摘要：工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)學科目前正(zheng)在經歷著前所未有(you)(you)的挑戰，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)專業處境尷尬，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察的市場競爭也(ye)有(you)(you)真(zhen)假之別，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)分析(xi)與研究的深度和廣度嚴重不足(zu)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)新(xin)技術(shu)新(xin)方法的應用尚有(you)(you)較大差距，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設中留下的隱患具有(you)(you)長期性和隱伏性。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)面(mian)臨的困(kun)境，向工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設敲(qiao)響了(le)警鐘，也(ye)向地(di)(di)質(zhi)師(shi)們提出了(le)更(geng)大的難題。

關鍵詞：工程地(di)質巖土(tu)工程

1.工程地質學科的(de)爭議(yi)

教科書對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)學的(de)三種(zhong)定義(yi)：①工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)學是研(yan)究與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有關的(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)科學；②工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)學是研(yan)究人(ren)(ren)類工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)活動(dong)與地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)的(de)科學；③工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)學是研(yan)究人(ren)(ren)類工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設活動(dong)與自(zi)然地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)和相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)影響的(de)一門(men)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)科學。

從以上三種定義的(de)(de)實(shi)質中均不(bu)難看出，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質學強調的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)和地(di)(di)質的(de)(de)關系，研究的(de)(de)是(shi)人類工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)活動與自然地(di)(di)質環境的(de)(de)相互作用(yong)。但是(shi)，近年(nian)來工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質學科卻(que)正在經歷(li)著前(qian)所未有(you)(you)的(de)(de)挑戰，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質學被(bei)異名(ming)為(wei)巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)學，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質勘察被(bei)稱之為(wei)巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘察。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)界有(you)(you)此呼聲，學術界有(you)(you)此呼應(ying)，一些大專(zhuan)院校也紛紛效仿(fang)，甚至工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質這(zhe)個(ge)專(zhuan)業在高校也被(bei)取消了。一時間，似乎工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質已經成了守舊傳(chuan)統，巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)才是(shi)先進時髦的(de)(de)，才是(shi)可以適應(ying)市(shi)場(chang)經濟并(bing)與國際接軌的(de)(de)。這(zhe)是(shi)近年(nian)來分歧(qi)最大的(de)(de)爭議(yi)。

這些年來(lai)工程(cheng)地(di)質勘察的(de)不景氣以(yi)及市(shi)場競爭的(de)不規范化(hua)，工程(cheng)地(di)質勘察隊伍增(zeng)加(jia)了巖(yan)土(tu)工程(cheng)的(de)業務是(shi)完全必要的(de)，但將巖(yan)土(tu)工程(cheng)作為工程(cheng)地(di)質的(de)救世主，則值得商榷了。

1前言

自2003年中國地(di)(di)質(zhi)學會(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)發起建立(li)“全(quan)(quan)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家庫”以(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，得到全(quan)(quan)國各界工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)（含巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相關專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)）行業(ye)高科(ke)技人員(yuan)的積極響應(ying)，已(yi)(yi)(yi)經(jing)收到420余(yu)份反饋回來(lai)(lai)(lai)的專(zhuan)(zhuan)家登記(ji)表，均已(yi)(yi)(yi)錄入數(shu)據庫。“全(quan)(quan)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家庫”已(yi)(yi)(yi)初具(ju)規模，從(cong)針(zhen)對服務的行業(ye)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，包(bao)括(kuo)水利(li)電力、鐵路交通、礦山和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)民用建筑等(deng)；從(cong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)領域來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，包(bao)括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察、巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)、地(di)(di)質(zhi)災害(hai)研(yan)究等(deng)；從(cong)遍及(ji)的單(dan)位來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，包(bao)括(kuo)高等(deng)院(yuan)(yuan)校、科(ke)研(yan)院(yuan)(yuan)所、各部委(wei)直屬勘測設(she)計(ji)院(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)公司等(deng)一(yi)百(bai)多家；從(cong)職(zhi)稱分布來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，包(bao)括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)院(yuan)(yuan)院(yuan)(yuan)士(shi)、勘察大(da)師(shi)、教授級(ji)高級(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、高級(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、教授、副教授、研(yan)究員(yuan)、副研(yan)究員(yuan)等(deng)；從(cong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)務來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，包(bao)括(kuo)院(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)、副院(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)、總工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、副總工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、經(jing)理、校長(chang)、系主任等(deng)。

