)說以(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)是(shi)否(fou)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定來劃分(fen)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)與具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)已經成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)理論界的(de)(de)主流標準(zhun)說。該標準(zhun)雖然強調一行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)是(shi)否(fou)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定是(shi)劃分(fen)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)與具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)關鍵，但(dan)卻未(wei)從(cong)本質上區(qu)分(fen)何為(wei)(wei)(wei)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定何謂不特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定即(ji)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定與不特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)界定，只是(shi)通過行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)外在(zai)表現(xian)形式及其實施結果來對(dui)(dui)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)與具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)了劃分(fen)。

2. 職權性質標準說

此(ci)說認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，任何行(xing)(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都(dou)是來源于(yu)(yu)法律(lv)賦予的行(xing)(xing)(xing)政職權，如果(guo)法律(lv)、法規授予行(xing)(xing)(xing)政機關(guan)制定規范(fan)性文件(jian)的職權，那么行(xing)(xing)(xing)政機關(guan)據此(ci)法律(lv)授權所(suo)制定的規范(fan)性文件(jian)就是抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)；而(er)無(wu)法律(lv)、法規授權所(suo)制定的規范(fan)性文件(jian)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)政機關(guan)的行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。

3. 行(xing)為方(fang)式與內容劃分(fen)標準說(shuo)

此標準(zhun)說認為(wei)(wei)，抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是指行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)以(yi)(yi)某一類管(guan)(guan)理對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍特征為(wei)(wei)標準(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制定法律規范文件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，是行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)了實(shi)施對(dui)(dui)(dui)某一類管(guan)(guan)理對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規范性(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理，依(yi)據(ju)該類對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)、共同(tong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)特征，以(yi)(yi)理論方(fang)(fang)式(shi)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)具有普(pu)遍約束力的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)；而(er)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)則是指行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)個(ge)別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)和事(shi)所為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)管(guan)(guan)理，依(yi)據(ju)該對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征、性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)和狀況，以(yi)(yi)硬性(xing)(xing)事(shi)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處理行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，所以(yi)(yi)，抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是以(yi)(yi)理性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)表現出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)，具體(ti)(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)則是以(yi)(yi)感性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這是行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)；而(er)在內容上(shang)，抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)反(fan)映(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是某一類事(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)、一般(ban)性(xing)(xing)，具體(ti)(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)反(fan)映(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是個(ge)別(bie)(bie)事(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)(xing)、個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)。

4. 主體身份特征(zheng)說

該說認為(wei)(wei)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)對象(xiang)主(zhu)體(ti)固有的(de)身(shen)份特(te)(te)征(zheng)才是(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)特(te)(te)定化(hua)、個別化(hua)的(de)根本所(suo)在。此主(zhu)體(ti)之所(suo)以區別于(yu)彼主(zhu)體(ti)，完全是(shi)由于(yu)此主(zhu)體(ti)自身(shen)固有的(de)屬(shu)性(xing)、特(te)(te)征(zheng)。此種行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)與(yu)(yu)適用對象(xiang)固有個別特(te)(te)征(zheng)的(de)聯系(xi)，使該行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)成為(wei)(wei)了所(suo)謂的(de)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)；而行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)與(yu)(yu)所(suo)適用的(de)對象(xiang)之間(jian)，沒有這種與(yu)(yu)個別特(te)(te)征(zheng)的(de)聯系(xi)而只有類(lei)別特(te)(te)征(zheng)聯系(xi)的(de)時候(hou)，該行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)適用對象(xiang)就是(shi)具(ju)(ju)有或符合類(lei)別特(te)(te)征(zheng)的(de)一類(lei)或全部(bu)主(zhu)體(ti)，構成抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。

三. 抽象行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為和具體行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為的劃(hua)分意(yi)義

1. 客觀(guan)上已經(jing)指導并推動了(le)立法實踐(jian)的(de)發展

目前(qian)在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)，盡管(guan)可訴行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍還比較(jiao)窄，司(si)法審查行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍還有(you)待進(jin)一(yi)步擴大。在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)(song)中盡管(guan)法院還不能(neng)(neng)直接審查政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，但行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)(song)開創的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種‘以權制權’的(de)(de)(de)審查模式，至少在(zai)觀念(nian)上為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)違憲審查制度的(de)(de)(de)早(zao)日出臺奠定(ding)(ding)了(le)基礎(chu)。理(li)論只能(neng)(neng)源于實(shi)踐(jian)并超(chao)前(qian)于實(shi)踐(jian)才能(neng)(neng)更有(you)力地指(zhi)導實(shi)踐(jian)，而實(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發展必將推動理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)步發展。正(zheng)是由于具體與抽(chou)象兩種行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)劃分，才得以在(zai)立法實(shi)踐(jian)中有(you)了(le)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)(song)法》中關(guan)于人民法院可對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主體的(de)(de)(de)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)做出審查的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)，也才有(you)了(le)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)復(fu)議法》中關(guan)于具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)和部分抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)復(fu)議的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)。

2. 正推動著我(wo)國司法(fa)審查體制逐步發展以至完善

很多(duo)人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)我國行(xing)政訴訟目(mu)前受案范圍過窄(zhai)，不(bu)應(ying)當將對(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)審查(cha)排除(chu)在(zai)外。盡管(guan)在(zai)應(ying)將抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)還是全(quan)部納入(ru)司(si)(si)法(fa)審查(cha)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點上認(ren)識有(you)所不(bu)同，但(dan)至少都(dou)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)應(ying)將抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)納入(ru)八司(si)(si)法(fa)審查(cha)范圍，并都(dou)從不(bu)同角度(du)對(dui)此做出(chu)論(lun)(lun)證。這(zhe)(zhe)種劃(hua)分(fen)客觀上已經大大推動了(le)(le)行(xing)政法(fa)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)進程，而又(you)進一(yi)步引發(fa)了(le)(le)司(si)(si)法(fa)審查(cha)范圍擴大的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)(lun)思考，客觀上正推動著(zhu)我國司(si)(si)法(fa)審查(cha)體(ti)(ti)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，而同時也促(cu)進著(zhu)這(zhe)(zhe)種劃(hua)分(fen)自身理論(lun)(lun)體(ti)(ti)系在(zai)實踐中日漸成熟(shu)與完善。這(zhe)(zhe)種劃(hua)分(fen)足(zu)以引起人們對(dui)其劃(hua)分(fen)存在(zai)價值(zhi)之探討和爭論(lun)(lun)，這(zhe)(zhe)本身就證明(ming)了(le)(le)其存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大價值(zhi)。

3. 對司(si)法(fa)體制的日臻(zhen)成(cheng)熟與(yu)完善有巨大推動作用

隨著行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)治實踐的(de)發展和觀念的(de)日益(yi)深(shen)入，有不少人(ren)設想司法(fa)審查體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)日趨(qu)完善會是這樣的(de)軌跡(ji)：（就行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟而言(yan)）先(xian)是對(dui)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)審查；而后又加(jia)入一(yi)部分抽(chou)(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為；最后到全部抽(chou)(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)為一(yi)并納入審查范圍。到我國(guo)(guo)司法(fa)審查體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)較完善之時，人(ren)們會對(dui)當初將具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)與(yu)抽(chou)(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)為劃分理(li)論(lun)引入中國(guo)(guo)并發展之的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)學界的(de)學者們和實踐者的(de)良苦用心和遠見卓識肅然起(qi)敬(jing)的(de)。

四、結語

總而言(yan)之，通過近段時間(jian)查閱資(zi)料，我(wo)(wo)對抽象和(he)具體兩種(zhong)行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)含義(yi)，分(fen)類標準(zhun)以及劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)的(de)(de)意義(yi)有粗略的(de)(de)學(xue)習。雖然，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)方法目前還存(cun)在著很大(da)的(de)(de)爭議，甚至有不(bu)少學(xue)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)沒有必(bi)要，但我(wo)(wo)認(ren)為(wei)是有必(bi)要的(de)(de)。首先，二者(zhe)存(cun)在明顯(xian)差(cha)異(yi)就(jiu)說明了(le)(le)其分(fen)類的(de)(de)必(bi)要性(xing)，正是二者(zhe)的(de)(de)鮮明差(cha)異(yi)讓二者(zhe)互補共同組成行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)。其次，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)引起(qi)了(le)(le)學(xue)者(zhe)們的(de)(de)熱烈(lie)討論，加深(shen)了(le)(le)大(da)家對該領域的(de)(de)進一步思考和(he)探(tan)究(jiu)，這(zhe)(zhe)無疑(yi)推動了(le)(le)法治進程。最(zui)后，在實踐中，我(wo)(wo)們確實看到了(le)(le)該分(fen)類帶來的(de)(de)立法上(shang)和(he)司法上(shang)的(de)(de)進步。

參考文獻

[1] 陳國勛；試論檢察機關對(dui)抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為進行(xing)審(shen)查的可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)[J]； 貴州(zhou)警(jing)官職業學(xue)院學(xue)報；1989年01期.

[2] 方世榮；論具(ju)體(ti)行政行為(wei)；武漢(han)(han)：武漢(han)(han)大(da)學(xue)出版社，1996年版.

[3] 姜明安(an)；行政法與行政訴(su)訟法；北京：法律出版社，2003年(nian)版.

篇2

抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為可以(yi)從動態(tai)和靜(jing)態(tai)兩方面(mian)進行(xing)(xing)考察分析。

從動(dong)態方面看，抽象行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)是指國家行(xing)政機關針對不特(te)定的(de)人和不特(te)定的(de)事制定具(ju)有普(pu)遍約束力的(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)規則的(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)。

從靜態方面看，抽象行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為是指(zhi)國家行(xing)(xing)政機關針(zhen)對不特定(ding)的(de)(de)人和不特定(ding)的(de)(de)事制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)具有(you)普遍(bian)約(yue)束(shu)力的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為規則，包(bao)括行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)規、行(xing)(xing)政規章和其(qi)他具有(you)普遍(bian)約(yue)束(shu)力的(de)(de)決定(ding)、命令等。

法律依據：

根據(ju)我(wo)國《行政(zheng)復議(yi)法》規定，

篇3

【關鍵詞】經營性事業單位(wei)；身份(fen)特征；薪酬管(guan)理(li)

1.引言

據(ju)統計數據(ju)顯示(shi)，目前中(zhong)(zhong)國共有126萬個事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)，其中(zhong)(zhong)，有3000多(duo)萬名正式職工，900萬名離退休(xiu)人員(yuan)。為了貫徹落實國家和省有關(guan)(guan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)改革的(de)要求，經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)走(zou)向市場已是必然。經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)在轉為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)同時(shi)，實施產權制(zhi)度改革，國有資(zi)產原則(ze)上應從競爭性(xing)領域全(quan)部撤出，即(ji)使不(bu)能一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)撤出的(de)，也(ye)不(bu)再控(kong)股（《南京市市屬經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)改制(zhi)轉企(qi)試行(xing)意見》，寧政(zheng)發（2002）296號），即(ji)經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)定位(wei)(wei)由原先介于行(xing)政(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)和國有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)間狀(zhuang)態轉變為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法人主(zhu)體。

目前經營性的(de)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)身(shen)份呈(cheng)現多樣化(hua)的(de)特征，大概(gai)分(fen)為事業(ye)(ye)(ye)編制(zhi)身(shen)份員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)編制(zhi)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、勞務派遣人員(yuan)、臨時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等各類身(shen)份的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。企業(ye)(ye)(ye)中不(bu)同身(shen)份的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)其工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作性質、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作內容和(he)重要性等不(bu)盡(jin)相同，但都在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中發揮重要作用，所以(yi)對(dui)不(bu)同身(shen)份員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)人力(li)資源管(guan)理也必須得到經營性事業(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)的(de)重視。

由(you)于目前(qian)客觀上存在的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)模(mo)式，任(ren)命制(zhi)(zhi)、審(shen)批(pi)制(zhi)(zhi)等行政干預手段就強化了行政管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)力度(du)(du)，相應地也就壓縮了經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)自由(you)度(du)(du)，其中就包括薪酬制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)訂。薪酬管理(li)已經(jing)(jing)與企業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展和開發(fa)(fa)戰略(lve)緊(jin)密地聯系在一起，并(bing)已滲(shen)透到企業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)每一個(ge)環(huan)節。經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)位員(yuan)工身份多樣，合理(li)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)薪酬制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)能夠有(you)效(xiao)激發(fa)(fa)員(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)與主動性(xing)，促使員(yuan)工努力實(shi)現(xian)組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)目標，提高(gao)組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)益(yi)，對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)化經(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)位具有(you)深遠的(de)(de)(de)意義。

基于(yu)此，本文根據調查資料(liao)，描述經(jing)(jing)(jing)營性(xing)(xing)事業單(dan)(dan)位(wei)員工(gong)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)身份特(te)征，通過對南京某些經(jing)(jing)(jing)營性(xing)(xing)事業單(dan)(dan)位(wei)員工(gong)的(de)薪(xin)酬滿意度進行問卷調查研究，研究身份特(te)征對薪(xin)酬管理(li)的(de)影響(xiang)，為(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營性(xing)(xing)事業單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)薪(xin)酬管理(li)提(ti)出借鑒性(xing)(xing)的(de)建(jian)議。

2.員工的身份(fen)特征研究(jiu)

中(zhong)國國有企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)轉型(xing)，不是(shi)以(yi)革命的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)而是(shi)以(yi)改革的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)，即在(zai)(zai)大體維持原(yuan)國有經濟體制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)，引入部分市場機制(zhi)，從而出現計(ji)劃和市場雙軌并行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)狀態，用工(gong)(gong)分為(wei)正式(shi)與非正式(shi)、編(bian)制(zhi)內(nei)和編(bian)制(zhi)外或(huo)者體制(zhi)內(nei)和體制(zhi)外。在(zai)(zai)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度下(xia)(xia)，事業單位形成了(le)事業編(bian)制(zhi)員工(gong)(gong)、企(qi)業編(bian)制(zhi)員工(gong)(gong)、勞務派遣人員、臨時用工(gong)(gong)等多樣(yang)化的(de)(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)形式(shi)[1]。

事業編制員工(gong)，具(ju)有(you)傳統“固(gu)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)”的(de)(de)性(xing)質，與(yu)企業形(xing)成(cheng)穩定(ding)(ding)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)勞動關(guan)系(xi)，在工(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)、收(shou)入(ru)(ru)報酬(chou)、工(gong)作(zuo)環境、社(she)會(hui)保險、職業發(fa)展(zhan)等方(fang)面(mian)較高規(gui)(gui)格的(de)(de)標準。事業編制的(de)(de)員工(gong)長期(qi)任用，沒有(you)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)具(ju)體的(de)(de)使用期(qi)限，與(yu)事業單位形(xing)成(cheng)穩定(ding)(ding)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)勞動關(guan)系(xi)，在工(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)、收(shou)入(ru)(ru)報酬(chou)、工(gong)作(zuo)環境、社(she)會(hui)保險、職業發(fa)展(zhan)等方(fang)面(mian)較高規(gui)(gui)格的(de)(de)標準。

企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)編(bian)制(zhi)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，也稱之(zhi)為(wei)合(he)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，是事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)和(he)勞(lao)動者(zhe)通(tong)(tong)過簽訂勞(lao)動合(he)同，明確(que)雙方的(de)(de)義務(wu)和(he)權利，實(shi)行責(ze)權利相結合(he)的(de)(de)一種用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形式。通(tong)(tong)常有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)種情況，一是該單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)除了(le)有(you)(you)(you)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)外(wai)，還有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)按(an)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)對待(dai)，不占事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)編(bian)制(zhi)，他們屬于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勤人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（也有(you)(you)(you)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勤人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)）。二是單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)除了(le)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)編(bian)制(zhi)外(wai)，另辦有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)，隸屬于(yu)這個事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)，該企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)身份是企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。合(he)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動關(guan)系的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(xing)，低于(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)式工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，但又(you)高于(yu)臨時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等。如果他們在企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)間較長，同時(shi)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)較好的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作表現，則具有(you)(you)(you)轉為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)式工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)(xing)。

勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣，是(shi)通過勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣公(gong)(gong)司招(zhao)收的(de)(de)，事業單(dan)位只(zhi)用工、不用人，通俗講就是(shi)只(zhi)購買勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力。在勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣中，形(xing)成(cheng)了用工單(dan)位（事業單(dan)位）、用人單(dan)位（勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣公(gong)(gong)司）、勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)三者(zhe)之間(jian)混亂的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系。勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)與勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣公(gong)(gong)司之間(jian)存在勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)關(guan)(guan)系，卻在公(gong)(gong)司里沒有實質的(de)(de)工作(zuo)崗位；勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)在事業單(dan)位中有相(xiang)應的(de)(de)工作(zuo)崗位，卻不與企業形(xing)成(cheng)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)關(guan)(guan)系，即所謂的(de)(de)“有關(guan)(guan)系、無勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)；有勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)，無關(guan)(guan)系”，從而使勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)面臨窘境。

臨時(shi)工(gong)，是事業單位(wei)臨時(shi)性或季節性工(gong)作任(ren)務，經勞動部門批準(zhun)招收而臨時(shi)任(ren)用、規(gui)定(ding)有使(shi)用期限(xian)的職工(gong)。臨時(shi)工(gong)的勞動關系(xi)非常不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，待遇(yu)明顯低(di)于正式工(gong)，也低(di)于勞務工(gong)或合同工(gong)，基本沒(mei)有福利和社(she)會保(bao)險，他(ta)們一般被(bei)安排在后勤等(deng)非生產性部門。臨時(shi)工(gong)里還包括極不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)的非全日制(zhi)用工(gong)，用工(gong)雙方可以只訂立口頭(tou)協議，并可以終止(zhi)用工(gong)而不(bu)需要支付任(ren)何經濟補償，因而基本上(shang)可以“召之(zhi)即(ji)來、揮之(zhi)即(ji)去”。

在(zai)(zai)(zai)身(shen)份(fen)認同(tong)與(yu)激(ji)勵關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)領域(yu)(yu)，國內身(shen)份(fen)認同(tong)理(li)論文(wen)獻絕大多數集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)教育與(yu)心(xin)理(li)學(xue)等(deng)社(she)會學(xue)科，即便在(zai)(zai)(zai)注意到(dao)身(shen)份(fen)認同(tong)重要性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)管理(li)學(xue)文(wen)獻中(zhong)，研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)也主要集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)組(zu)(zu)織行(xing)(xing)為學(xue)領域(yu)(yu)[2]。何(he)立(li)(li)和(he)凌文(wen)輇(quan)[3]（2008）探(tan)討了(le)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)組(zu)(zu)織文(wen)化(hua)(hua)對員工組(zu)(zu)織認同(tong)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響。李(li)雙燕和(he)萬迪[4]（2008）在(zai)(zai)(zai)國內首次將激(ji)勵理(li)論與(yu)組(zu)(zu)織行(xing)(xing)為理(li)論相聯系，建立(li)(li)中(zhong)國文(wen)化(hua)(hua)背景(jing)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量表(biao)考察了(le)企業(ye)與(yu)員工間(jian)三(san)種(zhong)互惠(hui)(hui)行(xing)(xing)為對員工工作(zuo)要求――工作(zuo)滿意度(du)(du)關系曲線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“U”型影(ying)(ying)響。但她(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)主要仍采(cai)用(yong)組(zu)(zu)織行(xing)(xing)為學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方法，并沒有(you)從理(li)論上深(shen)入分析身(shen)份(fen)認同(tong)、互惠(hui)(hui)與(yu)中(zhong)國企業(ye)員工激(ji)勵間(jian)如(ru)何(he)產(chan)生聯系這(zhe)一(yi)本質問(wen)題。張必武和(he)石金濤[5]（2005）通(tong)(tong)過實證研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發現(xian)，我(wo)國上市(shi)(shi)公司獨(du)立(li)(li)董(dong)事在(zai)(zai)(zai)董(dong)事會中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例、薪酬(chou)委(wei)員會設(she)置(zhi)以及董(dong)事長與(yu)總(zong)經理(li)二職兼(jian)任對高管薪酬(chou)水平有(you)顯著為正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響，獨(du)立(li)(li)董(dong)事制度(du)(du)建設(she)與(yu)董(dong)事長總(zong)經理(li)二職兼(jian)任均顯著提高了(le)薪績敏感(gan)性。秦博龍[5]（2009）提出，由于(yu)國有(you)企業(ye)具有(you)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史背景(jing)，又經歷了(le)計劃經濟(ji)到(dao)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊，薪酬(chou)改革一(yi)直(zhi)處于(yu)不(bu)(bu)斷探(tan)索和(he)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)。目(mu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)薪酬(chou)管理(li)方面仍然存在(zai)(zai)(zai)薪酬(chou)結構不(bu)(bu)合理(li)、定薪依(yi)據不(bu)(bu)明確、績效考評不(bu)(bu)嚴格(ge)、晉升(sheng)通(tong)(tong)道不(bu)(bu)暢通(tong)(tong)等(deng)諸多問(wen)題。

以(yi)往研究對(dui)于經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)業單(dan)位員工身(shen)份(fen)特征的研究較(jiao)為(wei)少見，本研究以(yi)經(jing)營性(xing)事(shi)業單(dan)位員工這一(yi)群體(ti)作為(wei)研究對(dui)象，通(tong)過分析(xi)身(shen)份(fen)特征對(dui)薪(xin)(xin)酬管(guan)理(li)的影響，擴(kuo)展身(shen)份(fen)特征與薪(xin)(xin)酬管(guan)理(li)的理(li)論(lun)應用范(fan)圍(wei)。

3.調研內容

目(mu)前，我國還沒有有關部(bu)門公開的(de)(de)(de)薪(xin)(xin)酬相關數據。在這種情況下，要進行薪(xin)(xin)酬方面的(de)(de)(de)研究，只能依(yi)賴于(yu)研究者的(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)本(ben)(ben)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)。然(ran)而，任(ren)何一項抽樣(yang)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)都是(shi)在一定(ding)費用(yong)限制(zhi)條件下實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，樣(yang)本(ben)(ben)數量的(de)(de)(de)增加，又(you)會導(dao)致(zhi)研究費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)增加。本(ben)(ben)研究受人力(li)和研究費用(yong)等的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，未能把抽樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)擴大到(dao)全國各(ge)地，抽取(qu)南(nan)京(jing)部(bu)分經營(ying)性事(shi)業單位進行問卷調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)。

（1）樣本特征

本(ben)次訪(fang)談調查人(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)共計112人(ren)(ren)(ren)，問卷回收(shou)總數(shu)106人(ren)(ren)(ren)，其中事業編(bian)制(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)30人(ren)(ren)(ren)，企業編(bian)制(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)26人(ren)(ren)(ren)，勞務派遣人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)50人(ren)(ren)(ren)，其分(fen)布結構比為：事編(bian)占(zhan)28%，企業編(bian)制(zhi)占(zhan)25%，勞務派遣人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)占(zhan)47%，本(ben)文(wen)主要(yao)研究基(ji)層員(yuan)工(gong)的薪酬感知(zhi)，故將經(jing)理(li)級別(bie)員(yuan)工(gong)與基(ji)層員(yuan)工(gong)區(qu)分(fen)開，數(shu)據見表1。

（2）身份對崗位工作的影響

66%的員工認為身(shen)份對崗位工作有(you)影響(xiang)，數(shu)據見表(biao)2。

（3）對本單位(wei)內(nei)薪酬標準、崗位(wei)管理相關制度的(de)認可(ke)情況

近(jin)60%的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)司的(de)薪酬(chou)、崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)管理制(zhi)度(du)不認(ren)(ren)可，員(yuan)工(gong)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)司薪酬(chou)管理、崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)認(ren)(ren)可率約為23%，說明員(yuan)工(gong)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)司薪酬(chou)管理、崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)人(ren)并不是不多，數(shu)據見(jian)3。

（4）對(dui)當前崗位薪(xin)酬的(de)滿意度

絕大(da)部分(fen)員工對薪酬不(bu)滿意，數據見表4。

4.突顯問題及建議(yi)

第一，因(yin)事業單(dan)位發展的(de)(de)歷史原因(yin)，使得(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)身份(fen)多樣(yang)化，事業編制身份(fen)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、企業編制員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、勞務派遺人(ren)員(yuan)、臨時用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等各類員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，每種(zhong)身份(fen)的(de)(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)擔著(zhu)或相同或不同類的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，身份(fen)對員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)影響頗大(da)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)普遍性(xing)為其人(ren)力資源管理方(fang)式方(fang)法選擇(ze)帶來復雜(za)性(xing)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)現狀已經不能(neng)完全的(de)(de)用單(dan)一的(de)(de)人(ren)力資源管理理論來解釋，在理論工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具的(de)(de)選擇(ze)過程中，必須(xu)要考慮(lv)當前(qian)和(he)未來的(de)(de)國家行(xing)政(zheng)管理中的(de)(de)政(zheng)策性(xing)因(yin)素。

第(di)二(er)，員工對(dui)薪(xin)酬滿意度不(bu)高(gao)。目(mu)前的(de)薪(xin)酬主要是按(an)身份定薪(xin)，事業編與企業編、勞(lao)務派遣人(ren)員薪(xin)酬差(cha)異很大，并未(wei)體(ti)現(xian)同工同酬及崗位定薪(xin)的(de)原則(ze)。現(xian)有薪(xin)酬制度難(nan)以充分體(ti)現(xian)員工的(de)工作(zuo)強度、工作(zuo)時間、技能和績效，而且薪(xin)酬標準不(bu)透(tou)明、不(bu)統一(yi)。

第三，薪(xin)酬與(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)關系(xi)不(bu)高，績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)考核在公正科學方面有所欠缺。在公平(ping)基礎上薪(xin)酬制度(du)才(cai)可以有效(xiao)(xiao)發揮(hui)其激勵作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。現(xian)有薪(xin)酬制度(du)難以充(chong)分(fen)體現(xian)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)強(qiang)度(du)、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時間(jian)、技(ji)能(neng)和績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)。相(xiang)同級別的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)，工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)強(qiang)度(du)差異(yi)很(hen)大，工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)差異(yi)很(hen)大，但是薪(xin)酬水平(ping)接近。

經(jing)營(ying)(ying)性(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)是(shi)一種過渡性(xing)(xing)的(de)經(jing)濟組織(zhi)形態，盡管(guan)(guan)其總體上(shang)已進入市場經(jing)營(ying)(ying)軌道，但主管(guan)(guan)機關在管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上(shang)采取(qu)的(de)仍是(shi)行政(zheng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式，行政(zheng)干預的(de)力度還比較大。從改革趨(qu)向上(shang)看，這種管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式將逐步被淡化，經(jing)營(ying)(ying)性(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)將獲得更(geng)加(jia)寬松的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)環境(jing)。為促進經(jing)營(ying)(ying)性(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)人力資源薪酬管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，提出以下借鑒性(xing)(xing)建議：

第一，申請企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)化經營資(zi)格，循序(xu)漸進(jin)(jin)(jin)推進(jin)(jin)(jin)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)制(zhi)。通過(guo)申請企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)化經營資(zi)格，一方面可(ke)以幫助公司(si)(si)平穩處理(li)當前所面對的績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)工資(zi)改(gai)革問題，另一方面可(ke)以幫助公司(si)(si)增強市場(chang)(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)意識，提高企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的市場(chang)(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)能(neng)力。此外，根(gen)據各類改(gai)革歷史(shi)來看，激進(jin)(jin)(jin)式改(gai)革成功概率大(da)(da)大(da)(da)低(di)于漸進(jin)(jin)(jin)式改(gai)革。公司(si)(si)可(ke)以用三到五(wu)年時(shi)間(jian)逐步進(jin)(jin)(jin)行薪資(zi)制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革、績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)管理(li)體(ti)系(xi)優(you)(you)化、管理(li)流(liu)程梳(shu)理(li)、組(zu)織結構優(you)(you)化等，幫助企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)建立與資(zi)本市場(chang)(chang)接軌、國際(ji)接軌的現(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)。

第二，弱化(hua)身份(fen)(fen)意識，循序漸(jian)進(jin)推(tui)進(jin)按崗(gang)定(ding)薪(xin)的(de)(de)結(jie)構化(hua)薪(xin)酬(chou)制(zhi)度(du)。近期通過不考慮員(yuan)工身份(fen)(fen)問(wen)題、不推(tui)出激進(jin)的(de)(de)管理制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)方式，在保持公司穩定(ding)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上分階(jie)段地縮(suo)小因(yin)身份(fen)(fen)問(wen)題導致的(de)(de)薪(xin)酬(chou)差異、人才(cai)選拔，逐步建立(li)根據崗(gang)位價值、工作(zuo)強度(du)、工作(zuo)績(ji)效、工作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)等(deng)因(yin)素所(suo)決定(ding)的(de)(de)按崗(gang)定(ding)薪(xin)的(de)(de)結(jie)構化(hua)薪(xin)酬(chou)制(zhi)度(du)和人才(cai)選拔制(zhi)度(du)。

第三，優化績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)管理體系，讓員工薪酬與(yu)績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)掛鉤。針對各(ge)個崗位做好績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)計劃、績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)實施、績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)考(kao)核、績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)溝通，讓員工薪酬與(yu)績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)掛鉤，建(jian)立一(yi)套(tao)真正符合事業單位的(de)津貼發放制度，讓員工通過(guo)績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)管理獲得能力提高。多種身份共存(cun)情況下，績(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)考(kao)評(ping)時(shi)排除員工身份差別是非常必(bi)要(yao)的(de)。完善人力資源管理配套(tao)工作，有(you)節奏地促進薪酬體系的(de)實施。

參考文獻：

[1]曾秋荷.國有企業用工制度研究[D].杭州：浙江工商大學，2011.

[2]丁重，鄧(deng)可斌.身(shen)份(fen)認同與薪酬激(ji)勵：一個文獻評(ping)述[J].產(chan)經評(ping)論，2010，7（4）：149-155.

[3]何立，凌文(wen)輇，企業不同類(lei)型組(zu)織(zhi)文(wen)化對員(yuan)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)認(ren)同與工(gong)作(zuo)投入的影(ying)響作(zuo)用研究(jiu)[J].科學(xue)學(xue)與科學(xue)技術管理，2008（10）：139-143.

[4]李雙(shuang)燕，萬迪(di).互惠對(dui)工作要求――工作滿意(yi)度曲(qu)線的調(diao)節作用[J].南開(kai)管(guan)理評論，2008（6）：103-109.

[5]張必武，石(shi)金濤.董事會特征、高管(guan)薪(xin)酬與(yu)薪(xin)績敏感性：中國上市公司的(de)經驗分析[J].管(guan)理科學，2005（4）：32-39.

