導語：如何才能寫好一篇土建工程施工技(ji)術，這就需要搜集整理(li)更多的(de)資料(liao)和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公務員之(zhi)家整理(li)的(de)十篇范文，供你(ni)借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：土建施(shi)工(gong)；技(ji)術(shu)

前 言

土建施工技術是保證工程質量的一項重要措施。因此，在當今土建工程激(ji)烈的市(shi)場競(jing)爭中，就(jiu)必(bi)須依(yi)靠科技(ji)創(chuang)新為(wei)確保施工(gong)和設備的主要技(ji)術，在(zai)先進的國際趨(qu)勢(shi)下，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)自己的實力(li)，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)產(chan)品的科技(ji)含量，提高工(gong)程質(zhi)量，創(chuang)造最佳效益，降低生產(chan)成本。

一(yi)、土建施工(gong)中所存在的技術問題(ti)及對策

1、土建施工中混凝土技(ji)術問題及對(dui)策(ce)

（1）混(hun)凝(ning)土的保護(hu)層和早期承受(shou)載荷問題

經過調查，很多土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)程在(zai)施工(gong)過程中沒有(you)將預制墊塊(kuai)的(de)保護層(ceng)放置(zhi)在(zai)鋼(gang)筋(jin)下面，也有(you)一些(xie)用的(de)是石子(zi)，但(dan)由(you)于用石子(zi)做成的(de)保護層(ceng)厚度不均勻而且容(rong)易走位(wei)，這些(xie)在(zai)規(gui)定中都是不允(yun)許的(de)。有(you)的(de)施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)在(zai)混凝土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑時，把(ba)鋼(gang)筋(jin)骨架向上拉些(xie)距(ju)離作為保護層(ceng)，這種做法(fa)更是錯誤(wu)，因為它(ta)不但(dan)不能(neng)到(dao)達(da)保護層(ceng)的(de)作用，還使得鋼(gang)筋(jin)骨架偏離位(wei)置(zhi)或者彎(wan)曲(qu)變形，施工(gong)質量大打(da)折扣。所(suo)以，在(zai)混凝土(tu)(tu)開始澆(jiao)筑之前(qian)，保護層(ceng)一定要按照規(gui)定設置(zhi)到(dao)位(wei)。

有些(xie)施工(gong)(gong)單位為(wei)了(le)盡早完(wan)成工(gong)(gong)程任務(wu)，在混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)作沒(mei)結(jie)束幾天，就(jiu)把磚(zhuan)塊和其他工(gong)(gong)具放置在樓板等(deng)之(zhi)上(shang)，我(wo)們通常會認為(wei)這不會造成什么(me)影響(xiang)，其實則不然，由于混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)還(huan)處于凝(ning)固階段，承受能力還(huan)較小(xiao)，在此時承受過重(zhong)的(de)(de)載荷，混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)將會產生(sheng)開裂(lie)和疏(shu)松的(de)(de)現象，嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)了(le)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)結(jie)構強度。按照有關規定(ding)，在混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)超過20天之(zhi)后，才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)承受較重(zhong)的(de)(de)載荷。

（2）柱模板和(he)混凝土的澆(jiao)筑問(wen)題

柱(zhu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)有著斷面(mian)尺寸小(xiao)、高(gao)度較大的(de)特點。所以，安(an)裝(zhuang)柱(zhu)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)構造(zao)時必須要注(zhu)意保證垂(chui)直高(gao)度以及(ji)抵抗來(lai)自新(xin)澆(jiao)筑混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)側壓力(li)，這(zhe)樣方便(bian)后續混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)澆(jiao)筑以及(ji)清理垃圾等工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)開展。但是(shi)在實際(ji)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)中，很多(duo)不規范的(de)的(de)做法隨(sui)處可見，例如(ru)(ru)：沒有按照規定每(mei)距(ju)離3米的(de)高(gao)度酒就留(liu)設澆(jiao)灌孔，或者是(shi)由于鋼筋(jin)過分密實導(dao)致(zhi)流管(guan)無法使用。這(zhe)就造(zao)成了在拆模(mo)(mo)澆(jiao)筑的(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)時，很多(duo)缺(que)陷就顯現(xian)出來(lai)，比如(ru)(ru)：露(lu)筋(jin)、分層離析或孔洞現(xian)象。

（3）混(hun)凝土養護及質(zhi)量問題和對(dui)策

鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)土梁和(he)(he)板的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量問題，光靠(kao)模(mo)板和(he)(he)鋼筋(jin)工(gong)程是不夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)，還要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意養(yang)(yang)護。普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硅酸鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)泥的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護至(zhi)少要(yao)(yao)8晝(zhou)夜，而加入緩凝(ning)劑的(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)土養(yang)(yang)護至(zhi)少需(xu)要(yao)(yao)15個(ge)晝(zhou)夜的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護，目前澆水(shui)(shui)是主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護方法(fa)。對于那些(xie)露筋(jin)、蜂窩以及麻面(mian)等混凝(ning)土表(biao)面(mian)，可使用水(shui)(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)抹面(mian)，一定要(yao)(yao)記得在此之前要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行濕潤清洗。有(you)些(xie)裂縫嚴重影響了建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)防滲透性和(he)(he)承載能力，我們可以根據其寬(kuan)度、性質(zhi)以及位置等條(tiao)件，采用灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)來修補，一般如果裂縫寬(kuan)度超過0。5mm，采用水(shui)(shui)泥灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)；小于0。5mm，采用化(hua)學灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。

2、土建施工中深(shen)基坑挖(wa)掘的問題及對策

現(xian)代(dai)建筑(zhu)(zhu)正(zheng)朝著美觀、復(fu)雜(za)和(he)高層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向發展(zhan)，這(zhe)就(jiu)導致(zhi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基坑(keng)(keng)深(shen)(shen)度(du)越(yue)來越(yue)大，這(zhe)必然(ran)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境造成影(ying)響(xiang)。在基坑(keng)(keng)挖(wa)掘過程(cheng)中，土體中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)在緩慢釋放，這(zhe)就(jiu)會(hui)造成基坑(keng)(keng)周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下管線和(he)地(di)下建筑(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)生(sheng)偏移和(he)沉降，一(yi)旦(dan)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)好，可能就(jiu)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)到周(zhou)圍居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常生(sheng)活，甚(shen)至緊鄰建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)，后果(guo)相當嚴重。所以(yi)(yi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位一(yi)定要注(zhu)意(yi)對(dui)(dui)基坑(keng)(keng)及(ji)周(zhou)邊土地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變形控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。通(tong)過多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)經驗(yan)，現(xian)代(dai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)理論已經可以(yi)(yi)很好地(di)解決(jue)深(shen)(shen)基坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土方(fang)(fang)變形問題。當前，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主要分三類：開(kai)環、閉(bi)環和(he)自適(shi)應(ying)(ying)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。開(kai)環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)最經典以(yi)(yi)及(ji)應(ying)(ying)用最成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，但該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重缺(que)陷(xian)是(shi)沒(mei)有反(fan)饋系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，這(zhe)就(jiu)導致(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能根據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)情況進(jin)行(xing)實時調(diao)控(kong)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低。閉(bi)環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，此(ci)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)有反(fan)饋系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，能夠實時對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行(xing)監控(kong)和(he)調(diao)整(zheng)，基本能夠適(shi)應(ying)(ying)復(fu)雜(za)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)高。自適(shi)應(ying)(ying)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)近幾(ji)年(nian)剛提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論研究和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實踐(jian)也(ye)都(dou)處于探索(suo)階段，不(bu)(bu)過發展(zhan)潛力(li)(li)相當巨大。因此(ci)，閉(bi)環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)現(xian)代(dai)土建深(shen)(shen)基坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。

3、建筑屋面的施工問題及(ji)對策

在土建工程屋面的施工中，防水施工技術是此項工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)中之重(zhong)(zhong)。目前(qian)很多建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)面(mian)防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程質(zhi)量都不過關，主要(yao)(yao)是由于鋪設防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)材(cai)料(liao)時施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)技術不行，或者是所用(yong)(yong)材(cai)料(liao)不好(hao)等(deng)等(deng)。到目前(qian)為(wei)止，大部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)面(mian)防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)材(cai)料(liao)采用(yong)(yong)防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)卷材(cai)，它(ta)具有施(shi)工(gong)簡單(dan)、結(jie)實耐用(yong)(yong)以及環保(bao)(bao)等(deng)優點，也不會對施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)健(jian)康造(zao)成影(ying)響(xiang)，施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)要(yao)(yao)特別注意鋪設防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)材(cai)料(liao)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)對屋(wu)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)理工(gong)作一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)徹(che)底，否則將嚴重(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量。除(chu)此之外，外部屋(wu)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂料(liao)施(shi)工(gong)時，首先要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證選擇質(zhi)量好(hao)而(er)且(qie)環保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂料(liao)，因為(wei)很多涂料(liao)中含有對人身體(ti)有害的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學物質(zhi)，這樣才能保(bao)(bao)證施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)和(he)日后居住(zhu)在此居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)健(jian)康。

二、加強土建施工技(ji)術(shu)實踐策略

1、切(qie)實(shi)加強土(tu)建工(gong)程的相關施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術創新力度。

為確保土建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)質量，首先需要(yao)加(jia)強土建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術創新和(he)改革。在(zai)土建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，需要(yao)采取(qu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作方式，比如對(dui)縱(zong)、橫(heng)向鋼(gang)(gang)筋面(mian)(mian)積(ji)比較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)架結(jie)構，可以(yi)(yi)先將(jiang)整片(pian)綁(bang)扎在(zai)一起(qi)，形成(cheng)一個大(da)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)鋼(gang)(gang)筋網片(pian)，然(ran)后將(jiang)其(qi)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)基礎附近(jin)上，加(jia)固(gu)完成(cheng)之后可以(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)吊機將(jiang)其(qi)放入(ru)到土建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)基層上。當(dang)(dang)然(ran)也可以(yi)(yi)直接(jie)采取(qu)在(zai)基層綁(bang)扎的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式進行(xing)，不(bu)用(yong)(yong)再進行(xing)移動。當(dang)(dang)然(ran)，也可以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)(yong)模板作為支架對(dui)懸空的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋網片(pian)進行(xing)有效加(jia)固(gu)，或(huo)者直接(jie)用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)設鋼(gang)(gang)筋馬(ma)凳的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法進行(xing)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐(cheng)。

其次(ci)，在土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)，還需要重點加強混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)攪拌技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)和(he)開發(fa)。為有(you)效運用混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，需要切(qie)實(shi)按照(zhao)施工(gong)(gong)前期設計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)要求(qiu)來(lai)執行(xing)(xing)，以(yi)此配(pei)置比為標(biao)準來(lai)進行(xing)(xing)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置，切(qie)實(shi)保障混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)使(shi)用材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合性指標(biao)運用。當然，也需要綜(zong)合考慮攪拌機的(de)(de)(de)匹配(pei)選擇問題。制定科學合理的(de)(de)(de)攪拌規(gui)則(ze)和(he)制度，比如(ru)包括攪拌的(de)(de)(de)時間長度、投料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)基本順序，每(mei)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)投料(liao)量等。在進行(xing)(xing)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)澆筑(zhu)之前，還應該嚴格的(de)(de)(de)檢查鋼筋和(he)預(yu)埋件的(de)(de)(de)數量一(yi)、位置等信(xin)息，并將檢查的(de)(de)(de)結果如(ru)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)填(tian)入工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)記錄表之中(zhong)(zhong)。

2、完善土建工(gong)程的基本施工(gong)技術標準。

在(zai)土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，需要對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標準進(jin)(jin)(jin)行明確(que)的(de)(de)規(gui)定，規(gui)范施工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標準。在(zai)土(tu)(tu)體加固(gu)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，因(yin)土(tu)(tu)抗剪能(neng)力(li)小(xiao)，成槽(cao)(cao)前，用A700mm水泥土(tu)(tu)攪(jiao)拌樁(zhuang)(zhuang)對(dui)(dui)槽(cao)(cao)壁兩側(ce)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行加固(gu)處理，以(yi)(yi)(yi)確(que)保成槽(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)質量(liang)；采(cai)用劈裂(lie)注(zhu)漿技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)對(dui)(dui)坑內(nei)被動土(tu)(tu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行加固(gu)處理，提高(gao)其抗剪能(neng)力(li)。在(zai)降水方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，利(li)用輕型井點降水方(fang)法(fa)降水2周；采(cai)用20m長(chang)的(de)(de)噴射井點，對(dui)(dui)深層土(tu)(tu)體進(jin)(jin)(jin)行降水，使土(tu)(tu)體固(gu)結，從(cong)而使土(tu)(tu)體抗剪能(neng)力(li)得到響應提高(gao)。開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)時(shi)，地(di)下(xia)水降至基(ji)坑以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)約(yue)1m時(shi)，施工(gong)效(xiao)果最好。在(zai)分(fen)層開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，先適量(liang)挖(wa)建筑(zhu)四(si)周土(tu)(tu)體，是土(tu)(tu)體應力(li)得到一(yi)個緩慢的(de)(de)釋放，避免因(yin)突然卸載(zai)使地(di)下(xia)連續墻受力(li)猛增而變形。挖(wa)土(tu)(tu)時(shi)，同時(shi)卸載(zai)立柱(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)四(si)周土(tu)(tu)體，以(yi)(yi)(yi)確(que)保立柱(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)周邊土(tu)(tu)壓力(li)的(de)(de)平衡。

3、完善土(tu)建施(shi)工技術人員的技術和素質培訓。

保(bao)障(zhang)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)，需要(yao)切(qie)實提(ti)(ti)高(gao)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)，而施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)離不開土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力探(tan)索(suo)和積極(ji)實驗。為此(ci)，在土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，需要(yao)切(qie)實加強對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)，引導土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員樹(shu)立(li)積極(ji)探(tan)索(suo)、不斷創新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)動力。作(zuo)(zuo)為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位，首先需要(yao)建(jian)立(li)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，明確(que)崗位責任制(zhi)，建(jian)設柔(rou)性(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理與剛性(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。此(ci)外(wai)，還需要(yao)成立(li)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)和管(guan)(guan)理部門(men)，嚴格(ge)制(zhi)定詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)水平(ping)和思想道德素質(zhi)。要(yao)求施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術人(ren)(ren)員和管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員都要(yao)嚴格(ge)遵守(shou)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本制(zhi)度(du)(du)，嚴格(ge)按(an)照程(cheng)(cheng)序進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

篇2

關(guan)鍵詞(ci)：土(tu)建工(gong)程(cheng)；技術創新；混凝土(tu)；施工(gong)技術

前言

隨著經濟全球化(hua)的(de)(de)步伐的(de)(de)加快，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)建(jian)筑行(xing)業也在于國(guo)際接(jie)軌，面臨著更(geng)加激(ji)烈(lie)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭，近年(nian)來(lai)我(wo)(wo)們為(wei)(wei)了應對(dui)激(ji)烈(lie)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭，我(wo)(wo)們對(dui)土(tu)建(jian)工程(cheng)施(shi)工技(ji)術進行(xing)了一系列的(de)(de)創(chuang)新。為(wei)(wei)土(tu)建(jian)工程(cheng)重新注入了活力，在競(jing)爭中更(geng)加具有(you)優勢。而且，土(tu)建(jian)施(shi)工中的(de)(de)混凝土(tu)技(ji)術的(de)(de)應用也更(geng)加深入，利用施(shi)工技(ji)術對(dui)土(tu)建(jian)工程(cheng)進行(xing)優化(hua)升(sheng)級，已經成為(wei)(wei)了施(shi)工計劃的(de)(de)重要環(huan)節。

一(yi)、土建工(gong)程中施工(gong)技(ji)術創(chuang)新體(ti)現

隨著知識經(jing)濟和信息化時代(dai)的(de)(de)到來，為土建工(gong)程的(de)(de)發展(zhan)也帶來機遇，在(zai)工(gong)程的(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中，也逐漸的(de)(de)采用數字(zi)信息化技術(shu)和生態節能技術(shu)，為土建工(gong)程的(de)(de)優化升級提供了很大(da)的(de)(de)保障(zhang)。

1、數字化信息(xi)技術(shu)

信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化(hua)時代的(de)到來，為各行(xing)各業的(de)發展帶來了(le)曙光，各個行(xing)業都在進行(xing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化(hua)技術(shu)的(de)改(gai)革，在這種潮流和趨勢下，我(wo)們的(de)土建工程也在進行(xing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化(hua)的(de)改(gai)革。為各個施(shi)工的(de)細節提(ti)供技術(shu)支撐。目前，土建方(fang)面的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化(hua)改(gai)革主要體現在施(shi)工數(shu)字化(hua)和管理信(xin)(xin)息(xi)化(hua)這兩方(fang)面。

如：我們在進(jin)行數字化繪(hui)制工程細節圖(tu)、工程整體規劃、工程施工管線(xian)圖(tu)等，這些(xie)技(ji)術的(de)應用，可(ke)以加大工程的(de)準確度，提(ti)高工程繪(hui)圖(tu)制作水平，在整體的(de)規劃方(fang)面考(kao)慮(lv)的(de)更(geng)加全面、精細。同(tong)時可(ke)以避免人工操作中的(de)失誤(wu)，減(jian)少(shao)人力(li)成本。

在管(guan)理工(gong)作中，我們(men)的(de)(de)土建工(gong)程建設(she)已經在逐漸的(de)(de)考慮控制成本、保證質(zhi)量、加(jia)快進(jin)度、材(cai)料采購等一系(xi)列的(de)(de)問題，并將(jiang)這些納入了信息管(guan)理工(gong)作的(de)(de)范疇，在信息化管(guan)理中，我們(men)可以(yi)更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)協調各(ge)個(ge)方面，達(da)到降低成本、提高質(zhi)量、保證進(jin)度的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)，實現更(geng)加(jia)高效的(de)(de)管(guan)理。也可以(yi)以(yi)信息化為基(ji)礎，在整個(ge)的(de)(de)管(guan)理中，不斷的(de)(de)發現問題，改進(jin)問題，推動整個(ge)管(guan)理體系(xi)的(de)(de)優化升(sheng)級。