入庫的單位(wei)及其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數情況：北京國電華北電力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)有限公(gong)(gong)司14人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；長(chang)安大學地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)與測(ce)(ce)繪工(gong)程(cheng)學院(yuan)11人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；成都理(li)工(gong)大學環境(jing)與土木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)學院(yuan)12人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；國家(jia)電力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司成都勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)43人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；國家(jia)電力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司貴陽勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)15人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；國家(jia)電力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司昆(kun)明勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)39人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；建設(she)(she)綜合勘(kan)察(cha)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)設(she)(she)計(ji)院(yuan)11人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；水利部(bu)天(tian)津水利水電勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)11人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；中(zhong)國科學院(yuan)地(di)質與地(di)球物理(li)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所17人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；中(zhong)航勘(kan)察(cha)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)39人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（這里(li)只列(lie)出了10人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以上的單位(wei)）。

2軟件功能

2.1基本功能

①顯(xian)示(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地質(zhi)（地質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程、巖(yan)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程及(ji)相關專業）專家(jia)基本信息(xi)，包括姓名、性(xing)(xing)別、出生(sheng)年月、技術職稱、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)職務、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)單(dan)位、單(dan)位性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)、聯系方式。②顯(xian)示(shi)專家(jia)專業特長，工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)領域。③打印(yin)專家(jia)表。④按(an)照入(ru)庫序號(hao)、姓名和工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)單(dan)位排序，方便檢索。⑤可(ke)隨時登記入(ru)庫。

1水文地質(zhi)類型區概述

在一(yi)些比較復雜的(de)地(di)(di)質環境(jing)下,如(ru)果(guo)存(cun)在地(di)(di)下水,則其和(he)普(pu)通(tong)的(de)水資源具有很大的(de)相(xiang)似性(xing)(xing),主(zhu)要表(biao)現在整體性(xing)(xing)和(he)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)等方面,通(tong)常(chang)也會表(biao)現出再(zai)生性(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)調節性(xing)(xing)。可(ke)以通(tong)過對賦(fu)存(cun)環境(jing)進行系(xi)統(tong)(tong)勘查,劃出不同(tong)的(de)單元系(xi)統(tong)(tong),水文地(di)(di)質類型在劃分區域(yu)的(de)時候,通(tong)常(chang)都是將賦(fu)存(cun)環境(jing)相(xiang)類似的(de)地(di)(di)下水地(di)(di)貌地(di)(di)質歸為一(yi)類,這樣(yang)做可(ke)以更好地(di)(di)進行系(xi)統(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)管理。

1.1水文地質(zhi)類型區的定(ding)義(yi)

所謂水(shui)(shui)(shui)文地質類型區(qu),就是(shi)根據巖層下面地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)的分布形態、地貌(mao)特點(dian)以及含水(shui)(shui)(shui)層的成(cheng)因相似性即其附近的巖石(shi)結構條(tiao)件等內容對地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)進行不(bu)同區(qu)域的劃分,使其按照各自(zi)的特點(dian)形成(cheng)獨立或相對獨立的地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)分布區(qu)域。

1.2水(shui)文(wen)地(di)質類型區(qu)的特征

在將地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)劃分為不同(tong)水(shui)(shui)文地質(zhi)類型(xing)區時,要使其(qi)形成一定(ding)的(de)特色,即能夠與其(qi)他(ta)水(shui)(shui)文地質(zhi)類型(xing)區有著明顯(xian)的(de)不同(tong)特征。一般來講,每個水(shui)(shui)文地質(zhi)類型(xing)區獨(du)特的(de)特征應該從地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)的(de)流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積及水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)特點開始(shi)分析,并對(dui)其(qi)周邊(bian)的(de)地質(zhi)與水(shui)(shui)文地質(zhi)情況(kuang)進行調(diao)查,指出其(qi)在自身(shen)空間范圍(wei)內的(de)地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)存儲與運動(dong),以及其(qi)自我補給、徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)和排泄的(de)方式和過程。