篇4

關(guan)鍵詞：行(xing)政公益訴訟；意(yi)義(yi)；受案范圍

一(yi)、行(xing)政公益(yi)訴訟的概念

行(xing)(xing)政公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)是指公(gong)(gong)民、法人或(huo)其他社會組織，針(zhen)對(dui)國家(jia)行(xing)(xing)政機關(guan)或(huo)其他社會公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)部門不依法履(lv)行(xing)(xing)法律規定的(de)職責(ze)而損害(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)利益(yi)(yi)的(de)行(xing)(xing)為提起的(de)行(xing)(xing)政訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)。行(xing)(xing)政公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)是公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)中的(de)一(yi)種，同時(shi)也是行(xing)(xing)政訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)中的(de)一(yi)種訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)類型(xing)。[1]而受案范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)在本質指的(de)就是原告可以向法院提訟(song)(song)(song)的(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，即訴(su)權的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

二、確(que)立行(xing)政公(gong)益(yi)訴訟受(shou)案(an)范圍的意義

從現實(shi)出發(fa)，確立行政(zheng)公益訴(su)訟具有重大(da)的理論和現實(shi)意義：

首先，確(que)立行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴訟受(shou)案范圍對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟受(shou)案范圍的(de)(de)(de)界定有補充作用。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)案范圍僅(jin)包括(kuo)對(dui)具體行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查，而(er)不包括(kuo)對(dui)抽象行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為和行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)事實行(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查，在某些方面，會(hui)造成我(wo)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)府機關(guan)從(cong)根本上制定出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)害廣大人民群(qun)眾(zhong)切身利益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)，但卻得不到法律的(de)(de)(de)維護。

其次，行政公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟受案(an)范圍的確(que)立也能從立法(fa)層面(mian)上直白的接觸到法(fa)律法(fa)條的規定，使(shi)普通百姓(xing)能夠一(yi)目了然的知道什么(me)是法(fa)律規定可(ke)以的范圍。該范圍的確(que)立更有利于(yu)人民行使(shi)訴(su)權(quan)，維護自身的合法(fa)權(quan)益(yi)。

三、行政公益(yi)訴訟受案范圍的確(que)定(ding)問題

我(wo)國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)僅(jin)對具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的合(he)法性(xing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審查，而不審查抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的合(he)理性(xing)問題，所以說對于那些(xie)侵害行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公益的具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為肯定(ding)在(zai)受案范圍之內(nei)。但由于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公益訴(su)訟(song)的特殊性(xing)，某些(xie)立(li)法從根本上就不符合(he)廣大人(ren)民群眾的公共(gong)利益需要，對此類抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為能否進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審查值得我(wo)們深究。

（一）行政主體(ti)的具體(ti)行政行為

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)《行(xing)政(zheng)訴訟法(fa)》和(he)(he)《行(xing)政(zheng)訴訟法(fa)司(si)法(fa)解釋》中對行(xing)政(zheng)訴訟的的受(shou)案范圍和(he)(he)不可(ke)訴的行(xing)為(wei)都進行(xing)了列舉(ju)。因(yin)為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)行(xing)政(zheng)訴訟已(yi)經規(gui)定了對具體行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)的審理，所以我(wo)們不多加贅述。下(xia)面是對行(xing)政(zheng)公益(yi)訴訟進行(xing)的擬制規(gui)定。

學者所(suo)言(yan)，以立法形式(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)定(ding)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟受案范圍(wei)時(shi)采用混(hun)合(he)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)，即以概(gai)括式(shi)(shi)(shi)標(biao)明(ming)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟受案范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本界(jie)限(xian)，再以肯定(ding)式(shi)(shi)(shi)列(lie)舉出(chu)理論研究和(he)(he)司(si)法實踐(jian)中常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關涉社(she)會公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)爭(zheng)議類型(xing)。此(ci)外，還應充分發揮否(fou)定(ding)式(shi)(shi)(shi)列(lie)舉的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點，對那些不宜劃入(ru)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟受案范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)議事項(xiang)，用否(fou)定(ding)式(shi)(shi)(shi)列(lie)舉的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)予以排除。[2]筆(bi)者看來，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體范圍(wei)應該包括：環境污染案件、國(guo)(guo)(guo)土資源和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)財(cai)產流失，侵犯國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)案件、不正當競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)案件等損害(hai)公(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為。上(shang)述列(lie)舉式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)案件都是典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侵犯國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為，在(zai)通(tong)過(guo)概(gai)括式(shi)(shi)(shi)將未列(lie)舉的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為加以完善(shan)。

（二）行政(zheng)主體的抽象行政(zheng)行為

行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟(song)對于抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的合(he)(he)理(li)性(xing)問題不加以(yi)考慮(lv)，從根本上就導致了一批明顯不符合(he)(he)社會現實(shi)(shi)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)的案件(jian)得不到解(jie)決(jue)。當政(zheng)(zheng)府及其(qi)各部門頒布實(shi)(shi)施的法(fa)規(gui)、規(gui)章等(deng)以(yi)損害人(ren)民利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)換(huan)取經濟利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)或其(qi)他利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)時，其(qi)制(zhi)定的合(he)(he)理(li)性(xing)應就由法(fa)院進行(xing)(xing)(xing)審核，其(qi)目(mu)的是為(wei)(wei)了更好的維(wei)護法(fa)律的尊嚴和(he)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)依法(fa)治國的政(zheng)(zheng)策，維(wei)護廣大(da)人(ren)民群眾的公共利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)。

雖(sui)然(ran)將抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)作為(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟(song)的(de)(de)受(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)之(zhi)一違反了行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)規定(ding)，但(dan)這(zhe)是(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟(song)的(de)(de)特性所決定(ding)的(de)(de)，是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了防止將要或者已然(ran)的(de)(de)損害(hai)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。并且國外(wai)某些國家就規定(ding)了針對行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟(song)，法(fa)(fa)院審查的(de)(de)對象(xiang)(xiang)既可以是(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)侵(qin)害(hai)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，也可以是(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)制(zhi)定(ding)與法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規相違背的(de)(de)抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。[3]我(wo)認為(wei)(wei)在這(zhe)方面我(wo)國應該進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)借鑒，對抽象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審查拓寬了我(wo)國行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)的(de)(de)受(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)。

因為(wei)(wei)抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)包括法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)、地(di)方性(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)規(gui)(gui)章等(deng)多(duo)層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)方面，并不(bu)是所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)都(dou)能(neng)夠審查，比(bi)如(ru)像國(guo)務(wu)院的(de)(de)(de)全國(guo)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，如(ru)果規(gui)(gui)定將其納入審查的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍將從根(gen)本(ben)上破(po)壞我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)制度。就當前的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治體制和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治現狀而(er)言，將所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)納入受(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍確(que)有困難，可(ke)暫將行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)交給期待(dai)中的(de)(de)(de)憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)訴訟(song)來(lai)解決(jue)，而(er)較(jiao)低層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)抽象性(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)則可(ke)納入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍。[4]所(suo)以，抽象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)一般(ban)應限定在地(di)方性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)“紅頭(tou)文(wen)件”和(he)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)件，因為(wei)(wei)這些政(zheng)策更針對地(di)方事務(wu)。

（三）行政事(shi)實行為問(wen)題

在行(xing)政司(si)法實踐中，行(xing)政事(shi)實行(xing)為也是(shi)我國政府(fu)(fu)經常(chang)使用的(de)(de)手段(duan)，同樣也會對(dui)(dui)行(xing)政公共(gong)利益(yi)產生(sheng)影響。行(xing)政事(shi)實行(xing)為實質上(shang)改變了相關人的(de)(de)事(shi)實狀態(tai)。公眾(zhong)對(dui)(dui)政府(fu)(fu)機關有天然的(de)(de)服(fu)從(cong)和信(xin)任，很容易受(shou)到政府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)一些信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)影響，進而損害公共(gong)利益(yi)。因此，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)有關的(de)(de)行(xing)政事(shi)實行(xing)為進行(xing)考量，將(jiang)其納入公益(yi)訴(su)訟的(de)(de)受(shou)案范圍(wei)。

行(xing)政公益訴訟(song)的受(shou)案范(fan)圍(wei)除(chu)有(you)法(fa)律規定的具體行(xing)政行(xing)為外，還應包括一(yi)定程度的抽象(xiang)行(xing)政行(xing)為和(he)事實行(xing)為。

四、結語

總(zong)之，因為行政(zheng)訴訟正在修(xiu)改之中，行政(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴訟再一次成為討論的(de)(de)熱點，其受(shou)案范圍的(de)(de)界(jie)定(ding)更有(you)利于公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)認識到(dao)我國民(min)主化的(de)(de)進(jin)程(cheng)，對(dui)行政(zheng)機(ji)關依法、公(gong)(gong)(gong)平、公(gong)(gong)(gong)正、科學地制定(ding)相關政(zheng)策(ce)法規起到(dao)警示的(de)(de)作用，同時，更完善了我國的(de)(de)立法進(jin)程(cheng)。雖然在新修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)行政(zheng)訴訟法草案中我們并沒有(you)看到(dao)行政(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)規定(ding)，但行政(zheng)訴訟受(shou)案范圍的(de)(de)擴大(da)本(ben)身(shen)就對(dui)行政(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴訟有(you)巨大(da)的(de)(de)作用。

參考文獻：

[1]黃學(xue)賢、王太高.行政公益訴訟研究(jiu).中(zhong)國政法大學(xue)出(chu)版社(she)，2008（8）：42

 [2]馮勇. 行政公(gong)益訴訟(song)受案范圍的界(jie)定(ding)：標(biao)準與架構，人民論壇，2013（17）：146

[3]祁國瓊. 述論我(wo)國行(xing)政(zheng)公益(yi)訴(su)訟(song)，西(xi)江月，2013（25）：166

篇5

    1.直接(jie)審查行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)直接(jie)審查的對象是具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為,這一點與同行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟相同。第8條所列(lie)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處分、民事調解(jie)等行(xing)為均不(bu)屬于具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為,故不(bu)得(de)對其(qi)申請行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)。

    2.附帶審查審查范圍:可以附帶審查的(de)事項限于某些(xie)抽象行(xing)政行(xing)為,包括國務院部門規(gui)定、鄉(xiang)級以上政府(fu)(fu)規(gui)定、縣(xian)級以上政府(fu)(fu)工作(zuo)部門的(de)規(gui)定,即規(gui)章以下的(de)行(xing)政規(gui)范性文件。

    申(shen)請(qing)(qing)方式與時(shi)間(jian):附帶審(shen)(shen)查(cha)依附于(yu)直(zhi)接審(shen)(shen)查(cha),即(ji)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)人不得(de)就抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)接向復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi)機關申(shen)請(qing)(qing)復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi),只能在對具體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi)時(shi),一并對作為(wei)(wei)該具體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)依據(ju)的(de)抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)提(ti)出審(shen)(shen)查(cha)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)。《復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi)條例》第26條對“一并提(ti)出附帶審(shen)(shen)查(cha)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)”規定了一種(zhong)特例,即(ji):如果申(shen)請(qing)(qing)人提(ti)出復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)時(shi),尚不知道該具體(ti)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)依據(ju)的(de)規定,可以(yi)在行(xing)政(zheng)復(fu)(fu)議(yi)(yi)決定作出之前(qian)提(ti)出對該規定的(de)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)申(shen)請(qing)(qing)。

    要注意與(yu)行政訴訟受(shou)案范圍的(de)區別:

篇6

論文摘(zhai)要：WTO規則表(biao)面(mian)上是貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)規則，但實際(ji)上是以(yi)政(zheng)府行(xing)為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)約束(shu)對象，所以(yi)WTO規則主要是行(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)規則。其中司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)是通過成員國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查體制(zhi)(zhi)，給因政(zheng)府行(xing)為(wei)(wei)受到(dao)不利影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織提供救濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會，以(yi)糾正違(wei)背WTO規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，達到(dao)消除各(ge)種貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)壁(bi)壘(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，最終實現全球貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)自由化(hua)。WTO要求其成員建立符合其規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，這是WTO規則中最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)在司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍、原告(gao)資(zi)格、司(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)、審(shen)判(pan)獨(du)立等(deng)方面(mian)均應(ying)進行(xing)改革和完善，以(yi)適應(ying)WTO規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。

WTO的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗旨在(zai)于通過(guo)(guo)消除各(ge)種國際貿(mao)易(yi)壁壘，實(shi)現全(quan)球化貿(mao)易(yi)自由(you)(you)化。各(ge)種國際貿(mao)易(yi)壁壘，主要(yao)來自其成員(yuan)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)府行(xing)(xing)(xing)為。WTO規則表面上是(shi)(shi)貿(mao)易(yi)規則，但(dan)實(shi)際上是(shi)(shi)以(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)府行(xing)(xing)(xing)為為約(yue)束對象(xiang)——其所(suo)有23個協議(yi)都規范政(zheng)(zheng)府行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，其中21個協議(yi)直接與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)府有關，所(suo)以(yi)WTO規則主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)規則，其中最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)司(si)法(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)制度(du)。因(yin)(yin)為WTO是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)(guo)成員(yuan)國內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)體(ti)制，給(gei)因(yin)(yin)政(zheng)(zheng)府行(xing)(xing)(xing)為受到不利影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織提供救濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會，以(yi)糾正違背WTO規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)府行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，達到消除各(ge)種貿(mao)易(yi)壁壘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，最終實(shi)現全(quan)球貿(mao)易(yi)自由(you)(you)化，所(suo)以(yi)，缺乏司(si)法(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)制度(du)，WTO的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)規則將成為空中樓(lou)閣。WTO要(yao)求其成員(yuan)建立(li)符(fu)合其規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)制度(du)。中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)制度(du)與(yu)WTO有何(he)差距(ju)(ju)，以(yi)及如何(he)縮小(xiao)這種差距(ju)(ju)，是(shi)(shi)中國加人(ren)WTO后面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)課(ke)題。

一、WTO與司法審查(cha)范圍

1、關于(yu)抽象行政行為

在我國(guo)，抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)免受司法(fa)審查。我國(guo)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟法(fa)》第11條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)受案范圍僅限于(yu)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，第12條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)對行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)、規(gui)(gui)章或者行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)制定(ding)(ding)、的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)普遍約束力的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)(ding)、命令提(ti)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟的(de)(de)(de)，法(fa)院(yuan)不予受理(li)。最高人(ren)民法(fa)院(yuan)《關(guan)于(yu)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)<中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民共(gong)和國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟法(fa)>若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋》第1條的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)也(ye)將抽象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)從司法(fa)審查的(de)(de)(de)范圍中(zhong)(zhong)予以排(pai)除(chu)。

WTO規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則體(ti)系中GATS第6條第2款(a)項(xiang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“每個成(cheng)員(yuan)應維持或(huo)按照實際可能，盡(jin)快地建立司(si)法的(de)(de)(de)、仲裁的(de)(de)(de)或(huo)行(xing)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)法庭或(huo)程序(xu)，在受影響的(de)(de)(de)服務提供者的(de)(de)(de)請(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)下，對(dui)影響服務貿易的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)作出(chu)迅速審查，并在請(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)被證明(ming)(ming)合理時給予(yu)適當的(de)(de)(de)補救。”WTO對(dui)這里(li)的(de)(de)(de)“行(xing)政(zheng)決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)”雖未做明(ming)(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，但綜觀全文，可知是指(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)員(yuan)國(guo)行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關針對(dui)不特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)作出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。…在我國(guo)，抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為是指(zhi)(zhi)針對(dui)不特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)象制定(ding)(ding)(ding)和的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范，可見WTO規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)則規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)“行(xing)政(zheng)決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)”與我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)含義是相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)，這表明(ming)(ming)政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)抽象行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為將成(cheng)為司(si)法審查的(de)(de)(de)范圍。由此修改我國(guo)現行(xing)《行(xing)政(zheng)訴訟法》就勢在必行(xing)了(le)。

