導(dao)語(yu)：如何才能寫好一篇(pian)市政工程(cheng)橋梁施(shi)工技術規范，這(zhe)就需要(yao)搜(sou)集整理更多(duo)的(de)資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公務員之(zhi)家整理的(de)十篇(pian)范文，供你借(jie)鑒。

篇1

【關鍵詞】市政工程 橋梁施工 有效措施

城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)基(ji)礎設施(shi)是進行城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)各項經(jing)濟社會活動的保障(zhang)體系(xi)，為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的生存和發展提(ti)供強有力(li)的支持(chi)。市(shi)政橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)屬(shu)于比較大型的建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)其下部結構位置特殊且承擔重(zhong)要的受力(li)任務，其中樁基(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)尤為(wei)明(ming)顯，如何保證(zheng)市(shi)政橋梁樁基(ji)的質(zhi)量(liang)控制至關(guan)重(zhong)要。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中不同區域土質(zhi)的情況也影響(xiang)著工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體的質(zhi)量(liang)可(ke)靠性(xing)。做(zuo)好施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)區域土質(zhi)的分(fen)析工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，有利于增強基(ji)礎性(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的安全性(xing)能。為(wei)了保證(zheng)市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的整體質(zhi)量(liang)，必須做(zuo)好其中的橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，降低安全事故(gu)發生的幾(ji)率。本文探討了市(shi)政道路橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理措施(shi)。分(fen)別從以下幾(ji)方面(mian)進行了探討研究。

1.施工控制

1.1混凝(ning)土施工(gong)技術

橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)擴大(da)基礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)包含著片石混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)基礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和鋼筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)基礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。橋(qiao)梁(liang)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低，很大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上是(shi)(shi)與其(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)密(mi)切相關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來講，其(qi)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)就是(shi)(shi)在橋(qiao)梁(liang)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)承受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力以(yi)及(ji)支撐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承載物所(suo)以(yi)提高(gao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)把關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，就是(shi)(shi)提高(gao)橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。在橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)技術(shu)(shu)被列為(wei)(wei)核心技術(shu)(shu)，并不是(shi)(shi)無的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放矢(shi)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)技術(shu)(shu)所(suo)擁有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)材(cai)(cai)面(mian)(mian)廣以(yi)及(ji)價格(ge)(ge)低廉和超(chao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)性(xing)和維修費用(yong)低等(deng)等(deng)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)就是(shi)(shi)其(qi)成為(wei)(wei)核心技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本所(suo)在。基底(di)(di)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系著工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全，技術(shu)(shu)人員在實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，必(bi)須采取(qu)(qu)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)規范(fan)(fan)基底(di)(di)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)應(ying)從準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)、拌合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、操作(zuo)(zuo)技術(shu)(shu)和灌(guan)后(hou)養護(hu)這四方(fang)面(mian)(mian)加(jia)以(yi)控制(zhi)。首先(xian)，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)提供商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產信譽、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)審查，對(dui)(dui)(dui)采購材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金進(jin)行(xing)(xing)核查，要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)其(qi)能(neng)買到質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)合(he)格(ge)(ge)而且價錢合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員需(xu)(xu)要(yao)采取(qu)(qu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)基底(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)度(du)，加(jia)強砂石顆粒間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粘合(he)度(du)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)來講，除卻對(dui)(dui)(dui)原(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，還(huan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配比進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善，無論是(shi)(shi)砂料(liao)(liao)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)水泥(ni)和水還(huan)有(you)石塊等(deng)，必(bi)須經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)嚴格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算。在澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)第一(yi)次混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)時(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)水泥(ni)砂漿層設(she)置(zhi)在上面(mian)(mian)，可(ke)以(yi)增強基底(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)度(du)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)應(ying)注意(yi)(yi)模板(ban)、支架情(qing)況加(jia)有(you)變形或(huo)沉(chen)陷應(ying)立即校對(dui)(dui)(dui)并加(jia)固(gu)高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)臺(tai)(tai)若(ruo)(ruo)臺(tai)(tai)身(shen)后(hou)仰(yang)本身(shen)自重力偏(pian)心較大(da)，為(wei)(wei)平衡臺(tai)(tai)身(shen)偏(pian)心。在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)隨時(shi)(shi)觀察所(suo)設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)埋(mai)螺栓、預(yu)留孔、預(yu)埋(mai)支座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)是(shi)(shi)否移動若(ruo)(ruo)發現移位應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)校正。部分(fen)基底(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坐漿砌筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配制(zhi)、輸(shu)送及(ji)灌(guan)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)速(su)度(du)應(ying)符合(he)規范(fan)(fan)要(yao)求(qiu)大(da)體(ti)積混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)應(ying)嚴格(ge)(ge)按施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。除此(ci)以(yi)外，片石混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)結構相關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)操作(zuo)(zuo)完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)該注意(yi)(yi)某些施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)細節(jie)。而鋼筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)不同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)較高(gao)，保(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)順(shun)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確性(xing)，有(you)利(li)于(yu)增強鋼筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。

1.2基礎施工質量控(kong)制

橋(qiao)梁工(gong)程(cheng)中擴大基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可靠性(xing)對(dui)于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)后期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入使用影(ying)響(xiang)較大，技術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)采取必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)減少相(xiang)關(guan)因素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。其(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)保(bao)證該工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)設(she)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)符合原計劃設(she)計標(biao)準、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)安全，要(yao)(yao)完全達到道(dao)(dao)路工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用標(biao)準。實(shi)現這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)，關(guan)鍵在(zai)于(yu)做(zuo)(zuo)好施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗工(gong)作(zuo)。針對(dui)該工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)標(biao)準要(yao)(yao)滿足生活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)為標(biao)準，同時還(huan)要(yao)(yao)與道(dao)(dao)路工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方案互(hu)相(xiang)一致。地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)施(shi)工(gong)完成后，技術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)壓力(li)進行(xing)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)，保(bao)證地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理性(xing)。要(yao)(yao)清楚質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理目(mu)標(biao)和目(mu)標(biao)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，要(yao)(yao)指導(dao)施(shi)工(gong)操作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確方向。另外，由于(yu)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)回填(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓實(shi)度(du)(du)(du)影(ying)響(xiang)著地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緊實(shi)度(du)(du)(du)，做(zuo)(zuo)好地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)回填(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)于(yu)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)能(neng)有著較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)回填(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓實(shi)度(du)(du)(du)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)持在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 86% 左右，以便(bian)后續(xu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)進行(xing)。在(zai)市政道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)階段，其(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)內容主要(yao)(yao)就是(shi)針對(dui)導(dao)致質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)下降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)，這(zhe)些(xie)因素(su)主要(yao)(yao)有：人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技能(neng)、施(shi)工(gong)方案、生產機械等后續(xu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)進行(xing)。

2.安全管理措(cuo)施分析

近幾年來，隨著市政工程建設的發展，建設項目增多，難度加大，作業環境危險，亟需加強安全保障管理。安全管理主要包括以下幾個內容：首先，市政工程的安全建設的依據需要工程方面和安全管理兩方面的相關法律相結合，工程方面多以標準、技術規范為詳細依據(ju)。其(qi)次，要(yao)保(bao)證施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中要(yao)確保(bao)每一(yi)位施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)身安(an)全(quan)，減少工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)事故(gu)(gu)發生(sheng)率和(he)(he)人(ren)員傷亡，保(bao)證企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)財產利益和(he)(he)工(gong)作人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)業(ye)健康安(an)全(quan)。另外，在(zai)保(bao)證建(jian)筑(zhu)質量(liang)合格的(de)(de)(de)情況下，還要(yao)確保(bao)建(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)穩定性。在(zai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方面，管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)滲透到(dao)市(shi)(shi)政建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)問題上來，傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)觸電(dian)、高空墜落(luo)、中暑(shu)、中毒爆炸等(deng)安(an)全(quan)問題都能預(yu)先防(fang)范。在(zai)市(shi)(shi)政道路(lu)橋梁工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中肯(ken)定會存在(zai)風(feng)險，但是(shi)(shi)風(feng)險是(shi)(shi)可以避免的(de)(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)多方面的(de)(de)(de)，如果施(shi)工(gong)單位隨意(yi)更改設(she)(she)計圖紙或是(shi)(shi)不重視防(fang)范措施(shi)，那么，一(yi)定會出現風(feng)險。此外，還應該安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度可以作為一(yi)個尺度，其(qi)制(zhi)度涉及機構的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)置、安(an)全(quan)教育(yu)、事故(gu)(gu)處理(li)、機械(xie)設(she)(she)備運行(xing)等(deng)方面。總的(de)(de)(de)來說，市(shi)(shi)政工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)監管(guan)(guan)需(xu)要(yao)政府、施(shi)工(gong)方和(he)(he)監理(li)的(de)(de)(de)共同完成。

3.結(jie)語(yu)：橋梁(liang)是我國(guo)交通不可缺少(shao)的(de)一部(bu)分，由(you)于蛄旱奶厥廡裕(yu)對于橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)的(de)建(jian)設，在(zai)(zai)控制的(de)力度上就必須加強.一個橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)的(de)質量，無論是在(zai)(zai)施工中還(huan)是在(zai)(zai)竣工后，都會(hui)受到很(hen)多外界客觀環境的(de)因素所(suo)影響。橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)施工技術及安全(quan)措施的(de)有效控制，能夠保證市政道路(lu)橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)的(de)順利進行，為社會(hui)主義建(jian)設添磚加瓦，同時也(ye)讓道路(lu)橋梁(liang)實現(xian)其經濟價值。

參考文獻：

[1]張利(li)萍(ping).淺析市政橋梁工(gong)程中的擴大基(ji)礎施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)措

施[J].科技創新與應用，2014（19）：191-191.

[2]關勛健.論建筑工程施工管理之若干措(cuo)施[J].廣東技，

2013，（20）：209-210.

篇2

【關鍵詞】 市政工程;橋梁建設;測量;監理

【中圖分類號】 TU716 【文(wen)獻標識碼】 B【文(wen)章編(bian)號】 1727-5123(2010)02-076-01

臨(lin)沂(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)公司(si)成立于(yu)1961年(nian)3月,隸屬臨(lin)沂(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設局,注冊(ce)資(zi)金(jin)6000萬元,具(ju)有(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)公用(yong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)級(ji),公路(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)級(ji),公路(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)、路(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)專(zhuan)業承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)級(ji),橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)二(er)級(ji)資(zi)質,具(ju)備境外工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資(zi)質和(he)(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)企業安全資(zi)格。公司(si)通過質量(liang)、環境和(he)(he)職業健康安全一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化管理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)綜合認(ren)證,擁(yong)有(you)計量(liang)認(ren)證的(de)專(zhuan)業試驗室、省(sheng)一(yi)級(ji)檔案室,現有(you)各類路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)機械260余臺/套,職工(gong)(gong)400余人。多年(nian)來,公司(si)秉承(cheng)(cheng)“創造精品,服務社會”的(de)宗(zong)旨,全力(li)打造精品工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),承(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數十次獲(huo)得國家、省(sheng)、市(shi)(shi)(shi)優質工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獎(jiang)。其中(zhong),臨(lin)西(xi)五路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)段(duan)(duan)水泥混凝土路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獲(huo)“魯班獎(jiang)”,九曲(qu)沂(yi)河(he)大橋(qiao)、東興(xing)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、沂(yi)蒙路(lu)(lu)(lu)p河(he)大橋(qiao)被(bei)評(ping)為(wei)“中(zhong)國市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)金(jin)杯(bei)示范(fan)(fan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)”,金(jin)雀(que)山(shan)(shan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)西(xi)段(duan)(duan)、解(jie)(jie)放路(lu)(lu)(lu)西(xi)段(duan)(duan)、新華一(yi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)南(nan)段(duan)(duan)獲(huo)省(sheng)優,九曲(qu)沂(yi)河(he)大橋(qiao)榮(rong)獲(huo)“泰山(shan)(shan)杯(bei)”,沂(yi)州(zhou)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、解(jie)(jie)放路(lu)(lu)(lu)東段(duan)(duan)、銀橋(qiao)街、濱(bin)河(he)大道一(yi)期、郯城白馬河(he)橋(qiao)、濱(bin)河(he)大道防洪三期、三和(he)(he)五街等工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)評(ping)為(wei)“山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)金(jin)杯(bei)示范(fan)(fan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)”。蒙山(shan)(shan)大道p河(he)大橋(qiao)成為(wei)我市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)標志(zhi)性橋(qiao)梁(liang)建(jian)筑(zhu)。

為了保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量,除了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位自(zi)身檢查外,還需要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)部門(men)加(jia)強檢查。其中工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)量是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前期的(de)(de)(de)基礎,又是(shi)(shi)起著(zhu)指揮工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)作用。因此工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)量監(jian)理(li)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)環節(jie),而測(ce)量成果(guo)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)可(ke)靠,將直接(jie)影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量。下(xia)(xia)面我結(jie)合(he)臨(lin)沂市市橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺談一下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)量監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)、內容、技術(shu)規范(fan)和監(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。在城市橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,鋼筋混(hun)凝土構(gou)筑物的(de)(de)(de)允(yun)許偏差:鋼筋混(hun)凝土構(gou)筑物的(de)(de)(de)允(yun)許偏差值是(shi)(shi)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)求。為了達到這個目的(de)(de)(de),必須(xu)對(dui)控制(zhi)測(ce)量精度(du)(du)提出了較高的(de)(de)(de)標準,什么樣的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量精度(du)(du)才(cai)能滿足施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求呢?又如何(he)進行(xing)橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)量監(jian)理(li)呢?

為了更好地說明工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li),我們以“百年大計、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)第一”的原則召開了各標段項目部總經理(li)(li)、總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)(或(huo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負責(ze)人)參加的有關(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)內(nei)容(rong)會(hui)議,由(you)總監(jian)(jian)(jian)辦工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)正高級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)向大家講解了“市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)細則”,采用(yong)北京(jing)坐(zuo)標系和(he)黃(huang)海高程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),包括施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)、內(nei)容(rong)和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)要求,以及施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)所使用(yong)的規(gui)范:A.城市(shi)(shi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)規(gui)范;B.工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)規(gui)范;C.公路橋涵施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范:D.市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)驗評定標準。還交待(dai)了在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)中所使用(yong)的各類表格。最后要求大家在統一的技(ji)術(shu)標準的前(qian)提下必須按細則執行,便于統一檢(jian)查和(he)管理(li)(li),以及指導(dao)和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。

審(shen)批施工測(ce)(ce)量人員、儀(yi)器和(he)設備。根據(ju)該項(xiang)(xiang)工程的(de)需要,要求承(cheng)包單位將施工測(ce)(ce)量人員數量、技術(shu)職稱、個人學(xue)歷、測(ce)(ce)繪作業(ye)證和(he)參加工程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)詳細資料等,交給我們審(shen)批,不合(he)格(ge)都不予審(shen)批。同時對測(ce)(ce)量儀(yi)器的(de)型號和(he)數量,以(yi)及設備,也要進(jin)行審(shen)批。通過審(shen)查,各工程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)部施工測(ce)(ce)量人員有的(de)素質(zhi)比(bi)較高,業(ye)務能力(li)比(bi)較強。

審查和復(fu)測(ce)(ce)設(she)計(ji)院所(suo)交的(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。臨(lin)沂(yi)(yi)蒙(meng)山(shan)路工(gong)程(cheng)我們用(yong)DSZ2精(jing)密水(shui)(shui)準儀和銦(yin)鋼尺對(dui)上(shang)述的(de)水(shui)(shui)準點(dian)(dian)線路以二等(deng)(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)準點(dian)(dian)Ⅱ09作為(wei)起點(dian)(dian)進行了(le)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce),基附合水(shui)(shui)準閉合差值為(wei)-6mm,解決了(le)這一(yi)問題(ti),并通知了(le)設(she)計(ji)院勘測(ce)(ce)部門認可(ke)。通過(guo)上(shang)述檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)(guo)可(ke)知,必須對(dui)設(she)計(ji)院所(suo)交的(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian)進行復(fu)測(ce)(ce),要達到規(gui)范的(de)要求,并將復(fu)測(ce)(ce)成果(guo)(guo)填(tian)寫到“測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian)復(fu)核記錄(lu)表”中。審批施工(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)方案。臨(lin)沂(yi)(yi)蒙(meng)山(shan)路工(gong)程(cheng),其測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)精(jing)度要求比較高(gao),因(yin)此該工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)方案:6個(ge)四等(deng)(deng)(deng)GPS點(dian)(dian)作為(wei)該工(gong)程(cheng)地區的(de)首(shou)級平(ping)面測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian),5個(ge)三等(deng)(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)準點(dian)(dian)作為(wei)本地區的(de)首(shou)級高(gao)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。各(ge)標段的(de)施工(gong)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)平(ping)面控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)一(yi)級導線點(dian)(dian),高(gao)程(cheng)按三等(deng)(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)準測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)精(jing)度施測(ce)(ce)。為(wei)什么(me)我們按這個(ge)施工(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)方案的(de)要求實施呢(ni)?