編者按：本論(lun)文主要從地下工(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)挖(wa)引起的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)地質問題；防治措施等進行講述(shu)，包括了地面沉降(jiang)、洞(dong)室圍巖(yan)失穩、斜坡(po)破(po)壞、地下水污染、開(kai)展詳盡的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)地質勘察(cha)、做(zuo)好開(kai)挖(wa)方案的(de)(de)優化(hua)選擇、實(shi)行科學(xue)的(de)(de)降(jiang)水設計、做(zuo)好現(xian)場監測，開(kai)展信息(xi)化(hua)施工(gong)技術(shu)、積極采(cai)用新技術(shu)、新方法等，具體資(zi)料請見(jian)：

摘要：隨著城市建設的(de)大力發(fa)展，地(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多，由此引發(fa)的(de)各類工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質問題也逐漸顯現出來，根據城市地(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)特點，對地(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開挖引起的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質問題進行了(le)分析并(bing)提出了(le)預防措施。

關鍵詞：地下工程(cheng)；工程(cheng)地質問(wen)題(ti)；預防

城(cheng)市地(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)具有現場環境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)復雜(za)、施工(gong)難度大、技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求高(gao)、工(gong)期長、對(dui)環境(jing)影響控制(zhi)要(yao)求高(gao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)特點(dian)，是(shi)一(yi)項相當復雜(za)的高(gao)風險(xian)性系統工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。但(dan)是(shi)，地(di)(di)(di)下工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設一(yi)般都在市區內(nei)，在其施工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中常(chang)常(chang)會引(yin)起(qi)周(zhou)圍地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)的位移、變形(xing)、沉降與塌(ta)陷等(deng)(deng)(deng)環境(jing)地(di)(di)(di)質效應，對(dui)周(zhou)圍地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)建筑(zhu)物(wu)及基(ji)礎、地(di)(di)(di)下早期人(ren)防和其他構筑(zhu)物(wu)、公共地(di)(di)(di)下管(guan)線(xian)和各(ge)種地(di)(di)(di)下設施以及城(cheng)市道路的路基(ji)、路面(mian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)都可能構成不同程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的危害，已(yi)經出現并且孕(yun)育諸多(duo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質問題。