值得(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，WTO確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)原(yuan)則(ze)并非是(shi)一(yi)個普遍適用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)，WTO規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)仍(reng)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing)，即(ji)只要(yao)(yao)求將其所規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)——般是(shi)涉及(ji)貿易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，納(na)(na)人司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)。然而，抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可以反復適用(yong)，一(yi)旦違法，更具(ju)危害性(xing)。現(xian)實(shi)(shi)中，抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)存在混(hun)亂和(he)違法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)已是(shi)不爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)，主要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)般監督和(he)備案(an)監督制度不能有效解決抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。從(cong)近年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)理(li)論界和(he)實(shi)(shi)務界討論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)看，逐(zhu)步(bu)擴(kuo)大(da)司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)、淡化具(ju)體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分界限、將部(bu)(bu)分抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)(na)人司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，已是(shi)眾望所歸。1999年(nian)1O月1日實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復議法》先行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)步(bu)，將部(bu)(bu)分抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)(na)人了行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)。2001年(nian)河(he)北(bei)律師喬占祥(xiang)訴(su)鐵道部(bu)(bu)春運票價上漲案(an)也(ye)給了世人同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信號。因(yin)此，我(wo)國(guo)應以加(jia)人WTO為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)契機，修改《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟法》，不僅將有關貿易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)(na)人司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，而且將其他大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)(na)人司(si)(si)(si)法審(shen)查(cha)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)。

2、關于行政終(zhong)局(ju)裁決

我(wo)國在(zai)加人(ren)WTO議(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)書中承(cheng)諾“如(ru)初始上訴權需向行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關提出(chu)，則(ze)(ze)在(zai)所(suo)有(you)情況下應(ying)有(you)選擇向司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關對決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)提出(chu)上訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)”。也就是說，我(wo)國向WTO其他成(cheng)員承(cheng)諾了(le)司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)查(cha)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局裁決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為是指法(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裁決(jue)、不受(shou)司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為。司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)查(cha)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)并不排斥我(wo)國行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)爭議(yi)(yi)依(yi)然可(ke)以先(xian)向復(fu)議(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關申(shen)請復(fu)議(yi)(yi)，只是復(fu)議(yi)(yi)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)不具有(you)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局性，這就要求對我(wo)國相(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)律(lv)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)改。我(wo)國《行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟法(fa)(fa)》第(di)12條第(di)4項規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，“法(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)由(you)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裁決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為”不屬于司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍。《商標法(fa)(fa)》和《專利法(fa)(fa)》屬于知識產(chan)權法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)疇，為了(le)與WTO規(gui)則(ze)(ze)相(xiang)銜(xian)接，我(wo)國及(ji)時廢除了(le)其中的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局制度，當事人(ren)對復(fu)議(yi)(yi)裁決(jue)不服，可(ke)以向人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院。新制定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反傾銷(xiao)、反補貼、貨物進(jin)出(chu)口、技術(shu)進(jin)出(chu)口以及(ji)其他有(you)關商品貿(mao)(mao)易(yi)和服務貿(mao)(mao)易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)均規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)查(cha)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。

目前與WTO直接沖突的(de)(de)我國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局(ju)裁(cai)決(jue)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)主要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)14條(tiao)(tiao)：“對(dui)(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)部門或(huo)者省、自治(zhi)區、直轄(xia)市(shi)人(ren)民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)(de)具(ju)體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)不(bu)服(fu)的(de)(de)，向(xiang)(xiang)作出該(gai)具(ju)體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)部門或(huo)省、自治(zhi)區、直轄(xia)市(shi)人(ren)民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府申請行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)服(fu)的(de)(de)，可以(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)提起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟；也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)申請裁(cai)決(jue)，國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)依照本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)作出最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)決(jue)”。根據該(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)決(jue)權，但是(shi)當(dang)裁(cai)決(jue)涉及(ji)到WTO與我國(guo)(guo)承諾中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關貿易(yi)的(de)(de)內容(rong)時，從(cong)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)我國(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)WTO的(de)(de)承諾看，該(gai)裁(cai)決(jue)應(ying)該(gai)可以(yi)(yi)進入司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)，所以(yi)(yi)《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》需作出相應(ying)的(de)(de)修改。另(ling)外(wai)，《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)3O條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)2款(kuan)關于(yu)自然資源的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局(ju)裁(cai)決(jue)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)、《公(gong)民出境入境管(guan)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)15條(tiao)(tiao)、《外(wai)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)人(ren)境出境管(guan)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)29條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)2款(kuan)關于(yu)可以(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)和訴(su)訟，一旦選(xuan)擇了復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，則復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)局(ju)裁(cai)決(jue)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)與WTO雖然沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)直接相沖突，但司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)查(cha)是(shi)一個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)水平的(de)(de)體現，也(ye)是(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)基本(ben)理(li)念(nian)之一，對(dui)(dui)(dui)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)查(cha)是(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)原則的(de)(de)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)之義。另(ling)外(wai)《稅(shui)收征收管(guan)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)56條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，納(na)稅(shui)人(ren)、扣繳(jiao)義務(wu)人(ren)、納(na)稅(shui)擔(dan)保(bao)人(ren)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)在繳(jiao)納(na)相關款(kuan)項(xiang)(xiang)后，才(cai)能申請行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，同時規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟的(de)(de)前置程序。如(ru)果稅(shui)務(wu)機關對(dui)(dui)(dui)當(dang)事人(ren)科以(yi)(yi)繳(jiao)納(na)巨額稅(shui)款(kuan)的(de)(de)義務(wu)，則當(dang)事人(ren)可能由于(yu)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)繳(jiao)納(na)相關款(kuan)項(xiang)(xiang)而(er)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)申請復(fu)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，從(cong)而(er)被剝奪(duo)通過司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)尋求救濟(ji)的(de)(de)權利(li)，這在本(ben)質上是(shi)與WTO司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)原則相沖突的(de)(de)。

二(er)、WTO與司法審(shen)查的原告資格

司(si)法審查(cha)(cha)是(shi)(shi)由原告啟動(dong)的(de)(de)，明確(que)原告資格(ge)直接涉及到(dao)保護(hu)當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)訴權和(he)司(si)法審查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)力度。WTO對訴權享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)者(zhe)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)有(you)三種情形：一是(shi)(shi)具體確(que)定(ding)(ding)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)訴權的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。如(ru)TRIPS協(xie)定(ding)(ding)第41條(tiao)第4項規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)訴權享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)“參(can)(can)與程(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)”；二是(shi)(shi)以例示方式規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)訴權享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。如(ru)《補貼(tie)與反補貼(tie)措施協(xie)定(ding)(ding)》第23條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)訴權享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)“參(can)(can)與行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)程(cheng)序(xu)以及直接和(he)自(zi)身受(shou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)所有(you)利害(hai)關系(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”；三是(shi)(shi)一般性(xing)地規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)受(shou)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。如(ru)GATS第6條(tiao)第2項規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)訴權享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)者(zhe)為(wei)“受(shou)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)服(fu)務提供者(zhe)”。總體而言，享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)訴權的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都是(shi)(shi)受(shou)有(you)關行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。中國加(jia)入(ru)WTO議定(ding)(ding)書(shu)明確(que)承諾享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)訴權的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)“受(shou)到(dao)被(bei)復審的(de)(de)任何(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)或企(qi)業(ye)”，使用(yong)了受(shou)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)任何(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，足見享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)訴權的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)范圍十分寬(kuan)泛，超(chao)出(chu)了利害(hai)關系(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)范疇。

我國行政(zheng)訴訟(song)法(fa)(fa)對原(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)資格(ge)規定是“公(gong)民(min)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)其(qi)他組織認為(wei)行政(zheng)機(ji)關和行政(zheng)機(ji)關的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)具體行政(zheng)行為(wei)侵犯(fan)其(qi)合(he)法(fa)(fa)權益，有權依照本法(fa)(fa)向人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院提訟(song)”。據此，原(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)享(xiang)有者(zhe)僅限(xian)于行政(zheng)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)直接相(xiang)對人(ren)。2000年(nian)3月8日公(gong)布實施的(de)(de)(de)<最(zui)高人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院關于執行<中華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和國行政(zheng)訴訟(song)法(fa)(fa)>若干問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋》第12條將原(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)享(xiang)有者(zhe)明確擴大為(wei)“與具體行政(zheng)行為(wei)有法(fa)(fa)律上(shang)利(li)害關系的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)民(min)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)其(qi)他組織”，理論上(shang)稱為(wei)“行政(zheng)相(xiang)關人(ren)”。

但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)影(ying)響(xiang)廣泛而不(bu)特定的(de)(de)企業或(huo)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)時，這些受影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)和企業是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否都享有(you)(you)訴(su)(su)(su)權(quan)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)國際性難題，各(ge)國的(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)各(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)同。從(cong)(cong)發展的(de)(de)趨勢看，原告資(zi)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)限(xian)制是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)越來越少，有(you)(you)些國家已經(jing)把人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否與被(bei)訴(su)(su)(su)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)利害關系(xi)排(pai)除在(zai)原告資(zi)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)條件之(zhi)外，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)在(zai)很大程度上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監督行(xing)政(zheng)主體依法(fa)行(xing)政(zheng)，從(cong)(cong)這個(ge)意義(yi)上(shang)說(shuo)，不(bu)管何人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)要(yao)把不(bu)合(he)法(fa)的(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)訴(su)(su)(su)至法(fa)庭(ting)，法(fa)庭(ting)就可以進行(xing)監督，原告與被(bei)訴(su)(su)(su)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)利害關系(xi)不(bu)具有(you)(you)重要(yao)意義(yi)。在(zai)日本就有(you)(you)所謂的(de)(de)民眾訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)，就不(bu)強(qiang)調人(ren)(ren)與被(bei)訴(su)(su)(su)行(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)利害關系(xi)。當然我國目前還處于社(she)會主義(yi)初級階段(duan)，對(dui)原告資(zi)格(ge)(ge)沒(mei)有(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)限(xian)制未(wei)免太(tai)理(li)想(xiang)化，但總體而言，人(ren)(ren)世(shi)后，我國法(fa)律(lv)(lv)對(dui)原告資(zi)格(ge)(ge)再局限(xian)于嚴格(ge)(ge)意義(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)“法(fa)律(lv)(lv)上(shang)的(de)(de)利害關系(xi)”，顯然也不(bu)現實。

三、WTO與司法審查的標準

WTO各協定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)文(wen)本中并未(wei)明確提及(ji)成員國(guo)(guo)內(nei)司法審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)應當采(cai)取何種(zhong)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，但WTO協定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)對行(xing)(xing)政決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)及(ji)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)行(xing)(xing)政決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)體(ti)現了相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。如GATS就(jiu)(jiu)明確規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，各成員國(guo)(guo)應確保對行(xing)(xing)政決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)在(zai)事(shi)實(shi)上會作出(chu)客觀(guan)和公正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)議(yi)。GATr還作出(chu)了對各成員國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政救濟體(ti)制(zhi)(即司法審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)體(ti)制(zhi))進行(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)際審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，如果受到(dao)要求(qiu)(qiu)，實(shi)施(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)締約(yue)國(guo)(guo)應當向全體(ti)成員提供有關這(zhe)種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有詳盡資(zi)料(liao)，以(yi)便(bian)所有成員判斷這(zhe)種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)是否符合GATr的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)要求(qiu)(qiu)，而符合這(zhe)種(zhong)要求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)就(jiu)(jiu)是這(zhe)些程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)和機(ji)制(zhi)是否做到(dao)事(shi)實(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)公正(zheng)。由此(ci)可見，WTO規則與我(wo)國(guo)(guo)司法審(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖突，主要集中在(zai)合法性標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)與合理(li)性標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖突，及(ji)法定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)與正(zheng)當法律(lv)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖突。

1、合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)與合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)。我國(guo)(guo)<行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第5條(tiao)規定(ding)(ding)：“人民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)案件(jian)，對具體行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)否合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進行(xing)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)”，第54條(tiao)規定(ding)(ding)“”和(he)“行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處(chu)(chu)罰(fa)顯(xian)失公正(zheng)”可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)具體行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)被撤銷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。可(ke)見，我國(guo)(guo)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)則，合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)外(wai)。其中(zhong)雖然(ran)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)明(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)標(biao)準(zhun)，但在(zai)(zai)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)踐中(zhong)并未取(qu)得獨立地位(wei)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)幾乎從不(bu)僅以(yi)(yi)(yi)“”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由判(pan)決(jue)(jue)撤銷具體行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即使有(you)時將(jiang)其作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)判(pan)決(jue)(jue)理(li)(li)由，往往也(ye)與“事實(shi)不(bu)清、證據不(bu)足(zu)”或(huo)“適用(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律錯誤”并列，而未用(yong)其于(yu)本來意義因此，我國(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形事實(shi)上(shang)只有(you)一(yi)(yi)種即“行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處(chu)(chu)罰(fa)顯(xian)失公正(zheng)”。‘2孟(meng)德(de)斯鳩在(zai)(zai)《論法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神》中(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)句至理(li)(li)名言：“一(yi)(yi)切(qie)有(you)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人都容易濫用(yong)權(quan)力(li)，這是(shi)萬古不(bu)易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)經驗。”隨(sui)著法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并不(bu)占大(da)多數(shu)，大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)際上(shang)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)自(zi)(zi)由裁量領(ling)域。面(mian)對廣泛存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)由裁量權(quan)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)所(suo)(suo)能(neng)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)擴大(da)其審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍。順應WTO的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，在(zai)(zai)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)中(zhong)確立合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)原(yuan)則是(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。當(dang)然(ran)，合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機關在(zai)(zai)控制行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)自(zi)(zi)由裁量權(quan)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)應當(dang)積(ji)極作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)也(ye)要(yao)有(you)所(suo)(suo)克制，以(yi)(yi)(yi)完全理(li)(li)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)要(yao)求行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)將(jiang)使行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)效率不(bu)復存在(zai)(zai)，從而無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)發揮行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)和(he)權(quan)威(wei)。

2、法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)標(biao)準與(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)標(biao)準。西方法(fa)(fa)(fa)治國家普遍建立(li)了以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)(ze)為核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)制(zhi)(zhi)度，這(zhe)一制(zhi)(zhi)度同樣體現于西方法(fa)(fa)(fa)治國家主導(dao)下制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)WTO規(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)中(zhong)。WTO雖(sui)然沒(mei)有(you)明確使用(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)一詞，但(dan)貫(guan)穿了正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理念(nian)。如TRIPS第(di)4l條第(di)2款規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“有(you)關知識(shi)產權的(de)(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)應公(gong)平(ping)和(he)公(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。它(ta)們不(bu)應不(bu)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)瑣或(huo)費用(yong)高昂(ang)，也(ye)不(bu)應規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不(bu)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)期(qi)限(xian)或(huo)導(dao)致無端的(de)(de)(de)(de)遲延”。這(zhe)些規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)確立(li)了公(gong)平(ping)、公(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)(ze)，也(ye)就是(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)(ze)。美國法(fa)(fa)(fa)官道格(ge)拉(la)斯對(dui)(dui)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)有(you)精辟的(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)斷，稱它(ta)是(shi)“決定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了法(fa)(fa)(fa)治與(yu)恣意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人治之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本區(qu)別(bie)”。從我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐看，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)主體在行(xing)(xing)使行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)權時只被(bei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)遵(zun)循(xun)“法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)”，而我國并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)一部統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)《行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，所以(yi)只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)循(xun)現有(you)不(bu)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單行(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，甚至(zhi)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)還(huan)掌(zhang)握為只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遵(zun)循(xun)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)或(huo)對(dui)(dui)相對(dui)(dui)人權利義務(wu)影響較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)違反“法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)”，但(dan)違反正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)(dang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)則(ze)(ze)并(bing)不(bu)構(gou)成程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)。從WTO要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)來看，“法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)”不(bu)應是(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，而應當(dang)(dang)是(shi)符合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)精神和(he)原則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)。:

四(si)、WTO與審判獨立

WTO規則(ze)和我國的(de)承諾(nuo)都要求司法(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)關“獨立(li)于負責(ze)行(xing)政執法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)機(ji)構(gou)”，這在(zai)我國就是(shi)(shi)審(shen)判獨立(li)一(yi)方面，這是(shi)(shi)“自己不做自己案件的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)”這一(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)治原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)體現(xian)，另一(yi)方面是(shi)(shi)為了充分發揮成員(yuan)國內的(de)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)體制(zhi)的(de)功能，從而有效(xiao)監督(du)WTO成員(yuan)貿易(yi)(yi)有關的(de)政府行(xing)為，消除(chu)國際貿易(yi)(yi)壁壘，促進全(quan)貿易(yi)(yi)自由化(hua)。這就是(shi)(shi)WTO要求裁判機(ji)構(gou)公正獨的(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)。

篇7

新《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》將部分抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)納入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)受案范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，同時確立了行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)制(zhi)(zhi)度。原《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》相(xiang)關(guan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，可納入人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)受案范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)僅限于(yu)“具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)”，而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)包(bao)括“抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)”。抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是指行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)體(ti)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)單方作出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有普遍約束力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，即(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)[1]。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)原告不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)提訟(song)(song)(song)：（1）既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)沒有發(fa)生具(ju)體(ti)案件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)提出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)已經發(fa)生具(ju)體(ti)案件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，附帶地(di)向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)提出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)；（2）既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)提出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)提出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)。[2]新《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)五十(shi)三(san)條規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“公民(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)其(qi)他組織認為(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)依據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國務院(yuan)(yuan)部門(men)(men)和地(di)方人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)及(ji)其(qi)部門(men)(men)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)提訟(song)(song)(song)時，可以(yi)一(yi)并請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)該(gai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)。前款規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)含規(gui)(gui)(gui)章(zhang)。”這(zhe)(zhe)次修改(gai)還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)條中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：將本法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)相(xiang)關(guan)條文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)”修改(gai)為(wei)(wei)“行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)”。這(zhe)(zhe)就把部分抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)納入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。新《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)四條規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)審(shen)理行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)案件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)，經審(shen)查(cha)(cha)認為(wei)(wei)本法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)五十(shi)三(san)條規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，并向(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)提出(chu)處理建議(yi)。”這(zhe)(zhe)意味(wei)著人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)可對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)國務院(yuan)(yuan)部門(men)(men)和地(di)方人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)及(ji)其(qi)部門(men)(men)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)上(shang)，司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)僅限于(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除規(gui)(gui)(gui)章(zhang)以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章(zhang)等抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)均(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理方式(shi)上(shang)，人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)無權撤銷(xiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，只能在(zai)(zai)(zai)個(ge)案中(zhong)(zhong)作出(chu)認為(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判決(jue)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)可以(yi)將其(qi)認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，在(zai)(zai)(zai)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)判決(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)予采(cai)納。另外還(huan)應向(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)提出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理建議(yi)。

二(er)、規范性文件(jian)司法(fa)審查存在(zai)的不足之處

新《行(xing)政訴訟法(fa)(fa)(fa)》規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)審查僅有(you)原(yuan)則性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，可(ke)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)強(qiang)，仍存在(zai)(zai)以下幾(ji)方面不(bu)(bu)(bu)足之處(chu)(chu)(chu)。第一(yi)(yi)，在(zai)(zai)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)審查的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)動程(cheng)序上，只能(neng)(neng)由(you)公民(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)或者其(qi)他(ta)(ta)組織在(zai)(zai)行(xing)政訴訟中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)并(bing)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)對(dui)行(xing)政機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除(chu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)章以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)進行(xing)審查，人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)沒有(you)涉及(ji)(ji)行(xing)政訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)進行(xing)審查。人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)審判中(zhong)發現(xian)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)存在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只能(neng)(neng)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)認(ren)定(ding)行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，并(bing)向制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)”，而(er)對(dui)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)也存在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但是(shi)與(yu)案(an)件(jian)(jian)無(wu)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)，還不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)單獨(du)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)意(yi)見。第二，法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)審查后(hou)可(ke)向制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)，但是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)收到人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)后(hou)是(shi)否應當答(da)復沒有(you)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。如果(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判是(shi)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)對(dui)人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)意(yi)見置之不(bu)(bu)(bu)理(li)(li)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)任何(he)改變，這必然導致人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權威性(xing)(xing)(xing)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)利于及(ji)(ji)時(shi)糾(jiu)(jiu)正不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。如果(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判存在(zai)(zai)錯誤，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)是(shi)符合法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，那制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)異(yi)議(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)利于及(ji)(ji)時(shi)糾(jiu)(jiu)正錯誤判決(jue)。第三(san)，處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)有(you)必要同時(shi)告知(zhi)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)監督(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)。一(yi)(yi)些規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需要經過(guo)批準(zhun)、備(bei)案(an)等(deng)監督(du)程(cheng)序。人(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)審查后(hou)，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)向制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)建(jian)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也應將處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)意(yi)見抄送(song)相(xiang)應有(you)批準(zhun)權、撤銷權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)，以及(ji)(ji)時(shi)糾(jiu)(jiu)正不(bu)(bu)(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽象行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。

三、對(dui)完(wan)善規范性文件司法審(shen)查的建議(yi)

（一）擴大提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍。除新法(fa)(fa)(fa)第64條規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)外(wai)，還應當規(gui)定人民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)制定的(de)(de)(de)除規(gui)章以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)，可提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)意見(jian)。如果(guo)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)關(guan)在(zai)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)活(huo)動中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)情(qing)況(kuang)，也(ye)應及時提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)。不(bu)論行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)相對人是否提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)審查的(de)(de)(de)要求，人民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院在(zai)審理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟案件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)，即有權提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)。

（二）司法審查處理(li)(li)建議在告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)制定(ding)機關(guan)的(de)(de)同時(shi)，也應(ying)(ying)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)相關(guan)有(you)撤(che)銷權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、監(jian)(jian)督權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)機關(guan)。按照(zhao)新《行(xing)政訴訟法》第(di)六(liu)十四條(tiao)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，人民法院對規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件進行(xing)司法審查后認為(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件不合(he)法，只需要向制定(ding)機關(guan)提出(chu)處理(li)(li)建議。筆者認為(wei)(wei)除向制定(ding)機關(guan)提出(chu)處理(li)(li)意見外，還(huan)應(ying)(ying)當將處理(li)(li)意見告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)有(you)批準(zhun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和撤(che)銷權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)機關(guan)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)一些部門制定(ding)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件存在超越權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)限等問題，僅向制定(ding)機關(guan)提出(chu)司法審查處理(li)(li)建議不利于及(ji)時(shi)糾正違(wei)法的(de)(de)抽象行(xing)政行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，應(ying)(ying)當同時(shi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)有(you)撤(che)銷權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、監(jian)(jian)督權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)機關(guan)。

篇8

    環境(jing)行政(zheng)公益(yi)訴訟(song)(song)是指特定(ding)當事人認為行政(zheng)機關(guan)的(de)行政(zheng)行為侵害或威脅到環境(jing)公益(yi),依法向人民法院提起行政(zheng)訴訟(song)(song),要求行政(zheng)機關(guan)履行法定(ding)職責(ze)或糾正、制止(zhi)損害環境(jing)公益(yi)的(de)行政(zheng)活動的(de)制度。

    誠然(ran),建立環境行政公(gong)(gong)益訴訟制度在我(wo)國有著(zhu)現實的(de)必(bi)要性和緊(jin)迫性,但是目前我(wo)國相關(guan)的(de)行政訴訟法律(lv)制度卻(que)在有些方面與(yu)環境行政公(gong)(gong)益訴訟的(de)要求格(ge)格(ge)不入,環境行政公(gong)(gong)益訴訟在以下(xia)方面對我(wo)國相關(guan)行政訴訟法律(lv)制度提出了新的(de)挑戰:

    一、對行政訴訟原告(gao)資(zi)格的挑戰

    我國行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法有關(guan)(guan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格共(gong)有三方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立法規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding):一是行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法第(di)二(er)條關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),二(er)是第(di)24條關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),即(ji)(ji)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同情形,三是第(di)37-41條關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)起(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)、受(shou)(shou)理條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。[1 ]﹝p502﹞依據上述規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),人(ren)們習慣于(yu)(yu)(yu)以行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)對人(ren)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)標準來判定(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格,即(ji)(ji)受(shou)(shou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直接影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)對方。在(zai)隨后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高人(ren)民法院行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法司法解釋第(di)12條中(zhong)(zhong),又(you)進(jin)一步規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了確立原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新標準,即(ji)(ji)“與具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有法律(lv)上厲害(hai)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公民法人(ren)和其他組織對該行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),可(ke)以依法提(ti)起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)。” 司法解釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這一規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)擴大(da)了原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍,賦予(yu)了諸如相(xiang)鄰(lin)權人(ren)、公平(ping)競爭(zheng)權人(ren),復(fu)議決定(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厲害(hai)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)人(ren),治安管理處罰中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)害(hai)人(ren),與撤(che)銷或變更(geng)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有法律(lv)上厲害(hai)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)等(deng)社會成員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格。其進(jin)步意(yi)義勿(wu)庸(yong)置(zhi)疑,但其卻遠遠不能適應(ying)環(huan)境行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其最(zui)大(da)弊端只在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)個(ge)體利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)救(jiu)(jiu)濟(ji),而忽視了公共(gong)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai),將公共(gong)利(li)益(yi)推向司法救(jiu)(jiu)濟(ji)缺失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai)地帶。筆者認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),在(zai)今日之中(zhong)(zhong)國,生態(tai)環(huan)境問題日趨(qu)嚴重,違法行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)普(pu)遍(bian)存在(zai),民眾普(pu)遍(bian)參(can)與意(yi)識較差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)環(huan)境下,要(yao)在(zai)我國引入環(huan)境行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)制度(du),就(jiu)應(ying)該改變相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立法規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。我國可(ke)以效仿歐美(mei)發達國家,規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)只要(yao)能夠證明環(huan)境公益(yi)受(shou)(shou)到行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵害(hai),任何單位或個(ge)人(ren)都可(ke)以提(ti)起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song),即(ji)(ji)采用“與自己(ji)無法律(lv)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厲害(hai)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。

    二、對行政訴(su)訟受案范圍的挑戰

    我國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)關(guan)于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),大體上(shang)采用三種(zhong)方式(shi),即列舉式(shi)、概括式(shi)和(he)折(zhe)中(zhong)式(shi)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)第2條(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)對受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),第11條(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)對行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正面列舉,共列舉了(le)8種(zhong)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),第12條(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)對不(bu)可訴(su)(su)(su)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反面排(pai)除(chu)(chu),將(jiang)國(guo)家行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),內部(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)由(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)做最(zui)(zui)終裁決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)排(pai)除(chu)(chu)在(zai)了(le)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)外(wai)。除(chu)(chu)此之(zhi)外(wai),最(zui)(zui)高(gao)人民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋第1條(tiao)(tiao)又增(zeng)加了(le)5種(zhong)不(bu)屬于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),包括公(gong)(gong)(gong)安,國(guo)家安全機(ji)關(guan)依刑事訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)授(shou)權(quan)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),調解行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)仲裁行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)指導行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),重(zhong)(zhong)復處理行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)對相對人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利義務(wu)不(bu)產生實際(ji)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。[2 ]﹝p469﹞以上(shang)關(guan)于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)總體思路清(qing)晰,在(zai)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)中(zhong)操(cao)作性(xing)強(qiang),但是(shi)其卻不(bu)利于對公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)。在(zai)前(qian)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵害(hai)(hai)(hai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形中(zhong),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)類情(qing)形就(jiu)是(shi)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵害(hai)(hai)(hai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing),抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)針(zhen)對不(bu)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多數人并且可以反復適用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點決定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)當某(mou)一(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)通(tong)過做出(chu)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)到(dao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)時(shi),其影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍比(bi)具體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)更(geng)深更(geng)廣(guang),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)保護(hu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi),必然(ran)要(yao)求(qiu)將(jiang)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納入司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)審查的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍,而我國(guo)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)卻是(shi)將(jiang)其排(pai)除(chu)(chu)在(zai)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外(wai),公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)性(xing)還要(yao)求(qiu)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍應包括尚未實際(ji)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)但卻有(you)(you)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)之(zhi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。在(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)中(zhong)貫(guan)徹預防(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao),因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)一(yi)(yi)旦被破壞(huai),短時(shi)間內想要(yao)恢復十分困(kun)難,或者要(yao)付出(chu)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)昂貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本,所以必須在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造成實際(ji)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)之(zhi)前(qian),將(jiang)其消除(chu)(chu)在(zai)“萌芽狀態”。所以,從(cong)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)層面,公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體不(bu)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍擴大到(dao)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)受(shou)(shou)案(an)(an)(an)范(fan)(fan)圍應該(gai)包括尚未實際(ji)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)但有(you)(you)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)之(zhi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。[3 ]

    三(san)、對訴(su)訟費用(yong)的承擔及(ji)獎勵機制的挑戰

    我(wo)國現(xian)(xian)行行政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟法(fa)第七十四條規定(ding)(ding):人民法(fa)院審理(li)行政(zheng)(zheng)案件,應當收取訴訟費(fei)用。訴訟費(fei)用由敗訴方承(cheng)擔,雙方都有責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)由雙方分擔。而環(huan)境(jing)行政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴訟是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)公(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi)和長遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi),由于(yu)其公(gong)益(yi)(yi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,牽涉面(mian)廣,專(zhuan)業技術性強(qiang),由原告(gao)(gao)來承(cheng)擔舉(ju)證(zheng)責(ze)任上的(de)(de)(de)(de)花費(fei)和敗訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)訴訟費(fei)用無(wu)(wu)(wu)疑會(hui)打(da)擊原告(gao)(gao)提起環(huan)境(jing)行政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性,無(wu)(wu)(wu)異于(yu)強(qiang)迫原告(gao)(gao)放棄訴訟。但是(shi)又不(bu)能免收訴訟費(fei)用,這樣會(hui)造(zao)成原告(gao)(gao)濫訴。對(dui)(dui)此,筆者認為(wei)(wei),可(ke)以規定(ding)(ding)讓原告(gao)(gao)交納部分訴訟費(fei)用,經(jing)審查(cha)屬(shu)合(he)理(li)合(he)法(fa)起訴時(shi),無(wu)(wu)(wu)論(lun)勝訴還(huan)是(shi)敗訴,這部分訴訟費(fei)用全數退(tui)還(huan)。但是(shi),如果經(jing)審查(cha)屬(shu)故意捏(nie)造(zao)事實,無(wu)(wu)(wu)禮(li)取鬧,訴訟費(fei)用不(bu)予(yu)返還(huan),以達到懲(cheng)戒得目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外,我(wo)國現(xian)(xian)行行政(zheng)(zheng)訴訟法(fa)尚無(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)原告(gao)(gao)提起訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎勵機(ji)制,筆者認為(wei)(wei),提起環(huan)境(jing)行政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴訟可(ke)能要(yao)花費(fei)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間、金錢和精力,加(jia)之行政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢地位壓力,一(yi)般民眾(zhong)是(shi)不(bu)愿提起的(de)(de)(de)(de),為(wei)(wei)了(le)鼓勵原告(gao)(gao)敢于(yu)同(tong)破壞(huai)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力做斗爭,應在原告(gao)(gao)勝訴后由國家給予(yu)其適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎勵。[4]這種獎勵,可(ke)以從(cong)對(dui)(dui)被告(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟制裁中提取。