由于橋(qiao)梁施(shi)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要任務(wu)(wu)之一是(shi)正(zheng)確測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設出(chu)墩、臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置,而橋(qiao)軸(zhou)線長度又是(shi)設計(ji)與測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設位(wei)(wei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)依據,因此(ci)必須保證橋(qiao)軸(zhou)線長度的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度。根(gen)據規(gui)(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定和要求(qiu),在橋(qiao)梁工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)放樣墩、柱中(zhong)(zhong)心點位(wei)(wei)時(shi),其允許偏(pian)差(cha)(cha)(cha)值為s=±8mm。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)所交的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)控制測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)資(zi)料由測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師進行(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)查,是(shi)否按(an)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方(fang)案實施(shi),是(shi)否進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了精(jing)度分析,達到(dao)(dao)了什么樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)精(jing)度?如不合格,要重測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。同時(shi)根(gen)據各標(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)人員業務(wu)(wu)水平提(ti)出(chu)不同要求(qiu)及(ji)要達到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準。控制測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)資(zi)料審(shen)查后(hou),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)監理(li)人員還要到(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)區進行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。我(wo)們對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)技術人員提(ti)出(chu)了較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。在觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、記錄、計(ji)算等方(fang)面要嚴(yan)格地(di)按(an)規(gui)(gui)范要求(qiu)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉合導線要按(an)嚴(yan)密平差(cha)(cha)(cha)方(fang)法計(ji)算,平差(cha)(cha)(cha)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)精(jing)度為:測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)角中(zhong)(zhong)誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)Mβ=±1.21",平均(jun)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)距中(zhong)(zhong)誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)MS=±0.3mm,相對(dui)閉合差(cha)(cha)(cha)fs=1/70萬。

篇3

【關鍵詞】市政工(gong)程；施(shi)工(gong)技術；通(tong)病(bing)；防治(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)

引言

近年來，我國的(de)(de)城市(shi)化進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)越來越快(kuai)，各地的(de)(de)市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)大量增加，因此(ci)也受到(dao)了人(ren)民群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)密切關(guan)注。市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)與人(ren)們的(de)(de)日常生(sheng)活(huo)息息相關(guan)，所涉及的(de)(de)領域(yu)方方面面，例(li)如：道(dao)路、廣場、公園、綠(lv)化、橋梁(liang)等等，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建設(she)成果關(guan)系(xi)到(dao)人(ren)民群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)，因此(ci)，必須保證市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建設(she)質(zhi)量，那么在市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)中，就必須制定(ding)出科學合理的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案，引進(jin)先進(jin)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術，認(ren)真分析總結施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術存在的(de)(de)問題。

一、市(shi)政工(gong)程施工(gong)技術存(cun)在的通病分(fen)析

1、測量容(rong)易出現(xian)差錯

在市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，施工(gong)測量(liang)(liang)是一項非常重(zhong)要的(de)工(gong)作，貫穿著整個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)前(qian)前(qian)后后。施工(gong)測量(liang)(liang)與市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)科學(xue)設計和(he)最終圓滿建成(cheng)(cheng)密切相關(guan)，在測量(liang)(liang)中出現(xian)(xian)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)小小的(de)差錯，就可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)對整個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)巨大的(de)損(sun)失。總結來看，測量(liang)(liang)出現(xian)(xian)差錯可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)導致施工(gong)圖紙走(zou)樣，管道位置出現(xian)(xian)偏移(yi)，甚至產生積水現(xian)(xian)象，也可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)原材料的(de)差錯和(he)浪費(fei)，嚴重(zhong)的(de)還(huan)會(hui)(hui)給(gei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)留下安(an)全隱患，影(ying)響到(dao)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)正常使用。

2、施(shi)工材料質量不(bu)高(gao)

在(zai)一項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(liao)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)好壞直接(jie)影響(xiang)著工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)整體質量(liang)(liang)，充分保障施工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)，是(shi)實現工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目建設目標(biao)的(de)前提條件。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(liao)方面，如果(guo)管材質量(liang)(liang)不達(da)標(biao)，就(jiu)容(rong)(rong)易產生(sheng)斷裂破損或者接(jie)口開裂，造(zao)成(cheng)局部漏(lou)水、漏(lou)氣的(de)情況發(fa)生(sheng)。如果(guo)混凝土與瀝青的(de)質量(liang)(liang)不達(da)標(biao)，就(jiu)很容(rong)(rong)易發(fa)生(sheng)大(da)面積沉(chen)陷(xian)的(de)情況，在(zai)道路交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上可能會造(zao)成(cheng)交通事故的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)。

3、機械設(she)備(bei)不完(wan)善

在市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，要(yao)想保證(zheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度就必(bi)須(xu)實(shi)現市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)化(hua)，各種類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)必(bi)不可(ke)(ke)少(shao)。在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時，可(ke)(ke)以按照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進展的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，快速(su)選用相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備，節省(sheng)時間，保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。這些機(ji)械(xie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備包括(kuo)運輸(shu)車(che)輛、起重機(ji)、腳手(shou)架模板、檢查測量(liang)儀等。機(ji)械(xie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)影響很大，不合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備會給工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)帶來安全隱患。例如，在公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，局部區域(yu)不能使(shi)用大型(xing)壓路(lu)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下選擇使(shi)用了小型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓路(lu)機(ji)，但由于小型(xing)壓路(lu)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓實(shi)效果不夠，就容易(yi)造成(cheng)基(ji)礎不穩的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，在公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中可(ke)(ke)能會導致(zhi)路(lu)面開裂或者下沉(chen)。

4、施工質量差

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的質量直接影響著整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的質量以及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價等。如果(guo)不能在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中根據地質、氣候等因素，選取適合(he)當地當時實際的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝，就(jiu)可能會產生施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)隱患。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中，如果(guo)沒(mei)有對管(guan)道的接口進行(xing)鑿毛處理，就(jiu)容(rong)易(yi)導致(zhi)管(guan)道發生滲(shen)水或漏水的情況。

5、對于工程質量的(de)檢查程序不夠規范

檢查程(cheng)序(xu)對于提高市政工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)來說(shuo)至關重要，在工(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)之后，首先要通過檢查才可以使用(yong)，這樣也能使市政工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)得到保證(zheng)。由于我國質(zhi)量(liang)保證(zheng)體系(xi)尚不健(jian)全(quan)，在工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)方面還很不到位(wei)(wei)，因此，自檢機構沒有發揮出(chu)其應有的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。在市政工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，偷工(gong)減料的(de)(de)現象經常出(chu)現，而監(jian)(jian)管(guan)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)職責也往(wang)往(wang)沒有落實到位(wei)(wei)，甚至監(jian)(jian)管(guan)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)共同作(zuo)假的(de)(de)行為也會(hui)出(chu)現。

6、質量意識不夠

在市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，很(hen)多(duo)建(jian)設單位(wei)都沒有(you)真正把工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量放(fang)到(dao)第一(yi)位(wei)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量意(yi)識(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不(bu)夠。沒有(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量第一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量就無法獲得保(bao)證，甚(shen)至有(you)人還抱著壞(huai)了(le)再修的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)態。因此(ci)，就產生(sheng)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)重視(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期，而不(bu)重視(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，最終導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量難以(yi)達標。各級建(jian)設責任主體以(yi)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監管單位(wei)不(bu)能嚴格執行標準，也是時常發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。由于缺乏強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量責任意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中經常發生(sheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)同步的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。

二(er)、市政工程存在通病的(de)防治措施探討

1、努力減(jian)少測量方面的誤(wu)差

在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊伍中，應該(gai)把專(zhuan)業(ye)能力(li)強的(de)相關技術人員引進來，為不(bu)同的(de)工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)設置專(zhuan)人專(zhuan)項(xiang)崗(gang)位，確(que)(que)(que)保測量任務能夠準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)(que)無誤地完成。在自檢自測工(gong)(gong)序中，應該(gai)提(ti)高要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)標準(zhun)(zhun)，確(que)(que)(que)保測量錯(cuo)誤不(bu)出現。要(yao)(yao)結合地質條件并(bing)按照設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)放樣，在專(zhuan)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)程師復(fu)核要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)之(zhi)后，再(zai)進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)操作。要(yao)(yao)按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，使用精確(que)(que)(que)的(de)儀器進行(xing)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)(que)測量和計(ji)算(suan)，確(que)(que)(que)保各項(xiang)計(ji)算(suan)精確(que)(que)(que)到位。

2、嚴把原材料(liao)的(de)質量關

在(zai)市政工程建設(she)中(zhong)，所有(you)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)都應該經過(guo)專業的(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)之后，才能(neng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)場使(shi)(shi)用，要(yao)嚴(yan)格控制材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項技(ji)術性能(neng)指(zhi)標(biao)。工程所用的(de)(de)(de)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)必須有(you)產品合(he)格證(zheng)和(he)質(zhi)檢部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)質(zhi)檢驗報告等(deng)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)管(guan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)要(yao)求(qiu)外(wai)觀(guan)整潔(jie)光滑，沒(mei)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)。在(zai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)場時，必須進(jin)(jin)(jin)行本(ben)單位的(de)(de)(de)檢驗程序(xu)，檢驗人員(yuan)要(yao)認真負(fu)責，嚴(yan)格把關，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)、外(wai)觀(guan)、質(zhi)量及合(he)格證(zheng)等(deng)方面方面進(jin)(jin)(jin)行仔(zi)細地檢查。在(zai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)安裝使(shi)(shi)用前，還應該再(zai)一(yi)次進(jin)(jin)(jin)行檢查，如(ru)果發(fa)現問題，應該及時上(shang)報處理。

3、根據需要引進相關設(she)備

在市政工(gong)程建設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)，往往需要(yao)各種大型機械設(she)(she)(she)備，例如：起(qi)重機、塔(ta)吊機、壓(ya)實(shi)機、專業的(de)(de)檢測儀等，根據(ju)工(gong)程的(de)(de)需要(yao)和使(shi)用的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)要(yao)求(qiu)，進(jin)行(xing)擇優選擇而不能隨(sui)便使(shi)用，確保應有必有，科學(xue)合(he)理的(de)(de)使(shi)用。對于模板(ban)與腳手架(jia)等設(she)(she)(she)備，應該按照(zhao)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，來進(jin)行(xing)專項的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，保證(zheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)方案科學(xue)合(he)理，以(yi)及制作(zuo)質量合(he)格達(da)標。引進(jin)先進(jin)的(de)(de)工(gong)程機械設(she)(she)(she)備，能夠提(ti)高工(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)效率和施(shi)工(gong)質量。

4、采用先進的施工(gong)工(gong)藝

在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前，有關(guan)單位(wei)應該對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地質條件(jian)、當地氣候條件(jian)、現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境(jing)等進行細致(zhi)考量，科學全面地對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)特征和(he)重點(dian)(dian)要(yao)素(su)進行分析(xi)，提前找(zhao)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)難點(dian)(dian)和(he)關(guan)鍵(jian)點(dian)(dian)，從而有針對(dui)(dui)性地找(zhao)到相關(guan)應對(dui)(dui)措施(shi)(shi)。另外，項目工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)進行嚴格把(ba)關(guan)，然后再制定合理(li)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術方案，其中應包括施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)劃分和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)流向以及(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和(he)方法，同時(shi)確定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程需要(yao)采用的(de)有關(guan)技術、所(suo)需設備(bei)和(he)材料等。

5、嚴格開(kai)展(zhan)工程質(zhi)量檢查工作

在市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高市(shi)政(zheng)府有關(guan)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)監督檢(jian)查工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，將政(zheng)府部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監督推向市(shi)場，合理(li)(li)(li)有效的(de)(de)(de)配置(zhi)市(shi)場資源(yuan)，從而提(ti)高政(zheng)府監督的(de)(de)(de)成效。要(yao)(yao)讓市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)委托行(xing)為進(jin)一步規范(fan)化(hua)，有必要(yao)(yao)成立(li)一個(ge)專門的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)機構(gou)。要(yao)(yao)不斷完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標準，加大監督和處罰(fa)力度，保證質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管的(de)(de)(de)實效性(xing)。在具體的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，監理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)要(yao)(yao)按(an)照施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術要(yao)(yao)求審(shen)核施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織方(fang)案，確保施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)科學性(xing)和合理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)。特(te)別要(yao)(yao)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵部(bu)位及重點工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)進(jin)行(xing)旁站監視。在有關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后(hou)，必須按(an)照有關(guan)要(yao)(yao)求開展自檢(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，然(ran)后(hou)再(zai)讓國(guo)家(jia)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標準管理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)門進(jin)行(xing)復檢(jian)驗收。

6、牢固(gu)樹立(li)質量第一的責任意識

質量(liang)(liang)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)生命(ming)線，建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程監理單(dan)位(wei)對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性有一個(ge)充分的(de)(de)認識(shi)。要(yao)樹立質量(liang)(liang)第一的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)意(yi)識(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)要(yao)嚴格(ge)(ge)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)范進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，監理單(dan)位(wei)要(yao)嚴格(ge)(ge)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)有關要(yao)求(qiu)進(jin)行(xing)監督管理。各(ge)級施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)責(ze)任(ren)主體都要(yao)強化自己員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)意(yi)識(shi)，要(yao)對全體施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)教育(yu)培訓，務必使每一個(ge)人(ren)都能(neng)明確工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范，并進(jin)行(xing)嚴格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)考(kao)核，使他們嚴格(ge)(ge)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業。

三、結語

總之，市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)通病通過分析研(yan)究，是可(ke)以進行預(yu)防和(he)消(xiao)除的(de)(de)(de)。要(yao)努力減少測量(liang)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)誤差、嚴(yan)把原材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)關、根據需要(yao)引進相(xiang)關設備、采用先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、嚴(yan)格開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、牢(lao)固樹(shu)立質(zhi)量(liang)第一的(de)(de)(de)責任意識等(deng)等(deng)。在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，只(zhi)要(yao)采取有針對性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)，就(jiu)可(ke)以使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)得到保(bao)證。

篇4

關鍵(jian)詞：市(shi)政工(gong)程;橋梁(liang);擴大基礎;施(shi)工(gong);技術;措施(shi)

隨著當(dang)前社會發展(zhan)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方式和(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)手(shou)段也在不斷的(de)(de)增加和(he)(he)(he)(he)擴(kuo)大(da)，擴(kuo)大(da)基(ji)礎或明挖(wa)基(ji)礎屬于直接(jie)(jie)基(ji)礎，是(shi)將基(ji)礎底板(ban)設(she)在直接(jie)(jie)承(cheng)(cheng)載地基(ji)上，是(shi)通(tong)過當(dang)前建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)各項施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)變(bian)化而(er)不斷的(de)(de)綜合發展(zhan)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)結(jie)(jie)合來自上部結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)荷載通(tong)過基(ji)礎底板(ban)直接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)遞給承(cheng)(cheng)載地基(ji)，通(tong)過對地基(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎擴(kuo)大(da)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法進行(xing)明挖(wa)的(de)(de)方式進行(xing)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，對基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)手(shou)段進行(xing)分析和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理。做好復(fu)核基(ji)坑(keng)中(zhong)心線(xian)、方向和(he)(he)(he)(he)高程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并(bing)應按(an)地質水(shui)文資料，結(jie)(jie)合現場情況，在開挖(wa)之前要結(jie)(jie)合當(dang)前實(shi)際(ji)情況進行(xing)開挖(wa)的(de)(de)預算和(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計，決(jue)定開挖(wa)坡度、支護力(li)案以及地面的(de)(de)防水(shui)、排(pai)水(shui)措施(shi)(shi)，按(an)照當(dang)前的(de)(de)土質情況進行(xing)分析和(he)(he)(he)(he)探討，如果地基(ji)土質較為堅(jian)實(shi)，開挖(wa)后能保持坑(keng)壁穩定，對其(qi)開挖(wa)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)各種相(xiang)應的(de)(de)技術(shu)手(shou)段進行(xing)應用和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理，采用相(xiang)應的(de)(de)管(guan)理措施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理手(shou)段，更是(shi)其(qi)在開挖(wa)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)利用相(xiang)應的(de)(de)技術(shu)手(shou)段進行(xing)管(guan)理和(he)(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

1、橋梁擴大基礎(chu)施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)控制措施(shi)