1地下工程(cheng)開挖引起的工程(cheng)地質問題

1.1地面沉降

第一篇

1直(zhi)流電阻勘查技(ji)術

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程項目不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下而(er)(er)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)點(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)小且(qie)密(mi)度(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)，所以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)常規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)會導(dao)致工(gong)(gong)作效率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降低(di)且(qie)精度(du)(du)降低(di)。當前(qian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)法(fa)，其高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)法(fa)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)二(er)維(wei)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，同(tong)時(shi)兼有常規(gui)剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能，鋪(pu)設(she)一(yi)次導(dao)線就可(ke)(ke)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)觀測(ce)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，獲(huo)(huo)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息量很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)(da)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率(lv)(lv)很(hen)(hen)高(gao)(gao);同(tong)時(shi)在采(cai)集(ji)數據(ju)后可(ke)(ke)以(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)數據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)智能化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)，尤其是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)現(xian)場實時(shi)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與(yu)計算，并繪制不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果圖進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)輸出，這(zhe)(zhe)樣就大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高(gao)(gao)了勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)(lv)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)適應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)下目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)技術(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)式很(hen)(hen)多(duo)，總電(dian)(dian)(dian)極數和點(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)離可(ke)(ke)以(yi)按(an)照場地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)置(zhi)。一(yi)般固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掃(sao)描斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)看做(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)梯形(xing)(xing)剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian);變(bian)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)連(lian)續滾動掃(sao)描則可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)看做(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)四(si)邊形(xing)(xing)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)數據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)反演(yan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)借(jie)助邊界單元法(fa)、有限元法(fa)、目標相(xiang)關計算等(deng)，三種方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)優勢不(bu)同(tong)，各有優勢。通(tong)(tong)常是(shi)按(an)照相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程而(er)(er)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)確(que)(que)定(ding)。高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)以(yi)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)在野外勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量和效率(lv)(lv)，同(tong)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)極大(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)豐富數據(ju)資料，使得(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)技術(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)獲(huo)(huo)得(de)(de)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)效。在具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)案例如:在某個(ge)(ge)橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)，工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了物探(tan)(tan)(tan)和鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)技術(shu)(shu)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)四(si)個(ge)(ge)獲(huo)(huo)得(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本分(fen)(fen)布情(qing)況(kuang)，是(shi)自上而(er)(er)下分(fen)(fen)別是(shi)砂卵(luan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、含(han)砂粘土、二(er)疊系灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砂卵(luan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)變(bian)不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)穩定(ding)，但是(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)改(gai)變(bian)較大(da)(da)(da)，四(si)個(ge)(ge)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)(du)均不(bu)同(tong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)至50m未見到(dao)基(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)芯相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)完整，沒有發(fa)(fa)現(xian)溶(rong)(rong)蝕和溶(rong)(rong)洞等(deng)情(qing)況(kuang)。在橋(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樁基(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)前(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)超前(qian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)卻發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)差異較大(da)(da)(da)且(qie)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)溶(rong)(rong)洞，在出現(xian)較大(da)(da)(da)反差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下決定(ding)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)與(yu)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)配合，勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)地(di)(di)下基(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)情(qing)況(kuang)，利用(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)測(ce)量，布置(zhi)測(ce)線四(si)條，點(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)控制在2m，通(tong)(tong)過已有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)資料進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)深(shen)度(du)(du)矯正(zheng)，最終獲(huo)(huo)得(de)(de)了地(di)(di)下巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)圖，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化，灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)所呈(cheng)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)石林形(xing)(xing)狀，整體呈(cheng)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左高(gao)(gao)右低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，溶(rong)(rong)洞反應(ying)(ying)(ying)十分(fen)(fen)明顯，位置(zhi)確(que)(que)定(ding)準確(que)(que)，在未見基(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)側測(ce)得(de)(de)基(ji)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)深(shen)度(du)(du)65m，后用(yong)(yong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)驗證，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)測(ce)量基(ji)本準確(que)(que)。

2地震波勘測技術

地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原理(li)就(jiu)是(shi)利(li)(li)用(yong)地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)(dui)地(di)下(xia)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)進(jin)(jin)行勘測(ce)(ce)，利(li)(li)用(yong)回波(bo)(bo)(bo)來(lai)完成對(dui)(dui)地(di)下(xia)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述，目(mu)前應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)一種(zhong)類(lei)似與(yu)(yu)CT的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，其(qi)(qi)走勢有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)激發特(te)征，主要(yao)針對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象內部速(su)(su)度(du)改變，以(yi)此測(ce)(ce)定(ding)地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊界情況，其(qi)(qi)獲(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)改變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖形分布。地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)個世紀(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中期(qi)發展起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)CT技(ji)術(shu)(shu)最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)石油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘測(ce)(ce)中，提高了對(dui)(dui)地(di)質(zhi)描(miao)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。隨著應(ying)用(yong)地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)CT技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷發展，其(qi)(qi)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領域(yu)也隨之(zhi)拓展開來(lai)，經(jing)過改進(jin)(jin)與(yu)(yu)豐富(fu)，地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)CT已經(jing)成為一種(zhong)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)球物(wu)(wu)理(li)勘測(ce)(ce)方法，其(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)可以(yi)幫助地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)成像(xiang)，以(yi)此獲(huo)得(de)地(di)下(xia)地(di)質(zhi)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確結構(gou)。如在(zai)(zai)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)中對(dui)(dui)船(chuan)閘周圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行勘測(ce)(ce)，利(li)(li)用(yong)地(di)震波(bo)(bo)(bo)進(jin)(jin)行掃描(miao)，其(qi)(qi)中地(di)質(zhi)結構(gou)分布和波(bo)(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)是(shi)有著明顯差異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，利(li)(li)用(yong)該項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)就(jiu)可對(dui)(dui)邊坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性進(jin)(jin)行預測(ce)(ce)和概念描(miao)述，以(yi)此利(li)(li)用(yong)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)進(jin)(jin)行控制(zhi)，保證邊坡穩定(ding)。