生態節能技術

隨著生(sheng)態(tai)、文明、綠色(se)(se)、健康(kang)發展理念的提出，我們在(zai)整個社會倡導低碳發展、綠色(se)(se)發展，建筑業也(ye)在(zai)建筑技術(shu)(shu)中紛紛采(cai)用生(sheng)態(tai)節能技術(shu)(shu)。追求節能和發展共(gong)存的模式，目前(qian)，土建也(ye)在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)態(tai)節能相關(guan)技術(shu)(shu)的應用。

比如：土建(jian)施(shi)工會根(gen)據(ju)當(dang)地(di)的(de)施(shi)工環境，對當(dang)地(di)的(de)可用(yong)的(de)原材料進行(xing)開發利(li)用(yong)，充分的(de)利(li)用(yong)當(dang)地(di)資(zi)源，避免資(zi)源的(de)閑置；其次(ci)，土建(jian)施(shi)工還(huan)在追求材料的(de)低(di)能耗、耐用(yong)性(xing)等方面的(de)屬性(xing)；最后，還(huan)要(yao)在土建(jian)施(shi)工中(zhong)保(bao)證工程(cheng)的(de)環境影響小(xiao)，建(jian)設的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)不會對生態(tai)造成破壞。

二、混凝土(tu)在土(tu)建(jian)項目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)應用混凝土(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)應該貫穿(chuan)整個的(de)土(tu)建(jian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目。混凝土(tu)的(de)原材料(liao)的(de)選用，運輸(shu)卸料(liao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，澆筑和(he)搗振施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，養護，混凝土(tu)梁柱節(jie)點箍筋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)縫等一系列的(de)技(ji)術(shu)都會(hui)有(you)助于實(shi)現混凝土(tu)整體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)提高，具體(ti)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)應用如下(xia)：

1、材(cai)料選用與配比攪拌

1.1原(yuan)材料選用。混凝土(tu)作為一種新型的(de)建材，主要(yao)(yao)是由水泥(ni)、砂石、骨料、礦物參(can)合(he)料、水等原(yuan)料加(jia)工(gong)而成，在土(tu)建中采(cai)用的(de)混凝土(tu)施工(gong)技(ji)術，主要(yao)(yao)是要(yao)(yao)充分的(de)利用掌握的(de)信(xin)息進(jin)行原(yuan)材料的(de)購買，通過(guo)實驗(yan)進(jin)行材料的(de)配比(bi)，最后確(que)定科學的(de)配比(bi)方案。

1.2材料配(pei)(pei)比(bi)。混凝土的(de)配(pei)(pei)比(bi)中(zhong)，我們一般都是(shi)根據實際(ji)情(qing)況進行的(de)配(pei)(pei)比(bi)，經(jing)過多(duo)次的(de)實驗，來確(que)定(ding)各個(ge)材料的(de)使用比(bi)例，加強對配(pei)(pei)比(bi)中(zhong)的(de)濕度(du)、溫度(du)等相(xiang)關因素的(de)控制(zhi)，通過不斷(duan)的(de)配(pei)(pei)比(bi)，最(zui)后得到準確(que)的(de)科學的(de)配(pei)(pei)比(bi)方案。

 1.3拌(ban)(ban)制(zhi)工作。土(tu)建單位在(zai)拌(ban)(ban)制(zhi)的(de)(de)過程中會按照之前的(de)(de)配比方(fang)案(an)，進(jin)行(xing)原(yuan)材料的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)和混合，對(dui)材料的(de)(de)數(shu)量會進(jin)行(xing)準確的(de)(de)稱量，然后在(zai)配比方(fang)案(an)和拌(ban)(ban)制(zhi)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導下進(jin)行(xing)拌(ban)(ban)制(zhi)工作。

2、運輸與卸料工作

2.1運輸(shu)。土建(jian)的(de)施工單(dan)位(wei)會考慮(lv)施工現場的(de)實際情況，然后(hou)對運輸(shu)路線進(jin)行規劃，對施工材料(liao)進(jin)行保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，尤其是保(bao)(bao)護(hu)施工材料(liao)的(de)性質不發(fa)生改(gai)變。

2.2卸料。土建(jian)單位(wei)(wei)會根據(ju)設(she)計方案中(zhong)的塌落(luo)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)、出機溫度等相關因素對混凝(ning)土進行檢測，然后采取有(you)效的措施，進行混凝(ning)土質量的優化(hua)。

3、澆筑和(he)搗振施工(gong)

3.1澆(jiao)筑(zhu)。施工人員在(zai)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)的(de)時候(hou)應該(gai)對柱子和墻面進(jin)行連續(xu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)，在(zai)排柱的(de)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)過(guo)程中(zhong)，我(wo)們(men)應該(gai)遵循(xun)從(cong)內到(dao)外的(de)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)順序(xu)，在(zai)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，對于存在(zai)預埋件的(de)，要保(bao)證預埋件的(de)位(wei)置不發生改(gai)變。

3.2搗振(zhen)。搗振(zhen)中要注意保證(zheng)連續性(xing)，同時還要把握好(hao)搗振(zhen)的力度和范(fan)圍，避免搗振(zhen)過(guo)度等情況的發(fa)生。

4、養護(hu)(hu)。在混(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)養護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)，我(wo)們(men)(men)主要(yao)是(shi)為了保證(zheng)工程的(de)(de)耐用性(xing)外(wai)觀質量(liang)等，混(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)養護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)，我(wo)們(men)(men)要(yao)進行溫(wen)差(cha)控制，根據建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)結構類型和截面構造，我(wo)們(men)(men)采取不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)溫(wen)差(cha)控制方法；養護(hu)(hu)主要(yao)是(shi)在拆除外(wai)側模后，防止風吹日(ri)曬雨淋，一般(ban)養護(hu)(hu)期不(bu)(bu)得低(di)于半(ban)個月(yue)。

5、 混凝土梁柱節點箍筋施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)

箍筋施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)目前已經被國內的(de)很多的(de)建(jian)筑行業采用，箍筋施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)是一種比較(jiao)安(an)全(quan)的(de)生產技(ji)術(shu)，減少(shao)工程的(de)施(shi)工量，施(shi)工中(zhong)，我們(men)應(ying)該根據實(shi)際情況進(jin)行使用，對于較(jiao)大較(jiao)復雜的(de)工程這(zhe)樣的(de)方法(fa)采用的(de)比較(jiao)少(shao)。

6、施(shi)工(gong)縫。在混凝(ning)土的(de)(de)澆筑過程(cheng)中(zhong)，由(you)于受到(dao)各種(zhong)因素的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，我們(men)不可能(neng)連(lian)續的(de)(de)澆筑，我們(men)在這樣的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)情況下(xia)就應該留(liu)施(shi)工(gong)縫，施(shi)工(gong)縫盡(jin)量的(de)(de)選擇承受剪(jian)力小的(de)(de)地方，而且(qie)施(shi)工(gong)比較方便的(de)(de)位置。

7、預應力(li)混凝(ning)土(tu)。預應力(li)混凝(ning)土(tu)采用在(zai)混凝(ning)土(tu)中增加鋼絞線、預應力(li)鋼筋等材料，減少(shao)混凝(ning)土(tu)內(nei)普(pu)通(tong)鋼筋的(de)使(shi)(shi)用，優化混凝(ning)土(tu)結構(gou)，增加土(tu)建(jian)項目混凝(ning)土(tu)構(gou)件的(de)使(shi)(shi)用范圍。這是(shi)當前應用的(de)最新(xin)的(de)混凝(ning)土(tu)施工(gong)技術。

三、實例分析

案(an)例(li)一：在南水北(bei)調中線總干(gan)渠上(shang)的(de)(de)一座大型交叉建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)放水河(he)渡(du)槽的(de)(de)施工建(jian)設中，我們根據放水河(he)渡(du)槽槽身(shen)C50混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)具有槽身(shen)C50混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)標號(hao)高，水泥用量大，水化熱(re)高，當地(di)氣候(hou)干(gan)燥，風砂大，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)收縮大且快極易出現(xian)干(gan)縮裂縫等(deng)特點找(zhao)到了(le)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)裂縫控制的(de)(de)難點，從而提出了(le)在放水河(he)渡(du)槽槽身(shen)C50混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)摻(chan)用超纖維的(de)(de)想法，并對這種想法進行了(le)充(chong)分的(de)(de)論證(zheng)。

在該工程中(zhong)，我們 按(an)照相關標準進行普通混(hun)凝土(tu)配(pei)合比設計，按(an)每立方混(hun)凝土(tu)添加(jia)1.5kg左(zuo)右博凱超纖(xian)維(wei)的(de)用(yong)量，作為外加(jia)組分，配(pei)制纖(xian)維(wei)混(hun)凝土(tu)。采用(yong)的(de)是纖(xian)維(wei)用(yong)量根據每盤混(hun)凝土(tu)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)的(de)實際方量，按(an)推薦摻量準確稱量，計量后的(de)纖(xian)維(wei)應與(yu)粗骨料(liao)一起添加(jia)，纖(xian)維(wei)可采用(yong)人工添加(jia)，還有(you)砂石和(he)其(qi)他的(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)的(de)搭配(pei)，按(an)照配(pei)比方案(an)進行攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)。

案例(li)二：2007年的(de)彭水(shui)水(shui)電站夏季施工(gong)中，針對夏季澆(jiao)筑混(hun)凝土(tu)，由于溫度(du)過高(gao)易產(chan)生(sheng)表(biao)面干縮裂(lie)縫，隨氣候轉變，氣溫日漸下(xia)降，混(hun)凝土(tu)內部熱量不易散(san)發(fa)，造成混(hun)凝土(tu)內外溫差梯(ti)度(du)大，混(hun)凝土(tu)極易產(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)縫的(de)問題，我們的(de)項目(mu)部采取了(le)合理控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)層分(fen)塊，合理安排混(hun)凝土(tu)施工(gong)時段，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)出機口溫度(du)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)凝土(tu)運輸過程溫度(du)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)凝土(tu)澆(jiao)筑過程溫度(du)等(deng)相關措(cuo)施進行了(le)有效的(de)溫控(kong)。

結束語

土建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)程的(de)施(shi)工(gong)已經在(zai)進行(xing)改(gai)革，正在(zai)朝著數字(zi)信(xin)息(xi)化和節能(neng)生態化的(de)方向發(fa)展，我們應(ying)(ying)該不斷(duan)的(de)進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術的(de)創新，增加土建(jian)(jian)(jian)施(shi)工(gong)在(zai)市場(chang)中(zhong)的(de)競爭力，在(zai)土建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)混凝土應(ying)(ying)用中(zhong)，不斷(duan)的(de)加強技(ji)術創新的(de)應(ying)(ying)用，保證土建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)質量和進度。

參考文獻：

[1]梁(liang)雄.土建(jian)工程的施工技術創(chuang)新及其應用[J].城市建(jian)設理論研究（電子(zi)版）

[2]吳旭輝.淺(qian)談土建(jian)工(gong)程的施(shi)工(gong)技術創新與應用[J].中(zhong)國房地產業

篇3

關鍵詞：土建工程(cheng) 大體積(ji)混凝土 施(shi)工技術 預防

中圖分類號：TU37 文獻標識碼： A

引言

隨著(zhu)市場經濟的不斷發展(zhan)和深入，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)規模也是(shi)越來越大，高(gao)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑拔地而起促使(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)大體積混(hun)凝土(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的廣(guang)泛應用。但是(shi)，由于在具體的土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中存在著(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)不當，混(hun)凝土(tu)技術要(yao)求不合格，或者因為一(yi)些(xie)自(zi)然因素而致使(shi)(shi)溫差過大造成(cheng)大體積混(hun)凝土(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)出現質量(liang)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，這嚴重(zhong)影響了(le)(le)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體質量(liang)和功能的實現，對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑結(jie)構的安全性(xing)構成(cheng)了(le)(le)威脅。由此看(kan)來，大體積混(hun)凝土(tu)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的發展(zhan)以及對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中遇到的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)進行預防很有(you)必要(yao)性(xing)。

一、大體積(ji)混凝土(tu)的特點

大(da)(da)體(ti)積(ji)混凝(ning)(ning)土結(jie)構的(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)結(jie)構厚實、體(ti)積(ji)大(da)(da)、鋼筋(jin)密、整體(ti)性要(yao)(yao)求高、工程條件復雜(一般都是(shi)地下(xia)現燒鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)(ning)土結(jie)構、高層建(jian)筑鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)(ning)土轉換層梁柱)、施工技術要(yao)(yao)求高、水泥水化(hua)熱較大(da)(da)等特(te)點。大(da)(da)體(ti)積(ji)混凝(ning)(ning)土除了(le)最小斷面和內外(wai)溫度有一定的(de)(de)規定外(wai)，平面尺寸也有一定的(de)(de)限制性。

二、大體積混凝土土建工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)技術(shu)

1、合理選擇材料

大(da)體積(ji)混(hun)凝土土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)(yao)包括水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)、粗(cu)骨料(liao)(liao)和(he)粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)三種。在(zai)(zai)(zai)土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)對整個過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)以及質量(liang)(liang)(liang)都具有(you)(you)重要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。因此，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)必須加強水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。最好選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)(re)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)，例如：礦渣(zha)(zha)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)、火山灰(hui)(hui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)、礦渣(zha)(zha)硅酸鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)保障混(hun)凝土施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)降低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，從(cong)(cong)減小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)來(lai)看，都能(neng)(neng)(neng)減少(shao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)(re)，對于內(nei)(nei)部溫度(du)都具有(you)(you)抑制作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，進(jin)而減小(xiao)內(nei)(nei)外溫差(cha)，預防裂縫出(chu)現。在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，必須建(jian)立(li)一套比較(jiao)合理、規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，讓(rang)其(qi)擁(yong)有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；對于質量(liang)(liang)(liang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠得到保障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)，進(jin)場后必須根據要(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行檢驗，不(bu)滿(man)足使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗(cu)骨料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)，一般會在(zai)(zai)(zai)滿(man)足鋼(gang)筋間距與泵送標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)粒(li)徑稍大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碎石(shi)，從(cong)(cong)而減少(shao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。通過(guo)(guo)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)干(gan)凈、強度(du)高(gao)、針片少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨料(liao)(liao)，將粗(cu)細骨料(liao)(liao)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)適(shi)中(zhong)控制在(zai)(zai)(zai) 1%，并且(qie)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)含(han)有(you)(you)其(qi)他不(bu)符合施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質。在(zai)(zai)(zai)粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)，粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)作(zuo)為摻合料(liao)(liao)，不(bu)僅能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)可泵性(xing)、和(he)易(yi)性(xing)，還(huan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)幫(bang)助(zhu)泵送施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)代替部分水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，從(cong)(cong)根本上降低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)(re)。但是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，必須注重粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)細度(du)以及選擇，并且(qie)讓(rang)其(qi)達到一級(ji)。對于有(you)(you)抗滲(shen)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝土，在(zai)(zai)(zai)加入(ru)粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)時(shi)，必須嚴格試驗以及計算(suan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)減小(xiao)抗滲(shen)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，讓(rang)粉(fen)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)灰(hui)(hui)發揮出(chu)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

2、澆筑技術

澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作為建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程不可缺少的環節。從混凝土施工技術來說(shuo)，必須(xu)注重澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)放量與種(zhong)類。在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)程中，根據澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)順(shun)序，對(dui)墻、梁(liang)、柱、板進(jin)行施工。在(zai)墻體澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)，澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)厚度(du)必須(xu)在(zai) 5 厘(li)(li)米以內，高度(du)控制在(zai)45 厘(li)(li)米內，間隔(ge)時(shi)間在(zai) 2 個(ge)小時(shi)內。在(zai)對(dui)柱進(jin)行澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)，必須(xu)根據鋼絲網進(jin)行有效設置。在(zai)對(dui)板混凝土、梁(liang)進(jin)行澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)，必須(xu)使用相(xiang)同(tong)的坡度(du)，對(dui)其進(jin)行第二次(ci)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，以保障(zhang)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)質量。

3、大體積混凝土結構振搗技術(shu)

大體(ti)積混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)結構振搗的(de)(de)具體(ti)要(yao)求包括(kuo)：在(zai)一(yi)般地建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)在(zai)吊斗口進(jin)行下(xia)落的(de)(de)傾斜(xie)度不能超過2米(mi)，如(ru)果澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度超過3米(mi)要(yao)及(ji)時采取有效(xiao)措施，如(ru)用流管或串筒(tong)來進(jin)行補救。另外(wai)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)段分(fen)層(ceng)連(lian)續進(jin)行，要(yao)依照鋼筋(jin)的(de)(de)疏密程(cheng)度和結構特點來確定澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)高(gao)度，而且要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)是一(yi)般而言振搗器的(de)(de)作(zuo)用長度不能超過50厘米(mi)。

4、混凝土養護技術

在(zai)大(da)體(ti)積(ji)(ji)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)作為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)關鍵環節，很容易(yi)被管理人員忽視(shi)，進而(er)出現施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)裂縫；如果沒有及時處理裂縫，就會讓裂縫擴大(da)，甚至影響受力狀況(kuang)。在(zai)大(da)體(ti)積(ji)(ji)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)，必須及時對其(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)，尤其(qi)是(shi)在(zai)酷(ku)熱的(de)(de)夏天必須使(shi)用(yong)灑水養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)方案，對于低于 5 度(du)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)不能進行(xing)澆(jiao)筑。同(tong)時，在(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)期間(jian)，必須根(gen)據混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)內外溫(wen)差，在(zai)調整(zheng)水溫(wen)與(yu)水流量的(de)(de)同(tong)時，讓內外溫(wen)差始終在(zai) 25 度(du)以上(shang)。一般，大(da)體(ti)積(ji)(ji)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)時間(jian)為 2 周，對于有特殊(shu)要(yao)求的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)，則(ze)根(gen)據具體(ti)情況(kuang)適當延長。

三、大體(ti)積混凝土土建工程施(shi)工技術(shu)中存在的問題及預防措施(shi)