橋(qiao)梁(liang)是(shi)當前市政(zheng)工程(cheng)施工的(de)(de)重要組(zu)成形式，其在施工的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中是(shi)保證公路(lu)施工正(zheng)常良(liang)好(hao)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。擴大基礎的(de)(de)種類(lei)有漿砌片(pian)石、漿砌塊石、片(pian)石混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)、鋼(gang)筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)等(deng)幾種，是(shi)利用相(xiang)應的(de)(de)材料進(jin)行(xing)分析與(yu)管(guan)理的(de)(de)過程(cheng)，其在施工的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中是(shi)采用相(xiang)應的(de)(de)技術手段進(jin)行(xing)分析與(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)。

1.1 漿砌塊石基礎施工的主(zhu)要控(kong)制點點如下

（1）砌塊在使(shi)用前必須澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)濕潤，將(jiang)表面的泥土(tu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)銹清洗(xi)干凈。（2）確(que)保在無水(shui)(shui)(shui)狀(zhuang)態下砌筑施工。（3）禁(jin)止(zhi)帶水(shui)(shui)(shui)作業及用混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)將(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)趕出模板外的灌注(zhu)方法(fa)。（4）基礎邊緣部(bu)分應(ying)嚴密(mi)隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)下部(bu)分圬(wu)工應(ying)將(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)或混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)終凝(ning)(ning)后才允(yun)許浸水(shui)(shui)(shui)。

漿(jiang)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)石基礎應(ying)(ying)(ying)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)進行(xing)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筑，砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)第一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)時，對(dui)于基底(di)(di)為巖層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或混凝土基礎，應(ying)(ying)(ying)首先(xian)將基底(di)(di)表面(mian)清洗(xi)、濕潤，再坐漿(jiang)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筑。各(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)先(xian)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筑外圈(quan)(quan)定位行(xing)列，然后砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筑里(li)(li)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，外圈(quan)(quan)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)石與里(li)(li)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)相互交(jiao)錯、連(lian)成一(yi)體。各(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)安放(fang)穩固，且砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)間(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)砂漿(jiang)飽滿，黏結牢(lao)固，不得直接貼靠(kao)或脫空。片石砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體宜以2～3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)砌(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)組(zu)成一(yi)工(gong)作(zuo)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，每層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的水(shui)平(ping)縫(feng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)大致找平(ping)，各(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)豎縫(feng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)相互錯開，不得貫通。

1.2 片石混凝土基礎(chu)施工

對于片石混凝土基礎施工，當基底(di)(di)為(wei)非(fei)黏性(xing)土或(huo)干土時，應(ying)將(jiang)其夯實(shi)、潤濕(shi)；基面(mian)(mian)為(wei)巖石時，應(ying)加以潤濕(shi)，鋪一(yi)層厚(hou)20～30mm的水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿，然后于水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿凝結前澆(jiao)筑(zhu)第一(yi)層混凝土。對于基底(di)(di)為(wei)巖層或(huo)混凝土基礎，應(ying)先(xian)將(jiang)基底(di)(di)表面(mian)(mian)清洗、濕(shi)潤，再坐漿砌筑(zhu)；對于基底(di)(di)為(wei)土質，可直接坐漿砌筑(zhu)。混凝土中填放片石時應(ying)符合以下規定：

（1）應選用未被鍛煉的(de)且(qie)無裂紋(wen)、夾層的(de)、高度小于(yu)(yu)15cm、具有(you)抗凍性(xing)能的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)。（2）石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)的(de)抗壓(ya)強度應不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)25MPa及(ji)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)強度等級。（3）埋放石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)的(de)數量(liang)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)超過混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)結(jie)構體積的(de)25％；當(dang)設計(ji)為片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)砌體時(shi)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)可增加為50％～60％。（4）石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)應清洗干凈，應在搗實的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)中埋人一半(ban)以上；石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)應分布(bu)均勻，凈距(ju)(ju)不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)lOcm，距(ju)(ju)結(jie)構側面和頂面凈距(ju)(ju)不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)15cra；對于(yu)(yu)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)凈距(ju)(ju)可以不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)4～6em，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)不(bu)(bu)得挨靠鋼筋或預埋體。

1.3 鋼筋混凝土基礎施工

（1）鋼筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)基(ji)礎應在對(dui)基(ji)底及(ji)基(ji)坑驗(yan)收(shou)完成后盡快進(jin)行(xing)鋼筋(jin)的放置(zhi)和(he)綁扎(zha)；在底部(bu)放置(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)墊塊，保(bao)證鋼筋(jin)的混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)凈保(bao)護層厚(hou)度(du)，同時(shi)安(an)放墩柱或(huo)臺身(shen)鋼筋(jin)的預(yu)埋部(bu)分，保(bao)證其(qi)定位準(zhun)確(que)；對(dui)鋼筋(jin)根數(shu)、直徑、間距、位置(zhi)等進(jin)行(xing)驗(yan)收(shou)，滿足設(she)計文件(jian)和(he)技(ji)術規范要(yao)求時(shi)，即(ji)可(ke)澆筑混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)。進(jin)行(xing)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的澆筑時(shi)，對(dui)于已拌制好的混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)，運輸至現場后，若高差(cha)不大，可(ke)直接倒(dao)人(ren)基(ji)坑內(nei)；若傾(qing)斜高度(du)過大，為防(fang)止(zhi)發生離析，應設(she)置(zhi)串筒(tong)或(huo)滑(hua)槽，槽內(nei)焊(han)上減(jian)速鋼梳，保(bao)證混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)整體均(jun)勻運人(ren)基(ji)坑，用插人(ren)式振搗密實。

（2）混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的澆筑應(ying)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)進行，但(dan)應(ying)連續施工，在下層(ceng)(ceng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)開始(shi)凝(ning)結(jie)(jie)之前，應(ying)將上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)灌(guan)注搗(dao)實完畢。基礎筑完凝(ning)結(jie)(jie)后，應(ying)覆蓋草袋、麻(ma)袋、稻草或(huo)砂子(zi)，并經灑(sa)水(shui)(shui)養生(sheng)。養生(sheng)時(shi)間一般普通硅酸鹽水(shui)(shui)泥混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)為7晝夜(ye)以上(shang)(shang)，礦(kuang)渣水(shui)(shui)泥、火山灰質水(shui)(shui)泥或(huo)摻用塑化劑的混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)應(ying)為14晝夜(ye)以上(shang)(shang)。

（3）水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)灌(guan)注混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)一般在(zai)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)困(kun)難時(shi)(shi)才(cai)采用。基礎(chu)(chu)圬工的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)灌(guan)注分為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)封(feng)(feng)底和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)灌(guan)注基礎(chu)(chu)兩種。前者封(feng)(feng)底后(hou)仍(reng)要排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再砌(qi)筑(zhu)基礎(chu)(chu)，封(feng)(feng)底只是起(qi)封(feng)(feng)閉滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，其(qi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)只作為(wei)地基而(er)不作為(wei)基礎(chu)(chu)本身，適用于板樁(zhuang)圍堰(yan)開挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基坑。現(xian)代(dai)橋梁基礎(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)灌(guan)注混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)廣泛(fan)采用垂直(zhi)(zhi)移動導(dao)(dao)管(guan)法，其(qi)具體施(shi)工方法將在(zai)本章第二節(jie)“樁(zhuang)基礎(chu)(chu)施(shi)工”中(zhong)(zhong)介紹(shao)，值得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是：當封(feng)(feng)底面積較(jiao)大(da)時(shi)(shi)，宜按先(xian)低(di)處后(hou)高處、先(xian)周圍后(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)次序用多根(gen)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)同時(shi)(shi)或(huo)逐根(gen)灌(guan)注，并保(bao)持大(da)致相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)標高進行，以保(bao)證(zheng)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)充滿基底全部范圍。同時(shi)(shi)，根(gen)據(ju)封(feng)(feng)底面積、障(zhang)礙物情況、導(dao)(dao)管(guan)作用半徑(jing)等(deng)因素(su)確定導(dao)(dao)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)數及在(zai)平面上的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)置。導(dao)(dao)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效作用半徑(jing)則因混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)坍(tan)落度大(da)小(xiao)和(he)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)下(xia)口超壓力(li)大(da)小(xiao)而(er)異。證(zheng)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量。至(zhi)于與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)層混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)，可在(zai)排(pai)干(gan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)而(er)外露時(shi)(shi)予以鑿除(chu)。

2、擴大基礎施(shi)工質量檢驗(yan)

2.1 地基檢驗應(ying)符(fu)合下列要(yao)求

基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)內地(di)基(ji)(ji)承載(zai)力(li)必須滿足設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)開挖完成后，應(ying)會同設(she)計、勘探單位(wei)實地(di)驗槽(cao)，確(que)認(ren)地(di)基(ji)(ji)承載(zai)力(li)滿足設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)。地(di)基(ji)(ji)處(chu)理應(ying)符合專項處(chu)理方(fang)(fang)案要(yao)求(qiu)，處(chu)理后的(de)地(di)基(ji)(ji)必須滿足設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)回填(tian)時，對(dui)于當年筑路和管線上填(tian)方(fang)(fang)的(de)壓實度標準應(ying)符合規(gui)范(fan)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。在正常(chang)情況下，所(suo)灌注(zhu)的(de)水(shui)下混凝土僅其表(biao)面(mian)與水(shui)接觸，其他(ta)部分(fen)的(de)灌注(zhu)狀態與空(kong)氣中灌注(zhu)無異，從而保(bao)證了水(shui)下混凝土的(de)質量。至于與水(shui)接觸的(de)表(biao)層混凝土，可在排干水(shui)而外露時予以鑿除。

2.2 基(ji)坑回填(tian)應符合下列(lie)要求

除(chu)當年筑(zhu)路和管(guan)線上回(hui)填土方以(yi)外，填方輕型擊實(shi)壓實(shi)度不應(ying)(ying)小于85％。填料應(ying)(ying)符合(he)設計要(yao)求(qiu)，不得含(han)有影響填筑(zhu)質量的雜物。基坑(keng)填筑(zhu)應(ying)(ying)分(fen)層回(hui)填、分(fen)層夯實(shi)。現澆混凝土基礎質量檢(jian)驗應(ying)(ying)符合(he)規范要(yao)求(qiu)。

篇5

【關鍵(jian)詞(ci)】市政工(gong)程竣工(gong)檔案(an)收(shou)集管理規范化

中(zhong)圖(tu)分類號:G270文獻標(biao)識(shi)碼：A

市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)工程檔案作(zuo)為市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建設的(de)(de)信(xin)息源(yuan)，是(shi)在城市(shi)(shi)建設活動(dong)中產生的(de)(de)，記載了市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建設的(de)(de)活動(dong)狀況，是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)發展的(de)(de)歷史縮(suo)影(ying)、既是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)規劃、建設和(he)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)設施(shi)管理的(de)(de)依據，也是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)科學研究的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)資料來(lai)源(yuan)和(he)組成部(bu)分。

隨著市政建設投資規(gui)模及工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)數量不(bu)斷擴大(da)，每(mei)年都有很多(duo)市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目竣工(gong)(gong)。同(tong)時市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目涵蓋(gai)的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)類型也(ye)越來(lai)越多(duo)，由(you)原來(lai)的地面(mian)道路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、排(pai)水系(xi)統工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)以(yi)及橋梁工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，發展到(dao)現(xian)在的高(gao)架(jia)道路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、地鐵工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、越江隧道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、高(gao)速公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)等多(duo)元化的市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。因此，城市建設的快速發展給市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)檔案管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)帶(dai)來(lai)機遇的同(tong)時也(ye)面(mian)臨了(le)許多(duo)挑戰，如何加強市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)檔案的管(guan)理，保證其完(wan)整、準確、系(xi)統，得到(dao)妥善保管(guan)和有效利用，是市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設和管(guan)理單位必須引起關注的重要問題。

一、市政工程竣工檔案的收集范圍

根據市政(zheng)工程(cheng)的特(te)點，工程(cheng)檔案由以(yi)下五部(bu)分組成(cheng)（各部(bu)分文件收集單位不一樣）：

1.工(gong)(gong)程準備階(jie)段(duan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)，由建(jian)設(she)(she)單位負責(ze)(ze)收集(ji)。主要產生在工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)工(gong)(gong)之前，包括：1）立項(xiang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；2）建(jian)設(she)(she)用地(di)、征地(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；3）建(jian)設(she)(she)拆遷(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；4）建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程規劃管(guan)理文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；5）勘察(cha)、測繪(hui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；6）設(she)(she)計文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；7）有關行(xing)政主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)批(pi)準文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；8）招投標文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；9）合同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；10）財務文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)；11）建(jian)設(she)(she)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、監理機構及負責(ze)(ze)人。

2.監(jian)(jian)理(li)文件(jian)(jian)，由(you)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)位負責收(shou)集。主要產(chan)生在工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)及驗收(shou)階段，包(bao)括(kuo)：1）建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)總(zong)控文件(jian)(jian)；2）建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)會(hui)議(yi)文件(jian)(jian)；3）工(gong)程(cheng)進度、質(zhi)量、造價控制文件(jian)(jian)；4）監(jian)(jian)理(li)通知、記錄(lu)、總(zong)結。

3.施工(gong)(gong)文件(jian)(jian)(jian)，由施工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)負(fu)責收(shou)集。主要產生(sheng)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)及驗(yan)收(shou)階(jie)段，包括：施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術管理文件(jian)(jian)(jian)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量保證文件(jian)(jian)(jian)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量驗(yan)收(shou)文件(jian)(jian)(jian)。

4.竣(jun)工圖，由(you)施工單位在施工過程中，依(yi)據圖紙(zhi)會審(shen)紀要(yao)、隱蔽驗(yan)收(shou)記錄(lu)(lu)、技術變更通知單、工程定位測量(liang)(liang)記錄(lu)(lu)、施工檢查(cha)測量(liang)(liang)記錄(lu)(lu)及竣(jun)工測量(liang)(liang)等文件編制。

5.竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)文(wen)件(jian)，由建設單位負責收(shou)集。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)產生(sheng)在工(gong)程驗(yan)收(shou)階(jie)段，包括：1）竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)報告(gao)；2）工(gong)程竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)報告(gao)；3）監理單位工(gong)程竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)質量評價意見報告(gao)；4）勘察、設計、檢測(ce)單位工(gong)程竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)質量檢查報告(gao)；5）竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)會議紀要(yao)(yao)；6）建設工(gong)程竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)備案證。

二、市政工程檔案(an)管理(li)過程中存在的問題

1、參建(jian)單位重(zhong)實體輕檔案，對竣工檔案的重(zhong)要性認識不足。

有人(ren)將檔(dang)案(an)描述為是一(yi)種文化財富(fu)、信息(xi)資源(yuan)，但(dan)目前市政工(gong)程檔(dang)案(an)卻未能與工(gong)程建設保持同步。大多數參建單位把工(gong)程進度、質(zhi)量、造(zao)價(jia)放在一(yi)個(ge)首要(yao)的、極其重(zhong)要(yao)的位置，但(dan)對工(gong)程檔(dang)案(an)建立(li)缺(que)乏(fa)足夠的重(zhong)視，沒有安排無相應的檔(dang)案(an)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員，工(gong)程結束時再(zai)回(hui)頭收集整理(li)，造(zao)成工(gong)程文件材料(liao)的遺失、缺(que)損(sun)，使工(gong)程檔(dang)案(an)難(nan)以達到完整齊全。

2、建設程序不(bu)規范(fan)，業(ye)務指導跟不(bu)上欠缺(que)。

市政工(gong)(gong)程既不按建(jian)設(she)管理(li)程序辦理(li)《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許可證》，也不辦理(li)圖審、質量、安全監督等手續，因此更(geng)談不上與城建(jian)檔案館(guan)簽(qian)訂(ding)《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)檔案報送(song)責任書》，造成在工(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)之初城建(jian)檔案館(guan)的工(gong)(gong)作人員不能及時介入，無(wu)法讓各參建(jian)單位(wei)明(ming)晰收(shou)集報送(song)檔案的內容和范圍，致(zhi)使有些文件材料(liao)缺失，嚴重(zhong)影響竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)檔案的質量和完整。

3、缺少統一(yi)的施工、試驗用表。

建設部建城［2002］221號文件《市(shi)(shi)政基礎設施(shi)工程(cheng)施(shi)工技(ji)術文件管(guan)理規定》中對(dui)市(shi)(shi)政工程(cheng)施(shi)工用表有(you)明確的規定，但是只有(you)106種表格、表式，遠不(bu)能(neng)滿足施(shi)工用表，導致施(shi)工過程(cheng)中不(bu)同(tong)的施(shi)工單位、檢(jian)測單位使用不(bu)同(tong)的表格、表式，名稱五(wu)花八(ba)門各不(bu)相同(tong)，給工程(cheng)竣工檔案(an)的編制、收集、整理帶來許多不(bu)便，降低了(le)工作效率。