3瑞雷波技術措施

1.工程地質學(xue)科的爭議

教科(ke)書對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)三(san)種定(ding)義：①工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)學(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)研究與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)有關的(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題的(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)；②工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)學(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)研究人類工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)活動與(yu)(yu)地(di)質(zhi)環境(jing)相(xiang)互(hu)作用的(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)；③工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)學(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)研究人類工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設活動與(yu)(yu)自然地(di)質(zhi)環境(jing)相(xiang)互(hu)作用和相(xiang)互(hu)影響的(de)(de)一門地(di)質(zhi)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)。

從以上三種定義的(de)實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中均不難看出，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學強調的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程和(he)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)，研究的(de)是人類工(gong)(gong)(gong)程活動與自然地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)的(de)相互作(zuo)用。但是，近年(nian)來(lai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學科卻正在經歷(li)著前所未有(you)的(de)挑戰，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學被(bei)異名為(wei)(wei)巖土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程學，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘察(cha)被(bei)稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)巖土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘察(cha)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程界有(you)此(ci)呼聲(sheng)，學術界有(you)此(ci)呼應(ying)，一些大專院校(xiao)也(ye)(ye)紛紛效仿，甚至(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)這個專業在高(gao)校(xiao)也(ye)(ye)被(bei)取(qu)消了(le)。一時間，似乎工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已經成(cheng)了(le)守舊傳(chuan)統(tong)，巖土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程才(cai)是先(xian)進時髦的(de)，才(cai)是可(ke)以適應(ying)市場經濟并與國際接軌的(de)。這是近年(nian)來(lai)分歧最大的(de)爭議。

這些年來工程(cheng)地質勘(kan)察的(de)(de)(de)(de)不景氣(qi)以及市場競爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)不規范(fan)化，工程(cheng)地質勘(kan)察隊(dui)伍增(zeng)加了巖(yan)土工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)業務是完全必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但將(jiang)巖(yan)土工程(cheng)作(zuo)為工程(cheng)地質的(de)(de)(de)(de)救(jiu)世主，則值(zhi)得商榷(que)了。

根據(ju)筆者的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解，巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應用(yong)技(ji)術，是針對地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺陷實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)措施(shi)而進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列設計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總稱。巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任務是“處理(li)”地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺陷,使(shi)之滿足工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建筑物對地(di)(di)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要求(qiu)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)又(you)有(you)(you)“巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)處理(li)技(ji)術”的(de)(de)(de)(de)別名(ming)，說(shuo)明巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確是一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術。確立工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是一(yi)(yi)門獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，盡管(guan)也(ye)僅僅是本世紀初的(de)(de)(de)(de)事，并不象(xiang)數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、天(tian)文學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等等著名(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)那樣(yang)歷史悠久，然而，之所以將(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)義(yi)在(zai)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)”這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度上，是因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)她具備學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些基本特性和基本理(li)論，這就(jiu)是地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特性和基本理(li)論，換(huan)句話說(shuo)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本理(li)論就(jiu)是地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(當然更包括數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等等)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，又(you)將(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)界(jie)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)分(fen)支學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)或應用(yong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，這是符(fu)合實(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最新定(ding)義(yi)也(ye)是較為(wei)(wei)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)：研(yan)究人(ren)類(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活動與地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境相互作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。顯然，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)盡管(guan)有(you)(you)相似之處，但也(ye)有(you)(you)天(tian)地(di)(di)之別。如果將(jiang)(jiang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)界(jie)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)分(fen)支，好象(xiang)還說(shuo)得過(guo)去；而反(fan)過(guo)來(lai)用(yong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來(lai)代替工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則實(shi)(shi)在(zai)有(you)(you)些牽(qian)強附會。