1、大體積混凝土(tu)土(tu)建(jian)工程施工技術中存(cun)在的問題

大體(ti)(ti)(ti)積混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)建工程施工技術(shu)中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)就是(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)裂縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)，主(zhu)要原因(yin)(yin)在(zai)于(yu)外部超額(e)負(fu)載(zai)以及溫(wen)度應(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收縮。當混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)在(zai)剛呈現凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結硬化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)趨勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，會產(chan)生(sheng)物理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)熱(re)，這(zhe)種水(shui)(shui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)熱(re)能夠升(sheng)高(gao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)身(shen)溫(wen)度，從而(er)促使其體(ti)(ti)(ti)積發生(sheng)膨脹，處(chu)于(yu)基層(ceng)部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)會受到地(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束而(er)不(bu)(bu)能隨(sui)(sui)便產(chan)生(sheng)壓應(ying)力(li)(li)，因(yin)(yin)其擁有(you)很強的(de)(de)(de)(de)塑(su)性(xing)，故而(er)有(you)著很低的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓應(ying)力(li)(li)。當混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度下降之后，其體(ti)(ti)(ti)積也(ye)會變得(de)不(bu)(bu)再膨脹，硬化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并風干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)與(yu)基層(ceng)地(di)基牢牢地(di)粘(zhan)附在(zai)一(yi)起而(er)不(bu)(bu)能隨(sui)(sui)意收縮，此時(shi)本(ben)身(shen)會產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)種拉應(ying)力(li)(li)，一(yi)旦超過一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)限度數額(e)，就能使混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)產(chan)生(sheng)裂縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。當然(ran)，大體(ti)(ti)(ti)積混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)裂縫產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其影響因(yin)(yin)素還包括水(shui)(shui)泥品種、用量，摻(chan)合料(liao)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學添加劑(ji)，施工工藝，環境溫(wen)度，骨料(liao)溫(wen)度，養護條件(jian)等等。

2、大(da)體積混凝土土建工程施(shi)工技術中的(de)預防措施(shi)

2.1 加(jia)強原(yuan)材(cai)料控(kong)制

首先，必(bi)須選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合理的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)品種。由于(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外溫差(cha)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)產生的(de)來源，為了縮短內(nei)(nei)(nei)外溫差(cha)，必(bi)須盡(jin)量(liang)減小水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)；通過早期控制，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)，對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)細度進行調(diao)整。試驗(yan)證明，選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)硅酸(suan)(suan)三鈣(gai)、鋁酸(suan)(suan)三鈣(gai)對(dui)減小水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)以(yi)及(ji)體積(ji)變(bian)形(xing)具有明顯的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。其(qi)次，在(zai)骨(gu)料(liao)選(xuan)(xuan)擇中，一(yi)般(ban)會選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)級(ji)配(pei)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好、粒徑較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)石(shi)子，不斷降低水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)收縮性。對(dui)于(yu)細骨(gu)料(liao)，一(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)級(ji)配(pei)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)中粗砂(sha)(sha)，碎(sui)石(shi)的(de)含泥(ni)(ni)量(liang)在(zai) 1%以(yi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)，砂(sha)(sha)在(zai) 2%以(yi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。對(dui)于(yu)少筋或者無筋的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)，摻入 25%左右的(de)大(da)塊石(shi)，以(yi)減小水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(ni)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)。最(zui)后，在(zai)外摻料(liao)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中，必(bi)須適當加入外加劑(ji)，在(zai)改善混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)特性的(de)同時(shi)，保障混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施工質量(liang)。同時(shi)，在(zai)這(zhe)過程(cheng)中，還能減小水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)熱(re)速(su)度，拉(la)伸溫度峰值(zhi)。

2.2 采取混(hun)凝土(tu)外加劑“四摻”技(ji)術(shu)

在當前的(de)(de)建筑設施環境(jing)影響下，使用最(zui)廣泛的(de)(de)是(shi)商(shang)品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)摻合料(liao)和外(wai)加劑(ji)。在原有的(de)(de)“雙摻”技(ji)術基礎上(shang)，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了摻加礦渣粉(S95 級)及高(gao)效(xiao)抗裂劑(ji)(HEA)，這樣能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)在很大意義上(shang)減少水(shui)泥水(shui)化熱的(de)(de)產生(sheng)，從而減弱混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)本身的(de)(de)拉應力，進而減緩(huan)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)早期塑(su)性裂開的(de)(de)時間，縮(suo)短裂縫發生(sheng)的(de)(de)時間。其中高(gao)效(xiao)抗裂劑(ji)(HEA)的(de)(de)限制膨脹率為:水(shui)養 7 d≥0． 025%，28 d≤0． 1%，它(ta)的(de)(de)最(zui)大作用就是(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)將(jiang)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)收縮(suo)的(de)(de)東西補償回來，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)相對控制混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)在冷卻凝(ning)固過(guo)程中溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)變化，因此能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)減少混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)出(chu)(chu)現裂縫的(de)(de)可能(neng)性。

2.3 加(jia)強混凝土養護(hu)

混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)養護(hu)的(de)核心是(shi)(shi)防(fang)(fang)止混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)早期表(biao)面(mian)失水(shui)(shui)，同時養護(hu)可以補充(chong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)早期水(shui)(shui)化(hua)需要的(de)水(shui)(shui)分，有(you)助(zhu)于水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)化(hua)的(de)進行。混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)路面(mian)、橋(qiao)面(mian)或(huo)地面(mian)施工，塑(su)性(xing)(xing)收縮裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)長期困擾的(de)問題。過去混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)泌水(shui)(shui)量大(da)(da)，一般采用二次收漿，然后開始養護(hu)，防(fang)(fang)止塑(su)性(xing)(xing)收縮裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)。現(xian)代高(gao)性(xing)(xing)能混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)基(ji)本沒有(you)泌水(shui)(shui)，如果(guo)風大(da)(da)或(huo)溫度高(gao)，水(shui)(shui)分蒸發量大(da)(da)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)表(biao)面(mian)很(hen)快就會出現(xian)裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)，必須在終凝(ning)(ning)前再(zai)次抹(mo)面(mian)閉合裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)。

結束語

總而言之，大(da)體(ti)積混凝土(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技術對(dui)于(yu)預(yu)防(fang)混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)裂縫(feng)有著重要作用，所(suo)以在具體(ti)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程中，要合理控制好混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)溫度變形和(he)裂縫(feng)問題，運用大(da)體(ti)積混凝土(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)相關技術加強對(dui)混凝土(tu)(tu)裂縫(feng)的(de)(de)防(fang)治，從而更(geng)好地保障土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程的(de)(de)質量與(yu)安全，提高建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)使(shi)用年限，針對(dui)已經出現的(de)(de)問題要及時采(cai)取相應的(de)(de)措施(shi)進(jin)行補救和(he)防(fang)護，切實(shi)保證土(tu)(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程大(da)體(ti)積混凝土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)質量。

參考文獻：

[1]葛超. 筏(fa)基大體積混凝土(tu)溫(wen)度(du)裂(lie)縫控制(zhi)的研究[D].沈陽(yang)建筑(zhu)大學,2012.

篇4

關鍵詞：土(tu)建工程(cheng)；施(shi)工技術；措施(shi)

中(zhong)圖分類號：TU74文獻標識碼： A

一(yi)、幾(ji)種常見(jian)的土建工程(cheng)施工技(ji)術

1、基(ji)礎工程施工技術

一是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)作，主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括場地(di)清理、制(zhi)定(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案、排(pai)除地(di)面水(shui)(shui)、做好材(cai)料機具物(wu)資及(ji)人員的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)作；修筑(zhu)好臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)道路及(ji)供水(shui)(shui)供電等(deng)(deng)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)；根據土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設計做好邊(bian)坡(po)穩定(ding)基(ji)(ji)坑（槽(cao)）支護(hu)降(jiang)低地(di)下水(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)輔助工(gong)(gong)作；設置(zhi)測量控(kong)制(zhi)網(wang)，打設方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)格網(wang)控(kong)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)，進(jin)行建筑(zhu)物(wu)構筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位放(fang)線等(deng)(deng)【1】。二是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)邊(bian)坡(po)與(yu)(yu)支護(hu)：土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)在(zai)開(kai)挖(wa)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)過程中(zhong)或填方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)后，邊(bian)坡(po)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)主要(yao)(yao)是靠(kao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)內摩阻力和黏結(jie)力來保持平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)，一旦(dan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)失去平(ping)衡(heng)，基(ji)(ji)坑槽(cao)邊(bian)坡(po)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)局部或大面積塌落(luo)或滑塌。邊(bian)坡(po)塌方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)會(hui)引起人身(shen)事故，同時(shi)(shi)會(hui)妨(fang)礙基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)挖(wa)或基(ji)(ji)礎施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，有(you)時(shi)(shi)還會(hui)危及(ji)附近的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)物(wu)。三(san)是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)邊(bian)坡(po)放(fang)坡(po)。直立壁主要(yao)(yao)應(ying)用在(zai)天(tian)然濕度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)開(kai)挖(wa)基(ji)(ji)坑，這種情況下，開(kai)挖(wa)深度(du)(du)有(you)所(suo)限制(zhi)。四是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)。對于大型基(ji)(ji)坑，由于土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)量大，有(you)時(shi)(shi)會(hui)遇(yu)上雨季，或遇(yu)有(you)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)，特別是流砂，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)較復雜，因此事先應(ying)擬(ni)定(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案，著(zhu)重解決基(ji)(ji)坑排(pai)水(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)問(wen)題，同時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意防止邊(bian)坡(po)塌方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)。

2、鉆孔灌注樁施工(gong)技術(shu)

首先是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。在(zai)(zai)完成(cheng)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)以(yi)后，就能夠(gou)在(zai)(zai)第一次(ci)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為樁基施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)做好充(chong)分(fen)準(zhun)備(bei)。在(zai)(zai)經過(guo)(guo)這(zhe)一工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)后，便能夠(gou)最大限度清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)底的殘渣。如果在(zai)(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)深已(yi)經達(da)到了(le)預(yu)定的深度，便不要(yao)(yao)(yao)再(zai)開展鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)，此時需要(yao)(yao)(yao)將鉆(zhan)(zhan)桿向(xiang)上(shang)稍微提高(gao)，直(zhi)到達(da)到距離(li)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)底5～10cm之(zhi)間(jian)的位置(zhi)，并確保泥(ni)漿(jiang)密度在(zai)(zai)1.05～1.15之(zhi)間(jian)，最大的泵量循環在(zai)(zai)10～20min之(zhi)間(jian)，這(zhe)樣清(qing)(qing)(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)就算是(shi)告一段落了(le)。在(zai)(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)完成(cheng)后，再(zai)用標準(zhun)測量繩(sheng)測量。若達(da)到了(le)預(yu)期的標準(zhun)，并可將鉆(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)移走。在(zai)(zai)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)認真填寫成(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)記錄，一方面要(yao)(yao)(yao)把鉆(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)速度以(yi)及(ji)(ji)時間(jian)詳細地填寫進(jin)去，另一方面還要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時關注進(jin)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風化巖面標高(gao)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)、鉆(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)情況(kuang)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)鉆(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)參(can)數等有(you)關信息。

3、鋼筋混(hun)凝土施(shi)工技(ji)術

混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)工(gong)程包括混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)制備、運輸(shu)、澆筑(zhu)搗實和養護等施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程，各個施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程相互聯系和影響，任一施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程處(chu)理不當都(dou)會影響混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)工(gong)程的(de)最終質量(liang)。因(yin)此(ci)，要(yao)使(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)能保證結構的(de)設計(ji)(ji)形狀(zhuang)和尺寸(cun)，確保混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)強度、整體性(xing)、剛度、密(mi)實性(xing)、耐(nai)久性(xing)以及(ji)滿足其他設計(ji)(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)的(de)特殊要(yao)求，就(jiu)必須嚴格控制混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)各種(zhong)原材料質量(liang)和每(mei)道工(gong)序的(de)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)外(wai)加(jia)劑發(fa)展很快，它(ta)們的(de)應(ying)用(yong)影響了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)性(xing)能和施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)。此(ci)外(wai)，自動(dong)化(hua)、機械(xie)化(hua)的(de)發(fa)展和新的(de)施(shi)工(gong)機械(xie)和施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)，也大大改(gai)變了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)工(gong)程的(de)施(shi)工(gong)面(mian)貌(mao)。

4、逆作(zuo)法施(shi)工技術

逆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屬于現在建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新技術,它為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提供(gong)了更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前(qian)(qian),將使用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)封閉建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土墻(qiang)與樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong),必須采用(yong)(yong)(yong)逆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)鋼筋綁(bang)扎等。墻(qiang)體(ti)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)組成(cheng)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與柱(zhu)能夠(gou)(gou)起到很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨時支(zhi)撐作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi),在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過(guo)程中(zhong)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)環(huan)(huan)(huan)節需(xu)要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強監(jian)控(kong)，控(kong)制基(ji)坑變(bian)(bian)形以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)沉降。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設中(zhong),逆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不僅能夠(gou)(gou)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)連續(xu)(xu)墻(qiang)，還(huan)能夠(gou)(gou)將其用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鉆(zhan)孔(kong)樁擋(dang)土結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計。一(yi)般而(er)言,項目建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)個(ge)(ge)環(huan)(huan)(huan)節就(jiu)是連續(xu)(xu)墻(qiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，之后(hou)才會實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)灌(guan)注樁施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，該(gai)部分施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主要(yao)(yao)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)于地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)連續(xu)(xu)墻(qiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)中(zhong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)撐。而(er)在地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土方開挖施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)(qian),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好垂直和水平方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)撐工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，尤其是支(zhi)持(chi)頂部的(de)(de)(de)(de)圈梁(liang)與腰梁(liang)。當完成(cheng)了梁(liang)、樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)柱(zhu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設后(hou)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)進行地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)二層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土方工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。開挖土方工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程完成(cheng)，就(jiu)能夠(gou)(gou)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)養護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，然(ran)后(hou)采取(qu)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。逆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能夠(gou)(gou)進行地(di)(di)面與地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)時進行，這樣不僅可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)縮(suo)短(duan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期,還(huan)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)立(li)體(ti)交(jiao)叉設計結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)，設計成(cheng)為(wei)為(wei)封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)維(wei)護結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)，最(zui)大(da)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)減少基(ji)坑給周(zhou)邊環(huan)(huan)(huan)境帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，并且能夠(gou)(gou)將變(bian)(bian)形度控(kong)制在最(zui)小(xiao)范圍內，對于周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)不存在任何影(ying)響。擋(dang)土墻(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擋(dang)土防滲效果非常明顯，同(tong)(tong)時由于其良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)承載作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，也(ye)能夠(gou)(gou)將其作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外墻(qiang)。此外,地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墻(qiang)壁、板(ban)(ban)(ban)和柱(zhu)均能夠(gou)(gou)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)坑水平支(zhi)撐系統，大(da)大(da)減少了基(ji)坑的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)形。

5、新型的(de)預應力技術(shu)

新型的(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)技術主要是(shi)指體(ti)外預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)技術。體(ti)外預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)技術目(mu)前主要應(ying)用于混凝土橋梁、大跨(kua)度建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)、特種結(jie)構中。目(mu)前分(fen)為兩個體(ti)系一(yi)是(shi)有粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)體(ti)外預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)，其優點(dian)在(zai)于摩擦損失小。其質量控制要點(dian)在(zai)于要嚴格(ge)檢查控制管道的(de)鋪設(she)質量及水密(mi)性。二(er)是(shi)無(wu)粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)體(ti)外預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)。其優點(dian)在(zai)于單根張拉(la)工藝易操作(zuo)。其質量控制要點(dian)在(zai)于注(zhu)重(zhong)無(wu)粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)技術的(de)應(ying)用，并在(zai)單根無(wu)粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)摩擦力(li)(li)極小的(de)情況(kuang)下發揮體(ti)外預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)最大的(de)效用。

二、加強土建工(gong)程施工(gong)技術的具體措施

1、不斷健(jian)全土建(jian)施工技術管理體系

土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)只有(you)(you)(you)具(ju)備健全(quan)的(de)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制才能得(de)到(dao)良好的(de)發展(zhan)，這(zhe)是因為，只有(you)(you)(you)具(ju)備健全(quan)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制，才使(shi)土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)擁有(you)(you)(you)創新的(de)基礎，才能使(shi)土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)不斷的(de)發展(zhan)完善。提高土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)一定要依靠科學的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)，通過(guo)對現有(you)(you)(you)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)知(zhi)識(shi)充分掌握的(de)前(qian)提下(xia)，致力于發掘土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)深基坑技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)【2】。例如，就深基坑的(de)支擋(dang)(dang)方面分析(xi)，可(ke)以逐步建立起樁與錨、支擋(dang)(dang)與承重的(de)一體(ti)化結構體(ti)系，傳統的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)無法(fa)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中做(zuo)到(dao)盡善盡美，以至于在傳統技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)下(xia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)項目也(ye)(ye)無法(fa)達到(dao)令人滿(man)意的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果，另外，傳統施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)(xiao)率也(ye)(ye)很低(di)，但(dan)是通過(guo)對新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)研(yan)究可(ke)以有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)緩解(jie)這(zhe)一現象，這(zhe)對提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)(xiao)率，加強工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量，減少工(gong)(gong)(gong)程投人，實現效(xiao)(xiao)益最大化具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)極大的(de)創新意義。

2、拓寬創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)層次(ci)，提高技術創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)水(shui)平

建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業應(ying)努力構建(jian)(jian)科學、有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)制(zhi)，通(tong)過對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，以(yi)(yi)為建(jian)(jian)筑行業發(fa)展(zhan)及(ji)(ji)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長點，以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)各種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)及(ji)(ji)推廣。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業必(bi)須要(yao)適應(ying)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)需求，并努力做好施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)制(zhi)體(ti)系，以(yi)(yi)便為現代房(fang)屋建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)化與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導，以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用及(ji)(ji)推廣。同時(shi)，通(tong)過構建(jian)(jian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)平(ping)(ping)臺，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)環境與(yu)機(ji)制(zhi)，并對(dui)核心施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)進(jin)行深(shen)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，以(yi)(yi)擁有(you)自主知識產權。另外，還(huan)要(yao)不(bu)斷健全激(ji)勵機(ji)制(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)人才及(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)思(si)維的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養，以(yi)(yi)培(pei)養專業技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)、綜合素質較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)人才，以(yi)(yi)實現對(dui)房(fang)屋建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)化及(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。同時(shi)在(zai)激(ji)勵機(ji)制(zhi)下(xia)，能有(you)效(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)相關人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)，不(bu)斷拓寬施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)層(ceng)次及(ji)(ji)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)，從而提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)我國房(fang)屋建(jian)(jian)筑整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)。