4、施工技術文件不完(wan)整，其(qi)深度(du)和廣度(du)達不到有(you)關法規、標準的要求。

施工單位為(wei)獲取利益最大(da)化，在原材料(liao)試驗、各種預(yu)制構件檢測上盡量(liang)不做或少做，如大(da)部分工程的(de)緣石、彩(cai)磚、井蓋、砼管(guan)等都沒(mei)有試驗報告；管(guan)溝回(hui)填壓實度、路床(chuang)路基各層壓實度檢測批次不夠。

5、測量文件不齊全、不準確。

施工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)應有施工(gong)(gong)初(chu)測(ce)，施工(gong)(gong)過程中復測(ce)、竣工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)記錄等，需要測(ce)量(liang)中心線設置、標高、縱橫樁位、橫斷面(mian)圖式、地(di)下管(guan)線的(de)實(shi)際(ji)坐標和標高等，但納入施工(gong)(gong)檔案的(de)施工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)記錄不(bu)系統(tong)、不(bu)全面(mian)，達不(bu)到標準、規范要求(qiu)，尤其是(shi)竣工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)記錄用表不(bu)明確，使(shi)得竣工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)形同(tong)虛設。

6、檔案管理(li)人員專業(ye)水平(ping)有待提(ti)高。

市政工(gong)(gong)程的(de)多樣性、復雜性決(jue)定了城建檔案業務指(zhi)導(dao)人員、各參(can)建單位的(de)檔案員需要(yao)不斷(duan)努力學習，熟悉市政工(gong)(gong)程相關(guan)的(de)技術(shu)規范、施工(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收規范，解決(jue)檔案工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)實踐中(zhong)遇(yu)到的(de)熱(re)點、難點問題。

三(san)、具體的(de)應對措施

竣工(gong)(gong)檔(dang)案質量的高低，直接影響到城市規劃(hua)、建設、管理的運行，如缺少了真實性、準確性或是無檔(dang)可查(cha)，就可能造(zao)成(cheng)決策錯誤和經濟損(sun)失，因(yin)此提高市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)檔(dang)案的收(shou)集(ji)質量尤其重要。具體應(ying)對措(cuo)施如下：

1.大力開展檔案宣傳工作，增強(qiang)各參建單位對檔案工作的意識。

一方面理順市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)報建(jian)程(cheng)(cheng)序，進一步完(wan)善工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)檔案備案制度，完(wan)善接收(shou)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)檔案程(cheng)(cheng)序；另(ling)一方面城建(jian)檔案工(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員應密切聯系市(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)投資工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設管理中(zhong)心，變(bian)被動為主動，保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在開工(gong)(gong)之(zhi)初城建(jian)檔案業務指導的(de)順利開展，確保施工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)文(wen)件材(cai)料及(ji)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)圖的(de)編制完(wan)整、準(zhun)確，使竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)檔案達到圖、物、文(wen)字(zi)一致，反映工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際。

2.明確竣工(gong)檔案(an)收集(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)的重點。

重(zhong)點工程建設(she)(she)項目，是(shi)城市經濟發展和社會(hui)進步的(de)重(zhong)要基礎設(she)(she)施，也(ye)是(shi)發揮城市多功能(neng)作用(yong)的(de)重(zhong)要舉措，關系(xi)到國計(ji)民生，又體現著城市的(de)現代化水平。城建檔案收集工作的(de)重(zhong)點是(shi)重(zhong)點工程建設(she)(she)項目，以便更好地為城市規(gui)劃、建設(she)(she)和管理服(fu)務。

3.規范竣工檔案(an)收集工作的(de)程序。

建設行政主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)要定期組織市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量大檢(jian)查，不僅只檢(jian)查工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實體，同時(shi)要檢(jian)查工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)檔(dang)案(an)(an)的(de)(de)編制是(shi)否與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)同步(bu)，是(shi)否符(fu)合國(guo)家(jia)規范(fan)，檢(jian)查后發通報，獎優罰劣(lie)。要組織相關部(bu)門(men)制訂市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)件標(biao)準、規范(fan)的(de)(de)表(biao)格(ge)(ge)，明確表(biao)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)填寫(xie)要求，有(you)利于市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)件的(de)(de)標(biao)準化和規范(fan)化。城建檔(dang)案(an)(an)管理(li)部(bu)門(men)在市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)檔(dang)案(an)(an)預(yu)驗收時(shi)，嚴格(ge)(ge)按(an)照國(guo)家(jia)規定標(biao)準審(shen)核驗收，對竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)檔(dang)案(an)(an)不合格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目堅(jian)決不辦理(li)《建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)檔(dang)案(an)(an)合格(ge)(ge)證》。

4.全面提高(gao)檔(dang)案收(shou)集人員的素質(zhi)。

檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)收(shou)集工作(zuo)是一(yi)(yi)項政(zheng)(zheng)策性(xing)強(qiang)、涉及面寬(kuan)、周期性(xing)長(chang)的(de)工作(zuo)，要求檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)收(shou)集具備調度(du)的(de)責任(ren)(ren)感、廣博的(de)知識(shi)面和(he)較強(qiang)的(de)對外協調能力。一(yi)(yi)方面，檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)收(shou)集工作(zuo)者要通(tong)過到施(shi)(shi)工現場服務或利用現代化的(de)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)方式(shi)(shi)，為(wei)各參建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)位(wei)提供最快捷的(de)服務，以便(bian)贏得(de)各參建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)支持和(he)信(xin)(xin)任(ren)(ren)，讓他們心甘情(qing)愿地移交(jiao)檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面，通(tong)過舉辦市政(zheng)(zheng)工程施(shi)(shi)工驗收(shou)規(gui)范培訓班、竣(jun)工檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)編制(zhi)整理學(xue)習班等方式(shi)(shi)，組織檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)管理人員認真學(xue)習有關技術規(gui)范、標準(zhun)，針(zhen)對市政(zheng)(zheng)工程施(shi)(shi)工文件編制(zhi)過程中存在(zai)的(de)問題，請專家有針(zhen)對性(xing)的(de)講解(jie)，提高(gao)業(ye)務水(shui)平，為(wei)更好地建(jian)(jian)(jian)立、編制(zhi)高(gao)質量的(de)市政(zheng)(zheng)工程竣(jun)工檔(dang)(dang)案(an)(an)奠定堅(jian)實的(de)基礎。

【參考文獻】

[1]柳(liu)勇；抓好市政工程項目進度管理的幾點意見；當(dang)代建設(she)；2003

篇6

關鍵詞：預應力；箱梁；一次澆筑

Abstract: in order to improve the quality of bridge construction, the new bridge construction materials, new technology, and new technology emerge in endlessly, and city traffic engineering as an important part of the construction of the bridge engineering scale is more and more big, the integrity of the bridge to demand more and more. Conventional concrete box bridge the divide second casting construction technology have been very mature, but because there are times casting of construction joints of processing, a box of prestressed concrete box girders of integrity to a certain extent. In this paper the authors rely on west yu high-speed viaduct project, through the advance design, installation in the method of prestressed girder box, adjust construction craft, strict construction quality control process, to ensure that the prestressed concrete box girder casting a whole construction. The project through the bridge load test, and all the indexes can meet the design and standard requirement, for city Bridges in prestressed concrete girders site overall a casting laid the foundation construction, the construction technology can be used as municipal bridge builder colleagues reference.

Keywords: prestressed; Box girder; A casting

中圖(tu)分類號(hao)：U448 文(wen)獻標識碼： A 文(wen)章編(bian)號(hao)：

前言

城市(shi)(shi)建設在(zai)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)，市(shi)(shi)政工(gong)程在(zai)城市(shi)(shi)道路建設中(zhong)也需(xu)要不(bu)斷的(de)加快其(qi)(qi)速(su)度，提(ti)高其(qi)(qi)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量，橋梁(liang)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過程中(zhong)出現了(le)很多的(de)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，但是(shi)應根據(ju)環境的(de)不(bu)同，季節的(de)不(bu)同，選(xuan)擇不(bu)同的(de)方(fang)法來提(ti)高橋梁(liang)工(gong)程中(zhong)現澆混(hun)凝土(tu)梁(liang)的(de)質(zhi)量、安全及工(gong)期。本工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)主要針對橋梁(liang)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)，現澆箱(xiang)梁(liang)混(hun)凝土(tu)澆筑方(fang)法來保證混(hun)凝土(tu)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)的(de)質(zhi)量及橋梁(liang)結構的(de)整體性。

工藝特點

一般橋梁(liang)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，最(zui)常用到的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)二(er)次澆筑的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法，此施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法為先(xian)進行(xing)(xing)箱梁(liang)底板(ban)及腹(fu)板(ban)的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)澆筑，再進行(xing)(xing)箱梁(liang)頂板(ban)的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)澆筑。本方法在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)對于箱梁(liang)的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)支設，要求(qiu)相對較低，模(mo)(mo)板(ban)底模(mo)(mo)完成后，可澆筑一次，下(xia)部(bu)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)達到一定(ding)強(qiang)度(du)（≥70%設計(ji)強(qiang)度(du)、冬季施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)橋梁(liang)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)齡期的(de)(de)增長緩慢難以進行(xing)(xing)下(xia)到工(gong)(gong)序），可拆除模(mo)(mo)板(ban)，進行(xing)(xing)二(er)次模(mo)(mo)腹(fu)板(ban)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，在(zai)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)搗過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，相對比較方便施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，但是(shi)(shi)二(er)次混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，有冷接施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)縫，并且在(zai)上層預(yu)應力管道(dao)位置，影響橋梁(liang)的(de)(de)整體(ti)性(xing)。

采用一(yi)次性澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)，在施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)箱梁內(nei)箱模板在施工(gong)(gong)開始前，可提(ti)前進行預制，有效的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)，在混凝土澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，可一(yi)次性完(wan)成混凝土澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，（在冬(dong)季一(yi)次性澆(jiao)注過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)預置的(de)(de)大箱形成一(yi)個整體養護室，混凝土水(shui)化熱所(suo)產生的(de)(de)熱量(liang)有利(li)于(yu)混凝土的(de)(de)養護）并在節(jie)省工(gong)(gong)期(qi)的(de)(de)同時，也提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了箱梁的(de)(de)整體性要求，在振搗過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)雖有一(yi)定困難，但對(dui)于(yu)提(ti)前工(gong)(gong)期(qi)及質量(liang)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)有了很(hen)好的(de)(de)效果(guo),也為了下部的(de)(de)預應力施工(gong)(gong)創造了良(liang)好的(de)(de)條件。

澆筑方法

預(yu)應力混凝土梁體澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)采用(yong)“水平傾斜分(fen)(fen)層，薄層澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)，連(lian)續(xu)推進，整(zheng)聯(lian)分(fen)(fen)兩次澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)成型(xing)的施工(gong)方法 。

澆筑順序

第一次澆注(zhu)底板及腹(fu)板混(hun)凝土：先澆筑(zhu)底板砼，由腹(fu)板上(shang)口和敞開(kai)的箱室內下料，澆筑(zhu)厚度25～30 ㎝，澆筑(zhu)完(wan)后(hou)停2.5h，預(yu)留收漿抹(mo)平層5 ㎝；然后(hou)澆筑(zhu)頂板及翼板。

適用范圍

本施工方法適(shi)用于(yu)公路工程、市(shi)政工程橋梁施工建設(she)中，對于(yu)箱梁現場(chang)澆筑施工，更(geng)有明顯效果，對于(yu)冬季(ji)大體積混凝土的養生(sheng)也(ye)有一定的保證。

工藝原理

本施工方(fang)法(fa)是，預制內(nei)(nei)箱(xiang)的(de)提前(qian)預加，和(he)一(yi)次性拆除內(nei)(nei)模，安裝(zhuang)成型并將內(nei)(nei)箱(xiang)固定在(zai)地板鋼筋上(shang)防止澆打(da)砼時內(nei)(nei)箱(xiang)上(shang)浮，內(nei)(nei)箱(xiang)安裝(zhuang)牢(lao)固后綁扎面層鋼筋，待全(quan)部(bu)工序整(zheng)體完(wan)成后，分層分跨對(dui)稱進行混凝土的(de)一(yi)次性澆筑施工。具體操作要點如下(xia)：

底板混凝(ning)土時，應注意振搗(dao)的密實度，因振搗(dao)底板混凝(ning)土時振動器要經(jing)過下(xia)料口來進行振搗(dao)，振搗(dao)人(ren)員在箱(xiang)體(ti)內進行施(shi)(shi)工，應注意施(shi)(shi)工中的操作。

內(nei)模提前預(yu)加工(gong)時，應注意下(xia)料(liao)口的預(yu)留(liu)位(wei)置(zhi)及(ji)觀察口的預(yu)留(liu)位(wei)置(zhi)，預(yu)留(liu)口應注意其尺寸(cun)，滿足下(xia)料(liao)的順暢，且不易(yi)過大(da)，方便封堵，一(yi)般每兩米間隔一(yi)處，尺寸(cun)為(wei)40cm×50cm。

腹板(ban)與底(di)板(ban)相接處(chu)的(de)振(zhen)搗(dao)，是澆筑全過(guo)程中(zhong)，最關鍵的(de)地(di)方(fang)，因(yin)為此處(chu)在施工(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)屬于(yu)隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程，振(zhen)搗(dao)時應嚴(yan)格按照混凝土的(de)振(zhen)搗(dao)施工(gong)要求進行，并嚴(yan)格控制振(zhen)搗(dao)間(jian)距和插入下(xia)層混凝土的(de)深(shen)度，振(zhen)搗(dao)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)過(guo)深(shen)，時間(jian)過(guo)長又(you)會出現(xian)翻漿現(xian)象。

逐層(ceng)澆筑時(shi)，當澆筑至第二層(ceng)，及時(shi)對進入箱(xiang)體內的底層(ceng)混凝土進行(xing)收面，收面的高度應(ying)與內模外(wai)側平，并且上(shang)下同時(shi)觀察有無翻漿，如有翻漿應(ying)及時(shi)處理，停止(zhi)振搗(dao)。

逐層(ceng)(ceng)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)時(shi)，當澆(jiao)筑(zhu)至第(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)應注(zhu)意內(nei)模的(de)位置，因混凝土的(de)自身(shen)浮力會使內(nei)模上(shang)浮或跑偏。

混凝土的養護應在28天(tian)，強(qiang)度達到95%以(yi)上，拆除支(zhi)撐。

工藝流程

材料和設備

混凝土采(cai)用(yong)拌合(he)廠，拌合(he)商品混凝土，商品混凝土應具備產品質量合(he)格(ge)證。

水(shui)泥應符(fu)合現行國家標準《通用硅酸鹽水(shui)泥》（GB175）的規定。

砂采用級配良(liang)好，質(zhi)地堅(jian)硬，顆粒潔凈且粒徑(jing)小于5mm的河(he)砂。

石(shi)子采(cai)用質地堅硬、潔凈，級(ji)配合理，粒形良好，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)率小的(de)碎石(shi)。水(shui)(shui)應符(fu)合國家標準的(de)飲用水(shui)(shui)可直接作(zuo)為混(hun)凝土的(de)拌制和(he)養護用水(shui)(shui)。

外(wai)加劑應(ying)與水泥、礦物摻合料之間遇有良(liang)好(hao)的相容性。

質量要求

混凝土工(gong)程質量應(ying)遵照《公路橋涵施工(gong)技術規(gui)范》（JTG/TF50-2011）及其他有關規(gui)范的規(gui)定。

混(hun)凝土(tu)強(qiang)度(du)等級(ji)應按現行國家標準《混(hun)凝土(tu)強(qiang)度(du)檢驗評定(ding)標準》的規定(ding)檢驗評定(ding)。

每(mei)200m3應制取不少于2組試(shi)件(jian)(jian)。（同條件(jian)(jian)下(xia)試(shi)塊）

外露面質量。

結(jie)構的(de)外形(xing)尺寸，位(wei)置、裂縫、變形(xing)和沉降。

安全與環境保護

施工(gong)前施工(gong)員、安(an)全員應對混(hun)凝土(tu)作業班組進(jin)行詳細的(de)技術安(an)全交(jiao)底(di)(di)，特(te)別時混(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)澆筑分層情況(kuang)應交(jiao)底(di)(di)清楚，以免發生錯誤。