1997年6月(yue)20-27日，國際工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質學(xue)會(hui)在(zai)希(xi)臘召開了一次學(xue)術討論(lun)會(hui)，會(hui)上決定將本(ben)學(xue)會(hui)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)改為：國際工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質學(xue)與環境(jing)學(xue)會(hui)。我(wo)國組團15人參加，王思(si)敬任團長(chang)。隨后國內也(ye)有人提出工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質學(xue)會(hui)改名(ming)(ming)，以便與國際接(jie)軌，但一直未(wei)獲通過。在(zai)近幾年的(de)中國地(di)質學(xue)會(hui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質專委會(hui)會(hui)議上，學(xue)科和(he)學(xue)會(hui)更名(ming)(ming)問題(ti)的(de)交鋒一直也(ye)沒有停止過。我(wo)國工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質界(jie)的(de)前輩(bei)專家(jia)學(xue)者們(men)多數(shu)也(ye)不同意更名(ming)(ming)，認為如此嚴肅的(de)基礎性應用性學(xue)科，沒有必要放棄自己的(de)傳統風格，我(wo)國的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設任務(wu)十分繁重，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質學(xue)科的(de)研究和(he)發展前景(jing)仍然是艱(jian)巨和(he)光(guang)明的(de)。

1發展歷程

水利水電(dian)工程(cheng)地質計算機(ji)應(ying)用工作的(de)起點基本上與其(qi)它(ta)專業同步(bu)，初期發(fa)展(zhan)也是(shi)(shi)有聲有色的(de)，經過(guo)(guo)十多年(nian)的(de)努(nu)力，伴隨著改革開(kai)放(fang)的(de)主旋律，度過(guo)(guo)了從(cong)起步(bu)到(dao)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)初級階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，進入(ru)令人困惑(huo)的(de)相持(chi)時期，最終(zhong)還是(shi)(shi)拉(la)開(kai)了檔次，走向兩極分化，從(cong)整體(ti)上講落后于其(qi)它(ta)專業。十多年(nian)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，可以概括為起步(bu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)、發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)、相持(chi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)拉(la)開(kai)檔次等四個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。

1.1起步階段

八(ba)十年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期，PC-1500袖珍計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)使(shi)得最基層的地(di)勘隊有幸成為(wei)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)的擁有者。袖珍機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于工程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)文地(di)質(zhi)的一(yi)些(xie)小型(xing)(xing)計(ji)算，物理力學試(shi)驗資料(liao)的分析(xi)整理，一(yi)些(xie)小型(xing)(xing)的簡單圖件的繪制等(deng)等(deng)。許多(duo)袖珍計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)者們(men)將自己的經驗和成果(guo)無私(si)奉獻出來，在各類專業技術刊物上登出了(le)大量(liang)解決(jue)實際問題的源(yuan)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，自發地(di)形(xing)成了(le)自由(you)軟(ruan)件庫。單位(wei)和個人(ren)的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的交(jiao)流(liu)也比(bi)較隨便和自由(you)，這(zhe)對提高系(xi)統內(nei)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)整體應用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)平起到了(le)積極的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。可以這(zhe)樣說，八(ba)十年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電系(xi)統的袖珍計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)熱，為(wei)系(xi)統內(nei)的計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)培養了(le)人(ren)才，鍛煉了(le)隊伍。