3、注重新型建(jian)筑材(cai)料的廣泛使用

建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)息息相關的(de)(de)(de)。相對于(yu)傳統建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)而言,更加注(zhu)重綠色環保的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)與(yu)社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢相符合(he)。新(xin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工效果好,同時減少資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗,所以大(da)多數施(shi)(shi)工企業開始采用新(xin)型建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。比如在整個建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程中,混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)施(shi)(shi)工是(shi)其不(bu)可忽視的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)部分。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物出現墻(qiang)體與(yu)地(di)質裂縫的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)時有(you)發生,這主要是(shi)因為混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)施(shi)(shi)工原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)選用不(bu)當(dang)或配合(he)比不(bu)恰(qia)當(dang)造成的(de)(de)(de)。在混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪拌過程中,適當(dang)添加一些新(xin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)將會(hui)使(shi)得混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)開裂現象(xiang)得到有(you)效緩解,也在一定程度上(shang)促進了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)與(yu)耐久性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)提高【3】。

4、加強(qiang)施工(gong)(gong)階段的施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術管理

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計圖紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變為具體實(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)，在這個階段加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管理顯得尤為重要(yao)(yao)(yao)。技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)內容，為保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個過程(cheng)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)及時(shi)準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)負責(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)向技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)負責(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)負責(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)向各組長(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)，組長(chang)向施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)，通過技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)交底(di)讓每一個施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員都掌握設計人(ren)(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計意圖，明白(bai)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制點，從(cong)而保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)管理，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)入施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)前，要(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)排專(zhuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢查，只(zhi)(zhi)有質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)才能進(jin)(jin)入施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立臨時(shi)倉庫(ku)，根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分類保(bao)(bao)存，盡量(liang)(liang)減少施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞和丟失，從(cong)而減低施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)成(cheng)本(ben)，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，因此在材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)采購(gou)(gou)時(shi)必須選擇有合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)證(zheng)書及符合(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，絕不允許為了節(jie)省施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)而選購(gou)(gou)不合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)、劣(lie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，在材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)場(chang)(chang)前還要(yao)(yao)(yao)對材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)抽檢，只(zhi)(zhi)有保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下才能進(jin)(jin)場(chang)(chang)，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)場(chang)(chang)后，還必須做好材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理，以(yi)防(fang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)受潮。而且施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常保(bao)(bao)養，確保(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備安(an)全、穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)，從(cong)而減少設備維修費(fei)用(yong)。

5、加強(qiang)相關技術人才的培養(yang)戰略(lve)

充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)，是保障房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術能夠(gou)進(jin)行有(you)效創(chuang)新及(ji)應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)(ti)條(tiao)件，因(yin)此(ci)要爭取在(zai)最(zui)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間內，利用一切機(ji)會來培訓房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)理論(lun)、工(gong)程管理學科及(ji)專(zhuan)業知(zhi)識等，在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企業及(ji)行業內部需要不斷(duan)挖掘及(ji)培養房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)。并根據(ju)本單位或(huo)部門內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況制定人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培養的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略，為(wei)本單位或(huo)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)持續(xu)長久(jiu)健康發(fa)展不斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)液(ye)和(he)動力(li)。

結束語

土(tu)建工程(cheng)施工技術是(shi)關系整個工程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)關鍵所在，因此，在具體的(de)施工過程(cheng)中，要不(bu)斷(duan)加強土(tu)建工程(cheng)施工技術，促進其進一步(bu)的(de)提高，從(cong)而更(geng)好地促進土(tu)建工程(cheng)的(de)發(fa)展。

參考文獻：

[1]亓歷(li)瑩(ying). 土建工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)技(ji)術管理探(tan)討[J]. 河南(nan)科技(ji),2013,21:233.

篇5

關(guan)鍵詞:高(gao)層 建(jian)筑 土建(jian) 工程 施工 技(ji)術

中圖分(fen)類號： TU74 文獻(xian)標識碼： A 文章編號：

正文:

一、引言

高層建筑(zhu)多是鋼筋混凝(ning)土結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)，在土建施工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)過程中要密切配合(he)，做到安全使用(yong)、技術(shu)先進(jin)、經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)理，并積(ji)極采用(yong)新技術(shu)、新工(gong)(gong)藝和新材料(liao)。對(dui)于(yu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)選型和構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)造，土木工(gong)(gong)程技術(shu)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)一定要符合(he)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)體系(xi)與平、立面布置方案，并注意加強構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)造連接(jie)。

在高層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑土木(mu)(mu)工程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，由于(yu)多種(zhong)原因，經(jing)常出(chu)(chu)現(xian)各種(zhong)各樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，其中(zhong)最常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)質量問題。這種(zhong)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)，除了不科學合理使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)圖紙(zhi)之(zhi)外，更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)不重視高層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)特點(dian)，不按照高層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)原則(ze)進(jin)行土木(mu)(mu)工程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。時至今日，隨著信息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷發展，建(jian)(jian)筑結構(gou)設(she)(she)計更加智能(neng)化，然(ran)而(er)圖紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計難(nan)度也隨之(zhi)增加，出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了套用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)濫(lan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)圖紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良情況。套用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)濫(lan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)圖紙(zhi)，會誤導相(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)，影響(xiang)到土木(mu)(mu)工程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，進(jin)而(er)引發質量問題。所以，一定要選(xuan)擇科學合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖紙(zhi)，更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)加強相(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓，讓(rang)他(ta)們更加全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握土木(mu)(mu)工程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。

二、高層(ceng)建(jian)筑土建(jian)工程(cheng)施工技術

對于高層建(jian)(jian)筑而言，土建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)技術科學合(he)理于否，直接影響著(zhu)整個(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性和(he)使(shi)用年限(xian)。一般情況下，高層建(jian)(jian)筑土建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)技術包括地基方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)技術、斜爬模技術和(he)整體(ti)提(ti)升鋼平臺技術、綠色(se)環保施工(gong)(gong)技術、新材(cai)料的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)技術等(deng)幾(ji)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)。只有了(le)解并(bing)掌握了(le)這(zhe)幾(ji)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，做到(dao)科學施工(gong)(gong)，嚴格施工(gong)(gong)，才(cai)能保質(zhi)保量的(de)(de)完成任務。

1. 地基方(fang)面的(de)施工技術(shu)

（1）地基(ji)樁基(ji)技術

人們常說，萬丈(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)樓(lou)平地(di)(di)(di)(di)起，全靠(kao)有個(ge)好地(di)(di)(di)(di)基。地(di)(di)(di)(di)基是(shi)整個(ge)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起點(dian)和(he)支撐點(dian)，對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量、防震性等方面(mian)起著(zhu)決定(ding)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)法律規范(fan)中有明確(que)規定(ding)，比(bi)如《鋼筋混凝土高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構設計(ji)與施工規范(fan)》，文中明確(que)了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基深(shen)度(du)應(ying)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/15 左右。另(ling)據相關(guan)(guan)研究顯示，地(di)(di)(di)(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牢固程(cheng)度(du)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)能否進行后續施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提條件。在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理方式(shi)中，地(di)(di)(di)(di)基樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基技(ji)術以(yi)其適應(ying)性強，可以(yi)根據荷載選擇施工級別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)，已經普及到各(ge)種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)中，成(cheng)為(wei)目(mu)前應(ying)用(yong)(yong)比(bi)較廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基處理方式(shi)，其中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)澆灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)技(ji)術使用(yong)(yong)比(bi)較普遍。現(xian)澆灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體荷載力可以(yi)達到 10 000 kN 以(yi)上，是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要地(di)(di)(di)(di)基樁(zhuang)(zhuang)之一(yi)。使用(yong)(yong)現(xian)澆灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)技(ji)術，一(yi)定(ding)要注意，特別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場灌注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時侯，一(yi)定(ding)要在(zai)(zai)管(guan)口(kou)頂上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)帽密封，這樣做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)為(wei)了(le)防止落入異物(wu)(wu)和(he)水。

（2）支護(hu)施工技術

高(gao)層建筑的(de)(de)(de)地基(ji)(ji)最明顯的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)地基(ji)(ji)基(ji)(ji)坑非(fei)常(chang)深，要比(bi)一(yi)般(ban)建筑地基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑深很多(duo)，所(suo)以(yi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)難度非(fei)常(chang)大，必(bi)須使用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)護施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，這(zhe)也已經成為(wei)了高(gao)層建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之一(yi)。高(gao)層建筑的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)一(yi)系列技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)合成，系統(tong)化程度高(gao)，集擋土(tu)(tu)、支(zhi)(zhi)護、防水、監測于一(yi)體。目(mu)前，我(wo)國(guo)已經有(you)成熟的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，一(yi)般(ban)作(zuo)(zuo)拱(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)和(he)土(tu)(tu)釘墻(qiang)(qiang)這(zhe)兩種(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)比(bi)較(jiao)廣泛。這(zhe)是(shi)因為(wei)，相(xiang)比(bi)以(yi)往(wang)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，作(zuo)(zuo)拱(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)和(he)土(tu)(tu)釘墻(qiang)(qiang)這(zhe)兩種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)價格更(geng)低。除了作(zuo)(zuo)拱(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)和(he)土(tu)(tu)釘墻(qiang)(qiang)這(zhe)兩種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之外(wai)，還(huan)有(you)兩種(zhong)與地基(ji)(ji)等基(ji)(ji)礎施(shi)工(gong)(gong)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即混凝土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)鋼結構工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。

在應用混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)時候，一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)特別(bie)注意混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)抗壓(ya)性(xing)能。這(zhe)是因(yin)為，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)抗壓(ya)性(xing)能是確(que)保建(jian)筑質量的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)，也是關鍵。影響混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)抗壓(ya)性(xing)能的(de)(de)因(yin)素主要(yao)有兩個，一(yi)(yi)個是水(shui)泥的(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)，一(yi)(yi)個是水(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)。這(zhe)就要(yao)求施(shi)工(gong)單位一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)購(gou)買正規廠家生產的(de)(de)質量可靠的(de)(de)水(shui)泥，在施(shi)工(gong)過程中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)對混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)檢測，嚴格(ge)控(kong)制(zhi)水(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)例。對于(yu)鋼結構(gou)工(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)，首(shou)先要(yao)清楚(chu)鋼結構(gou)的(de)(de)特點。鋼結構(gou)具有強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)高(gao)、抗壓(ya)性(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)、重量小(xiao)等特點，同時又因(yin)為這(zhe)種(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術節能環保、難度(du)小(xiao)，已經作為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)基(ji)礎(chu)性(xing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑土(tu)建(jian)施(shi)工(gong)之(zhi)中(zhong)應用十分普遍。

2. 斜爬(pa)模技術(shu)和整體(ti)提升鋼平(ping)臺(tai)技術(shu)的應用

（1）斜(xie)爬模技術高層建筑(zhu)結(jie)構的(de)(de)立面有兩(liang)種，垂直和(he)(he)斜(xie)面。在垂直狀態(tai)，目(mu)前(qian)應用(yong)比較(jiao)廣泛的(de)(de)是電動腳手(shou)和(he)(he)模板系統(tong)(tong)，而(er)在斜(xie)面的(de)(de)時候，電動腳手(shou)和(he)(he)模板系統(tong)(tong)就顯得力不從心(xin)了。因此(ci)，可(ke)分離的(de)(de)斜(xie)爬模式便應運(yun)而(er)生。通過(guo)相關(guan)研(yan)究和(he)(he)實踐證明，可(ke)分離的(de)(de)斜(xie)爬模式不僅(jin)可(ke)以在高層建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工地(di)點位于人流(liu)密集的(de)(de)鬧市區(qu)的(de)(de)地(di)方使用(yong)，而(er)且就算施(shi)(shi)工場(chang)地(di)狹小，也能滿足高層建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工要(yao)求(qiu)。

（2）整體提升鋼平(ping)臺技術

在高(gao)(gao)層建(jian)筑土木工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用中，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)核心施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，對(dui)于技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇性(xing)要求非(fei)常(chang)高(gao)(gao)，特別是安(an)全性(xing)和系(xi)統性(xing)能。目前，有(you)一種技術(shu)就能很好(hao)地(di)滿足(zu)，即(ji)整(zheng)體提升(sheng)鋼(gang)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)技術(shu)。整(zheng)體提升(sheng)鋼(gang)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)技術(shu)以(yi)其安(an)全性(xing)高(gao)(gao)、系(xi)統性(xing)能高(gao)(gao)等特點，受到廣(guang)大施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)親睞，已經廣(guang)泛應用開來。整(zheng)體提升(sheng)鋼(gang)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理主要是對(dui)高(gao)(gao)層建(jian)筑結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心筒的(de)(de)(de)(de)剪力墻進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)搭建(jian)，使用提升(sheng)機把整(zheng)個(ge)鋼(gang)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)隨(sui)著(zhu)高(gao)(gao)層建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)進(jin)(jin)度做提升(sheng)。這樣可以(yi)很好(hao)地(di)確保工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順利進(jin)(jin)行(xing)，提高(gao)(gao)工(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全性(xing)，保障施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命安(an)全。

3.大體積(ji)混凝土施工技術。

高(gao)層建(jian)筑對基礎施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)要求(qiu)高(gao)，尤其是基礎地(di)基的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，要求(qiu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)整體性高(gao)，且(qie)一次連續澆(jiao)筑完(wan)畢，這需要大量(liang)、連續的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)供應(ying)和科學的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)(she)計，大體積(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術克服(fu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)間斷施(shi)工(gong)(gong)易(yi)形(xing)成施(shi)工(gong)(gong)縫等問題(ti)，但是由于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)基礎體積(ji)較大，澆(jiao)筑易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)大量(liang)的(de)水化(hua)熱量(liang)，易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)內(nei)外溫(wen)差導(dao)致的(de)溫(wen)度(du)應(ying)力，易(yi)破壞混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表面，產(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)縫。因此，在實際混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)設(she)(she)計試驗中，應(ying)強(qiang)化(hua)并控制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)內(nei)外溫(wen)差產(chan)生(sheng)溫(wen)度(du)變(bian)形(xing)應(ying)力的(de)幅度(du)，避免裂(lie)縫產(chan)生(sheng)，并不斷提高(gao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)結構的(de)抗(kang)裂(lie)、防滲和抗(kang)侵(qin)蝕(shi)性能，優(you)化(hua)大體積(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術。

4.泵送混凝土施工(gong)技(ji)術。

高(gao)層(ceng)建筑土(tu)(tu)(tu)建施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)有施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)模較大(da)(da)、原材料用(yong)量(liang)大(da)(da)、參與單位較多、設(she)計復雜等特(te)點(dian)(dian)，特(te)別(bie)是大(da)(da)量(liang)商品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供應和澆(jiao)灌(guan)，一直是制約施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)環節。泵(beng)送混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是利用(yong)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)泵(beng)，通(tong)過(guo)專(zhuan)用(yong)管(guan)道(dao)將商品混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)輸(shu)送至指定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)筑位置，一次性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)完成混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間輸(shu)運和澆(jiao)筑。泵(beng)送混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)具(ju)有輸(shu)送量(liang)大(da)(da)、效(xiao)率高(gao)、勞動(dong)強(qiang)度(du)較低、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)明等特(te)點(dian)(dian)。在高(gao)層(ceng)建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中得到(dao)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。泵(beng)送混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要求混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)具(ju)有可泵(beng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、流動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和粘(zhan)聚性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，通(tong)過(guo)輸(shu)運設(she)備不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攪動(dong)，確(que)(que)(que)(que)保(bao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)不離(li)析、不泌水(shui)(shui)，確(que)(que)(que)(que)保(bao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，摩(mo)擦(ca)力小(xiao)(xiao)；常選(xuan)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅酸鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)泥。科學試驗(yan)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)不同(tong)配比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和強(qiang)度(du)，并結(jie)合施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)實際(ji)，確(que)(que)(que)(que)定(ding)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)配比，確(que)(que)(que)(que)保(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)和性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砂、石、水(shui)(shui)泥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)和性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)都(dou)有嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，并適當摻加減水(shui)(shui)劑等外添加劑，確(que)(que)(que)(que)保(bao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可泵(beng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和粘(zhan)聚性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

5.高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程中(zhong)新(xin)材料(liao)的施工技術

在(zai)高層建(jian)筑(zhu)土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中，如(ru)何響(xiang)應黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)生態文(wen)明，除(chu)了(le)做到施工(gong)(gong)文(wen)明之外，對于(yu)新材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)選用(yong)(yong)也(ye)至關重要(yao)。選用(yong)(yong)新材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)時候，必(bi)須嚴格按照國家相(xiang)關標準或規范執行(xing)，加強建(jian)筑(zhu)裝飾材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發管理力度，確(que)保建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)質量和安(an)全。

6.綠色環保施工技術

黨的(de)(de)十提出(chu)了建設(she)(she)生態文明的(de)(de)總體(ti)規劃和目標，這就(jiu)進一步(bu)促進了綠(lv)色環保施(shi)(shi)工技術的(de)(de)發展。高層建筑在(zai)進行(xing)建設(she)(she)時，很(hen)容易產生污染(ran)，比如噪音污染(ran)、玻璃材(cai)料(liao)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)光污染(ran)。所以，如何緩解建筑施(shi)(shi)工與環境(jing)的(de)(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)，減少施(shi)(shi)工過程中對環境(jing)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，做(zuo)到綠(lv)色環保，是一個(ge)必須得到重(zhong)視的(de)(de)問題。可喜(xi)的(de)(de)是，現在(zai)很(hen)多施(shi)(shi)工單位已經(jing)開始重(zhong)視這方面了，并(bing)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工過程中想(xiang)到了很(hen)多科學合理的(de)(de)解決方法。比如，在(zai)建筑物周圍設(she)(she)立隔音墻吸收施(shi)(shi)工產生的(de)(de)噪音，選(xuan)用反光性低(di)的(de)(de)新(xin)型材(cai)料(liao)。