施(shi)(shi)工前對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工人(ren)員進行必要的安全(quan)(quan)教育，嚴(yan)格執行高(gao)空作業安全(quan)(quan)制度(du)和規(gui)定。橋梁高(gao)空作業人(ren)員必須戴安全(quan)(quan)帽，系安全(quan)(quan)帶。高(gao)空作業平臺必須用(yong)安全(quan)(quan)網圍好(hao)，各種施(shi)(shi)工材料、器(qi)材的堆放應合理，嚴(yan)防滑(hua)落。

高空運輸(shu)設備(bei)(bei)必須由(you)專人(ren)專職(zhi)負(fu)責，不得擅離崗位(wei)。在設備(bei)(bei)運行過程中，嚴禁地面行人(ren)與車輛隨意走動，施工前對施工人(ren)員進行必要的安全(quan)教育，嚴格執行高空作業安全(quan)制度(du)和規(gui)定。

施(shi)工(gong)前，施(shi)工(gong)場地設(she)危險區，非(fei)工(gong)作人(ren)員禁止入內。橋上(shang)橋下有關(guan)人(ren)員均戴安全帽，無關(guan)人(ren)員嚴(yan)禁到橋上(shang)去(qu)，嚴(yan)禁高空(kong)拋擲雜物(wu)。

電(dian)力及照明線路經常(chang)檢查(cha)，防止發生漏電(dian)事故；遇(yu)見(jian)大(da)風、大(da)雪(xue)等惡劣天(tian)氣時(shi)，要切斷電(dian)源(yuan)，保護好各種設(she)備(bei)。

混凝土罐(guan)車(che)定點沖洗排放，以(yi)免污染環境。

十、結束語

采(cai)用本施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)時對箱(xiang)(xiang)梁梁體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)性(xing)質量(liang)有了很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)改進，對后期的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)應力(li)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)給予很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)保證，現(xian)場機(ji)械使用率增大(da)，可(ke)提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)，預(yu)應力(li)混凝土箱(xiang)(xiang)梁內(nei)模(mo)提前加(jia)工(gong)(gong)就可(ke)提高工(gong)(gong)期10～12天時間，對于箱(xiang)(xiang)梁現(xian)澆施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)提前完工(gong)(gong)，創(chuang)造了良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)條件，對緩解城市交通壓力(li)具有巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)社會效益。

參考文獻：

篇7

關鍵詞：道路橋梁(liang)；施工技(ji)術；施工質量

中圖分(fen)類(lei)號： TU997 文獻標識碼： A

一、道路橋梁工程(cheng)的特點(dian)分析

準備時間短：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)屬于(yu)市政(zheng)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)之一(yi)，一(yi)般都由政(zheng)府(fu)出資(zi)建設(she)，且必(bi)須(xu)考(kao)慮(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目對(dui)城(cheng)市日常(chang)(chang)生活的(de)(de)(de)干擾以(yi)及(ji)對(dui)交通運輸的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，所(suo)以(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期的(de)(de)(de)要求通常(chang)(chang)都會(hui)(hui)相對(dui)嚴格并且工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期緊(jin)促；施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場地(di)(di)(di)小(xiao)：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)這種(zhong)城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)通常(chang)(chang)都是在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)市內大(da)街小(xiao)巷相對(dui)狹窄的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，因此施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場地(di)(di)(di)小(xiao)，不(bu)但(dan)給(gei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)段的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)和(he)交通造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，也給(gei)市民日常(chang)(chang)生活造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，同(tong)時更為(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)作和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)進(jin)度控(kong)制(zhi)增加了難(nan)度；地(di)(di)(di)下管線(xian)復雜：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，尤其(qi)(qi)是城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，難(nan)以(yi)避免(mian)城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)地(di)(di)(di)下復雜交錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)供熱、水(shui)(shui)電煤氣、以(yi)及(ji)通訊等(deng)管線(xian)因為(wei)年(nian)久可能導致位(wei)置不(bu)明的(de)(de)(de)狀況，如(ru)果繼(ji)續盲(mang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)很有(you)可能破壞原(yuan)(yuan)有(you)城(cheng)市地(di)(di)(di)下管線(xian)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)以(yi)及(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)和(he)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)經濟損失，同(tong)時產(chan)生負面(mian)社(she)會(hui)(hui)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)；原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本高(gao)(gao)：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目所(suo)需(xu)要使用的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料數(shu)量(liang)(liang)種(zhong)類(lei)很多，原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本在(zai)(zai)(zai)整體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)比例高(gao)(gao)達50%左右(you)。因此合理選材(cai)(cai)以(yi)及(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料運輸都是道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)可忽(hu)(hu)視的(de)(de)(de)問題；質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)難(nan)度高(gao)(gao)：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)由于(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度要求嚴格，因此很多施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)都以(yi)趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期為(wei)首要任務確保效益，難(nan)免(mian)忽(hu)(hu)略施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，因此施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian)理單位(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度相對(dui)較高(gao)(gao)。一(yi)般情況下道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)荷載要達到(dao)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)Ⅰ級，同(tong)時還(huan)要考(kao)慮(lv)一(yi)些其(qi)(qi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)相關因素。例如(ru)徐沖(chong)大(da)橋(qiao)設(she)計(ji)為(wei)45+2×80+45m連續鋼結構，就(jiu)是性價比最高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)選擇，在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)計(ji)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)綜合考(kao)慮(lv)了當地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)震動峰值(zhi)、周(zhou)圍地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)件等(deng)；地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)件影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)大(da)：道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)般都會(hui)(hui)包含排水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內，實際施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)受地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)非常(chang)(chang)大(da)。例如(ru)，如(ru)果施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)位(wei)高(gao)(gao)，土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)差，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)采取相應降水(shui)(shui)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，直到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)位(wei)降至符合施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)(tiao)件才可以(yi)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)溝槽開(kai)挖。

二、影響橋梁施工技術(shu)質量的因素

1、 人員素質

在(zai)公路橋梁的(de)(de)建設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊伍對于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)至(zhi)關(guan)重要，其專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)素(su)養和(he)(he)技術水(shui)(shui)平直接關(guan)系到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)平。一(yi)支素(su)質(zhi)過(guo)(guo)硬、作風優良(liang)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊伍，往(wang)往(wang)就是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)最可靠(kao)保障。當前我(wo)國建筑(zhu)行業(ye)(ye)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來源(yuan)復雜，主要是進(jin)城務工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)農民(min)工(gong)(gong)，文化水(shui)(shui)平和(he)(he)技能水(shui)(shui)平較低，不能妥善解決施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)遇(yu)到的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題。同時，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)流動性大(da)，這為(wei)(wei)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理和(he)(he)培訓帶(dai)來了(le)困(kun)難，造(zao)成施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)不規范(fan)和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)淡漠(mo)。另外，許(xu)多工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)管(guan)理者法律意(yi)識(shi)淡薄(bo)，只重視經濟效益而(er)忽視施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)味(wei)追(zhui)求工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)度，沒有(you)嚴格執(zhi)行有(you)關(guan)法律法規和(he)(he)技術規范(fan)。以上(shang)這些都給施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)帶(dai)來了(le)隱患，給國家經濟利益和(he)(he)人民(min)安(an)(an)全(quan)造(zao)成嚴重威(wei)脅乃至(zhi)重大(da)損失(shi)。

2、建筑材料

幾年來，因(yin)為建材質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量問題引(yin)發(fa)的公路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安(an)全事故(gu)屢(lv)見不鮮，給企(qi)業生(sheng)產經(jing)營和人民工作生(sheng)活帶來嚴重影響。這(zhe)(zhe)些事故(gu)之所以(yi)發(fa)生(sheng)，其根本原因(yin)在于部分施工企(qi)業為了追(zhui)求經(jing)濟(ji)利益最大化，以(yi)次充好，使用廉價(jia)(jia)材料(liao)代替技(ji)術規范要(yao)求的材料(liao)，而這(zhe)(zhe)些廉價(jia)(jia)材料(liao)品流復雜(za)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量完全不能保證，往(wang)往(wang)達(da)不到工程(cheng)施工的要(yao)求，從而造成(cheng)工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量缺陷。比如，橋梁(liang)(liang)施工使用的混凝土標號低強度不達(da)標，粘結力差，導致橋梁(liang)(liang)經(jing)過長期(qi)使用出現開(kai)裂現象，從而給橋梁(liang)(liang)的使用壽命和安(an)全造成(cheng)嚴重損害(hai)。

3、施工控制部分

施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)缺(que)乏(fa)完善(shan)的施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度，質(zhi)量(liang)安全責任制(zhi)(zhi)落實不到(dao)位，缺(que)少必要的檢查檢驗(yan)措施(shi)，或者已經建(jian)立(li)了管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度，但由于(yu)單位和個人質(zhi)量(liang)安全意識不強，各(ge)項(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)度執行不到(dao)位，形同虛設。對于(yu)可能存在(zai)的質(zhi)量(liang)缺(que)陷(xian)視而不見(jian)，整個施(shi)工(gong)過程缺(que)乏(fa)有效監管(guan)(guan)，工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)難(nan)以控制(zhi)(zhi)，也(ye)是導致(zhi)公路橋梁(liang)事故多發的一個重要原因.

三、解決道路與橋梁施工技術(shu)問題的方法(fa)和途徑(jing)

1、道(dao)路施工接縫問題(ti)的解決辦法(fa)

在(zai)處(chu)理道路施工(gong)接(jie)縫問題時(shi)：利用切割機對路面進(jin)行清(qing)潔(jie)處(chu)理，保(bao)證路面的(de)干凈和(he)平整，然后(hou)再進(jin)行新料(liao)(liao)攤(tan)鋪(pu)作業，在(zai)施工(gong)中必須確保(bao)切線(xian)順(shun)直(zhi)和(he)側(ce)壁垂直(zhi)；將(jiang)廢棄材料(liao)(liao)進(jin)行清(qing)理之后(hou)，要在(zai)路面涂刷(shua)瀝青，增強路面的(de)防(fang)水、防(fang)滲和(he)防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)能(neng)；進(jin)行新料(liao)(liao)攤(tan)鋪(pu)作業時(shi)，一(yi)定要以相(xiang)關(guan)技術標準為基礎，對縱、橫冷(leng)接(jie)縫部位進(jin)行綜(zong)合處(chu)理，在(zai)施工(gong)過(guo)程中，一(yi)定不能(neng)忽視松(song)鋪(pu)系數這一(yi)關(guan)鍵要素，要對其進(jin)行科學掌控(kong)。

2、路床整修碾壓問題的(de)解決辦(ban)法

要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)整(zheng)修(xiu)碾壓(ya)問(wen)題進行(xing)科學(xue)處理，就必須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)(cong)以下三個方面(mian)著手(shou)：第一(yi)，以路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求作(zuo)為(wei)路(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依據，在(zai)具體施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴格控(kong)(kong)制路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)橫坡與(yu)標高，力爭使土基的(de)(de)平整(zheng)度(du)達(da)到(dao)(dao)相關規(gui)范標準；第二，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貫徹落(luo)實(shi)路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)防水(shui)(shui)、排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，避免施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)問(wen)題的(de)(de)出現(xian)，同時要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)層的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)量與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)進展相適(shi)應；第三，在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)大對路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)結構的(de)(de)檢查(cha)力度(du)，確保(bao)路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)密實(shi)性能，同時要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對路(lu)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)壓(ya)實(shi)度(du)進行(xing)精(jing)密控(kong)(kong)制，在(zai)路(lu)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)量達(da)到(dao)(dao)最佳程度(du)時，及時對其進行(xing)碾壓(ya)，保(bao)證(zheng)碾壓(ya)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)質量和(he)(he)效率。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特別(bie)注意的(de)(de)是，在(zai)進行(xing)碾壓(ya)操(cao)作(zuo)時，必須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遵循從(cong)(cong)高到(dao)(dao)低(di)、從(cong)(cong)輕到(dao)(dao)重的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)原則和(he)(he)技巧，使路(lu)床(chuang)(chuang)碾壓(ya)的(de)(de)密實(shi)度(du)和(he)(he)平整(zheng)度(du)達(da)到(dao)(dao)最佳狀態。

3、排(pai)水管道滲水問題的(de)解決辦法

對(dui)(dui)(dui)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員可以(yi)按照以(yi)下(xia)步驟進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業：第一，對(dui)(dui)(dui)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)質(zhi)量進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)密監測。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)選擇時(shi)(shi)(shi)，要(yao)選用(yong)那些經過(guo)質(zhi)檢部(bu)門檢驗并附有產(chan)品質(zhi)量合格(ge)(ge)(ge)證(zheng)的(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)安(an)裝前要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)(ge)檢查，一旦發現質(zhi)量問(wen)題，馬上棄用(yong)，并對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)報廢處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)；第二，做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)接(jie)口(kou)填料(liao)的(de)選用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具體施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，要(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)(ge)按照相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)比例(li)標準(zhun)配(pei)備其(qi)用(yong)量，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)技(ji)術選用(yong)上，要(yao)采用(yong)與(yu)(yu)之相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術，以(yi)保證(zheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)質(zhi)量和(he)效率。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)填口(kou)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，必須要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)接(jie)口(kou)縫的(de)內部(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)徹(che)底(di)清理(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)遵循具體問(wen)題具體分析的(de)辦事(shi)原則，對(dui)(dui)(dui)接(jie)口(kou)填料(liao)的(de)類型進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)(ge)區分：如果(guo)填口(kou)材(cai)料(liao)屬于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥類，則應對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)濕(shi)潤處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)，如果(guo)是油性接(jie)口(kou)填料(liao)，則應采用(yong)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)對(dui)(dui)(dui)策，先(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)干(gan)燥處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)，然后(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)表面(mian)涂(tu)刷(shua)(shua)油料(liao)，最后(hou)再嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)(ge)遵循具體的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)范(fan)流程對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)；第三，要(yao)保證(zheng)砂(sha)(sha)漿的(de)飽滿度，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)砂(sha)(sha)漿涂(tu)抹(mo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)壓光收漿和(he)養護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)遇到(dao)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，則應在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)砌筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)完成麻面(mian)與(yu)(yu)勾(gou)縫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)；第四(si)，要(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥原漿的(de)涂(tu)刷(shua)(shua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)將管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)井進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)連接(jie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，要(yao)先(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)表面(mian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)濕(shi)潤處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)，然后(hou)再涂(tu)刷(shua)(shua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥原漿，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)將內外抹(mo)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)落到(dao)實處(chu)(chu)(chu)，做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)滲漏的(de)預防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。

4、混凝土(tu)裂縫問(wen)題(ti)的解決辦法(fa)

要(yao)解決混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)裂縫問題，一般來(lai)說，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)從以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)三個方面(mian)著手：第(di)一，把(ba)好混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)原材料的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)關，嚴格控制(zhi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)配合比例(li)，使其密實度(du)(du)能滿足施(shi)工(gong)的(de)具體需要(yao)；第(di)二(er)，搞好混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)澆(jiao)筑工(gong)作(zuo)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)兩次振(zhen)搗(dao)的(de)方法對(dui)(dui)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)進行(xing)振(zhen)搗(dao)處理，保證混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)振(zhen)搗(dao)的(de)效率和質(zhi)量(liang)；第(di)三，加強對(dui)(dui)溫度(du)(du)的(de)控制(zhi)，在進行(xing)溫度(du)(du)控制(zhi)時，要(yao)綜合考慮施(shi)工(gong)環境(jing)溫度(du)(du)和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)強度(du)(du)等方面(mian)的(de)因(yin)素，與此同時，要(yao)切實做(zuo)好混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)養護工(gong)作(zuo)，盡量(liang)避免(mian)施(shi)工(gong)完成后混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)裂縫現象的(de)發生。

5、提高道(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)梁施(shi)工人(ren)員水平

首先要(yao)加強(qiang)對道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理，提(ti)高(gao)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加入(ru)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)血液。在道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中有(you)著很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用就是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)，因此，對道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)有(you)著很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)有(you)著認真負責的(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度，并且有(you)著濃郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任感是道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本素質，我們也應該進(jin)一步(bu)完善道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理，加強(qiang)監管(guan)隊(dui)伍建設(she)，提(ti)高(gao)監管(guan)效能，全面(mian)促(cu)進(jin)我國建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩步(bu)提(ti)升。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)技(ji)術水平(ping)(ping)(ping)，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)總(zong)結經驗，即(ji)時學習新標準和新規范，充實自己與時俱進(jin)，適(shi)應社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展要(yao)求(qiu)。