   ; 四、對行(xing)(xing)政訴(su)訟中“申(shen)訴(su)不停止執行(xing)(xing)”原則的挑(tiao)戰

    筆者認為(wei),在(zai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)案(an)件中,“申訴(su)不停止(zhi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)”原則將受到挑戰。環(huan)境(jing)(jing)總是經過長期的自然選(xuan)擇才最終形成的,它的徹底恢復絕不是一年半(ban)載的事情,所以環(huan)境(jing)(jing)公(gong)益一旦遭到環(huan)境(jing)(jing)執(zhi)法行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的破壞(huai),往往難以再挽(wan)回。因此(ci),在(zai)有人提起環(huan)境(jing)(jing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)之后,為(wei)了環(huan)境(jing)(jing)公(gong)益,應該(gai)讓(rang)違法的行(xing)(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)暫停執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。

篇9

關(guan)鍵詞：行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)償　行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)償范(fan)圍(wei)　行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)償范(fan)圍(wei)的擴大

一、我國行(xing)政損害賠償(chang)的范圍(wei)

行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)指(zhi)國家(jia)對行(xing)政(zheng)機關及其工(gong)作人(ren)員在行(xing)使職權時，侵(qin)犯(fan)公民、法人(ren)和其他組織的(de)(de)(de)合法權益造成的(de)(de)(de)損害給予賠(pei)(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。各國規(gui)定(ding)行(xing)使賠(pei)(pei)償范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)在內容上一(yi)般都(dou)包括(kuo)積(ji)極事項(xiang)和消極事項(xiang)兩個部分(fen)。所謂(wei)積(ji)極事項(xiang)是(shi)指(zhi)能(neng)夠引(yin)起行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)，即國家(jia)應承(cheng)擔(dan)行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)。所謂(wei)消極事項(xiang)則是(shi)指(zhi)不會引(yin)起行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)，即國家(jia)不承(cheng)擔(dan)行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)。關于行(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)消極事項(xiang)，各國一(yi)般都(dou)以法律(lv)、法規(gui)明文規(gui)定(ding)，但(dan)有的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)如日本(ben)、法國等，則以務實或(huo)理論加以確定(ding)。

關于我國(guo)的(de)行政(zheng)(zheng)損(sun)害賠(pei)償(chang)的(de)范(fan)圍，《中華(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)賠(pei)償(chang)法(fa)(fa)》第二章第一節作出(chu)了明確(que)規定，既包(bao)括了侵犯公(gong)(gong)民(min)人(ren)身權的(de)損(sun)害賠(pei)償(chang)的(de)范(fan)圍，也(ye)包(bao)括了侵犯公(gong)(gong)民(min)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)和其他(ta)組織財(cai)產權的(de)損(sun)害賠(pei)償(chang)的(de)范(fan)圍。同時(shi)，該法(fa)(fa)還(huan)對國(guo)家(jia)不(bu)承擔賠(pei)償(chang)責任的(de)情形作出(chu)了明確(que)規定。行政(zheng)(zheng)損(sun)害賠(pei)償(chang)范(fan)圍的(de)確(que)定，為公(gong)(gong)民(min)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)或其他(ta)組織在自(zi)己(ji)的(de)合法(fa)(fa)權益受(shou)到損(sun)害時(shi)，請求國(guo)家(jia)機(ji)關予以賠(pei)償(chang)提供了法(fa)(fa)律依據，也(ye)便(bian)于司法(fa)(fa)機(ji)關在具(ju)體執行法(fa)(fa)律過程(cheng)中進行把握。

二、行政損害賠償范圍的(de)影響因素和(he)界(jie)定原則

目前，我國法(fa)(fa)學界對行政損(sun)(sun)害(hai)賠償(chang)責(ze)(ze)任構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)提出了多(duo)種(zhong)標準(zhun)，如有(you)些學者(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)有(you)以(yi)(yi)下三種(zhong)：⑴侵權(quan)行政行為(wei)(wei)；⑵損(sun)(sun)害(hai)事實；⑶因果關系(xi)(xi)［1］。而有(you)些學者(zhe)(zhe)則認為(wei)(wei)責(ze)(ze)任構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)下四(si)種(zhong)：⑴侵權(quan)行為(wei)(wei)主體；⑵損(sun)(sun)害(hai)事實；⑶執行職務的(de)行為(wei)(wei)違法(fa)(fa)；⑷侵權(quan)行為(wei)(wei)與(yu)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)結果之間的(de)因果關系(xi)(xi)［2］。我認為(wei)(wei)，對行政損(sun)(sun)害(hai)賠償(chang)范(fan)圍的(de)影響(xiang)因素，主要(yao)有(you)以(yi)(yi)下四(si)個(ge)基本(ben)要(yao)素：

（一）侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體。侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體作為(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)政(zheng)損害賠(pei)償責任(ren)的要件(jian)之(zhi)一，它所要解決的問題是國家對哪些組(zu)織或個(ge)人的侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)所造成的損害承擔賠(pei)償責任(ren)。任(ren)何侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都是由(you)一定(ding)主(zhu)體實施的，在行(xing)政(zheng)損害中，侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體要件(jian)的設定(ding)將賠(pei)償范圍(wei)(wei)限定(ding)在特殊(shu)的組(zu)織和個(ge)人所實施的侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的范圍(wei)(wei)之(zhi)內。

（二(er)）行(xing)(xing)政侵(qin)(qin)(qin)權(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。行(xing)(xing)政侵(qin)(qin)(qin)權(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)要解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題是(shi)國(guo)家對行(xing)(xing)政主體哪些致害行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)不負賠償(chang)責任。我國(guo)法學界一(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，行(xing)(xing)政侵(qin)(qin)(qin)權(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)主要是(shi)違法侵(qin)(qin)(qin)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職務(wu)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，同(tong)時包括在實施職務(wu)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他侵(qin)(qin)(qin)權(quan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。對于職務(wu)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)定標準，各國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論研究和法律規定都不盡相同(tong)，這也是(shi)使得國(guo)家承擔責任的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)大小不一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個原因。

（三）損(sun)(sun)害(hai)事(shi)實(shi)。現(xian)實(shi)生(sheng)活中“損(sun)(sun)害(hai)”形態(tai)十分復雜，既(ji)(ji)有直接(jie)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，又有間接(jie)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)；既(ji)(ji)有物質損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，又有精神(shen)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)；既(ji)(ji)有特定(ding)性(xing)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，又有普通(tong)(tong)性(xing)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)。對于這繁多的損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，國(guo)家并(bing)非都一概負責賠償(chang)。任何(he)國(guo)家的賠償(chang)法都只規(gui)定(ding)對一定(ding)性(xing)質和范(fan)圍內的損(sun)(sun)害(hai)進行賠償(chang)。事(shi)實(shi)上，國(guo)家通(tong)(tong)過對損(sun)(sun)害(hai)事(shi)實(shi)構成要件的取舍，可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)限定(ding)國(guo)家賠償(chang)范(fan)圍的目的。

（四(si)）因(yin)果關系(xi)(xi)(xi)。我認為，這種因(yin)果關系(xi)(xi)(xi)應(ying)當是(shi)(shi)客觀的(de)(de)，符合(he)理性的(de)(de)，而不是(shi)(shi)機械的(de)(de)、隨意的(de)(de)。在行政(zheng)(zheng)損(sun)害(hai)賠償(chang)中，因(yin)果關系(xi)(xi)(xi)比較復雜，它是(shi)(shi)指損(sun)害(hai)事實與行政(zheng)(zheng)侵(qin)權行為之間的(de)(de)內在聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，體現(xian)了國家對(dui)因(yin)公權力的(de)(de)行使而對(dui)受(shou)損(sun)害(hai)的(de)(de)相對(dui)人進行救(jiu)濟和補救(jiu)的(de)(de)程度。為此(ci)，對(dui)于行政(zheng)(zheng)賠償(chang)因(yin)果關系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)認定，應(ying)當充分考慮(lv)社會責任的(de)(de)公平分擔及社會正義的(de)(de)充分體現(xian)［3］。

行政賠(pei)償范(fan)圍的(de)寬窄對相對人的(de)利益有著重要(yao)影響，它(ta)決定著相對人的(de)索賠(pei)要(yao)求(qiu)能否(fou)得(de)到法(fa)律的(de)支持，為此，在界定行政損害賠(pei)償的(de)范(fan)圍時，應(ying)遵循以下基本(ben)原(yuan)則：

1、充分保護公民、法人和(he)其他組織(zhi)的合法權(quan)益；

2、促進行政機(ji)關及其(qi)工作人員依法(fa)行政；

3、與國(guo)家財(cai)政實力相適應；

4、行政效率與權利(li)保障一致原則；

5、兼顧(gu)國家法制環境和立法趨勢。

三、我國(guo)行政損害賠償范圍(wei)的(de)立(li)法缺陷

（一）對(dui)(dui)“違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)”的(de)(de)定義(yi)不(bu)清。我國行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)損害賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)采用的(de)(de)是違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)歸責原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)，也(ye)就是說，國家(jia)(jia)只對(dui)(dui)違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使職權的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)承(cheng)擔賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)責任。但國家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)“違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)”概(gai)念沒有作(zuo)出明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)定，導致對(dui)(dui)某些侵權行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)是否屬于國家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)范圍在(zai)理解(jie)上存在(zai)著差異(yi)。有人(ren)認為(wei)“違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)”應限于嚴格意義(yi)上的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)反(fan)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)損害僅涉及(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)有明(ming)文規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)。有人(ren)則(ze)認為(wei)“違(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)”除違(wei)(wei)(wei)反(fan)嚴格意義(yi)上的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)范外，還包括違(wei)(wei)(wei)反(fan)誠信原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)、公序良俗原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)，權利不(bu)得濫用原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)和盡合理注意原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)，以及(ji)(ji)客觀上欠缺正當性違(wei)(wei)(wei)反(fan)職務(wu)上義(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)［4］。這種認識上的(de)(de)分歧，造(zao)成了(le)司(si)法(fa)(fa)實踐中對(dui)(dui)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)范圍掌握上的(de)(de)偏(pian)差。

（二）對(dui)可(ke)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)主體的(de)規定不一致(zhi)。根據《國(guo)家賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)》的(de)規定，可(ke)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)的(de)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)主體是行(xing)政機(ji)關(guan)和行(xing)政機(ji)關(guan)工作人員及(ji)法(fa)律法(fa)規授權(quan)(quan)的(de)組織，這與(yu)《行(xing)政訴(su)訟(song)法(fa)》關(guan)于可(ke)訴(su)行(xing)政行(xing)為主體范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)規定是一致(zhi)的(de)。但2000年3月(yue)最(zui)高(gao)人民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)院出臺了《關(guan)于執行(xing)〈中華人民(min)(min)(min)共和國(guo)行(xing)政訴(su)訟(song)法(fa)〉若干問題的(de)解(jie)(jie)釋》（以下簡稱(cheng)《解(jie)(jie)釋》），將可(ke)訴(su)行(xing)政行(xing)為主體的(de)范(fan)圍(wei)擴大為“具有國(guo)家行(xing)政職權(quan)(quan)的(de)機(ji)關(guan)和組織及(ji)工作人員”。這樣，《國(guo)家賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)》及(ji)最(zui)高(gao)人民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)院《關(guan)于審理行(xing)政賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)案件若干總量的(de)規定》在(zai)可(ke)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)行(xing)政侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)主體的(de)確(que)立(li)上則明(ming)顯滯(zhi)后(hou)。

（三(san)）對(dui)(dui)可賠償(chang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)侵權(quan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定不(bu)夠明確具體(ti)(ti)。從《解釋》關于(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)受案范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定看，采(cai)納了(le)(le)廣義(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念。《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第11條所列舉(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，不(bu)僅包(bao)括法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，而且包(bao)括非法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)；不(bu)僅包(bao)括單方(fang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，而且包(bao)括雙方(fang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。只要某一作為(wei)(wei)或不(bu)作為(wei)(wei)與(yu)國家(jia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)職權(quan)相關，對(dui)(dui)公民、法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)或其他(ta)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利義(yi)務產(chan)生實際(ji)影響，就(jiu)屬于(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴訟(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受案范圍(wei)。這(zhe)與(yu)《國家(jia)賠償(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》關于(yu)(yu)構成(cheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠償(chang)責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)必(bi)須是(shi)“在行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)職權(quan)時(shi)發生”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定，是(shi)完(wan)全一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。問題(ti)在于(yu)(yu)《國家(jia)賠償(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)排除國家(jia)賠償(chang)責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)僅作了(le)(le)“法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)情形”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)性規(gui)定，如何與(yu)《解釋》中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)可訴行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)界定相協(xie)調(diao)，則(ze)是(shi)審判實踐中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個難題(ti)。

（四(si)）缺乏關于(yu)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為損(sun)害賠償(chang)(chang)的(de)規(gui)定。我國的(de)《國家賠償(chang)(chang)法(fa)》未明確規(gui)定對(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為造成損(sun)害的(de)給予(yu)賠償(chang)(chang)。《行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)訴(su)訟法(fa)》也未將其列入受案范圍，因(yin)此在司法(fa)實(shi)踐中很難對(dui)其進行(xing)(xing)(xing)賠償(chang)(chang)。但(dan)在實(shi)際生活(huo)中，抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為侵(qin)犯相對(dui)人權益的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)是普(pu)遍的(de)，與具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為并無多少區別。如果把(ba)抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為排除在賠償(chang)(chang)訴(su)訟之外(wai)，就可能出(chu)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關借此規(gui)避法(fa)律，采用抽(chou)象(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為實(shi)施違法(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。

（五(wu)）可賠(pei)償(chang)行政侵權(quan)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)范圍過窄(zhai)(zhai)。我認為，我國(guo)現行行政賠(pei)償(chang)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)事實的范圍明顯過窄(zhai)(zhai)，僅賠(pei)償(chang)對(dui)人身權(quan)和財產權(quan)造(zao)成(cheng)的損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，而對(dui)于名譽權(quan)、榮(rong)譽權(quan)所(suo)遭受的損(sun)(sun)害(hai)及(ji)其他精神(shen)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，國(guo)家則不予賠(pei)償(chang)。而且在財產損(sun)(sun)害(hai)中(zhong)，只有直(zhi)接(jie)損(sun)(sun)失才(cai)給予賠(pei)償(chang)，對(dui)直(zhi)接(jie)財產損(sun)(sun)害(hai)中(zhong)可得(de)利益(yi)的損(sun)(sun)失不予賠(pei)償(chang)。這(zhe)就必然使行政相對(dui)人的權(quan)益(yi)因不能受到全(quan)部賠(pei)償(chang)而遭受損(sun)(sun)害(hai)，實際上就是對(dui)行政相對(dui)人的一種不公正。

四、調整我國行政損害(hai)賠償范圍的建議

1994年我(wo)(wo)國審議通過《國家賠償(chang)法(fa)(fa)》時，在確定行政損(sun)害賠償(chang)的(de)范圍(wei)上采(cai)取了逐(zhu)步擴大(da)的(de)原則，對國家承擔(dan)行政賠償(chang)責任的(de)情(qing)況作(zuo)了限制。隨著我(wo)(wo)國民主政治和法(fa)(fa)制建設(she)的(de)發展(zhan)，公民的(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)意(yi)識和行政主體的(de)法(fa)(fa)制觀(guan)念進(jin)一步提高，行政訴訟的(de)受案范圍(wei)也不斷擴大(da)，因此，行政損(sun)害賠償(chang)范圍(wei)也應(ying)作(zuo)相應(ying)調整。