結語

我國人多地少，而且(qie)城鎮化的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)程也(ye)在(zai)逐漸加快，高(gao)層(ceng)建筑將會越建越高(gao)，樣式(shi)會更加的(de)(de)(de)豐富多彩，這(zhe)就對土建工程施工技術(shu)(shu)提出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。所以，我們(men)在(zai)現(xian)有理論和技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，必須與(yu)時俱進(jin)(jin)，一方(fang)面對在(zai)高(gao)層(ceng)建筑施工當(dang)中遇(yu)到的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，不(bu)斷(duan)更新設計(ji)理念指導實踐，另一方(fang)面加強高(gao)層(ceng)建筑行業的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理，最(zui)終加速我國高(gao)層(ceng)建筑行業的(de)(de)(de)發展。

參考文獻

篇6

［關鍵詞］高層住宅(zhai)；土(tu)建施(shi)工；施(shi)工技術；質量控制

如今，城市中的(de)高(gao)層(ceng)住宅數(shu)量(liang)(liang)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多，無論是(shi)(shi)社會還是(shi)(shi)業主(zhu)都對高(gao)層(ceng)住宅建筑質量(liang)(liang)提出(chu)了更高(gao)要求，這就要求相(xiang)關企業和(he)單位從土建施(shi)工入手，在制定合理可行的(de)土建施(shi)工技術基礎上，做(zuo)好(hao)質量(liang)(liang)控制，以(yi)此從根本(ben)上保證土建施(shi)工質量(liang)(liang)，為(wei)建筑的(de)后(hou)續施(shi)工及使用奠(dian)定良好(hao)基礎。

1 工程概況

某高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)住宅(zhai)建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)一(yi)類(lei)建(jian)筑(zhu)，耐火等(deng)級(ji)(ji)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)，地(di)(di)上22 層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，建(jian)筑(zhu)高(gao)(gao)度(du)64.4m，總建(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)約2.5 萬m2 。在(zai)3-8 軸(zhou)(zhou)和(he)(he)(he)3-9 軸(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)間設(she)置一(yi)道(dao)寬度(du)為(wei)250mm的(de)(de)沉降縫，以(yi)(yi)此將建(jian)筑(zhu)整(zheng)體分(fen)成兩個相互對稱的(de)(de)單元，其(qi)中(zhong)，第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)局部(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)物管中(zhong)心辦公室，而其(qi)它部(bu)分(fen)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)商鋪；第(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及其(qi)上部(bu)都是(shi)標(biao)準層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，為(wei)商品住宅(zhai)。根據建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)計，整(zheng)個建(jian)筑(zhu)可以(yi)(yi)分(fen)成兩個施工段(duan)(duan)，記作(zuo)(zuo)A段(duan)(duan)與B段(duan)(duan)。其(qi)中(zhong)，A段(duan)(duan)為(wei)1-1 軸(zhou)(zhou)至(zhi)3-8 軸(zhou)(zhou)包含的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)沉降縫和(he)(he)(he)B段(duan)(duan)分(fen)開，B段(duan)(duan)為(wei)3-8 軸(zhou)(zhou)至(zhi)5-9 軸(zhou)(zhou)包含的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)，這(zhe)兩段(duan)(duan)相互對稱。該高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)住宅(zhai)建(jian)筑(zhu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)剪力(li)墻結(jie)構(gou)，抗震(zhen)四(si)級(ji)(ji)設(she)防烈度(du)為(wei)8 度(du)，設(she)計基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)地(di)(di)震(zhen)加速度(du)值為(wei)0.3g，設(she)計地(di)(di)震(zhen)分(fen)組為(wei)第(di)二組。建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)為(wei)旋挖機成孔(kong)泥漿護壁灌注(zhu)樁，以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)風化(hua)砂質(zhi)泥巖作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)樁基(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)持力(li)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，持力(li)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)單軸(zhou)(zhou)抗壓強(qiang)度(du)可以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)15360kPa。在(zai)混凝土(tu)方面，基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)強(qiang)度(du)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)為(wei)C35 的(de)(de)混凝土(tu)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)頂(ding)部(bu)到(dao)地(di)(di)上第(di)五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)強(qiang)度(du)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)為(wei)C40 和(he)(he)(he)C30 的(de)(de)混凝土(tu)，地(di)(di)上五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)至(zhi)地(di)(di)上十五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)強(qiang)度(du)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)為(wei)C35 和(he)(he)(he)C30 的(de)(de)混凝土(tu)，地(di)(di)上十五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)(yi)上采(cai)用(yong)(yong)強(qiang)度(du)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)為(wei)C30 和(he)(he)(he)C25 的(de)(de)混凝土(tu)；在(zai)鋼筋(jin)(jin)方面，受力(li)鋼筋(jin)(jin)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)直徑(jing)不超過12mm的(de)(de)HPB300 鋼筋(jin)(jin)，分(fen)布(bu)鋼筋(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)(he)箍筋(jin)(jin)都使(shi)用(yong)(yong)直徑(jing)不小(xiao)于12mm的(de)(de)HRB400 鋼筋(jin)(jin)。現以(yi)(yi)該高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)住宅(zhai)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程為(wei)例，就如何做好(hao)它的(de)(de)土(tu)建(jian)施工質(zhi)量控制(zhi)做如下(xia)深入分(fen)析。

2 基礎施工技術質量控制

（1 ）做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)三(san)通(tong)一平(ping)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)測量控制(zhi)(zhi)網為參考測放(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)高(gao)程(cheng)基準(zhun)點。在找出(chu)(chu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，將(jiang)其(qi)作(zuo)為圓心，按照樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)半徑(jing)(jing)和護壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)畫(hua)圓，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)撒上石灰線(xian)(xian)，將(jiang)其(qi)作(zuo)為對(dui)(dui)(dui)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)開(kai)挖時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸控制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)。將(jiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)位(wei)(wei)線(xian)(xian)確(que)定并放(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，應(ying)(ying)由(you)監理工程(cheng)師進(jin)(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)查復核，經檢(jian)驗確(que)認(ren)合格(ge)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，方可(ke)(ke)(ke)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)開(kai)挖[1]。（2 ）鉆機(ji)就位(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)平(ping)穩，無歪斜與(yu)位(wei)(wei)移，鉆頭(tou)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)位(wei)(wei)完全(quan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)準(zhun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)方可(ke)(ke)(ke)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)鉆進(jin)(jin)。（3 ）以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)(wei)點為依據設(she)置護筒(tong)，護筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)比鉆頭(tou)直徑(jing)(jing)大(da)100mm，護筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)設(she)位(wei)(wei)置要(yao)(yao)(yao)準(zhun)確(que)無誤(wu)，且(qie)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持穩定，護筒(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心和樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心應(ying)(ying)完全(quan)重合，偏差不(bu)超過50mm，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)傾斜度(du)(du)不(bu)超過1%。同(tong)邊利用(yong)(yong)(yong)粘土(tu)將(jiang)其(qi)填充密實(shi)，比地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)面高(gao)出(chu)(chu)20-30cm，埋(mai)深(shen)達(da)到(dao)(dao)1m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。（4 ）旋挖機(ji)地(di)(di)盤(pan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)伸縮式(shi)自動(dong)(dong)找平(ping)裝置，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)在操作(zuo)室中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)儀器準(zhun)確(que)顯示各類電子(zi)讀數，在鉆頭(tou)與(yu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)準(zhun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，方可(ke)(ke)(ke)鎖定各項(xiang)數據，無需調(diao)整(zheng)，使(shi)誤(wu)差小(xiao)于2cm。（5 ）將(jiang)鉆機(ji)就位(wei)(wei)并調(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)方可(ke)(ke)(ke)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)鉆進(jin)(jin)。鉆進(jin)(jin)剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度(du)(du)，當發現偏差時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)立即糾正，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免塌(ta)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)[2]。（6 ）鉆進(jin)(jin)到(dao)(dao)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，在原(yuan)處對(dui)(dui)(dui)鉆頭(tou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)旋轉，使(shi)鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)底(di)(di)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛土(tu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)到(dao)(dao)斗(dou)內(nei)，通(tong)常使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)帶有擋板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆頭(tou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)排渣，如果沉渣時(shi)(shi)間(jian)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較長(chang)，則(ze)要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)泵(beng)來循環。鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)泥(ni)漿(jiang)護壁(bi)，避免孔(kong)(kong)(kong)壁(bi)坍塌(ta)。（7 ）鋼筋籠(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)滿足(zu)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，存放(fang)(fang)(fang)鋼筋籠(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)必須保(bao)(bao)(bao)持平(ping)整(zheng)，存放(fang)(fang)(fang)前先認(ren)真檢(jian)查，經核實(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)下(xia)放(fang)(fang)(fang)，在下(xia)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)鋼筋籠(long)始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持順(shun)直，禁止發生擺動(dong)(dong)，防止與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)壁(bi)發生碰(peng)撞(zhuang)，在鋼筋籠(long)就位(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)定位(wei)(wei)鋼筋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焊(han)制(zhi)(zhi)。（8 ）將(jiang)鋼筋籠(long)下(xia)放(fang)(fang)(fang)到(dao)(dao)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，先在井口(kou)處設(she)置一個(ge)固定擋板(ban)(ban)，再(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)直徑(jing)(jing)在200-300mm范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)頭(tou)應(ying)(ying)有良好(hao)(hao)密封，且(qie)方便拆裝，導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)具體下(xia)放(fang)(fang)(fang)數量要(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)為依據確(que)定，第一節導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)4m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上[3]。（9 ）混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，塌(ta)落度(du)(du)控制(zhi)(zhi)在180-220mm范圍(wei)內(nei)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有良好(hao)(hao)和易性，澆筑開(kai)始(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，為確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)隔水(shui)栓能(neng)夠順(shun)利排出(chu)(chu)，導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)底(di)(di)部和鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)底(di)(di)部之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離應(ying)(ying)控制(zhi)(zhi)在30-50cm范圍(wei)內(nei)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)能(neng)夠一次性埋(mai)入(ru)(ru)(ru)到(dao)(dao)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表(biao)(biao)面以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)少0.8m，在導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上口(kou)應(ying)(ying)配備一個(ge)容(rong)積(ji)不(bu)小(xiao)于1m3 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲料斗(dou)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)在下(xia)端設(she)置好(hao)(hao)擋板(ban)(ban)，澆筑時(shi)(shi)將(jiang)擋板(ban)(ban)打開(kai)即可(ke)(ke)(ke)，使(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)到(dao)(dao)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澆筑應(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持連續，導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)埋(mai)深(shen)應(ying)(ying)始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持在2-6m范圍(wei)內(nei)。導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)能(neng)提出(chu)(chu)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表(biao)(biao)面，施工時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)安排專(zhuan)人檢(jian)查導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)實(shi)際(ji)埋(mai)深(shen)和導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外部混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表(biao)(biao)面之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)差，在條件允(yun)許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)振動(dong)(dong)泵(beng)來振搗。

3 模(mo)板施(shi)工技術質量控制(zhi)

在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之前，應先按照(zhao)尺寸要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行(xing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，同時在(zai)底模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)上設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)好模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)；在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，按照(zhao)軸線位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)腳手架(jia)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)好，注意鋼(gang)管(guan)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)(du)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)比梁(liang)底部略低，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)主龍骨架(jia)設(she)(she)(she)好以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后，安(an)(an)放次龍骨。當需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)底模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)進(jin)行(xing)周轉使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)兩側清理干凈(jing)，確(que)保模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間(jian)能(neng)夠緊密貼(tie)合，避免產(chan)生(sheng)漏漿(jiang)，保證(zheng)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑完(wan)成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊角處(chu)保持(chi)整齊(qi)(qi)，減少之后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修補(bu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量。梁(liang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通常同時進(jin)行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)，先對(dui)(dui)(dui)底部和(he)(he)(he)其(qi)中(zhong)一側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)進(jin)行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)，然后在(zai)鋼(gang)筋綁扎完(wan)成(cheng)后對(dui)(dui)(dui)另(ling)外一側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)實施(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)[4]。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地基使(shi)用(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)/木膠(jiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，標準層使(shi)用(yong)(yong)鋁合金定(ding)型模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為主，在(zai)不(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)/木膠(jiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)補(bu)齊(qi)(qi)。（1 ）所有結構在(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)支(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)開始(shi)前都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)(an)排(pai)專(zhuan)人實施(shi)配板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)設(she)(she)(she)計，并(bing)繪制相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放樣(yang)圖(tu)，做好編號(hao)，具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預留(liu)量采(cai)用(yong)(yong)縫模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)來調整。（2 ）模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)其(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)撐都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)處(chu)在(zai)堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位(wei)，切不(bu)可存在(zai)虛(xu)位(wei)，無論是安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)還是拆除(chu)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)(an)排(pai)專(zhuan)人負(fu)責進(jin)行(xing)。（3 ）對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)墻柱腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)好墊(dian)木與(yu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)避免混凝(ning)土流(liu)失導(dao)致爛根。（4 ）對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)跨(kua)度(du)(du)超過(guo)4m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)和(he)(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，其(qi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)具(ju)體跨(kua)度(du)(du)大小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.1%-0.3%進(jin)行(xing)起拱。（5 ）為避免混凝(ning)土不(bu)斷(duan)硬(ying)化時和(he)(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間(jian)發生(sheng)粘結，對(dui)(dui)(dui)脫(tuo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)效果造成(cheng)影響(xiang)，在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑開始(shi)前，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)表面進(jin)行(xing)清理，并(bing)涂(tu)刷一層均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔離(li)劑(ji)。（6 ）在(zai)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)取有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護措(cuo)施(shi)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)塔吊(diao)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)到(dao)指定(ding)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)后，由于(yu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)鋼(gang)筋進(jin)行(xing)綁扎，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)容易被(bei)破(po)壞或(huo)損傷(shang)，此(ci)時要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)(an)排(pai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)扶住，緩慢就位(wei)，防止模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)被(bei)損傷(shang)[5]。（7 ）在(zai)與(yu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)相靠(kao)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)焊操(cao)作(zuo)時，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)施(shi)焊部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標表面鋪設(she)(she)(she)鐵皮，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)防焊火將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面燒壞。（8 ）模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)前，按照(zhao)圖(tu)紙(zhi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)管(guan)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)管(guan)分別(bie)就位(wei)，防止在(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)完(wan)成(cheng)后進(jin)行(xing)二次開洞(dong)，在(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)就位(wei)后，也要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)圖(tu)紙(zhi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行(xing)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)。（9 ）對(dui)(dui)(dui)混凝(ning)土進(jin)行(xing)振搗(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，注意不(bu)能(neng)和(he)(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)表面發生(sheng)碰撞，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面磨損，振搗(dao)持(chi)續(xu)時間(jian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根據相關(guan)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求確(que)定(ding)，防止過(guo)度(du)(du)振搗(dao)，否則將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)致模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)產(chan)生(sheng)變形。

4 鋼筋(jin)施工技術質(zhi)量控制

認真熟悉(xi)施工圖(tu)紙，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)準確(que)放樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)填寫(xie)好下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)單，按照(zhao)(zhao)設計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)充分考慮構件的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸大(da)(da)小及(ji)搭(da)接(jie)(jie)焊具(ju)置(zhi)，同(tong)時加強和(he)(he)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)供(gong)應(ying)部(bu)門之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)設計與規范要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，盡可能減少(shao)或避(bi)免(mian)接(jie)(jie)頭，并做到(dao)(dao)(dao)長短(duan)合(he)理搭(da)配(pei)，防止浪費(fei)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)單需(xu)要(yao)(yao)安(an)排專人(ren)負責(ze)填寫(xie)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經過(guo)(guo)施工人(ren)員檢(jian)查和(he)(he)核(he)對(dui)確(que)定(ding)無(wu)誤后(hou)，才可以開(kai)始下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)加工。成(cheng)品鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現場整齊(qi)堆放，并標出它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品種和(he)(he)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)，以免(mian)對(dui)后(hou)續施工造(zao)成(cheng)影響。綁扎應(ying)按照(zhao)(zhao)先主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，再(zai)次(ci)(ci)要(yao)(yao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)構造(zao)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順序進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)綁扎開(kai)始前(qian)，先在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)墊層(ceng)表面準確(que)標出鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)具(ju)置(zhi)，并畫出具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)線，使鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)準確(que)無(wu)誤。澆筑施工開(kai)始前(qian)，要(yao)(yao)對(dui)水平筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等進(jin)(jin)行(xing)電焊定(ding)位(wei)(wei)，使其達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)牢(lao)固，避(bi)免(mian)發(fa)生位(wei)(wei)移。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)梁(liang)和(he)(he)墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)保(bao)持垂直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)布(bu)置(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)彎(wan)鉤疊合(he)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)，要(yao)(yao)沿著受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)置(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)錯開(kai)一定(ding)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)，同(tong)時要(yao)(yao)處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)，平直(zhi)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)鉤長度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)直(zhi)徑十倍以上(shang)(shang)，而(er)彎(wan)鉤的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小要(yao)(yao)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)135 °以上(shang)(shang)[6]。（1 ）所(suo)有鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)半成(cheng)品都要(yao)(yao)掛牌驗收，安(an)排專人(ren)清料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，并由(you)質安(an)組(zu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)抽查。（2 ）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)柱(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結頭處，其鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分布(bu)比(bi)較密集，注(zhu)意核(he)心箍不能遺漏，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)綁扎難度(du)(du)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)，應(ying)將箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)做成(cheng)兩個(ge)型，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)綁扎完成(cheng)后(hou)，通過(guo)(guo)焊接(jie)(jie)形(xing)成(cheng)整體封閉箍。（3 ）對(dui)于(yu)(yu)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，其保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)以下要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)：板的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，其保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)15mm；梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，其保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)25mm；墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，其保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)15mm；柱(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力(li)(li)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，其保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)(du)應(ying)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)30mm。（4 ）柱(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎向(xiang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樓面上(shang)(shang)焊接(jie)(jie)一層(ceng)規格(ge)完全(quan)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)及(ji)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)箍，用于(yu)(yu)防止鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)發(fa)生偏移。（5 ）如果(guo)次(ci)(ci)梁(liang)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)支承與主(zhu)梁(liang)，或次(ci)(ci)梁(liang)之間存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)交(jiao)叉的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，則(ze)不僅要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)(zhao)設計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)增(zeng)設吊(diao)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)加密，其直(zhi)徑和(he)(he)主(zhu)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)箍筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)完全(quan)相同(tong)。

5 混凝土施工技術(shu)質量控制(zhi)