結束語

總之(zhi)，在(zai)我國社會主義市場經濟不斷(duan)發(fa)展的(de)(de)大環境下，建筑企(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)正穩步推進。公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)工(gong)為適應(ying)新(xin)形勢下的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不斷(duan)開展內部體制改(gai)革(ge)工(gong)作，其(qi)中重要(yao)的(de)(de)一環是公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)質量控制。因此，公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理人員(yuan)應(ying)該明確我國公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)存在(zai)的(de)(de)問題，針對問題采取有(you)效措(cuo)施(shi)，從原(yuan)材料、施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)以及設備等(deng)方面加強公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)控制。

參考文獻

[1]王雨楠(nan)，高(gao)峰。對道路橋梁施工質量(liang)監督重要性的思考[J]。中國建筑金屬結(jie)構，2013，04：88。

篇8

【關鍵詞】市政；橋(qiao)梁工程；下部結構；施工技術

市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，橋梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)下部結構施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)保(bao)障對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)有(you)(you)直接(jie)而(er)重(zhong)大(da)的(de)影響(xiang)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)才(cai)能有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)，又大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)箱梁(liang)(liang)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)，是提(ti)高(gao)整個(ge)橋梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進步和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)關鍵。

橋梁的下部包括(kuo)三(san)(san)個方面，基(ji)礎(chu)、橋墩、橋臺，這三(san)(san)個部分一般是(shi)分開(kai)來進行施(shi)工的，按照(zhao)施(shi)工進度，先是(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)工、然后(hou)是(shi)橋墩的施(shi)工、最后(hou)是(shi)橋臺地(di)加蓋(gai)，也就是(shi)俗語說的“蓋(gai)帽”。

一、市(shi)政橋梁下部(bu)結(jie)構的施工技術

1.1基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)。基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)包(bao)括：淺基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)、深(shen)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)（樁(zhuang)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)、沉井基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)、管柱基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)、地下連續(xu)墻），是根據(ju)埋置深(shen)度來(lai)分的。

擴大(da)基(ji)礎作為(wei)直接基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)，主要(yao)(yao)特點在于將基(ji)礎底板(ban)直接設(she)置(zhi)于地(di)基(ji)上，上部結構(gou)傳遞來的(de)(de)(de)荷(he)載主要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過擴大(da)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)底板(ban)進(jin)而傳遞到(dao)地(di)基(ji)上。它的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)一(yi)(yi)般是明挖(wa)，根據現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)探，合理(li)選擇排水的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，并采取有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式防(fang)止滲漏；進(jin)行(xing)基(ji)坑支護作業和基(ji)坑土方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)開挖(wa)，基(ji)坑的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小要(yao)(yao)符合基(ji)礎施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，一(yi)(yi)般基(ji)底應比設(she)計(ji)平面尺寸每邊(bian)個多(duo)出來50-100cm，邊(bian)線(xian)位置(zhi)、基(ji)礎軸線(xian)和標高要(yao)(yao)經過準(zhun)確測定，然后(hou)，監理(li)工(gong)程師(shi)對數(shu)據和劃線(xian)區再次進(jin)行(xing)審核，確保沒(mei)有錯誤后(hou)就可以開始挖(wa)基(ji)坑了（注意(yi)，基(ji)坑的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)深度(du)要(yao)(yao)在6米以內，坑壁的(de)(de)(de)坡度(du)按照規定或者(zhe)設(she)計(ji)來實施）。

樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎由(you)樁(zhuang)和(he)承(cheng)臺兩(liang)個部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，樁(zhuang)在平面排(pai)列上可成為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)排(pai)或者多排(pai)，樁(zhuang)頂由(you)承(cheng)成整體以(yi)此來傳遞荷載，樁(zhuang)身可以(yi)全部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)或者部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)埋入(ru)地基(ji)(ji)土(tu)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎分(fen)為(wei)很多種形(xing)式(shi)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在橋(qiao)梁施工中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實際(ji)應(ying)(ying)用最為(wei)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)是鉆孔(kong)灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)，鉆孔(kong)灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)對(dui)地質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)性(xing)好，機(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)也相對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡單，可操作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)強(qiang)，擠壓小(xiao)，不(bu)容易產生擠土(tu)效應(ying)(ying)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工一(yi)(yi)(yi)般分(fen)為(wei)三(san)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)：灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)成孔(kong)及清孔(kong)作(zuo)(zuo)業、鋼(gang)筋(jin)骨架(jia)(jia)地制作(zuo)(zuo)及安放、水(shui)(shui)泥混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)澆筑。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)通過鉆機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業，鉆機(ji)(ji)安裝(zhuang)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)確(que)保(bao)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)吊點(dian)、轉盤中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)和(he)樁(zhuang)位中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)條水(shui)(shui)平線(xian)上，作(zuo)(zuo)業期間要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)速(su)度適(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)可因速(su)度過快(kuai)而(er)撞損(sun)護(hu)筒，作(zuo)(zuo)業完成后要(yao)(yao)(yao)及時(shi)進行(xing)(xing)各(ge)項(xiang)指標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查(cha)，確(que)保(bao)符合(he)規(gui)定，檢查(cha)結束合(he)格(ge)后，進行(xing)(xing)鉆孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清孔(kong)作(zuo)(zuo)業；第二(er)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)是制作(zuo)(zuo)鋼(gang)筋(jin)骨架(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候要(yao)(yao)(yao)特(te)別注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)骨架(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)，以(yi)免出現變形(xing)，影響承(cheng)載力(li)，不(bu)管是現場加(jia)工還是加(jia)工后運到現場，都要(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)定時(shi)地進行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)，確(que)保(bao)各(ge)項(xiang)指標(biao)符合(he)規(gui)定；第三(san)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)是水(shui)(shui)泥混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)澆筑，包括導(dao)(dao)管施工和(he)水(shui)(shui)泥混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)入(ru)兩(liang)步驟，導(dao)(dao)管在使(shi)用前要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)進行(xing)(xing)抗拉力(li)測(ce)試，合(he)格(ge)后才(cai)能使(shi)用，安裝(zhuang)導(dao)(dao)管時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)在底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)預留適(shi)(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，便于(yu)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灌入(ru)，然(ran)后進行(xing)(xing)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)澆筑（注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)，澆筑前要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)導(dao)(dao)管進行(xing)(xing)清孔(kong)），澆筑時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)特(te)別注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)整個過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續(xu)性(xing)，首批灌注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)(yao)將導(dao)(dao)管全部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)埋住(zhu)，等到灌注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)接近鋼(gang)筋(jin)骨架(jia)(jia)時(shi)適(shi)(shi)當(dang)減速(su)。

2.2 橋(qiao)墩。橋(qiao)墩主要分(fen)為(wei)柱(zhu)式橋(qiao)墩、鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)土薄(bo)壁(bi)墩臺兩種(zhong)形(xing)式。相(xiang)比起來(lai)，柱(zhu)式橋(qiao)墩適(shi)用(yong)范圍廣(guang)，施工(gong)簡單易操(cao)作(zuo)，在公路(lu)的(de)施工(gong)中最(zui)常使(shi)用(yong)，市政橋(qiao)梁的(de)橋(qiao)墩一般(ban)要根(gen)據具體的(de)市區施工(gong)條件來(lai)確(que)定，它制作(zuo)過程(cheng)中的(de)注意事項和(he)(he)基礎要求差不多，也是要注意各(ge)項工(gong)作(zuo)符合相(xiang)關的(de)規(gui)定和(he)(he)程(cheng)序(xu)，注意施工(gong)中的(de)細節。

橋(qiao)墩易受大(da)氣及水(shui)的(de)(de)侵蝕，所以(yi)在混凝(ning)(ning)土選擇時一般要(yao)選擇耐腐(fu)蝕混凝(ning)(ning)土，混凝(ning)(ning)土表面要(yao)做成光滑的(de)(de)清(qing)水(shui)混凝(ning)(ning)土。

3.3橋(qiao)臺。墩臺施工技術主要(yao)(yao)是要(yao)(yao)在鋼筋的(de)(de)捆扎和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑上(shang)下(xia)功夫，因(yin)為這(zhe)里比較容易出現(xian)問題。鋼筋骨架要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)符合設(she)計資料，安(an)裝過程(cheng)中也(ye)要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)按照設(she)計規定來(lai)，鋼筋的(de)(de)捆扎接頭界面面積要(yao)(yao)小于總(zong)截面面積，接頭還要(yao)(yao)分錯開來(lai)布置，捆扎后(hou)盡量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持橫平豎直；模版的(de)(de)安(an)裝要(yao)(yao)控制鋼結(jie)構的(de)(de)尺寸和軸線(xian)的(de)(de)位置，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)準(zhun)確(que)性，并提前留下(xia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)層(ceng)厚度(du)；澆(jiao)(jiao)筑混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，也(ye)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持過程(cheng)的(de)(de)連(lian)續(xu)，盡量不(bu)要(yao)(yao)出現(xian)停頓，影響(xiang)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結(jie)質量，還要(yao)(yao)適度(du)留意澆(jiao)(jiao)筑出的(de)(de)質量，一(yi)旦(dan)發現(xian)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)異性差，就要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)加強振搗(dao)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)流暢進行，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑成功后(hou)，后(hou)期的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養液很重要(yao)(yao)，要(yao)(yao)經(jing)常灑水保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)濕，或者在混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)表層(ceng)覆(fu)蓋(gai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)鮮膜、草苫子等(deng)。

二、市政橋(qiao)梁下(xia)部結(jie)構施工技術(shu)下(xia)的(de)混凝土(tu)質量(liang)控制(zhi)

2.1 混(hun)凝土澆筑前應徹(che)底檢查模板、支架、各類預留(liu)管(guan)道、鐵件(jian)，符(fu)(fu)合要(yao)求(qiu)后(hou)方可施工(gong)。混(hun)凝土配(pei)合比必須通過設計(ji)(ji)和試配(pei)確定，確保符(fu)(fu)合設計(ji)(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)強度等級(ji)或耐久性。

2.2 混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)塌落度(du)應(ying)符合《公路(lu)橋涵施工(gong)技術規(gui)范》的(de)(de)有關規(gui)定，采用(yong)滑升(sheng)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)應(ying)選用(yong)低流動度(du)的(de)(de)或半干(gan)硬(ying)性的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)拌合料，分層(ceng)分段對稱澆筑(zhu)(zhu)，并應(ying)同(tong)時(shi)澆完一(yi)層(ceng)。各(ge)段的(de)(de)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)應(ying)到距(ju)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)上緣l00～150mm處為止。采用(yong)插(cha)入式振搗器(qi)時(shi)，應(ying)插(cha)入下層(ceng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)5 0～100mm。澆筑(zhu)(zhu)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)要(yao)(yao)連續(xu)操作，如因故中途停止，應(ying)按施工(gong)縫處理。脫(tuo)模(mo)(mo)后(hou)若(ruo)表面(mian)不平整或有其(qi)他缺陷(xian)要(yao)(yao)予以修補。在明挖基礎上灌筑(zhu)(zhu)墩、臺(tai)第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)防止水(shui)分被基礎吸收或基頂水(shui)分滲入混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)而降低強度(du)。

2.3 在混凝土澆筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，應隨時(shi)觀察所(suo)留設的預埋(mai)(mai)螺栓、預留孔、預埋(mai)(mai)鐵(tie)件的位置(zhi)是否移動(dong)，若發(fa)現(xian)松動(dong)、移位應及時(shi)處理。澆筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)還應注意模(mo)板、支架(jia)情況，如有(you)變形(xing)或沉(chen)陷應立即加(jia)固(gu)。高(gao)大(da)(da)的橋臺(tai)(tai)(tai)，若臺(tai)(tai)(tai)身(shen)(shen)后仰(yang)，本(ben)身(shen)(shen)自(zi)重力偏心較大(da)(da)，為平衡臺(tai)(tai)(tai)身(shen)(shen)偏心，施工時(shi)應隨同填筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)身(shen)(shen)四周路(lu)堤(di)土方同步砌筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)或澆筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)身(shen)(shen)，防止橋臺(tai)(tai)(tai)后傾或向前滑移。未(wei)經填土的臺(tai)(tai)(tai)身(shen)(shen)施工高(gao)度一(yi)般不宜超過(guo)(guo)4m，以免(mian)偏心引起基(ji)底不均(jun)勻沉(chen)陷。

2.4 混凝土澆筑結束(shu)后，應及時進行覆蓋灑水養(yang)護（氣溫低于(yu)5℃時覆蓋保溫養(yang)護，不(bu)得灑水），養(yang)護時間(jian)不(bu)得少于(yu)7天。

三、市政(zheng)橋梁下部結構施工(gong)技術下的質量(liang)和安全管(guan)理措(cuo)

3.1 市政(zheng)橋(qiao)梁工程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工過程(cheng)中，質量(liang)控(kong)制執行(xing)網絡管理，層(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)把關(guan)，分層(ceng)(ceng)落實(shi)，做到各負其責，責任到人。同(tong)時，質檢工程(cheng)師(shi)實(shi)行(xing)一票否決制，各道工序設立專職質檢員(yuan)(yuan)、班(ban)組質量(liang)檢查員(yuan)(yuan)，確保整個(ge)施(shi)工過程(cheng)的(de)質量(liang)監(jian)控(kong)。

3.2 嚴把材(cai)料質量關，所有原(yuan)材(cai)料須有質保書（合格證(zheng)）并及(ji)時見(jian)證(zheng)取樣送項目部中心試驗室檢測，合格并經監理認可后方能使用(yong)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)前(qian)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)員工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行質量教育，加強質量意識，分層技術交底(di)，學習(xi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計(ji)的有關規定內容，熟悉圖紙(zhi)，了解(jie)設(she)計(ji)意圖，自(zi)覺按(an)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)規范施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。

3.3 做好現(xian)場施工(gong)(gong)調度，合理安排工(gong)(gong)程進度，協調各(ge)工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)、工(gong)(gong)序(xu)間的銜接，妥(tuo)善解決生產中出現(xian)的疑(yi)難問題。

3.4 成立安全(quan)生產管理領(ling)導(dao)小組，從(cong)思想上重視安全(quan)工作(zuo)，自覺執行(xing)安全(quan)技術規則，做(zuo)到進場(chang)教育、標志明顯、防范周密、定(ding)期檢(jian)查。進入現場(chang)必須正確(que)佩(pei)戴安全(quan)帽，禁止穿拖鞋(xie)、高跟鞋(xie)、光(guang)腳從(cong)事(shi)施(shi)工作(zuo)業，閑雜人(ren)員(yuan)嚴禁進入施(shi)工現場(chang)。在帶有(you)(you)一定(ding)危險性的區(qu)域內(nei)施(shi)工時應設置(zhi)安全(quan)警(jing)戒范圍，現場(chang)應有(you)(you)明顯的警(jing)示(shi)標志并有(you)(you)專(zhuan)人(ren)負責監護。

3.5 加(jia)強施(shi)工機(ji)械設(she)備(bei)、機(ji)具的保(bao)(bao)養維護(hu)工作，使之能(neng)始(shi)終保(bao)(bao)持(chi)良好的運行狀(zhuang)態。各(ge)類(lei)機(ji)械設(she)備(bei)要有可靠的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)接(jie)地、接(jie)零及(ji)漏電保(bao)(bao)護(hu)措施(shi)。特種作業人員必(bi)須經考(kao)核合格，持(chi)證(zheng)上(shang)崗。

四、結語

市政(zheng)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)下(xia)部結構是(shi)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)主體的(de)(de)負荷和(he)傳遞(di)部分，它的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術質量直(zhi)接(jie)關系著(zhu)整(zheng)個橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)質量，因(yin)此，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，一定要重視它的(de)(de)技(ji)術監(jian)管，確保整(zheng)個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)按照科學(xue)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)規定和(he)設計方(fang)案進(jin)行。

參考文獻：

[1]婁全軍，姜軍.淺談市政橋(qiao)梁工程下部結構施工技(ji)術措(cuo)施[J].科技(ji)創新(xin)導報(bao)，2010（30）

篇9

關鍵詞：道路橋梁；工程管理；問題及防(fang)控(kong)

中圖(tu)分(fen)類號：TU997 文獻標識碼： A

引言

道路橋梁工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)其用(yong)途的特殊性必須要確(que)保(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)的絕對達標(biao)，其關(guan)系到(dao)生命財產(chan)安全，一旦出現事故將有(you)可能影響到(dao)社會的穩定(ding)和(he)阻礙社會經(jing)濟的發展(zhan)。因(yin)此，必須從工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目確(que)立(li)之后即開展(zhan)相關(guan)的制度與(yu)計劃(hua)建(jian)設，做(zuo)到(dao)準(zhun)備充足(zu)，監督到(dao)位，嚴格(ge)執(zhi)行以確(que)保(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)。