（一）準(zhun)確(que)定(ding)(ding)義(yi)“違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)政”的概(gai)念。應規定(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)政違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)既包括違(wei)(wei)反(fan)嚴格意(yi)(yi)義(yi)上的法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規，也包括應遵(zun)循一定(ding)(ding)的法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)原則而沒有(you)遵(zun)循，如違(wei)(wei)反(fan)誠實信用、公序良俗原則干涉他人(ren)權(quan)益；濫用權(quan)利，造成他人(ren)權(quan)益損害；行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)顯失(shi)公正，不履行(xing)(xing)對特(te)定(ding)(ding)的法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)義(yi)務或未盡到合理注意(yi)(yi)，等等。對于非嚴格意(yi)(yi)義(yi)上違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的判(pan)(pan)(pan)定(ding)(ding)，不以(yi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)主觀(guan)上的過錯為(wei)(wei)準(zhun)，而應以(yi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是否(fou)在客觀(guan)上違(wei)(wei)反(fan)有(you)關法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)原則和法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)精神來(lai)衡量(liang)。在司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)中，行(xing)(xing)政賠(pei)償(chang)具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)在執行(xing)(xing)時(shi)是否(fou)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)比較(jiao)容易(yi)判(pan)(pan)(pan)斷，事(shi)實行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)和不作為(wei)(wei)的“違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性”認(ren)定(ding)(ding)難度較(jiao)大。具體(ti)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)，前者應結合行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)本身的背景(jing)及一般法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)原則來(lai)判(pan)(pan)(pan)斷，后者一般應以(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)義(yi)務的存(cun)在為(wei)(wei)前提。

（二）可(ke)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)侵權(quan)(quan)主(zhu)體應(ying)與《解釋》相適應(ying)［5］。我國(guo)(guo)可(ke)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)行(xing)政(zheng)侵權(quan)(quan)主(zhu)體范圍，《中華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)》僅規(gui)定(ding)了行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)及其(qi)工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，實(shi)際看(kan)來這規(gui)定(ding)未免過于狹窄。我認(ren)為(wei)，可(ke)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)侵權(quan)(quan)主(zhu)體應(ying)是一切在國(guo)(guo)家(jia)行(xing)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)力(li)控制下執行(xing)公務的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)、組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)和個人(ren)(ren)(ren)，既包括(kuo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)和行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)授權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)及其(qi)工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、受行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)委托的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)和個人(ren)(ren)(ren)，也包括(kuo)聘用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、事實(shi)上的(de)(de)公務員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以及自動(dong)為(wei)行(xing)政(zheng)主(zhu)體工作(zuo)的(de)(de)自愿人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、事實(shi)上執行(xing)公務的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

（三）將(jiang)(jiang)公(gong)有(you)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)設置或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)欠(qian)缺而(er)(er)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致害(hai)事(shi)實(shi)納入國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)范(fan)圍(wei)［6］。國(guo)(guo)外國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)通常(chang)對(dui)此作(zuo)出(chu)規定。日本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)第2條規定：“因(yin)道路(lu)、河川或(huo)(huo)其他(ta)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)營造物之設置或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)瑕(xia)(xia)疵(ci)，致使(shi)他(ta)人受(shou)(shou)損害(hai)時，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)或(huo)(huo)地方自(zi)治團體負賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)之責(ze)”。德(de)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)第1條也規定，公(gong)權力主體對(dui)因(yin)其技術性設施(shi)(shi)之故障所(suo)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)(li)之損害(hai)亦負賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)之責(ze)。從世(shi)界范(fan)圍(wei)看(kan)，這是現代行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)從權力行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)轉(zhuan)向給付(fu)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)趨(qu)勢。應(ying)當(dang)看(kan)到公(gong)有(you)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)設施(shi)(shi)一般是由行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)或(huo)(huo)其特許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)務法(fa)(fa)人為便利(li)(li)公(gong)民而(er)(er)依(yi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)權力設置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府職(zhi)權行為密切相關(guan)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)對(dui)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)設施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)負有(you)安全注意義務。由于(yu)(yu)設施(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瑕(xia)(xia)疵(ci)，利(li)(li)用者(zhe)以(yi)通常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用法(fa)(fa)加(jia)以(yi)利(li)(li)用而(er)(er)發生無法(fa)(fa)預料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損害(hai)時，作(zuo)為該(gai)設施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)供者(zhe)應(ying)當(dang)承擔責(ze)任。但對(dui)此種事(shi)項，我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)并(bing)未將(jiang)(jiang)其納入行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)范(fan)圍(wei)。根據我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)立法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說明，不把這些事(shi)項納入行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)由是，對(dui)橋(qiao)梁、道路(lu)等公(gong)共(gong)(gong)設施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，在我國(guo)(guo)不屬于(yu)(yu)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)疇。因(yin)此其有(you)欠(qian)缺，也不屬于(yu)(yu)違法(fa)(fa)行使(shi)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)職(zhi)權，不能(neng)產生行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)，受(shou)(shou)害(hai)若要得到救濟只能(neng)向負責(ze)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)、事(shi)業(ye)單位請求(qiu)民事(shi)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)［7］。

（四）將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)因違法(fa)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)害納入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍。由于我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)機關(guan)(guan)是與行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)相分離的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種國(guo)家機關(guan)(guan)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)可(ke)能包含在行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之中，而(er)且我國(guo)目前軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)也沒有被(bei)列入國(guo)家賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)范疇，因此不(bu)能套用許多(duo)國(guo)家將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)都作(zuo)為(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)分而(er)規(gui)定(ding)在國(guo)家賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)。但我國(guo)現行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)(guan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)特別法(fa)對國(guo)家軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)機關(guan)(guan)以及軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)人執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職務的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)侵權(quan)而(er)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍規(gui)定(ding)不(bu)甚全面，尤其是將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)作(zuo)為(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)機關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)組織行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)而(er)不(bu)予以賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，這顯(xian)然不(bu)利于保護行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)相對人的(de)(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)權(quan)益。因此，基于軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)性質和這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)立法(fa)空白，有必要將(jiang)(jiang)其納入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍之內。

（五）應(ying)從嚴排除行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)賠償責任(ren)的行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為，以(yi)對責任(ren)豁(huo)免進(jin)行(xing)(xing)限制。主要包(bao)括(kuo)以(yi)下：

1、應(ying)嚴格限(xian)制國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)行(xing)為。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)行(xing)為應(ying)是中央國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機關(guan)根據憲法(fa)和法(fa)律的(de)授權，以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)名(ming)義實施的(de)涉及重(zhong)大國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)利益并具有較強的(de)政(zheng)治性行(xing)為；同時(shi)，不能以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)行(xing)為的(de)名(ming)義排除行(xing)政(zheng)賠償責任的(de)適用。

2、應嚴格限制(zhi)自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)行為(wei)。自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)行為(wei)是指(zhi)行政機關公務(wu)員為(wei)達到(dao)(dao)立法(fa)(fa)目的，自(zi)由(you)決定如何、何時、何地(di)，應實施何種行為(wei)而采取(qu)的依照他最佳判斷的行為(wei)。既然(ran)是自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)，就應當(dang)給予行為(wei)人(ren)以一定自(zi)由(you)度，在(zai)此(ci)范圍內(nei)若造(zao)成他人(ren)損(sun)失，國家不必(bi)承(cheng)擔責(ze)(ze)任。在(zai)我國，自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)權(quan)較少受到(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規的約束，對(dui)(dui)自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)權(quan)的行使缺(que)乏有效的監控(kong)手段，導致(zhi)在(zai)實踐中行政機關及其工作人(ren)員濫用自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)權(quan)而侵犯(fan)公民、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)或(huo)其他組織合法(fa)(fa)權(quan)益(yi)的現象。有時因濫用自(zi)由(you)裁量(liang)(liang)權(quan)給相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)造(zao)成的損(sun)害(hai)甚至遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大(da)于法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規明文規定行使職權(quan)而給相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)造(zao)成的損(sun)害(hai)。面對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)的此(ci)種損(sun)害(hai)，國家應當(dang)對(dui)(dui)此(ci)承(cheng)擔賠償責(ze)(ze)任。

3、應(ying)(ying)嚴格限制行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。《解(jie)釋》將行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)納入不(bu)可(ke)訴行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)范圍。本人(ren)認為(wei)，雖然行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)不(bu)是當(dang)事人(ren)必須履行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律效(xiao)果(guo)，但行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機關(guan)及其(qi)工作人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)竭力為(wei)公(gong)民爭取(qu)或(huo)保護其(qi)權利，避免任(ren)何損(sun)害的(de)(de)發生。如果(guo)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機關(guan)在行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)中提供虛假信(xin)息或(huo)不(bu)負(fu)責任(ren)地誤導(dao)(dao)(dao)公(gong)眾，直接導(dao)(dao)(dao)致公(gong)民、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)或(huo)其(qi)他組織做出(chu)錯誤決策，使其(qi)合法(fa)(fa)權益受(shou)到損(sun)害的(de)(de)就構成(cheng)違法(fa)(fa)，國家對此應(ying)(ying)承(cheng)擔賠償(chang)責任(ren)。由于這(zhe)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)不(bu)明確，司(si)法(fa)(fa)實踐也(ye)很欠缺，故確定(ding)賠償(chang)應(ying)(ying)十分慎重。

（六）將抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)入行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)損害賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)范圍(wei)。在我國(guo)(guo)(guo)，對(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可否賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)理論(lun)界有很大爭議。目(mu)前普遍的(de)(de)觀點是(shi)(shi)：根據《行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法(fa)》，抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)能(neng)被(bei)直接起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，即(ji)使該行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)違法(fa)，如(ru)果(guo)發生了使相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)合(he)法(fa)權益(yi)受(shou)(shou)到損害的(de)(de)現(xian)實后(hou)果(guo)，也(ye)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)實施，所以(yi)完(wan)全可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)提起(qi)(qi)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)，不(bu)必(bi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。對(dui)此，我認為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)無(wu)(wu)商(shang)榷(que)之處。首先，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)并(bing)不(bu)完(wan)全等(deng)同于(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)，用行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)案(an)范圍(wei)來限(xian)制國(guo)(guo)(guo)家賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)恰當的(de)(de)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說，只(zhi)要行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職務行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)造成相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)損害并(bing)構成國(guo)(guo)(guo)家賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任，即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)中不(bu)能(neng)被(bei)起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)完(wan)全可能(neng)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)對(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其次，抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)侵犯相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)權益(yi)的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)普遍的(de)(de)，與具體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)并(bing)無(wu)(wu)多少區別(bie)。再次，并(bing)非(fei)所有影響(xiang)公(gong)民權益(yi)的(de)(de)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都必(bi)然(ran)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)某種行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)實施。如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)允(yun)許相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)提起(qi)(qi)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)，必(bi)然(ran)會放縱行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)這方面的(de)(de)違法(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。最后(hou)，各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)法(fa)律均無(wu)(wu)明確禁止對(dui)抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)提起(qi)(qi)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)規定。因(yin)此，本(ben)人(ren)(ren)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)必(bi)受(shou)(shou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法(fa)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)受(shou)(shou)案(an)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)束縛而將抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)排除在賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍(wei)之外，但對(dui)它(ta)們造成的(de)(de)損害能(neng)否給予(yu)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)，應從(cong)以(yi)下四(si)個特(te)殊條件(jian)加以(yi)判斷。

首先，該抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)已被確認為(wei)(wei)違憲或(huo)違法(fa)(fa)；其次，抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)造成的(de)(de)損(sun)害對象(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)特(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)，而不是(shi)普遍(bian)的(de)(de)；再次，立法(fa)(fa)中并沒有(you)排除賠償的(de)(de)可能(neng)性；最后(hou)，損(sun)害必須達到(dao)相(xiang)(xiang)當嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)程度，受害人(ren)才能(neng)就此遭受的(de)(de)損(sun)害請求(qiu)賠償。同時，在(zai)判斷是(shi)否需要(yao)給予國家賠償時，還應特(te)別注意那些(xie)規(gui)章以下(xia)具有(you)普遍(bian)約束力的(de)(de)決定(ding)(ding)、命令(ling)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些(xie)規(gui)范(fan)性文(wen)件特(te)定(ding)(ding)主體混亂，越權情況嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)程序隨意性較大，違法(fa)(fa)現象(xiang)(xiang)較嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，往(wang)往(wang)侵犯行(xing)(xing)政相(xiang)(xiang)對人(ren)的(de)(de)合法(fa)(fa)權益(yi)，因(yin)此，將抽(chou)(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)行(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)造成的(de)(de)損(sun)害納入行(xing)(xing)政賠償范(fan)圍是(shi)非常必要(yao)的(de)(de)。

（七）適當擴(kuo)大可賠償行(xing)政損害范圍［8］。

1、將直(zhi)接財產(chan)損(sun)(sun)害中可(ke)得(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi)的賠(pei)償納入(ru)行政損(sun)(sun)害賠(pei)償的范圍。因為確(que)定(ding)直(zhi)接損(sun)(sun)失與間(jian)接損(sun)(sun)失的分(fen)類(lei)標準是因果(guo)(guo)關系(xi)，直(zhi)接損(sun)(sun)失是一(yi)種帶有(you)必(bi)(bi)然(ran)性的損(sun)(sun)失，即違法(fa)具體行政行為與損(sun)(sun)害后果(guo)(guo)之間(jian)是有(you)一(yi)般理智的人都會預(yu)測到的必(bi)(bi)然(ran)性的聯系(xi)。可(ke)得(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi)具有(you)相當的現實性、確(que)定(ding)性，屬于(yu)直(zhi)接損(sun)(sun)失，國(guo)家應予賠(pei)償。

2、將精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)納入行政損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)范圍。對于(yu)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)目前(qian)已有(you)民(min)事侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)領域擴(kuo)展到行政侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)領域，并(bing)逐步為(wei)各國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)制(zhi)度所接受。奧(ao)地利《國(guo)(guo)家(jia)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)》第(di)1條規定(ding)：聯邦、各州縣市、鄉鎮(zhen)及(ji)其他(ta)公法(fa)上(shang)團(tuan)體及(ji)社會(hui)保險(xian)機(ji)構(gou)（簡稱官署(shu)）于(yu)該官署(shu)及(ji)成(cheng)員執(zhi)行法(fa)律故意或過失違法(fa)侵(qin)(qin)害(hai)(hai)(hai)他(ta)人的(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)和人格權(quan)時，依民(min)法(fa)規定(ding)由(you)(you)官署(shu)負損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。考慮到國(guo)(guo)家(jia)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)制(zhi)度發展的(de)(de)漸進性，借(jie)鑒(jian)我國(guo)(guo)民(min)事侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)初步實(shi)踐中對行政侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)經驗，我國(guo)(guo)要(yao)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)行政侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)范圍可限定(ding)在(zai)能夠產(chan)生(sheng)物質結果的(de)(de)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)，對于(yu)不(bu)產(chan)生(sheng)物質后果的(de)(de)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)不(bu)予賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。在(zai)精(jing)神損(sun)(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)認定(ding)上(shang)，應當以(yi)一般社會(hui)公眾的(de)(de)評價為(wei)標準。在(zai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)數(shu)額(e)上(shang)，以(yi)撫(fu)慰為(wei)主，補償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)輔，并(bing)限定(ding)最高數(shu)額(e)，由(you)(you)法(fa)官依實(shi)際情況予以(yi)裁量。

此(ci)外，既不完全(quan)等(deng)同于物質損害，也(ye)與(yu)精神損害有別的(de)一些機遇的(de)喪失在今后的(de)國家行(xing)政立法(fa)中，也(ye)應該有逐(zhu)步給予賠償的(de)可能。 參考文獻

1、姜明安：《行政訴訟(song)法(fa)學(xue)》，北(bei)京(jing)大學(xue)出(chu)版社(she)1998年3月版

2、夏(xia)蔚：《中國行政法新論(lun)》，廣(guang)東人民出(chu)版社2002年2月版

3、江必新：《國家賠償法原理(li)》，中國人民公安大學出版(ban)社1994年2月版(ban)

4、田(tian)瑤主編：《國家賠償法學》，南海(hai)出版公司(si)2001年9月(yue)版

5、馬(ma)懷(huai)德：《國家賠償法的(de)理論(lun)與(yu)實務》，中國法制出(chu)版(ban)(ban)社1998年4月版(ban)(ban)