（1 ）每(mei)個單元和(he)樓層的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)都分成兩(liang)次(ci)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)，其(qi)中(zhong)，第(di)一次(ci)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)墻、板(ban)、柱、梁進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，而(er)第(di)二次(ci)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)樓梯進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)。另外(wai)，在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)(shi)還要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)先對(dui)(dui)(dui)標號(hao)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較高(gao)的(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)標號(hao)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較低的(de)(de)[7]。（2 ）當(dang)墻柱的(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度(du)達到(dao)(dao)3m以(yi)上(shang)時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)(xu)在(zai)模板(ban)上(shang)開(kai)出門子(zi)(zi)板(ban)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)通(tong)過門子(zi)(zi)板(ban)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜槽或專門的(de)(de)作業平(ping)臺進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入到(dao)(dao)模板(ban)體(ti)(ti)系內，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)在(zai)頂(ding)部使用(yong)(yong)(yong)振搗棒(bang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)振搗。（3 ）混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)應(ying)分層進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)，具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)分層厚度(du)按照300-500mm控(kong)制，在(zai)有孔洞存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)模板(ban)處，需(xu)(xu)保證兩(liang)側(ce)下料達到(dao)(dao)均勻，保證混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)振搗的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)稱性。（4 ）混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)過程中(zhong)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度(du)及(ji)振搗時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)深度(du)、順(shun)序及(ji)間(jian)隔距離等(deng)都進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)嚴格的(de)(de)控(kong)制[8]。（5 ）混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)養(yang)護以(yi)人工(gong)自(zi)然(ran)養(yang)護為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)束后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)(yao)在(zai)12h之內做好覆蓋與澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)，具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)養(yang)護時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，一般要(yao)(yao)達到(dao)(dao)7d以(yi)上(shang)，而(er)如果采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)外(wai)加劑，應(ying)達到(dao)(dao)14d以(yi)上(shang)。（6 ）側(ce)模的(de)(de)拆除需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)實際(ji)強度(du)達到(dao)(dao)可以(yi)避免表面(mian)和(he)棱角由(you)于(yu)拆模而(er)損壞時(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)，而(er)底模的(de)(de)拆除需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)早拆體(ti)(ti)系提出的(de)(de)相關規定為(wei)(wei)依據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)。（7 ）為(wei)(wei)防止樓板(ban)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)由(you)于(yu)收縮而(er)開(kai)裂，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)達到(dao)(dao)初凝(ning)(ning)后(hou)(hou)，但未達到(dao)(dao)終凝(ning)(ning)時(shi)(shi)連續抹面(mian)2-3 次(ci)，以(yi)起到(dao)(dao)預防開(kai)裂的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)使樓板(ban)達到(dao)(dao)平(ping)整，在(zai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)表面(mian)要(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)杠尺進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)刮平(ping)，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)木抹子(zi)(zi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一步處理(li)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)上(shang)人與上(shang)料具體(ti)(ti)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)嚴格控(kong)制，避免由(you)于(yu)上(shang)人過早導致留(liu)下腳印[9]。

6 結語

綜上所(suo)述，土建(jian)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)是高層住(zhu)宅建(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)重要環節，其施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)很大程度(du)上決定了(le)整個建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)與使用功(gong)能(neng)達到(dao)業主需求與否。目前，該(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程土建(jian)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)已經順(shun)利(li)完(wan)成，且(qie)經檢查(cha)確認其施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合格，所(suo)用施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制措施均合理(li)可行，值得類似工(gong)(gong)(gong)程參考(kao)借鑒(jian)。

參考文獻

[1]薛建輝(hui).土建工程施工技術質量控制[J].四(si)川水(shui)泥(ni)，2020 ，10 （8 ）：190-191.

[2]馬霞.分析(xi)土建工程中(zhong)混凝土施工的質量控(kong)制[J].建材(cai)與裝飾，2020 ，11 （14 ）：41+45.

[3]張明.土建工程施工中(zhong)關鍵工序(xu)技(ji)術質量控制[J].科技(ji)創(chuang)新導(dao)報，2020 ，17 （13 ）：34+36.

[4]李(li)全(quan)冬.房(fang)建土建工(gong)程中高支模的施(shi)工(gong)技術研究(jiu)[J].建材與(yu)裝飾，2020 ，11 （11 ）：39-40.

[5]陳(chen)林(lin).如何做好土建(jian)工(gong)程施工(gong)技術的質量控制[J].中(zhong)華建(jian)設，2020 ，10 （1 ）：144-145.

[6]苑仁鹿.土(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程地基施工(gong)技術(shu)及質量(liang)控制研究[J].綠色環保建(jian)材(cai)，2019 ，11 （10 ）：155+157.

[7]王紫鈺.分(fen)析清水混凝土在土建工程中施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)[J].四川水泥(ni)，2019 ，10 （8 ）：266-267.

篇7

Abstract::The rapid scientific and technological level in the world today, the civil construction level are also improved. But due to many factors, hindered the construction technology of the popularization of advanced technology and use. So building experts will need in the original technology level, the innovation practice seriously, for the future of the construction progress and development laid a solid foundation. Here, in this paper, according to the civil construction related technical issues to discuss.

Key words: Innovation practice; Civil engineering construction; Technical problems; The importance and application of

中圖分類(lei)號：TU74 文獻標(biao)識(shi)碼(ma)：A文章編號：

一、引言

土建(jian)工(gong)程在我國的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程領域是個(ge)發展迅速的行業，很多高(gao)新(xin)的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)不光被(bei)土建(jian)企(qi)業接(jie)受更被(bei)廣泛采用，這對于建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業施(shi)(shi)工(gong)水平及建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程質(zhi)量的提高(gao)，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)成本(ben)的降低做出重(zhong)要貢獻。

土建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)(xing)社會(hui)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發展，使(shi)(shi)當前建筑(zhu)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭趨于激烈化，企(qi)業(ye)若想在(zai)(zai)市場中站穩(wen)腳(jiao)跟，傲視群雄，就(jiu)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)以科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)創新(xin)(xin)增強實(shi)(shi)力(li)(li)，并且要(yao)保(bao)證關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)備與行業(ye)發展趨勢接(jie)軌，與國際先進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)同(tong)步。依(yi)靠(kao)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)含量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加來提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)成本(ben)降低以創造(zao)最(zui)佳效(xiao)益。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時，能否(fou)有效(xiao)將施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)與科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)成果相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)(he)，將會(hui)對之后工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)能產(chan)生(sheng)直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)(ying)響。因此，建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)整(zheng)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)依(yi)靠(kao)科(ke)學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，在(zai)(zai)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)領域廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理辦法及質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)可靠(kao)、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)成果。只有這樣，才(cai)可以既保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，又可以創造(zao)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益。三、土建施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)根(gen)據上述(shu)(shu)論(lun)述(shu)(shu)可知(zhi)，土建施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中先進(jin)(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)但關(guan)系工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)整(zheng)體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和日后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)能，還與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)市場聲譽(yu)、日后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存(cun)發展及能否(fou)提高市場競爭能力(li)(li)密切相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)。因此，結合(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)，做如下論(lun)述(shu)(shu)：1、混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)占有十分(fen)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。因此，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時，要(yao)根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際狀況(kuang)及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)溫(wen)度應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算來確(que)定其施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)。再(zai)根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)來準備澆(jiao)筑(zhu)設(she)備、運輸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具、勞動力(li)(li)和搗實(shi)(shi)機械(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)。最(zui)后，澆(jiao)筑(zhu)結束后在(zai)(zai)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)、終(zhong)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)間進(jin)(jin)行振搗以排除泌水(shui)(shui)，這樣可有效(xiao)消除混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)出現裂(lie)縫。2、鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)近年來建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頻繁發生(sheng)安全(quan)事故，究其根(gen)本(ben)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內部鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)未達(da)到相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)要(yao)求(qiu)。鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)接(jie)連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)及安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)能有著直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響，并且有具體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)，而且隨著技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)(xin)和科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步，在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式-—直(zhi)螺紋(wen)接(jie)頭連(lian)接(jie)已經(jing)(jing)被普遍應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

3、屋(wu)面(mian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)對于屋(wu)面(mian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)來說至關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)。通常情況(kuang)下，屋(wu)面(mian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)材(cai)料采用的(de)(de)是防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)卷(juan)材(cai)，而(er)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)卷(juan)材(cai)又包括傳統的(de)(de)瀝青防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)卷(juan)材(cai)、合(he)成高(gao)分子防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)卷(juan)材(cai)以及(ji)高(gao)聚(ju)合(he)物改性瀝青防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)卷(juan)材(cai)三(san)種。這三(san)種材(cai)料的(de)(de)共性就是結(jie)實耐(nai)用、使用方(fang)便，對人體(ti)沒有任何(he)傷害，而(er)且對環(huan)境保(bao)護也(ye)有積極的(de)(de)作用。 4、防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)技(ji)(ji)術在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)技(ji)(ji)術對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)整體(ti)的(de)(de)使用性能有著直接的(de)(de)影響。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)就是指避免(mian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在接觸水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)部位(wei)出(chu)現漏、滲或有害裂縫。因此就需要(yao)選擇高(gao)性能的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)材(cai)料，可靠、耐(nai)久、經濟的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計，相關(guan)完善的(de)(de)管(guan)理制度，以保(bao)證防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)年限。四、土建施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中產生(sheng)問題原因

產生(sheng)施工問(wen)題(ti)的原因牽(qian)涉(she)到了方方面(mian)面(mian),歸納有以(yi)下(xia)幾點：

1、技術及質量方面

隨著時代的(de)進步，建筑(zhu)科技(ji)含量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)來愈(yu)高，所涉專業愈(yu)來愈(yu)多，質量(liang)(liang)安裝要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)也愈(yu)來愈(yu)高。任何一個專業既要(yao)(yao)滿(man)足自(zi)己特(te)定位(wei)置的(de)空間(jian)和技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，又要(yao)(yao)符(fu)合其他專業施工的(de)空間(jian)位(wei)置和時間(jian)順序的(de)合理需(xu)求(qiu)。如(ru)果技(ji)術(shu)上考慮(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)全面，特(te)別是(shi)對某(mou)些交叉地方的(de)細(xi)節 考慮(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)周到，就非常容易(yi)產(chan)生問題(ti)。而且現代建筑(zhu)越來越趨于(yu)個性(xing)化，每(mei)棟建筑(zhu)都屬(shu)于(yu)特(te)有的(de)獨一無二的(de)產(chan)品(pin)，每(mei)條管線(xian)、每(mei)套設備都有其特(te)定的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，因此(ci)大大增加(jia)了工作的(de)難度(du)，也增加(jia)了各個專業之間(jian)矛(mao)盾問題(ti)出現的(de)可能性(xing)。與此(ci)同時，由于(yu)技(ji)術(shu)、產(chan)品(pin)的(de)不(bu)(bu)斷革新(xin)和逐漸應用，如(ru)果施工人員(yuan)不(bu)(bu)能及(ji)時掌握相關信息(xi)，也會帶來很(hen)多問題(ti)。

2、工程管理方面

因(yin)(yin)為(wei)現行(xing)的管理體制普遍存在著施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的分包現象，而且又(you)不能明確界定分包單位的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)范圍，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)主觀上(shang)，各單位會在利益驅使下，希望相關施工(gong)單位承擔(dan)更多工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)往往會造成工(gong)序(xu)遺(yi)漏，從而人為(wei)地產生(sheng)一些問(wen)題(ti)，使得(de)協調管理更加(jia)(jia)復(fu)雜。除此(ci)之外，施工(gong)組(zu)織管理制度(du)不健全，管理人員、技術(shu)人員水平參差不齊，也(ye)會增加(jia)(jia)施工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中不同專業(ye)專業(ye)協調工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的困難(nan)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)和(he)復(fu)雜度(du)，這(zhe)也(ye)是問(wen)題(ti)產生(sheng)的重(zhong)要原因(yin)(yin)。

五、土建施工過(guo)程中的技術管理

1、圖紙會審

圖紙會(hui)審(shen)(shen)就是指項目工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)工(gong)(gong)前由建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)或(huo)監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)組(zu)織，由設(she)計(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)參加(jia)，共(gong)同對整(zheng)(zheng)套的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖紙進行(xing)檢查(cha)和核(he)對。它通常包括以下幾個方面：圖紙的學(xue)習和自審(shen)(shen)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)應在取得施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖紙和相關技術(shu)文(wen)件后(hou)，馬上組(zu)織相關技術(shu)人(ren)員學(xue)習與研究, 并且在熟(shu)悉、學(xue)習基(ji)礎上要進行(xing)圖紙自審(shen)(shen)；圖紙會(hui)審(shen)(shen)，該程序由建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)或(huo)監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)組(zu)織，設(she)計(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)共(gong)同會(hui)審(shen)(shen)；圖紙會(hui)審(shen)(shen)紀要，此環(huan)節由施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)負責整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)歸檔，并根(gen)據出(chu)現的問題提出(chu)解決的辦法，會(hui)后(hou)相關組(zu)織單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)根(gen)據記(ji)錄內容(rong)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)成會(hui)議紀要或(huo)者正式文(wen)件，隨時為修改設(she)計(ji)或(huo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)做(zuo)準備。

技術交底

技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)內容很多，包括設(she)計圖紙、規范要求(qiu)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計、安全措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、操作規程(cheng)(cheng)、質(zhi)量標準等(deng)等(deng)，同時要明(ming)確闡述新(xin)結構、新(xin)材料、新(xin)設(she)備和新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)特殊要求(qiu)。技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)分為幾個方(fang)(fang)面：首(shou)先(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)總工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師或(huo)是(shi)主任(ren)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師向(xiang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)負責(ze)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)分公(gong)司(si)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)案(an)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)；然后分公(gong)司(si)或(huo)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)負責(ze)人(ren)(ren)對單(dan)位(wei)(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)人(ren)(ren)員就施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)案(an)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法、注意事項(xiang)及質(zhi)量要求(qiu)等(deng)內容進行交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)；最后是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)關(guan)鍵環節，由單(dan)位(wei)(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)負責(ze)人(ren)(ren)向(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)班組(zu)長和直接操作工(gong)人(ren)(ren)進行技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)。在技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)管(guan)理上技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)是(shi)重(zhong)要環節。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)要反復檢查技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)(di)落實情況，加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)監(jian)督，嚴格控制中(zhong)間驗(yan)收，以保證最終施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量。

施工方案的優化

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備階段(duan)的(de)所有準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)都是為(wei)了能夠創(chuang)造便(bian)利的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，保障施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任務(wu)順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備階段(duan)的(de)主要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)和基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)任務(wu)為(wei)了解分(fen)析建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)特點、進(jin)度(du)及(ji)其要(yao)求(qiu)，掌握施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)客觀條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，編(bian)制(zhi)相應(ying)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)，制(zhi)定合理(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案，力(li)爭從物資、技術(shu)、組(zu)織(zhi)和人(ren)力(li)方面為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)造必(bi)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，以保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)均衡、連(lian)續進(jin)行(xing)，并在(zai)規定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期交付(fu)使用，在(zai)保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)同(tong)時，盡量使勞動(dong)生產率提高、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)降(jiang)低。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)指導(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備以及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)技術(shu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)，應(ying)采取(qu)以下(xia)具體的(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：1、加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)組(zu)織(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，對于參(can)與編(bian)寫的(de)人(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)明確的(de)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，將責任落實到人(ren)，最后再進(jin)行(xing)匯總，最終(zhong)修改定稿。2、對于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)編(bian)制(zhi)依據、格(ge)式以及(ji)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)內容等(deng)等(deng)均有嚴格(ge)統一規定，要(yao)嚴格(ge)進(jin)行(xing)標準(zhun)化管理(li)(li)(li)。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)技術(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)重要(yao)內容，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)技術(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)即為(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場技術(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)，而項(xiang)目部為(wei)實現工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、質量、安(an)全、成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)目標，必(bi)須要(yao)加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)技術(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)。

六(liu)、總結(jie)：建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水平的提升，直接(jie)關系著建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量及(ji)其日后建(jian)筑安全性(xing)的提高，同(tong)時，還對建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)市場(chang)的競爭力(li)(li)以及(ji)其日后的生(sheng)存發展(zhan)有著直接(jie)的影響(xiang)。由于我(wo)國(guo)經濟(ji)不(bu)斷(duan)發展(zhan)，綜合國(guo)力(li)(li)不(bu)斷(duan)提高，致使建(jian)筑行業(ye)(ye)有了更大的發展(zhan)空間(jian)。然而，近年來(lai)由于建(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)數量不(bu)斷(duan)遞增，企業(ye)(ye)之間(jian)的競爭也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)激烈，因此，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術在(zai)建(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)順利發展(zhan)、獨占鰲頭中起著舉足輕重的作用。由此看來(lai)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術不(bu)但影響(xiang)日后整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的安全使用，還關乎(hu)著施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)市場(chang)中的競爭力(li)(li)及(ji)其名譽(yu)。

參考文獻：

[1]建筑(zhu)施(shi)工企業技術創新現(xian)狀與出路[J].施(shi)工企業管理.2007(05)

[2]包強.建筑施工行(xing)業技術研究[J].現代(dai)裝飾(理論(lun)).2011(03)

篇8

關鍵詞：變電所；土建工(gong)程；施工(gong)

Abstract: in this paper the particularity of the substation project and characteristics, and expounds the construction in substation common problem and treatment countermeasures to improve the civil engineering construction substation management level and engineering quality, promote the development of the cause of electric power construction. In this paper, the substation civil engineering encountered in the construction of the common problems are analyzed, and countermeasures are given for similar project construction reference.