一、道路橋梁工(gong)程施工(gong)管理的特點(dian)及內(nei)容

1、道路橋梁工程施工相(xiang)對復(fu)雜

這主要(yao)是(shi)因為道路橋梁工程(cheng)造價相對較(jiao)高，涉及的(de)(de)人員較(jiao)多，關系的(de)(de)利益較(jiao)多，同時對環境產生的(de)(de)影(ying)響比較(jiao)大(da)。

2、影響道路橋梁工程施(shi)工的(de)因素較多，不確定(ding)性(xing)大

由于道路橋梁(liang)工(gong)程是一個比較復(fu)雜的項目(mu)，易受外(wai)部條件的影(ying)響，像原材料價(jia)格、周邊社會關系等都是影(ying)響其施工(gong)的重(zhong)要因素(su)。 同時，道路橋梁(liang)工(gong)程本身的不確(que)定性也(ye)是造(zao)成(cheng)施工(gong)不穩(wen)定的重(zhong)要原因。

3、道路橋梁工程施工目標高，要求嚴格

橋梁(liang)道路(lu)與城市(shi)形(xing)象以(yi)及人們的(de)生活密切相關，對于質量的(de)要求相對較高。 道路(lu)橋梁(liang)工程的(de)工期較為緊張，冬季(ji)施工費用比較多。

4、道(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)梁工程施(shi)工管理正處于(yu)轉型階段

在我國絕大部分的(de)道路橋梁工程中，由項目(mu)將勞(lao)務(wu)隊和自(zi)有機械設(she)備(bei)、自(zi)供(gong)材料組(zu)織起來進(jin)行施工，專業性相對較弱。同時勞(lao)務(wu)隊伍素質不高(gao)，項目(mu)必須投(tou)入大量的(de)時間和精力管理勞(lao)務(wu)隊。

5、市政道路工程施工管理的范圍較廣

其中(zhong)包括：確定(ding)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)任(ren)務(wu)，簽訂承包合同(tong)；做(zuo)好市政施(shi)(shi)工(gong)前的各項準備；做(zuo)好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)必須的準備工(gong)作；依據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)計劃，綜合施(shi)(shi)工(gong)，并(bing)協調好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程；合理利用已有的空間，做(zuo)好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場的平面管理，以保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)條(tiao)件的完整；最后，需要組織工(gong)程，對道路橋梁工(gong)程進行驗收(shou)。

二、道(dao)路橋梁施工管(guan)理中存在的問題

1、工(gong)程施工(gong)中出現的問(wen)題(ti)

（1）鋼筋易腐蝕

施工中，鋼(gang)筋(jin)是核心，其一旦發生(sheng)銹蝕，道(dao)路(lu)橋梁的(de)使用壽命就會受到縮短(duan)，嚴重者(zhe)會給人們的(de)生(sheng)命財產構成(cheng)威脅。發生(sheng)銹蝕的(de)原(yuan)因有材料、環境、技術等各方面(mian)原(yuan)因。較為復(fu)雜，需要(yao)全面(mian)考慮、綜合治理。

（2）鋪裝層脫落

鋪裝(zhuang)層脫落在(zai)道路橋梁工(gong)程中是最容(rong)易(yi)(yi)被忽(hu)視，同時也是最容(rong)易(yi)(yi)出現(xian)問題的(de)環(huan)節(jie)，鋪裝(zhuang)層占據(ju)的(de)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)雖然不(bu)(bu)是很大，但是它對于正(zheng)常的(de)交通運輸卻(que)有著直接影響。因為(wei)施工(gong)過程中監管(guan)不(bu)(bu)力，鋪裝(zhuang)層通常只是面(mian)(mian)子工(gong)程，所以極(ji)易(yi)(yi)有裂(lie)縫和脫落現(xian)象(xiang)發(fa)生。

（3）施工后經常出現(xian)裂縫

道路橋梁施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)應用較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)是混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)材(cai)料，而(er)(er)工(gong)程完(wan)工(gong)后往(wang)往(wang)會出現(xian)裂(lie)縫(feng)，相對(dui)(dui)于當前的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，裂(lie)縫(feng)問題是非常普遍的(de)(de)(de)，在這里(li)，我們(men)暫且不(bu)談(tan)材(cai)料自(zi)身(shen)特(te)性(xing)，就(jiu)施(shi)工(gong)人員的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)進行分析。第一(yi)，工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)前的(de)(de)(de)配合比(bi)試驗中(zhong)，有(you)些施(shi)工(gong)人員單品憑自(zi)身(shen)經(jing)驗配比(bi)，與國家相關技(ji)術(shu)規范要求不(bu)符。第二，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)拌合過(guo)程中(zhong)，攪拌不(bu)充分或者時間太長，發生了離析，從而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)強度(du)造成了影響。第三，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)在拆模的(de)(de)(de)時候，沒有(you)及時對(dui)(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)進行遮蓋，加上養護(hu)不(bu)及時，造成水分流失(shi)而(er)(er)形成裂(lie)縫(feng)。

2、管理問題

（1）施工進度問題(ti)

由于受道(dao)路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難易程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)影響，導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)短(duan)而且施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan)松，延期(qi)(qi)(qi)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在我國現(xian)階(jie)段是比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)見的(de)。現(xian)階(jie)段我國道(dao)路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任(ren)務相(xiang)對比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)艱巨，而且施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難度比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中變(bian)更也比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，各種影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)不可(ke)預(yu)見因素頻繁發生，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶(dai)來(lai)了一(yi)定的(de)影響，加大了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難度。道(dao)路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)存在周期(qi)(qi)(qi)長，合(he)同期(qi)(qi)(qi)短(duan)的(de)矛盾，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)進(jin)度控(kong)制也相(xiang)矛盾，導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)常(chang)常(chang)延期(qi)(qi)(qi)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

（2）資(zi)源配(pei)置不盡(jin)合理

道(dao)(dao)路橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)往往會(hui)出現(xian)資源配(pei)(pei)置不合理(li)(li)、資源浪(lang)費(fei)等(deng)一(yi)系列問題，給(gei)工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)帶(dai)來嚴重影響。工程(cheng)(cheng)建設中(zhong)的(de)資源配(pei)(pei)置是(shi)保(bao)證工程(cheng)(cheng)順利(li)進行及其企業獲取利(li)益的(de)有效保(bao)障。但(dan)是(shi)，因為我國道(dao)(dao)路橋梁(liang)工程(cheng)(cheng)在技術、采(cai)購、管理(li)(li)等(deng)方面存在很多不足(zu)，導致工程(cheng)(cheng)成本增加(jia)，浪(lang)費(fei)現(xian)象極為嚴重。還(huan)有就是(shi)施工過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)因為監管不到(dao)位出現(xian)的(de)偷(tou)工減料問題，造成工程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)、管理(li)(li)、成本之(zhi)間的(de)矛盾加(jia)劇(ju)，甚至使得國家建設部(bu)門的(de)公信度大(da)大(da)降低。

三、做(zuo)好公路橋梁工程(cheng)管理的一些措(cuo)施

1、對施工管理人員進行培訓，提高其專業技能和素(su)質

公司必須(xu)重視(shi)公路(lu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做到以人為本(ben)，重視(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓和(he)學(xue)習，提高其施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管理水(shui)平(ping)以及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)安(an)全意(yi)識(shi)(shi)。只有(you)做好(hao)(hao)培訓工(gong)作(zuo)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)才能(neng)夠真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性。在(zai)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)進(jin)行(xing)培訓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，應(ying)該(gai)(gai)提高其質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，只有(you)這樣(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)才能(neng)夠在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崗位上做好(hao)(hao)各項工(gong)作(zuo)，幫助企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)樹立良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)象。此(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)培訓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，還應(ying)該(gai)(gai)重視(shi)團隊合(he)作(zuo)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養，這樣(yang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)才能(neng)夠更好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)形(xing)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維護，保(bao)證其在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中將(jiang)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用更好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發揮出(chu)來，提高公路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。在(zai)對(dui)管理人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)技能(neng)培訓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候應(ying)該(gai)(gai)對(dui)成(cheng)本(ben)管理進(jin)行(xing)明確，保(bao)證管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效。

2、做好施工過程(cheng)的管理(li)

（1）對(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)進行健全，完善(shan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)責(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)。想要(yao)保證(zheng)公路(lu)施工的(de)(de)(de)有序性，是需(xu)(xu)要(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員做(zuo)好指導的(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)進行健全，是符(fu)合管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)更好進行需(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)，應該真正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)落實管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員本身的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)，真正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)好權責(ze)(ze)分明，避(bi)免出現權責(ze)(ze)不清以及(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)混亂(luan)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，保證(zheng)職(zhi)工管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)有效性和有序性。

（2）做(zuo)好(hao)質(zhi)量管理，努(nu)力實現質(zhi)量管理標(biao)準化。在進行質(zhi)量保(bao)證體系建立的(de)時候(hou)，對施工(gong)(gong)技術標(biao)準、設備標(biao)準以(yi)及(ji)材料標(biao)準都有(you)比較明確的(de)要求，只有(you)做(zuo)好(hao)材料控制、技術控制以(yi)及(ji)設備控制，才能夠更好(hao)的(de)做(zuo)好(hao)施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量管理，公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)程管理才會(hui)更加的(de)有(you)序(xu)。

（3）做好(hao)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)管理。在公路施(shi)(shi)工的(de)過程中，設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)是非常重要的(de)，只有設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)性能良(liang)好(hao)，才能夠保(bao)(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工工作(zuo)(zuo)更加順利的(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。企業應該根據(ju)需要建立設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)維護保(bao)(bao)養規(gui)范，確保(bao)(bao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)管理的(de)時(shi)候有規(gui)定可以遵(zun)循，其次(ci)，企業還應該機械能設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)資料的(de)整理和(he)檔案的(de)設(she)立，做好(hao)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)監控工作(zuo)(zuo)，按(an)期(qi)對設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)和(he)維修，保(bao)(bao)證設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)在工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)時(shi)候處于良(liang)好(hao)狀(zhuang)態。

（4）做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)施(shi)工(gong)環境(jing)管(guan)理。在公路施(shi)工(gong)的(de)時候，環境(jing)條件會(hui)給(gei)(gei)施(shi)工(gong)造成很大(da)的(de)影響，天氣情況會(hui)對施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)身體情況造成影響，最(zui)終也會(hui)給(gei)(gei)施(shi)工(gong)更好(hao)(hao)的(de)進(jin)行造成影響，比如說在夏季(ji)的(de)時候應(ying)該(gai)重視降溫(wen)防(fang)暑，減少高溫(wen)條件下，施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)作業(ye)時間(jian)，在冬季(ji)的(de)時候，應(ying)該(gai)做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)保暖方面(mian)的(de)措施(shi)，在風雪天中減少作業(ye)時間(jian)。這(zhe)樣能夠避免因為天氣因素給(gei)(gei)施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)造成不(bu)適(shi)。除此之外，還(huan)應(ying)該(gai)重視材料(liao)的(de)存儲和(he)保管(guan)，降低溫(wen)度和(he)天氣對材料(liao)的(de)影響。

3、進行(xing)施工方案(an)優化，保證施工資源配置的合(he)理性(xing)

在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，便(bian)是進(jin)行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)，若是施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案不夠(gou)合理(li)，很容易給(gei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量和(he)成本造(zao)成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，這對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)目標更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)是非常不利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以應該(gai)(gai)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案制定(ding)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)重視(shi)，使(shi)用合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方案，做好(hao)資(zi)(zi)源配置，確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)能夠(gou)根據相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計劃進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，提高(gao)資(zi)(zi)源使(shi)用效(xiao)率，保證(zheng)(zheng)公路管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量。此(ci)外(wai)，還應該(gai)(gai)根據需要做好(hao)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，提高(gao)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率，保證(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量。

結束語

綜(zong)上所述，道路(lu)橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需(xu)要(yao)同時考慮材(cai)料(liao)、技術、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)等各個方面，是一(yi)項(xiang)綜(zong)合性(xing)的(de)系統工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，只(zhi)有(you)這(zhe)樣才能保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)整體質(zhi)量與安全(quan)。此外，對(dui)于道路(lu)橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)理(li)論知識的(de)研究(jiu)也是很必要(yao)的(de)，在(zai)具體實踐中管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)應該不斷總結(jie)經驗，認(ren)識自(zi)身的(de)不足并加以(yi)改善，實現科學、高(gao)效的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，從(cong)而提升道路(lu)橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)的(de)整體水平。

參考文獻

篇10

關鍵詞：市(shi)政工程；路橋施(shi)工；問(wen)題；技(ji)術要點；

中(zhong)圖分(fen)類(lei)號：TU99文獻標識碼： A

引言

隨著市場經濟(ji)改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷深(shen)入(ru)，交(jiao)通運輸業發(fa)展迅速。道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工程在(zai)國民(min)經濟(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)所發(fa)揮的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎與保障作用越(yue)來越(yue)明顯。要(yao)(yao)構筑(zhu)高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)工程, 需(xu)要(yao)(yao)提升(sheng)了(le)道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)施工技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)。當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)仍在(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨著時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展在(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)著，道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)以(yi)及技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)也不斷提高(gao), 所以(yi)在(zai)施工中(zhong)(zhong)，針對道(dao)(dao)路橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題提升(sheng)施工質量，不單(dan)(dan)是(shi)施工單(dan)(dan)位及設(she)計(ji)(ji)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，也是(shi)為實現設(she)計(ji)(ji)指(zhi)標，滿足建(jian)(jian)設(she)施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。

一、道路橋(qiao)梁(liang)的作用及其(qi)意(yi)義(yi)

公路(lu)(lu)作為當下最普遍的(de)(de)(de)運輸方式，影響著(zhu)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活。無論是(shi)人(ren)還是(shi)物發(fa)生(sheng)位移便需要(yao)借助道(dao)路(lu)(lu)來(lai)實(shi)現。但(dan)是(shi)由于各個地區地理環境不(bu)一，因(yin)此在道(dao)路(lu)(lu)施工過程(cheng)之中結合(he)當地的(de)(de)(de)自然條件、地理條件等(deng)因(yin)素便需要(yao)建筑橋梁來(lai)實(shi)現道(dao)路(lu)(lu)更好的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)。橋梁的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現也方便了資源的(de)(de)(de)優化配置，縮(suo)短了各個地區直接的(de)(de)(de)距離，同(tong)時它的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現對于我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)交通網而(er)言(yan)，也是(shi)一個發(fa)展(zhan)。因(yin)此就需要(yao)我們重視道(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋梁施工技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，只有這(zhe)樣才可以保證我國(guo)經濟的(de)(de)(de)快速穩定發(fa)展(zhan)。

二、當(dang)前我國道(dao)路橋梁施工中的(de)技術(shu)問題

1、道路橋梁質量欠缺

當(dang)下我(wo)(wo)過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)施工過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)中，使用(yong)(yong)材(cai)料(liao)不能(neng)(neng)同(tong)當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境適(shi)應而且(qie)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)投(tou)入使用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)后還(huan)會存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。出現這些(xie)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)問(wen)題(ti)，關(guan)鍵還(huan)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)于道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)施工技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)欠缺(que)。當(dang)前(qian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要質量(liang)(liang)問(wen)題(ti)便是(shi)對(dui)(dui)于環(huan)境以及材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)不充分(fen)，在(zai)(zai)施工過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)中由(you)于技術存(cun)在(zai)(zai)差(cha)異，所建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)結構(gou)以及質量(liang)(liang)之(zhi)上便會存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。最普遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)便是(shi)當(dang)前(qian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)之(zhi)中使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝土技術不達標，從而很難保證橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)設(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)中結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緊密(mi)一(yi)(yi)體性(xing)(xing)，而且(qie)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)負荷能(neng)(neng)力(li)便會降(jiang)低，如果長期承載過(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)很可能(neng)(neng)造成道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)局部(bu)或者大面積(ji)坍塌。同(tong)時當(dang)前(qian)我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)施工還(huan)是(shi)以使用(yong)(yong)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼筋結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)主，鋼筋結構(gou)自身體積(ji)質量(liang)(liang)都比較(jiao)大、而且(qie)由(you)于其自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬特性(xing)(xing)沒(mei)有一(yi)(yi)個很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)和抗(kang)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing)，這些(xie)都嚴重(zhong)(zhong)制約(yue)著道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期使用(yong)(yong)。當(dang)前(qian)，我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)差(cha)，無(wu)論從經濟性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)還(huan)是(shi)抗(kang)震性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)方面來綜合分(fen)析都比較(jiao)欠缺(que)。在(zai)(zai)日常(chang)生活中經常(chang)見到類似 。