6、姜明安：《憲法(fa)(fa)學行政法(fa)(fa)學》，北(bei)京大學出版(ban)社2000年(nian)7月版(ban)

7、馬懷(huai)德：《行政法(fa)制度建構和(he)判(pan)例研究》，中國政法(fa)大學出版社2000年3月版

8、楊臨(lin)蘋主編(bian)：《行政損害賠償》，人民法院出(chu)版社1999年12月版

9、張正(zheng)釗(zhao)：《國家賠償制度研究》，中國人(ren)民大學出版社1998年5月版

10、MP賽卡(ka)：《德(de)國行政法》，臺灣五南圖書出版(ban)公司1991年3月版(ban)

注釋：

［1］姜(jiang)明安：《行政訴訟法(fa)學》，北(bei)京(jing)大學出(chu)版(ban)社1998年(nian)3月版(ban)，P36

［2］夏蔚：《中國行政法新論(lun)》，廣東人民出版社2002年(nian)2月版，P42

［3］江必新：《國(guo)家賠償(chang)法原(yuan)理》，中國(guo)人(ren)民公安大學(xue)出(chu)版社1994年2月版，P71

［4］馬懷德(de)：《國(guo)家賠償法(fa)的理論與實務》，中國(guo)法(fa)制(zhi)出(chu)版社1998年4月版，P169

［5］姜明安：《憲法學行政法學》，北京大學出(chu)版社2000年7月版，P206

［6］馬(ma)懷德：《行(xing)政法(fa)制度建構和(he)判例研究(jiu)》，中國(guo)政法(fa)大學出版社2000年3月版，P89

篇10

關(guan)鍵詞:行政公益訴訟;公益訴權(quan);法律制度(du)

一、行政公益訴訟的基(ji)本概念

理論界對(dui)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)義(yi)并未(wei)達成共識。有些學(xue)者認(ren)為(wei)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)(song)指法(fa)(fa)律(lv)允(yun)許與訴(su)訟(song)(song)標的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)存在直接利(li)(li)害(hai)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)主體，針對(dui)侵害(hai)或者對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益有侵害(hai)之虞(yu)的(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)為(wei)，向法(fa)(fa)院以(yi)(yi)維護(hu)受(shou)損利(li)(li)益的(de)(de)(de)訴(su)訟(song)(song)模(mo)式。有些學(xue)者認(ren)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)訟(song)(song)實質上(shang)就(jiu)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民為(wei)了維護(hu)被(bei)侵犯的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益，就(jiu)與自身無關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)(li)和不(bu)存在法(fa)(fa)律(lv)上(shang)利(li)(li)害(hai)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)項，以(yi)(yi)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)為(wei)被(bei)告向法(fa)(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)訴(su)訟(song)(song)模(mo)式。在綜(zong)合分析我(wo)國學(xue)者對(dui)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)(song)定(ding)義(yi)基(ji)礎上(shang)，筆者認(ren)為(wei)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)(song)是指當行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)侵害(hai)國家、社會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益時，法(fa)(fa)律(lv)授權(quan)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)國家機(ji)關(guan)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民、法(fa)(fa)人或者其他(ta)組織行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴(su)訟(song)(song)，可以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過司(si)法(fa)(fa)程序維護(hu)受(shou)損公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共利(li)(li)益的(de)(de)(de)訴(su)訟(song)(song)制(zhi)度(du)。

二、我國行政公益訴(su)訟的現(xian)狀

我(wo)國(guo)尚未制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)專門的(de)(de)行(xing)政公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)，因此現(xian)階(jie)段法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)主要依據《行(xing)政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》對(dui)(dui)相關案(an)件進行(xing)審(shen)查，行(xing)政公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)有(you)其個(ge)性特征(zheng)，這使(shi)(shi)得法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)在(zai)按照(zhao)《行(xing)政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》處理這類案(an)件時(shi)不(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)(de)存在(zai)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)障礙。我(wo)國(guo)《行(xing)政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》以傳(chuan)統當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)(ren)適格(ge)理論為基(ji)礎，規(gui)定(ding)原告只能是(shi)與(yu)被訴(su)(su)具(ju)體行(xing)政行(xing)為有(you)直接利(li)(li)(li)害(hai)關系(xi)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或者(zhe)(zhe)組(zu)織，若經審(shen)查，者(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)標的(de)(de)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)上(shang)利(li)(li)(li)害(hai)關系(xi)，則法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)不(bu)予受(shou)(shou)(shou)理。當(dang)行(xing)政機關的(de)(de)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為侵(qin)害(hai)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)社(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)時(shi)，由于一(yi)(yi)般只對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)產生不(bu)利(li)(li)(li)影響，而無(wu)客觀(guan)的(de)(de)實際權益(yi)(yi)損(sun)失，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或其他組(zu)織不(bu)能成為直接利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)代表人(ren)(ren)(ren)，不(bu)能通過法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)程序(xu)申請司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)救(jiu)濟，致使(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)(shou)損(sun)害(hai)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)不(bu)能被有(you)效維護。我(wo)國(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)對(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)的(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍做了(le)嚴格(ge)且(qie)明確的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)。抽(chou)象行(xing)政行(xing)為針對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象不(bu)特定(ding)，涉及(ji)范(fan)圍廣(guang)，一(yi)(yi)旦造成破壞，根據當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)(ren)適格(ge)理論缺(que)乏適格(ge)的(de)(de)原告，因此我(wo)國(guo)行(xing)政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明確規(gui)定(ding)抽(chou)象行(xing)政行(xing)為不(bu)可(ke)訴(su)(su)。這一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)使(shi)(shi)得行(xing)政公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)(shou)案(an)范(fan)圍受(shou)(shou)(shou)到了(le)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)。從另一(yi)(yi)角度講，這也(ye)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)政公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)原告資(zi)格(ge)主體的(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)。現(xian)階(jie)段我(wo)國(guo)面臨(lin)著公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)意識和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)意識增(zeng)強，積極(ji)運用司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)手(shou)段維護受(shou)(shou)(shou)損(sun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)與(yu)行(xing)政公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)(song)相關法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)不(bu)健(jian)全(quan)，制(zhi)(zhi)約公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或者(zhe)(zhe)其他組(zu)織運用司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)手(shou)段救(jiu)濟受(shou)(shou)(shou)損(sun)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)沖突。

三、我國行政公益訴(su)訟制度的構(gou)建

行(xing)政公(gong)益訴訟(song)制(zhi)度構(gou)建涉及眾多(duo)方面，本(ben)文主要(yao)對法院受案范圍、原告資格認(ren)定、舉證責任分(fen)配等制(zhi)度進行(xing)了探討。

(一)行(xing)政公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟的受案范圍

法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)(shi)否受(shou)理訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)案件，除了(le)考察訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)主體(ti)是(shi)(shi)否具(ju)有(you)(you)資格(ge)之外，還要(yao)考慮(lv)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)爭議是(shi)(shi)否屬于法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)形(xing)式確(que)立行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)意義重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大，我(wo)們(men)要(yao)立足于我(wo)國(guo)實踐，確(que)定合法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。第一(yi)，抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。我(wo)國(guo)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)確(que)將(jiang)(jiang)抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)排除在司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)外，者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只能(neng)具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。但(dan)抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)較于具(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)涉(she)及范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)更廣，一(yi)旦(dan)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)更嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。將(jiang)(jiang)抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寫入(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)范(fan)(fan)(fan)疇，除可以(yi)(yi)救濟受(shou)它侵(qin)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外，更重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)通過事先審(shen)(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式修正違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，避免規章(zhang)(zhang)之下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)實施后產生更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)以(yi)(yi)及損(sun)害(hai)(hai)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可救濟。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)有(you)(you)必要(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)入(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)內，但(dan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)應(ying)(ying)嚴(yan)格(ge)限(xian)定在規章(zhang)(zhang)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。第二，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。在我(wo)國(guo)，當(dang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，拖延答(da)復、不(bu)(bu)(bu)予答(da)復或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)處(chu)理針對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵(qin)犯私(si)人(ren)(ren)權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)時(shi)，投訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可以(yi)(yi)通過提(ti)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)維(wei)護自身權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵(qin)犯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)，由于缺乏(fa)明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)害(hai)(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系人(ren)(ren)，根據我(wo)國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)予受(shou)理，受(shou)損(sun)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)得到(dao)救濟。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，應(ying)(ying)該(gai)將(jiang)(jiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)入(ru)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，促使行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)積(ji)(ji)極(ji)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職責。第三，公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)服務是(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府職能(neng)之一(yi)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府在履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職能(neng)投資修建公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中，出現(xian)了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)審(shen)(shen)批、招標(biao)等問題。針對(dui)這些問題，公(gong)(gong)(gong)民、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)組織英國(guo)能(neng)夠以(yi)(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府揮(hui)霍或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)違(wei)規使用資金、錯誤決策等為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由提(ti)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)，加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督，救濟受(shou)損(sun)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，維(wei)護公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。第四(si)，授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)指(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)使行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)獲得權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主體(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)設定某些權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)免除其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)定義務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。當(dang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)針對(dui)某些人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)主體(ti)權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)受(shou)損(sun)時(shi)，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)害(hai)(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三方有(you)(you)權(quan)就該(gai)授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)提(ti)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)，救濟受(shou)損(sun)權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。但(dan)當(dang)授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)因(yin)(yin)獲益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自然不(bu)(bu)(bu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)組織和(he)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)則因(yin)(yin)缺乏(fa)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)，導致受(shou)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)獲得救濟。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)更好(hao)地保(bao)護公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)侵(qin)害(hai)(hai)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)將(jiang)(jiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)授(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寫入(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)受(shou)案范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。第四(si)，積(ji)(ji)極(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。積(ji)(ji)極(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定職責所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿(man)足社(she)(she)會主體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。這使得行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)工作人(ren)(ren)員更容(rong)易(yi)借積(ji)(ji)極(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之名謀求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)私(si)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，導致公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)受(shou)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加(jia)。實踐中表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)與違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)犯罪分子勾結，披著行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處(chu)罰、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)征收行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)外衣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)謀求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)非法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)社(she)(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。當(dang)前，我(wo)國(guo)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)訴(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)訟(song)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)克(ke)服這些困難，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)應(ying)(ying)將(jiang)(jiang)積(ji)(ji)極(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)納(na)入(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)受(shou)理范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。

(二)行政公益訴訟的原(yuan)告(gao)資(zi)格(ge)

解決原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)(ge)問題對構建我國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴訟制度(du)(du)至關(guan)(guan)重(zhong)(zhong)要。縱觀世界各(ge)國(guo)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)主體基本分為三類:檢察(cha)(cha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民個(ge)人(ren)(ren)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)者其(qi)(qi)他(ta)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)。第(di)一，檢察(cha)(cha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)(ge)。依(yi)據公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)信托理論(lun)，檢察(cha)(cha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)是國(guo)家(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表人(ren)(ren)，有(you)(you)權具(ju)體行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民讓渡給國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)財(cai)產訴權，同時作為國(guo)家(jia)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律監(jian)(jian)督(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)，監(jian)(jian)督(du)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)是否依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是其(qi)(qi)職(zhi)責所(suo)在。因此，檢察(cha)(cha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)向法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)提訟，要求制裁違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)，救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)被(bei)侵害的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)理所(suo)應(ying)當。第(di)二，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)(ge)。監(jian)(jian)督(du)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)賦(fu)予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現，而運(yun)用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律手(shou)段啟(qi)動訴訟程序是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)監(jian)(jian)督(du)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段之(zhi)一，也是實現權力(li)(li)制約的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要途徑。根(gen)據訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)擴張理論(lun)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民個(ge)人(ren)(ren)既(ji)便與被(bei)訴行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為沒(mei)有(you)(you)直接利(li)(li)(li)害關(guan)(guan)系，其(qi)(qi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴求也應(ying)得到法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)支持。第(di)三，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)(ge)。現實中(zhong)并(bing)不缺(que)乏社會(hui)團(tuan)體為維護公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)而提起行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐，與普通(tong)(tong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民相比，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)具(ju)有(you)(you)資源豐富、專業程度(du)(du)高、影(ying)響力(li)(li)大、經濟(ji)(ji)實力(li)(li)雄厚，具(ju)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)訴訟能(neng)力(li)(li)優勢。賦(fu)予(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)原(yuan)告(gao)(gao)資格(ge)(ge)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)能(neng)通(tong)(tong)過訴訟手(shou)段維護公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)，既(ji)能(neng)減輕檢察(cha)(cha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)訴訟壓(ya)力(li)(li)，又能(neng)彌補其(qi)(qi)他(ta)原(yuan)因導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)空(kong)白(bai)。

(三)行政公益(yi)訴訟的舉證(zheng)責(ze)任分配

筆(bi)者認為行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)應遵(zun)循(xun)舉(ju)證責任倒置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)原(yuan)則。從(cong)證據(ju)(ju)視角(jiao)分析，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)作出(chu)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為時本就必(bi)須有合法(fa)(fa)(fa)依據(ju)(ju)，它所依據(ju)(ju)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)和規范性文件(jian)就是其證據(ju)(ju)，顯然行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)更接近證據(ju)(ju)，讓全不(bu)知情的(de)公(gong)眾(zhong)提供證據(ju)(ju)明(ming)顯不(bu)合理。但是，因為行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公(gong)益(yi)訴(su)訟(song)的(de)受(shou)案(an)范圍廣，涉及(ji)不(bu)同領域，原(yuan)告(gao)主體(ti)多樣(yang)，在(zai)(zai)分配舉(ju)證責任時，不(bu)應給原(yuan)告(gao)設置(zhi)(zhi)太多限制。總體(ti)上，由(you)被(bei)(bei)告(gao)證明(ming)被(bei)(bei)訴(su)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為合法(fa)(fa)(fa)，原(yuan)告(gao)則需(xu)證明(ming)一(yi)(yi)下事項:第一(yi)(yi)，符合法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規定的(de)條件(jian)，被(bei)(bei)告(gao)認為超過期限的(de)由(you)被(bei)(bei)告(gao)證明(ming);第二，被(bei)(bei)訴(su)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為對(dui)社會公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益(yi)造成了損害或(huo)具(ju)有損害可能性;第三，被(bei)(bei)訴(su)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益(yi)受(shou)損二者之間存在(zai)(zai)因果(guo)關(guan)(guan)系;第四，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)作為案(an)件(jian)中(zhong)，證明(ming)其已就要求事項向被(bei)(bei)訴(su)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)(guan)提出(chu)過申請;對(dui)于抽(chou)象行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)為，原(yuan)告(gao)只需(xu)證明(ming)其與(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規存在(zai)(zai)沖(chong)突即可。

四、結語

這些舉措是(shi)構建行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公益訴(su)訟制(zhi)度，推進(jin)我(wo)(wo)國現(xian)代化法治進(jin)程的必經之路。雖然我(wo)(wo)國行(xing)(xing)(xing)政訴(su)訟發展晚，現(xian)階段(duan)建立(li)完(wan)善的行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公益訴(su)訟制(zhi)度還(huan)存(cun)在(zai)一定困難，但隨著學術界對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公益訴(su)訟制(zhi)度研究的深(shen)入(ru)和司法實務的發展，我(wo)(wo)們總有一天會建立(li)符合中(zhong)國特色的行(xing)(xing)(xing)政公益訴(su)訟制(zhi)度。

作(zuo)者:李群 單位(wei):中國石油(you)大學

參考文獻：

［1］田凱．初(chu)論探索(suo)行政公益訴訟的(de)制(zhi)度(du)供(gong)給路徑［J］．中國檢(jian)察官，2015(3)．