Keywords: substation; Civil engineering; construction

中圖分類號：TU74文獻標識(shi)碼：A 文章編(bian)號：

1、變電所(suo)土(tu)建工程施工常見問題

1.1土(tu)方平衡達不(bu)到優(you)化

變電所工程的(de)(de)土地規(gui)劃往往以盡量(liang)少占良田為原則，一般所址選在山坡(po)、荒地、水塘等地勢起伏較大的(de)(de)地塊，從(cong)而使(shi)場地平(ping)(ping)整、擋(dang)土墻、建構筑物、電纜(lan)溝的(de)(de)基礎土方、留(liu)置利用(yong)的(de)(de)耕植土等土方挖填量(liang)難以準確(que)掌握。同時，影響所內的(de)(de)土方最優(you)平(ping)(ping)衡方案(an)的(de)(de)確(que)定(ding)。

1.2擋土墻施工不規范

變電所工程通常設計的(de)(de)擋土(tu)墻為漿(jiang)砌(qi)塊(kuai)石(shi)擋土(tu)墻，在施(shi)工時操作人(ren)員對(dui)(dui)漿(jiang)砌(qi)塊(kuai)石(shi)的(de)(de)操作規(gui)程及質(zhi)量標準不太清(qing)楚，憑個人(ren)經驗來控(kong)(kong)制施(shi)工質(zhi)量的(de)(de)現象時有發生；施(shi)工技術管理人(ren)員對(dui)(dui)這方面的(de)(de)知識也(ye)欠缺，特別是擋土(tu)墻的(de)(de)拉結(jie)石(shi)設置(zhi)、泄水孔安放、塊(kuai)石(shi)的(de)(de)排列、石(shi)塊(kuai)空隙填嵌方法等一些(xie)砌(qi)筑構(gou)造方面的(de)(de)規(gui)定不太清(qing)楚，造成漿(jiang)砌(qi)塊(kuai)石(shi)擋土(tu)墻的(de)(de)質(zhi)量失控(kong)(kong)。

1.3土建(jian)與(yu)電氣配合工作不(bu)到位(wei)

變電(dian)所(suo)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)工程是送變電(dian)安(an)(an)裝的(de)(de)先決條件(jian)，是變電(dian)所(suo)投產安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行的(de)(de)基(ji)礎工作。隨著(zhu)電(dian)力(li)事(shi)業的(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)展，變電(dian)所(suo)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)周期大(da)幅度(du)縮短，而與電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)裝有關的(de)(de)預(yu)埋件(jian)(管(guan))、預(yu)留洞、防雷接地等施(shi)工質量及與電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)裝施(shi)工進度(du)的(de)(de)配合尤為重要(yao)，在(zai)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)工時(shi)不(bu)僅要(yao)符合土(tu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)計文(wen)件(jian)要(yao)求更要(yao)滿足(zu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)裝的(de)(de)要(yao)求。例如：在(zai)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)預(yu)埋鋼管(guan)時(shi)常會出現(xian)煨彎(拼接)弧度(du)不(bu)足(zu)、電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)吊裝平臺偏小、高低壓電(dian)纜共(gong)同溝等土(tu)建(jian)(jian)與電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)矛盾，造成(cheng)后序電(dian)纜敷(fu)設(she)及電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)裝困(kun)難和(he)土(tu)建(jian)(jian)工程的(de)(de)返工。

1.4施工部署針對性不強

變電(dian)所(suo)(suo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)部(bu)署中應充分考慮接地網、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)道(dao)路、進所(suo)(suo)與所(suo)(suo)內道(dao)路、電(dian)纜溝(gou)、主控(kong)樓、接地變消弧線圈(quan)室、就地繼電(dian)器(qi)及(ji)35 kV屋內配電(dian)裝置樓、220(110)kV構(gou)支架基(ji)礎(chu)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)流程(cheng)，特(te)別(bie)是建(jian)、構(gou)筑物(wu)基(ji)礎(chu)土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖的時(shi)間不當，將直接影響下道(dao)工(gong)(gong)序的正(zheng)常施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。其(qi)次，建(jian)筑物(wu)基(ji)礎(chu)階段應同時(shi)將基(ji)礎(chu)部(bu)分內的設備基(ji)礎(chu)及(ji)電(dian)纜溝(gou)一起完成(cheng)，反之會造成(cheng)不必要重(zhong)復勞(lao)動及(ji)機械、材(cai)料(liao)損失。

1.5回填土質量下降

地基(ji)和基(ji)礎(chu)是變電所(suo)工程中(zhong)很重要(yao)的(de)一個部(bu)分，特別(bie)是軟土地基(ji)和回填(tian)土處理時，必須保證(zheng)分層(ceng)回填(tian)、夯實的(de)質量，使(shi)(shi)處理后的(de)土層(ceng)有(you)足夠的(de)強度和穩(wen)定性，基(ji)土不能產生破壞和較(jiao)大的(de)變形，否則將會使(shi)(shi)建、構筑物遭受破壞，從而威脅到變電所(suo)的(de)正(zheng)常運行。

2、對策措施

2.1加(jia)強場地土方(fang)量計算(suan)與調(diao)配

變(bian)電所土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)前首先采用(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)格(ge)(ge)網法測量出(chu)原(yuan)始地(di)(di)貌的(de)(de)高程(cheng)，對起(qi)伏較大的(de)(de)或地(di)(di)形(xing)狹長時(shi)可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)斷面法計(ji)算。根據設計(ji)確定的(de)(de)場(chang)平(ping)標高，計(ji)算出(chu)挖、填(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)量，進(jin)行土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)調配(pei)，并根據工(gong)程(cheng)規模、工(gong)期(qi)要求、現有(you)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)機(ji)械設備條件等，擬定土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案。在計(ji)算土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)時(shi)應計(ji)算各方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)格(ge)(ge)角點的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)高度、確定“零線”(挖、填(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)分界線)、計(ji)算方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)格(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)量、計(ji)算場(chang)地(di)(di)邊(bian)坡土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)量，達(da)到挖、填(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)。開挖的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)如作變(bian)電所內低洼回填(tian)(tian)時(shi)應根據土(tu)(tu)質分類確定其土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)松性系數；土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)調配(pei)應力求達(da)到挖方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)與填(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)基(ji)本(ben)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)和總運輸(shu)量最小，有(you)時(shi)僅局限于(yu)一個場(chang)地(di)(di)范圍的(de)(de)挖、填(tian)(tian)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)難以滿足時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)根據現場(chang)情況，就近取(qu)土(tu)(tu)或棄(qi)土(tu)(tu)，這樣可(ke)(ke)更經濟(ji)合(he)理(li)；在平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)時(shi)應考慮近期(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)和后期(qi)利用(yong)相結合(he)，如變(bian)電所土(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)表層(ceng)耕植土(tu)(tu)不能作回填(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)，可(ke)(ke)臨時(shi)堆放(fang)在待建(jian)的(de)(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)，作后期(qi)綠化土(tu)(tu)使(shi)用(yong)，避免了重復挖運，節約了工(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本(ben)。

2.2提高(gao)石砌體工程質量

施工(gong)技術(shu)管理(li)人員及(ji)作業班組應(ying)認(ren)真學(xue)習有(you)關石(shi)(shi)砌(qi)(qi)擋(dang)(dang)(dang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的施工(gong)規(gui)范及(ji)驗(yan)收標準，施工(gong)前先(xian)進行技術(shu)交(jiao)底(di)，以樣板引路；砌(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)時(shi)應(ying)利(li)用(yong)(yong)石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)間(jian)自(zi)然形狀，經敲打修整使(shi)能(neng)與先(xian)砌(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)基(ji)本吻合(he)、搭(da)(da)砌(qi)(qi)緊密、上(shang)下錯縫(feng)、內外搭(da)(da)砌(qi)(qi)，不得采(cai)用(yong)(yong)外面側立石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)，中間(jian)填(tian)心的砌(qi)(qi)筑(zhu)方(fang)法；不得有(you)鏟口石(shi)(shi)、斧刃石(shi)(shi)；拉結(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)(shi)長度(du)(du)：當擋(dang)(dang)(dang)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚(hou)(hou)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)400mm時(shi)，拉結(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)(shi)長度(du)(du)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)，當擋(dang)(dang)(dang)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)400mm，可用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)拉結(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)(shi)搭(da)(da)接，搭(da)(da)接長度(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)150mm，拉結(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)(shi)長度(du)(du)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚(hou)(hou)的2／3(見圖(tu)1)；砌(qi)(qi)第(di)一(yi)皮(pi)毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)時(shi)，應(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)大(da)(da)平(ping)面的石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)，先(xian)在基(ji)坑底(di)鋪設砂漿，再將毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)砌(qi)(qi)上(shang)，并使(shi)毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)的大(da)(da)面向(xiang)下；石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)間(jian)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的空隙應(ying)先(xian)填(tian)塞砂漿后(hou)用(yong)(yong)碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)嵌(qian)實，擋(dang)(dang)(dang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)砂漿飽滿度(du)(du)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)80％ ；泄(xie)水孔按設計要(yao)求或(huo)設計無(wu)要(yao)求時(shi)則按每(mei)米高(gao)度(du)(du)上(shang)間(jian)隔2m左右(you)設置一(yi)個(ge)；石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)間(jian)不得有(you)相互(hu)接觸現象，毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)最上(shang)一(yi)皮(pi)、轉(zhuan)角(jiao)處、洞口處應(ying)用(yong)(yong)平(ping)毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)砌(qi)(qi)筑(zhu)，毛(mao)石(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)每(mei)天砌(qi)(qi)筑(zhu)高(gao)度(du)(du)不應(ying)超過(guo)1.2 m；擋(dang)(dang)(dang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面垂(chui)直度(du)(du)及(ji)平(ping)整度(du)(du)偏(pian)差應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)20mm，擋(dang)(dang)(dang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的軸線及(ji)頂標高(gao)偏(pian)差應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)15mm，擋(dang)(dang)(dang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)施工(gong)時(shi)須嚴格執行“三(san)檢”制(zhi)度(du)(du)。

2.3重視變(bian)電(dian)所土建與電(dian)氣的(de)配(pei)合

變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作不(bu)(bu)是單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，而是一(yi)項以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為主的(de)(de)(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。它與其它工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)相比，既(ji)有一(yi)般工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)普遍性，如施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規范、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝必須符(fu)合(he)國家頒布的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量驗(yan)收統一(yi)標準(zhun)，又有其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業的(de)(de)(de)獨特性。它不(bu)(bu)僅要(yao)符(fu)合(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，更要(yao)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)有關的(de)(de)(de)規程(cheng)(cheng)及標準(zhun)要(yao)求。因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)要(yao)掌握(wo)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)知識，而且要(yao)熟悉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備安裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)知識包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)圖紙、規范與標準(zhun)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中應(ying)及時(shi)發現(xian)問題(ti)，糾正不(bu)(bu)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)計，切實做好土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)安裝的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)合(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，為后(hou)續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)安裝)創造良好的(de)(de)(de)安裝環(huan)境；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)場時(shi)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻粉刷應(ying)提前(qian)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，門、窗都能關啟、上鎖，圍墻已封(feng)閉，平(ping)時(shi)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雙方應(ying)加強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃(hua)等(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)通(tong)．以(yi)保(bao)證都能按計劃(hua)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)各項施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任務。特別是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝(gou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)前(qian)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)粉刷應(ying)先(xian)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)二次配(pei)線(xian)前(qian)須室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)照明安裝完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備吊裝時(shi)應(ying)混凝土(tu)(tu)路面(mian)可通(tong)車；土(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)交付時(shi)，提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備基礎的(de)(de)(de)操平(ping)數據，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)安裝前(qian)加強(qiang)實物與安裝設(she)(she)計圖紙的(de)(de)(de)尺寸核對(dui)與驗(yan)收(如構(gou)支架、設(she)(she)備基礎等(deng)標高、尺寸校(xiao)核)；加強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝(gou)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)穿(chuan)越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)轉角(jiao)處光滑、溝(gou)內(nei)(nei)(nei)無雜物、無尖角(jiao)、無毛刺，不(bu)(bu)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)鋪設(she)(she)。

2.4完善施工部(bu)署

變電所工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)土方平整(zheng)后應首先進(jin)行接地網的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)，特別(bie)是穿(chuan)越(yue)道(dao)(dao)路的(de)(de)接地扁鋼應先埋設；利(li)用所內道(dao)(dao)路的(de)(de)基層位置(zhi)替(ti)代施工(gong)(gong)通道(dao)(dao)，待工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結束前再(zai)施工(gong)(gong)所內道(dao)(dao)路的(de)(de)混凝土面(mian)層；擋土墻(qiang)與圍墻(qiang)、建筑物、構支架等(deng)可單(dan)獨分(fen)區域施工(gong)(gong)，這樣可縮短施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期并有利(li)于(yu)安全文(wen)明(ming)施工(gong)(gong)管理(li)。

2.5土(tu)的填筑與壓實

為保證變電所填(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)，必須(xu)正確(que)選擇填(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)和(he)填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)方(fang)(fang)法。填(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)應符合(he)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)要求(qiu)，草皮和(he)有機質(zhi)含量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)8％ 的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、石(shi)膏或水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶性硫(liu)酸鹽含量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)5％ 的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、凍結或液化狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)炭、黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)或粉狀(zhuang)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)、淤(yu)泥(ni)等，不(bu)準用(yong)作填(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)；填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)方(fang)(fang)法應分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)進行，盡量(liang)采(cai)用(yong)同類土(tu)(tu)(tu)填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)，如填(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)(fang)中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)不(bu)同透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)時，必須(xu)將透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)置于(yu)(yu)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)之下(xia)，不(bu)得將各(ge)種(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)混雜使用(yong)。每層(ceng)(ceng)填(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度根據土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類及(ji)選用(yong)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)機械(xie)而定；斜坡(po)應挖成(cheng)階梯狀(zhuang)，階寬(kuan)不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)l m，然后(hou)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)。壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)法：變電所通常采(cai)用(yong)碾壓(ya)(ya)法，控制填(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)主要是壓(ya)(ya)路機的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)功、土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、鋪土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚(hou)度及(ji)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)遍數(shu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)后(hou)應分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)檢查壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)，符合(he)設計要求(qiu)后(hou)，才能填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)上層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。

2.6回拖管道

當擴(kuo)孔到(dao)預定孔徑后便可(ke)回拉(la)敷設管(guan)道(dao)，將連接好的(de)管(guan)道(dao)與擴(kuo)孔器相連，經回拉(la)將管(guan)道(dao)牽引進(jin)孔洞內(nei) 。擴(kuo)孔器一端接上鉆桿，另一端通過旋轉接頭接到(dao)預制(zhi)管(guan)道(dao)上。旋轉接頭可(ke)以避(bi)免預制(zhi)好的(de)管(guan)線跟(gen)著擴(kuo)孔器旋轉，以保證將其順利拖人鉆孔。回拖由鉆機完成，這一過程同樣需要大量泥漿配合(he)。回拖過程要連續進(jin)行，直(zhi)到(dao)擴(kuo)孔器和管(guan)道(dao)自鉆機一側破漿而出(chu)。

結束語

篇9

【關鍵詞】建筑工程；施工技術；基坑支(zhi)護

1.房(fang)屋建筑工程基坑支護(hu)的概述

一般情(qing)況下(xia)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)主要(yao)是為了確保基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)在(zai)開(kai)挖(wa)，地(di)下(xia)主體(ti)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性，以(yi)及周圍環境(jing)免遭損(sun)壞而進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)于段(duan)。同(tong)時其(qi)(qi)還囊括了基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)和降水防水等不(bu)同(tong)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是一個非(fei)常(chang)繁雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)會受到來(lai)自不(bu)同(tong)因素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，譬(pi)如來(lai)自土(tu)質(zhi)，土(tu)層等多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。所(suo)謂深(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)具(ju)體(ti)是說在(zai)開(kai)挖(wa)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)5m，以(yi)及深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)沒有超出5m，但是周邊地(di)域情(qing)況較為繁雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。通常(chang)情(qing)況下(xia)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本上都在(zai)28平方(fang)米之(zhi)下(xia)，而且(qie)底邊較短。在(zai)房屋(wu)(wu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)結(jie)構中，很多施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件非(fei)常(chang)好，開(kai)挖(wa)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)也不(bu)是很人，基(ji)(ji)(ji)本上可以(yi)實(shi)施放坡開(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)。如果實(shi)施這種于段(duan)，那(nei)么(me)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)就比(bi)較容易和簡便了。所(suo)以(yi)對于不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房屋(wu)(wu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)根據其(qi)(qi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域條(tiao)件和周邊環境(jing)，科(ke)學選擇基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)處(chu)理，這樣(yang)就可以(yi)在(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)上提(ti)升(sheng)房屋(wu)(wu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期。

2.房屋建(jian)筑工程基坑支護處理技術

2.1深基坑施工(gong)前的準備工(gong)作

通常情(qing)(qing)況下，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前首先(xian)需要(yao)對設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)驗，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)取(qu)得有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)馬上(shang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，而(er)是要(yao)讓專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)對圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)驗，按照(zhao)設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)情(qing)(qing)況，同相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)業主進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)協商，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)研究(jiu)，確(que)定(ding)各方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任范圍。另外(wai)一(yi)旦發現(xian)設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)出現(xian)任何問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)話，技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)應該(gai)迅速的(de)(de)(de)(de)給出解決措施(shi)和(he)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)提交給業主，得到其同意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，一(yi)同對設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)中(zhong)所出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，最(zui)人(ren)限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趕(gan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前把問題進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處理：其次(ci)應該(gai)做好詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)目標(biao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前，要(yao)嚴格制定(ding)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量控制計劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，策劃(hua)(hua)(hua)以及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量目標(biao)，按照(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)情(qing)(qing)況，制定(ding)好應對可能(neng)(neng)出現(xian)不(bu)同問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理對策：最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案必須是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)過技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)詳細具(ju)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，制定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)制定(ding)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，必須要(yao)吸收(shou)和(he)采納施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議和(he)想法(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)過專(zhuan)(zhuan)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)仔細討論和(he)研究(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，才能(neng)(neng)確(que)定(ding)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案。