2、橋頭跳車

其主要(yao)原因為(wei)臺背回填的壓實度、灰(hui)劑量等不符合設計要(yao)求，整體(ti)強度不達標，在車輛等重荷(he)載作用下會發(fa)生沉陷，造成橋頭跳車。

3、橋梁過(guo)渡段(duan)和路基銜接(jie)

由(you)于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)場地的限制，不利于(yu)操(cao)作(zuo)或(huo)者人為疏忽(hu)。一般(ban)道路橋(qiao)梁施(shi)工(gong)的過(guo)渡段和路基銜接位置多(duo)是橋(qiao)頭施(shi)工(gong)的薄弱(ruo)環節，可(ke)能造(zao)成橋(qiao)頭沉(chen)陷或(huo)裂縫，因(yin)此(ci)回填土最好采取(qu)與相(xiang)鄰路基同體施(shi)工(gong)的形式，如(ru)果(guo)實(shi)在(zai)不具備同體施(shi)工(gong)條件，需要逐層加寬成階，再(zai)開展(zhan)施(shi)工(gong)，而不能直(zhi)上直(zhi)下地填筑臺背填土。

4、裂縫問題

道(dao)路橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)裂(lie)縫是(shi)道(dao)路橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)很(hen)容易也(ye)很(hen)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)問(wen)題，這(zhe)(zhe)個問(wen)題的(de)(de)出現(xian)不僅對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)(de)使(shi)用以(yi)及外觀有很(hen)大的(de)(de)影響，并且在(zai)很(hen)大程度(du)(du)上(shang)削弱了橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構的(de)(de)剛度(du)(du)以(yi)及強度(du)(du)等(deng)等(deng)，很(hen)多的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程事故(gu)都是(shi)因(yin)此而(er)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)。如腹板(ban)(ban)經常(chang)出現(xian)不同程度(du)(du)的(de)(de)斜裂(lie)縫，這(zhe)(zhe)種現(xian)象(xiang)在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)預(yu)應力(li)(li)鋼結構中(zhong)最為常(chang)見(jian)(jian)。一(yi)般而(er)言，造成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程裂(lie)縫的(de)(de)主要原因(yin)表現(xian)有以(yi)下幾點：一(yi)是(shi)預(yu)應力(li)(li)沒有達到(dao)工(gong)(gong)程要求的(de)(de)標準。在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)，由于(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)放(fang)線(xian)缺乏準確性，使(shi)得管(guan)道(dao)局部發(fa)生(sheng)彎折(zhe)，管(guan)道(dao)不夠圓(yuan)潤，所以(yi)與設(she)計位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相比，預(yu)應力(li)(li)筋的(de)(de)實際位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存在(zai)著一(yi)定的(de)(de)偏差，再(zai)加(jia)上(shang)預(yu)應力(li)(li)不足(zu)，導致(zhi)(zhi)整個腹板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)抗(kang)剪能力(li)(li)大大降低，最終導致(zhi)(zhi)腹板(ban)(ban)發(fa)生(sheng)斷裂(lie)。二是(shi)混(hun)凝(ning)土振搗不密(mi)(mi)實。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，由于(yu)腹板(ban)(ban)內的(de)(de)預(yu)應力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)過于(yu)密(mi)(mi)集，澆筑(zhu)混(hun)凝(ning)土時，其(qi)下部位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極易出現(xian)振搗不密(mi)(mi)實的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，從(cong)而(er)出現(xian)欠振、漏振現(xian)象(xiang)，所以(yi)就(jiu)會出現(xian)麻面、孔洞等(deng)現(xian)象(xiang)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)整個腹板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)整體強度(du)(du)就(jiu)會降低而(er)引(yin)起(qi)斷裂(lie)。

三、橋梁工(gong)程施工(gong)中的技術要點

1、混凝土技術

混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)是(shi)當(dang)前道(dao)路與(yu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)最主要材料(liao)，如果混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)選用(yong)不(bu)當(dang)容易使道(dao)路與(yu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)出(chu)現裂縫(feng)以(yi)及破損(sun)現象(xiang)，嚴重的(de)還(huan)會對橋(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)安全構成威脅。隨著建筑業(ye)的(de)飛躍發(fa)展新(xin)材料(liao)的(de)應用(yong)，混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)強(qiang)度(du)有了(le)很(hen)大(da)提高(gao)。人(ren)們利用(yong)高(gao)強(qiang)陶粒配制出(chu)了(le)密度(du)等級(ji)為1600～1900，強(qiang)度(du)等級(ji)在LC30以(yi)上的(de)，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于結構的(de)高(gao)強(qiang)輕集料(liao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)。

高強(qiang)(qiang)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土是(shi)由普通砂、高強(qiang)(qiang)陶粒(li)、水(shui)泥和水(shui)或同時外加(jia)粉(fen)煤灰、F礦粉(fen)、礦渣(zha)、硅粉(fen)等(deng)混(hun)(hun)合料配制而成的，通常它的強(qiang)(qiang)度等(deng)級在LC30以上，密度小于1950kg/m3，它本(ben)身質量(liang)很輕(qing)，是(shi)一(yi)種理想的結構用混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土。高強(qiang)(qiang)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土的優勢主(zhu)要有以下幾點：（1）減輕(qing)橋梁自重，增大橋梁的跨(kua)越能力；（2）提高橋梁的耐久性，延長使(shi)用壽命(ming)；（3）抗震(zhen)性能好；（4）減低(di)橋梁高度。

2、橋頭(tou)及橋臺的施(shi)工技術

2.1橋頭換填施工技術與質量控制

在路橋施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中，應(ying)當利(li)用(yong)高效(xiao)(xiao)機械設備(bei)將臺背(bei)處的路基全(quan)部挖開(kai)后，統(tong)一填(tian)筑石灰(hui)土(tu)，即不保留周(zhou)圍素(su)土(tu)，這(zhe)樣利(li)用(yong)重型壓(ya)路機就可以(yi)直(zhi)接開(kai)進臺背(bei)處進行碾壓(ya)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。雖(sui)然采用(yong)石灰(hui)土(tu)代替素(su)土(tu)會略(lve)增加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)造價，但這(zhe)種(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術既(ji)可以(yi)保證臺背(bei)回填(tian)質量(liang)(liang)水平，同時又降(jiang)低人工(gong)(gong)與小型機具繁雜操作(zuo)費用(yong)，提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率，縮(suo)短(duan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提供施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)質量(liang)(liang)水平。總體看來，利(li)用(yong)換填(tian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術其利(li)要明顯大(da)于弊。

2.2橋(qiao)臺混凝土搭(da)板及頂層施工技術與質量控制

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業進(jin)行混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)搭(da)板(ban)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，應嚴格(ge)按照相關技術規范和設計要求(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)行立模施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，同時(shi)要保(bao)證混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表面(mian)(mian)坡(po)度與平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)度滿足(zu)要求(qiu)(qiu)。搭(da)板(ban)靠近(jin)橋頭處的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)頂面(mian)(mian)距(ju)基層(ceng)(ceng)項(xiang)面(mian)(mian)距(ju)離(li)通(tong)常(chang)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)，且基層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)度較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)，如果采(cai)用(yong)壓(ya)路(lu)機直接通(tong)過(guo)(guo)時(shi)，則該部位很容(rong)易被壓(ya)碎或形成薄餅(bing)。因此，在(zai)實(shi)際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，規定(ding)凡搭(da)板(ban)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)頂面(mian)(mian)距(ju)基層(ceng)(ceng)頂面(mian)(mian)不足(zu) 10cm 的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部位，在(zai)鋪(pu)(pu)筑(zhu)下層(ceng)(ceng)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)時(shi)，一律需要將鋪(pu)(pu)好的(de)(de)水泥碎石基層(ceng)(ceng)進(jin)行鑿(zao)除(chu)處理，統一用(yong)瀝青(qing)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)進(jin)行填筑(zhu)、找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，這樣(yang)可(ke)以有(you)效(xiao)保(bao)證整(zheng)個臺背回填具(ju)備較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)強度，確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)質量和安全水平(ping)(ping)。

3、臺后填筑環節的施工技術

橋梁(liang)兩端(duan)路(lu)(lu)堤沉降由地基(ji)(ji)(ji)、路(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)、路(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)三部分壓(ya)縮變形(xing)組成。其中，地基(ji)(ji)(ji)的壓(ya)縮變形(xing)由路(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)路(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)的恒載和(he)車輛(liang)荷載引起，填(tian)料(liao)(liao)的壓(ya)縮、固(gu)結(jie)、次固(gu)結(jie)引起路(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)路(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)結(jie)構層(ceng)因行車作用而被壓(ya)縮。對于面(mian)(mian)層(ceng)，若(ruo)搭(da)板上(shang)和(he)橋面(mian)(mian)上(shang)的面(mian)(mian)層(ceng)結(jie)構和(he)厚(hou)度(du)相同(tong)，則不會產生(sheng)沉降差(cha)，因此搭(da)板上(shang)和(he)橋面(mian)(mian)上(shang)應(ying)采(cai)用相同(tong)的面(mian)(mian)層(ceng)結(jie)構和(he)厚(hou)度(du)。由于填(tian)料(liao)(liao)自(zi)身(shen)固(gu)結(jie)和(he)施工要求(qiu)不嚴，若(ruo)不對整個臺背填(tian)方作加固(gu)處理(li)，則不能(neng)徹底解決橋頭(tou)跳車問題，因此，對整個臺背填(tian)筑從地基(ji)(ji)(ji)開始應(ying)采(cai)取適當的加固(gu)措施，采(cai)用砂(sha)性(xing)(xing)土、砂(sha)礫(li)、碎石土填(tian)筑，必(bi)要時用石灰或水泥(ni)進行穩定處理(li)，也可采(cai)用半剛性(xing)(xing)材料(liao)(liao)填(tian)筑，以(yi)此減少路(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)工后沉降，同(tong)時相應(ying)提(ti)高壓(ya)實度(du)要求(qiu)。

4、路(lu)(lu)基路(lu)(lu)面的(de)排(pai)水(shui)技(ji)術(shu)

水(shui)(shui)(shui)是影響路基穩定性和強(qiang)度的重要(yao)因素，路基病害多(duo)由水(shui)(shui)(shui)侵蝕(shi)造成(cheng)，在(zai)路基施(shi)工作(zuo)業中，要(yao)重視施(shi)工排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，減(jian)少不必要(yao)損失。路基地面排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)一般采用(yong)(yong)截水(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)、急流槽(cao)、邊(bian)溝(gou)、跌(die)水(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)地表排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)漿砌片(pian)石對(dui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)渠進行加(jia)固，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)混(hun)凝土制成(cheng)的預制板塊。路基地下(xia)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)一般采用(yong)(yong)盲溝(gou)、滲(shen)井(jing)、暗溝(gou)以及(ji)滲(shen)溝(gou)等(deng)，主(zhu)要(yao)通過滲(shen)透(tou)力(li)式排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，如水(shui)(shui)(shui)流量較大，可在(zai)滲(shen)溝(gou)加(jia)上滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管。

5、路基路軟土(tu)地基的處理技術

國內軟土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)基處(chu)理技術，主要有超載預壓(ya)法、減(jian)少(shao)附加應力法、換土(tu)(tu)法、排(pai)(pai)水(shui)固結(jie)法、振動碎(sui)石(shi)樁法以(yi)(yi)及(ji)高(gao)壓(ya)噴射注漿法等。在路橋路基路面作(zuo)業中(zhong)，可(ke)結(jie)合當地(di)(di)軟土(tu)(tu)特點選用處(chu)理技術，厚度小于 3cm 的(de)(de)淺層(ceng)(ceng)軟土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)基，可(ke)先在地(di)(di)基土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)鋪上土(tu)(tu)工布，再填(tian)筑路基材(cai)料。土(tu)(tu)工布具(ju)有過濾、分(fen)隔(ge)、加速(su)固結(jie)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)等功能，能夠有效限制路基填(tian)料和(he)地(di)(di)基土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)向兩側及(ji)向上下的(de)(de)位(wei)移，避免路基承受應力不均勻，減(jian)少(shao)橋梁(liang)的(de)(de)總(zong)沉(chen)降量。通(tong)過改善地(di)(di)基土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)性能，減(jian)少(shao)公路橋梁(liang)的(de)(de)沉(chen)降，避免路堤與橋臺存在沉(chen)降差而發生錯臺現象。

6、橋梁伸(shen)縮縫裝置技術(shu)

在市政公路橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁工(gong)程中(zhong)，為防止其結構受環(huan)境(jing)溫度(du)、車輛荷(he)載的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)而發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)變形(xing)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)設置伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)。具體(ti)而言，伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)的(de)(de)(de)設置要(yao)(yao)(yao)滿(man)足(zu)以(yi)下幾點:首先(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)其伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)自由(you)，無論(lun)是(shi)平行于(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁軸線還是(shi)垂直于(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁軸線;其次要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)車輛行駛的(de)(de)(de)舒適(shi)度(du);再(zai)次不得滲入水或泥土等(deng)雜質;最后(hou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)期養護時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)便捷性。其實主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)外界環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)導致混凝(ning)土出現收縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，才(cai)會(hui)導致橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁主體(ti)結構發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)變形(xing)。在施工(gong)過程中(zhong)確(que)定伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)設計方案所(suo)確(que)定的(de)(de)(de)收縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)量來(lai)確(que)定，以(yi)確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)可以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)主體(ti)結構的(de)(de)(de)變形(xing)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)用聚苯乙(yi)烯硬(ying)制泡沫板(ban)把伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)填(tian)滿(man)，并(bing)(bing)且要(yao)(yao)(yao)用不銹鋼板(ban)封(feng)堵(du)側面與底(di)面。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意一點，要(yao)(yao)(yao)先(xian)將縫(feng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)雜質清(qing)除干凈后(hou)才(cai)能安裝(zhuang)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)裝(zhuang)置，并(bing)(bing)且伸(shen)(shen)(shen)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)縫(feng)內的(de)(de)(de)縫(feng)中(zhong)填(tian)縫(feng)料要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)充足(zu)。

7、道(dao)路橋梁(liang)過渡段的(de)施工技術

7.1合(he)理選(xuan)擇路堤填(tian)料(liao)(liao)。在(zai)進行(xing)臺背路堤筑(zhu)之(zhi)前，應(ying)有(you)目(mu)標性地選(xuan)擇施工(gong)路段填(tian)料(liao)(liao)，對可(ke)能選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)對比試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，其中試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)內容主要包括(kuo)：一(yi)是(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)(de)液限與塑料(liao)(liao)測定；二是(shi)不同的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤在(zai)同一(yi)個壓實機具作用下，達到同等壓實度(du)，此時應(ying)加強(qiang)對壓實變數與松鋪厚度(du)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)關系，經過試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)獲得(de)各種土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)(de)技術指標，選(xuan)出最適合(he)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤作為填(tian)料(liao)(liao)；三是(shi)從經濟(ji)角度(du)出發，提倡就地選(xuan)材，有(you)關材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇方(fang)面，應(ying)選(xuan)擇容量大的(de)(de)(de)砂類土(tu)(tu)(tu)或者(zhe)滲水(shui)性能良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)。

7.2提(ti)高壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)強度。應該認識到，臺背路(lu)(lu)堤填土(tu)和(he)錐坡填土(tu)一(yi)起進行，并按照設計寬度一(yi)次性完成(cheng)填土(tu)，在分層填筑時，每(mei)一(yi)層的(de)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)厚度不能超過(guo)15cm。正確的(de)施(shi)工順序是：卸(xie)土(tu)、灑水、推(tui)土(tu)機平整、人工平整、壓(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)機碾(nian)壓(ya)(ya)、檢(jian)測壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)度。在壓(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)機的(de)碾(nian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)程中(zhong)，既要確保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)度符合要求(qiu)，又注(zhu)意保(bao)護(hu)臺身(shen)。

結束語

總之，隨著(zhu)社會的不(bu)斷向(xiang)前發(fa)展，人們(men)生活質量(liang)(liang)提高的同時(shi)，更加注重周邊(bian)環境(jing)的質量(liang)(liang)，尤其是與自(zi)身關系密切的公路工(gong)程(cheng)，為(wei)了建設人們(men)群眾高質量(liang)(liang)的路橋施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)，怎樣(yang)在新(xin)形(xing)勢(shi)下運用好(hao)施工(gong)技術是非常(chang)有必要(yao)的，不(bu)斷運用高新(xin)技術及時(shi)解決出現的各(ge)種質量(liang)(liang)問(wen)題(ti)，從(cong)根本上(shang)促(cu)進(jin)道路橋梁事業的健康發(fa)展。

參考文獻