2. 2土方開挖過(guo)程中的有關處理技術

一般對于(yu)深(shen)基坑(keng)而言，如(ru)果(guo)可(ke)以(yi)選擇以(yi)分(fen)層，分(fen)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，效果(guo)和作用(yong)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)變(bian)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更佳。深(shen)基坑(keng)在具(ju)體(ti)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，根據(ju)之(zhi)前(qian)已經設(she)計(ji)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)操(cao)作，可(ke)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)護系(xi)統出現(xian)受(shou)力不(bu)(bu)均衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)層開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，必須要(yao)確(que)保開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度維持在2m之(zhi)下。房屋建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測量人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須實(shi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)測土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域和具(ju)體(ti)深(shen)度，這樣可(ke)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)在具(ju)體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，因為(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)度開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)使得開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)深(shen)度超出預期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)標高。而假(jia)如(ru)超出標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，那么就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)加重施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在人(ren)(ren)力，物力等不(bu)(bu)同方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)成本，問題嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，甚(shen)至會(hui)影響整體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度，讓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)延期(qi)(qi)。所以(yi)通常情(qing)況下，為(wei)(wei)了避(bi)免出現(xian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)度開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，在開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)到深(shen)基坑(keng)標高200米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置，就(jiu)(jiu)必須采取人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)。另外在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，必須要(yao)特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)意(yi)在支(zhi)(zhi)護機(ji)構之(zhi)前(qian)預留一定程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤，在開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結束之(zhi)后(hou)，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)徹底的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)除，這樣可(ke)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)因為(wei)(wei)受(shou)力積累(lei)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護結構出現(xian)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。通常在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)面(mian)積區域較人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，應該充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調不(bu)(bu)同方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相互之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效配合(he)，以(yi)期(qi)(qi)確(que)保土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)之(zhi)后(hou)能夠及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)墊(dian)層建設(she)，進(jin)(jin)而在一定程(cheng)(cheng)度上防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)基底局部暴露時(shi)間過(guo)(guo)(guo)長導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基坑(keng)機(ji)構不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定。

2. 3排(pai)降水的手段

通常(chang)情況(kuang)下，對于排(pai)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)方(fang)法的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)，必須要按照房屋建筑施工現(xian)狀的(de)(de)實際情況(kuang)，在深(shen)基坑進行(xing)開(kai)挖之前，主(zhu)要以明排(pai)水(shui)(shui)為(wei)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)，在實際進行(xing)深(shen)基坑開(kai)挖之后，最好(hao)選(xuan)擇(ze)輕型井點降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)，確保深(shen)基坑施工在進行(xing)施工過程中，基坑底(di)部不會出現(xian)有積(ji)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)。

另(ling)外(wai)在進行(xing)深(shen)基坑土方具(ju)體(ti)施工(gong)過(guo)程中，必須選(xuan)擇(ze)使(shi)用堵住或者是疏通的(de)(de)(de)(de)于段對基坑中的(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進行(xing)排放。盡(jin)管在深(shen)基坑施工(gong)之前(qian)也進行(xing)了全而的(de)(de)(de)(de)防滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施，然(ran)而在具(ju)體(ti)施工(gong)過(guo)程中，也還(huan)是會經常出現(xian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。如(ru)果一(yi)旦出現(xian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形，那么(me)必須及時的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施該方法(fa)。假如(ru)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，那么(me)通常可以使(shi)用一(yi)些}幾燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)海綿等其(qi)它(ta)一(yi)些吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物體(ti)進行(xing)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)。假如(ru)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)過(guo)人，那么(me)必須把深(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)土體(ti)進行(xing)暫時性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預留，將土體(ti)壓實(shi)，然(ran)后使(shi)用注漿把出現(xian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域封(feng)堵。

2. 4施(shi)工過程中的安全技術(shu)防護措施(shi)

在(zai)(zai)深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，或(huo)多或(huo)少都會遇到一(yi)些安全隱患，因此為(wei)了(le)能夠最人(ren)限(xian)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)安全性，通常在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)土(tu)方(fang)開挖之前(qian)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)負(fu)責人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)同(tong)建筑負(fu)責人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)周邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地下關系進(jin)(jin)行(xing)詳細(xi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監測和排查，這樣有(you)助于在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)其進(jin)(jin)行(xing)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)：其次(ci)按(an)照具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察(cha)報告，尤(you)其是按(an)照設計施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖紙(zhi)，對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)際現(xian)場(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)坡設計：再其次(ci)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)際施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)對(dui)(dui)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)開挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤進(jin)(jin)行(xing)迅速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理，防(fang)(fang)i1_因為(wei)土(tu)壤堆(dui)積出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻塞(sai)問題，另外在(zai)(zai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)之前(qian)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)對(dui)(dui)周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水管長度，深(shen)度等其它方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)明確，這樣可以(yi)有(you)助于在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)人(ren)型機械作(zuo)業時(shi)(shi)，有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避開這些水管，防(fang)(fang)止因為(wei)損害水管導致對(dui)(dui)周邊(bian)(bian)地區居(ju)民(min)用(yong)水受限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困擾：然后是在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)際施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)周邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤成分進(jin)(jin)行(xing)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)，避免因為(wei)土(tu)壤土(tu)質(zhi)松軟出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坍塌情(qing)況(kuang)，另外最好(hao)可以(yi)對(dui)(dui)邊(bian)(bian)坡進(jin)(jin)行(xing)加(jia)固處(chu)(chu)理，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)周邊(bian)(bian)設計一(yi)些防(fang)(fang)護(hu)欄和安全防(fang)(fang)護(hu)網：最后對(dui)(dui)現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全知識(shi)培訓，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)作(zuo)出(chu)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，任何人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)時(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)佩戴安全帽，走(zou)安全通道，只(zhi)有(you)加(jia)強安全方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)才(cai)能防(fang)(fang)患于未(wei)然。

3.結語

綜上所述，本文從(cong)基坑技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)概念入于分(fen)析(xi)，具體分(fen)析(xi)房屋建(jian)筑(zhu)基礎施工中基坑支護處理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)要(yao)點。因為在當(dang)前經濟發展(zhan)的(de)(de)背景(jing)下，房屋建(jian)筑(zhu)基礎施工中基坑支護處理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)所牽涉的(de)(de)范圍以及(ji)所涵蓋的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)點非(fei)常之(zhi)多，所以必須要(yao)充分(fen)的(de)(de)做好(hao)相(xiang)關(guan)方面(mian)工作，確保房屋建(jian)筑(zhu)施工過(guo)程中的(de)(de)安(an)全性。

參考文獻

[1]張明軍.沿海城市某深基坑支護探討(tao)[D].中南(nan)人學，2012. （5） ：13一20.

[2]孫煒翔，翟克禮(li).探(tan)討建筑工(gong)程支(zhi)護(hu)施工(gong)要點(dian)[J].科技創(chuang)業家，2013 . （1） ： 63.

[3]楊光輝.建筑工程基坑支護(hu)施(shi)工中(zhong)應注意(yi)的問題[J].江(jiang)西(xi)建材，2014.6 （15） ：47.

篇10

【關鍵詞】：土建意義作用技術管理

中圖分類號：TU74文(wen)獻標識碼： A

在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際國(guo)(guo)內經濟(ji)(ji)形勢日益復雜的(de)(de)(de)影響下的(de)(de)(de)今天，建(jian)筑(zhu)業已經成為了(le)國(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)領先產業，我國(guo)(guo)作為經濟(ji)(ji)建(jian)設(she)迅猛(meng)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，也加大了(le)基礎(chu)建(jian)設(she)投入，建(jian)筑(zhu)市場和建(jian)筑(zhu)業都(dou)將進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)完善和發展(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)這之中建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)技術管(guan)理(li)成為了(le)建(jian)筑(zhu)行業中較(jiao)難掌握的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要環節，建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)從規劃到設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)以(yi)及完成驗收(shou)，整(zheng)個(ge)流程(cheng)(cheng)有(you)著千絲萬(wan)縷(lv)的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系，不論是哪一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)環節出現(xian)了(le)問題都(dou)可能導致耽(dan)誤施(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度和影響工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不良(liang)后(hou)果，造成無法估量(liang)而且巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)財產損失。所以(yi)加強工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術管(guan)理(li)，全面(mian)提高(gao)管(guan)理(li)效率，對(dui)于企業發展(zhan)(zhan)和提高(gao)市場競(jing)爭能力(li)都(dou)起到至關重要的(de)(de)(de)作用。

一(yi)、土建工程施工技術管理的定義

土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員利用管理(li)職能(neng)以及科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)來(lai)促進(jin)(jin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)順利開展進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。具(ju)體來(lai)說，就是(shi)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)嚴(yan)格有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)按照(zhao)上級部(bu)門指(zhi)(zhi)示以及國家(jia)相(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定和指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)，科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)組織性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，形成(cheng)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)環境(jing)及技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，保證(zheng)整個(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)盡可能(neng)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)符合技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范與(yu)章程(cheng)(cheng)，從而更完(wan)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管理(li)，基本(ben)上都是(shi)以科(ke)學方法(fa)(fa)和系統論觀點，對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分和活(huo)動，進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃與(yu)決策、調(diao)節與(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)，組織與(yu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分，是(shi)各(ge)項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)活(huo)動得以確定實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準與(yu)規(gui)定，還(huan)有(you)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)信息、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人(ren)才(cai)以及技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)責任等。而技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)活(huo)動則是(shi)熟(shu)識與(yu)審查施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖紙、編制(zhi)規(gui)劃施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設(she)計(ji)，對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量進(jin)(jin)行檢驗，一直到建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)驗收等，包含(han)了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)和各(ge)項需要(yao)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

二、土(tu)建(jian)工程施工技術(shu)管理(li)的(de)意義

首先，土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術管理(li)有(you)利于完(wan)善(shan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案，加強和(he)優化施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)分配，最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)限度的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)，加快施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)速度，并(bing)且縮短(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、降低成(cheng)(cheng)本，盡可能(neng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)經(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)等(deng)。其(qi)次(ci)，有(you)利于將科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術與生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力相結(jie)合(he)，根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)特點和(he)實際的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)，選擇(ze)最(zui)(zui)合(he)理(li)并(bing)且適用的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術調(diao)控，從(cong)根(gen)本上得(de)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。再次(ci)，有(you)利于提(ti)高(gao)(gao)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)以(yi)(yi)及企業(ye)競爭(zheng)能(neng)力。通過工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan)與實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，既保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)按部就班的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，更使施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術得(de)到(dao)不斷進(jin)步和(he)發展，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)同時，降低了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本，從(cong)而得(de)到(dao)逐步改(gai)變企業(ye)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和(he)管理(li)面貌，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)勞(lao)動(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。現今企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術力量(liang)(liang)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術管理(li)水平也(ye)是建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)以(yi)(yi)支撐和(he)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所需(xu)要(yao)(yao)具備的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術條件(jian)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。重視工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術管理(li)有(you)利于完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)達到(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設所要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)整細密的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)體系。建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)類型和(he)樣式多(duo)種多(duo)樣，所以(yi)(yi)規(gui)模(mo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)各(ge)(ge)不相同，主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)特點包括天(tian)氣狀態(tai)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)影響較大(da)(da)、復雜的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)共同作(zuo)業(ye)、多(duo)種技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術綜合(he)應用、工(gong)(gong)(gong)序承接頻(pin)繁(fan)等(deng)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)我們(men)在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中需(xu)要(yao)(yao)完(wan)善(shan)和(he)加強技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術管理(li)，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)正常運行(xing)(xing)。

三、土(tu)建工程施(shi)工技術管理的主要(yao)任務和作用

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)要求(qiu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者運用管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)(neng)和科學發展觀，促(cu)進并幫助技(ji)(ji)術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)開展。在實(shi)施(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)當中，規(gui)范、嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)按(an)照國(guo)家(jia)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)政策(ce)、法律法規(gui)和上級主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)定，完(wan)(wan)整科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織各項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作開展，成立(li)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)秩序，保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)從(cong)建(jian)設到竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)符合(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)和政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，完(wan)(wan)整、快速，高(gao)質量地完(wan)(wan)成好(hao)(hao)建(jian)筑(zhu)任務。其作用表現(xian)(xian)為：在保(bao)證(zheng)完(wan)(wan)成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，充分發揮出施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)以及建(jian)筑(zhu)材料和設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在潛能(neng)(neng)，提高(gao)企業(ye)經濟(ji)實(shi)力和競爭能(neng)(neng)力，縮小工(gong)(gong)(gong)作成本，確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常進行。通(tong)過(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，得(de)到不斷提高(gao)企業(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)業(ye)務和企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，做到及時有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)問題解決問題，讓工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)任務盡早的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)目(mu)標(biao)要求(qiu)。

四、加強土建工程施工技(ji)術管理的有效措施

首先，要建立和完(wan)(wan)善(shan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系。要使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量得到(dao)要求的(de)(de)(de)認可(ke)，就要從下至(zhi)上成立嚴(yan)密完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系，讓(rang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)從起始招標到(dao)完(wan)(wan)成竣工(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)階段(duan)都(dou)能實施(shi)(shi)(shi)科學(xue)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)政策，這(zhe)樣才能確保工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目安全實施(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)次，可(ke)以(yi)制(zhi)訂相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)規章制(zhi)度，讓(rang)技術(shu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作可(ke)以(yi)有(you)章可(ke)循，有(you)理(li)(li)可(ke)依，使各個(ge)階層的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)以(yi)及技術(shu)人員都(dou)各司己(ji)任(ren)，及時(shi)發現和處理(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)問題，將自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責落實到(dao)實處。加強施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)分為(wei)以(yi)下幾點：

1、建筑人員(yuan)的管理(li)

在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)設中人員(yuan)是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)行為得以完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)，所(suo)以員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)素質則(ze)是(shi)保證工(gong)程質量結果的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提。我們要做(zuo)好(hao)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)技術人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)培養和管(guan)理，完(wan)善企業(ye)(ye)內部組織結構，打好(hao)項(xiang)目發展基礎。首先要在(zai)(zai)企業(ye)(ye)職工(gong)之(zhi)中樹(shu)立起嚴(yan)把質量關的(de)(de)(de)意識，養成“企業(ye)(ye)是(shi)我家”的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)規(gui)范。其次要保證投(tou)標文件和項(xiang)目部現(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)相一致，規(gui)劃建(jian)立完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理建(jian)設制度。對(dui)工(gong)作人員(yuan)思想(xiang)和態度進行強化(hua)，認真(zhen)盡責的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成每(mei)一項(xiang)任務目標。

2、工程施(shi)工設備的管理

在建筑工程(cheng)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，需要結(jie)合施工地點、建筑組(zu)織結(jie)構、施工現場條件、施工具體要求和方(fang)式(shi)等因素來進(jin)(jin)行經濟(ji)合理的選擇好勞(lao)動(dong)工具和機械(xie)設備，定期(qi)進(jin)(jin)行設備保養，正確使用(yong)相關工具，讓施工設備始終(zhong)保持完好的工作狀(zhuang)態。

3、建筑材料質量(liang)的控制管理

建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)得以全面實施(shi)除了技術人員和(he)(he)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)，還(huan)面臨建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用與選(xuan)擇。所謂“材(cai)料”界定包括(kuo)：建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原材(cai)料、成(cheng)(cheng)品以及(ji)半(ban)成(cheng)(cheng)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)與選(xuan)擇。材(cai)料是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外在物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)，材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)就是(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，控制(zhi)(zhi)加強好(hao)(hao)材(cai)料質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善，是(shi)提高建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)。我們可(ke)以從以下(xia)幾點來保(bao)證(zheng)原材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求：首(shou)先是(shi)計劃部分。應該掌握好(hao)(hao)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，確(que)定品牌(pai)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、數(shu)量(liang)(liang)以及(ji)規格(ge)(ge)，選(xuan)擇好(hao)(hao)材(cai)料供應商。其次是(shi)采購(gou)部分。要(yao)嚴格(ge)(ge)控制(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)價格(ge)(ge)，在不影響施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度(du)和(he)(he)材(cai)料質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)，將(jiang)采購(gou)任務較好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)并(bing)且(qie)降低成(cheng)(cheng)本。再次是(shi)驗收部分。根據(ju)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況，按照進(jin)(jin)度(du)合理規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)排材(cai)料驗收，分類進(jin)(jin)行(xing)管理使用。最后嚴格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)憑借出(chu)庫單進(jin)(jin)行(xing)材(cai)料發(fa)放使用，并(bing)且(qie)注意(yi)危險品的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護和(he)(he)安(an)置措施(shi)。

4、工程施工技術的管理

首先(xian)(xian)，圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查。圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理依據，應該挖掘出設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)重要(yao)信息(xi)，主(zhu)動與(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位進(jin)行(xing)溝通和(he)聯系，組織好(hao)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)核(he)，充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解和(he)熟悉設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)，以便于(yu)后期規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)操作，降低(di)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難度(du)；其次，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制與(yu)實(shi)行(xing)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制與(yu)實(shi)行(xing)是根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)經(jing)濟規(gui)劃(hua)，來(lai)指導工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)和(he)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，可以結(jie)合人力、物力、材料、機械(xie)等(deng)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)領導，以最快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度(du)來(lai)發現(xian)和(he)解決施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)問題，提(ti)出強(qiang)有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學根(gen)據。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部門應全(quan)面了(le)解施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制，事先(xian)(xian)熟悉所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)資料，了(le)解工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量要(yao)求、進(jin)度(du)等(deng)，做到有(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制出合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案，完(wan)善部署(shu)；再次，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)轉(zhuan)換以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)。對(dui)于(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)部門提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)來(lai)說，大(da)部分都停留在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間內，我們(men)需(xu)要(yao)把技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)空間完(wan)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化成施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)(tu)，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)大(da)幅(fu)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高便利(li)。當然在(zai)項目實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，經(jing)常會(hui)出現(xian)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)狀(zhuang)況比如(ru)業主(zhu)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變更(geng)或者由于(yu)現(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)境和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有(you)所(suo)改變而產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)，此類變更(geng)會(hui)嚴重引(yin)起工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)度(du)，從而阻礙工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利(li)進(jin)行(xing)，所(suo)以要(yao)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)也(ye)設(she)(she)定并且(qie)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制和(he)管理。

五、結論

在工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑的施(shi)工過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)很多時候會面臨各種各樣的問題(ti)，倘若不能有(you)效合(he)理的制定出有(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性的解(jie)決方針(zhen)和管理方法(fa)，就會拖延施(shi)工進(jin)度、影響工程(cheng)(cheng)質量。所(suo)以(yi)，應該規范(fan)施(shi)工技術(shu)管理，提高企業技術(shu)管理水平，為工程(cheng)(cheng)項目的順利(li)進(jin)行提供可靠的技術(shu)保障。

【參考文獻】

【1】如何加強建筑工程施工技(ji)術管理.建材與(yu)裝飾.劉輝，2008

【2】土建工程施工技術管理實(shi)踐(jian).工程管理.孫光亮，2012

【3】建筑(zhu)工(gong)程施工(gong)技術(shu).鐘漢(han)華、李念(nian)國，2009