1.2發展階段

八(ba)十年(nian)代后期至九(jiu)十年(nian)代初期，隨著計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機硬(ying)件和軟件技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，PC系列微(wei)(wei)機大(da)量涌入(ru)(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)市場，國(guo)內計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機處理(li)漢字信(xin)息(xi)技(ji)術也進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)了(le)(le)實用(yong)(yong)階(jie)段，中(zhong)國(guo)人應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機有了(le)(le)劃時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)突破，水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)也進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)了(le)(le)形勢大(da)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段。系統內一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)領導比較(jiao)重視的(de)(de)(de)(de)單位相繼(ji)組建了(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)機室或電(dian)(dian)算(suan)組，裝(zhuang)備了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)臺式(shi)微(wei)(wei)機，部分(fen)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)師轉而(er)從(cong)事工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)作，從(cong)此有了(le)(le)水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)隊(dui)伍。在(zai)此期間，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)業(ye)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)軟件有了(le)(le)很大(da)發(fa)展(zhan)，繪制鉆孔柱狀圖(tu)、地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)剖面圖(tu)、等值線(xian)圖(tu)、節理(li)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)等地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)件亦可達到計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機出圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平；數據(ju)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)方面，有了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)初步實踐和應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)規劃；在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)數值計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)方面，將當(dang)年(nian)在(zai)袖珍機上應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)為成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)程(cheng)(cheng)序搬到了(le)(le)微(wei)(wei)機上，并繼(ji)續開發(fa)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)程(cheng)(cheng)序。總之，這些(xie)成果反映出工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)逐漸進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)了(le)(le)實用(yong)(yong)階(jie)段。

1998年全國流(liu)域性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)大洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)，損失是(shi)慘重的(de)(de)(de)。大洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)給人們以(yi)大警示(shi)，因(yin)而在汛后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)很短(duan)時間內(nei)，國家投(tou)入了(le)大量人力物力進(jin)行堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)工程(cheng)建設(she)。堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)工程(cheng)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)內(nei)容是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)那(nei)些(xie)達(da)不到(dao)防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)標準和汛期出(chu)現(xian)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)進(jin)行整(zheng)險(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)固。堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)出(chu)險(xian)(xian)主要(yao)是(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)滲(shen)透破(po)(po)壞(huai)、江河水(shui)流(liu)沖刷產生(sheng)崩(beng)岸(an)、堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)軟(ruan)弱產生(sheng)沉(chen)降變(bian)形破(po)(po)壞(huai)、堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)身散浸或脫皮滑坡(po)等；一些(xie)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)標準不夠，出(chu)現(xian)子堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)擋水(shui)或漫堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)潰(kui)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等險(xian)(xian)情(qing)。1998年汛期的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)工程(cheng)，可(ke)謂是(shi)八方告急呼救，到(dao)處險(xian)(xian)象環生(sheng)。所有出(chu)險(xian)(xian)問題(ti)中(zhong)，與地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)有直接關系且(qie)隱蔽性(xing)最(zui)強(qiang)、危(wei)險(xian)(xian)性(xing)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)透破(po)(po)壞(huai)，牽動全國的(de)(de)(de)九江潰(kui)口就是(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)滲(shen)透破(po)(po)壞(huai)引起的(de)(de)(de)。針對(dui)(dui)(dui)這些(xie)情(qing)況，在進(jin)行工程(cheng)設(she)計時，采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)措(cuo)施是(shi)提高堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)(hong)標準，對(dui)(dui)(dui)已出(chu)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)段(duan)進(jin)行必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)固，例如(ru)對(dui)(dui)(dui)易崩(beng)岸(an)部位進(jin)行拋石護坡(po)，標準不夠的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行加(jia)(jia)高加(jia)(jia)固，對(dui)(dui)(dui)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)身滲(shen)漏(lou)采取(qu)錐探灌漿，而對(dui)(dui)(dui)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)透破(po)(po)壞(huai)則(ze)除了(le)采取(qu)加(jia)(jia)長(chang)加(jia)(jia)厚鋪蓋外，比(bi)較普遍的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)采取(qu)垂直防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)措(cuo)施。堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)工程(cheng)建設(she)與地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)有著十分密切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)關系，地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)可(ke)以(yi)影響堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)建設(she)，堤(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)防(fang)(fang)工程(cheng)也會反作用于地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)，帶(dai)來新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)問題(ti)。

1堤防(fang)工程與(yu)地質環境的(de)關系(xi)

堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程是為了抵御洪、潮水(shui)給人類正常活動以及(ji)生存環境帶來的(de)(de)(de)自然災害而(er)修(xiu)建的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)利防(fang)護(hu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)主體是眾所周知的(de)(de)(de)各類擋水(shui)堤(di)、墻，而(er)堤(di)上的(de)(de)(de)各類閘、涵、洞、管等穿堤(di)建筑(zhu)物以及(ji)堤(di)防(fang)維(wei)護(hu)、搶險(xian)所需的(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)和通(tong)訊設施等等，則應歸(gui)為堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)附屬(shu)工(gong)程或(huo)附屬(shu)建筑(zhu)物。

1.1堤(di)防工程的特點

(1)線路長，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范圍廣。據統計，我(wo)國(guo)已(yi)建堤防總長20余萬公(gong)里，尚(shang)有若干堤防工(gong)程正在規劃和建設(she)之(zhi)中，主要分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在各大江大河的干、支(zhi)流上和各湖(hu)泊周圍及沿(yan)海一帶(dai)。

(2)堤防工(gong)程的(de)主體主要是線(xian)性水(shui)工(gong)建筑物，其它附(fu)屬建筑物則(ze)另當別論(lun)。

1工程(cheng)地質勘查中(zhong)的水文地質評價

任何一項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)都需要(yao)對(dui)(dui)水(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)察結(jie)(jie)果進行評(ping)(ping)估，可(ke)是，在長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，我(wo)們都沒(mei)有(you)重(zhong)視地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)對(dui)(dui)巖(yan)土層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良作(zuo)(zuo)用，并且在評(ping)(ping)價(jia)時(shi)也沒(mei)有(you)考慮施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)活動會(hui)(hui)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)影響(xiang)。如(ru)果繼續沿襲這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方式，就(jiu)可(ke)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定性產(chan)生(sheng)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅(xie)，導致許(xu)多(duo)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)，可(ke)能(neng)威脅(xie)使用者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人身安全。所以(yi)(yi)，我(wo)們在深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)探究了這些問(wen)題后，對(dui)(dui)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點進行了調整和更新。主要(yao)有(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)列幾個方面：第一，進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，水(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)報告(gao)中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)(hui)忽略地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)對(dui)(dui)巖(yan)土層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，同時(shi)也沒(mei)有(you)結(jie)(jie)合(he)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性。因(yin)此在這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)情(qing)況下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)讓地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造成很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害，各種(zhong)各樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量問(wen)題就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)，甚至會(hui)(hui)造成很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全事故。我(wo)們在總結(jie)(jie)了以(yi)(yi)往(wang)經驗與教訓之后，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)事先(xian)制(zhi)定一套防護方案，以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證勘(kan)(kan)測工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)性。第二，要(yao)深入探究地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動情(qing)況，并探究地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)土狀況，并且要(yao)將與之有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)水(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)文(wen)件找出(chu)來(lai)作(zuo)(zuo)為借(jie)鑒，只有(you)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)奠(dian)實基礎，才能(neng)得出(chu)最準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)論(lun)。第三，要(yao)深入分(fen)析(xi)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)可(ke)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良影響(xiang)，并針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)巖(yan)土結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)分(fen)別(bie)進行討論(lun)。

2巖土水理的性質

巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)由(you)于受到地(di)下(xia)水的影響，就可能出現各種各樣的性質，這(zhe)(zhe)就是巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)的水理(li)性質。我(wo)們在進行工程地(di)質勘(kan)(kan)察工作(zuo)(zuo)時，一定要將巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)水理(li)性質的勘(kan)(kan)察作(zuo)(zuo)為關鍵(jian)工作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣才(cai)能掌(zhang)握最真實的巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)地(di)質狀況。

2.1地下水的儲存形式

我們平時(shi)生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)中所使用(yong)的(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)，都是以三(san)種狀(zhuang)態儲存(cun)在巖(yan)(yan)土層中的(de)，也就是重力水(shui)(shui)、結合水(shui)(shui)和毛(mao)細(xi)管水(shui)(shui)。地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)之所以能(neng)以這(zhe)種狀(zhuang)態儲存(cun)在巖(yan)(yan)土深處，其實就是因為(wei)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)有著賦存(cun)的(de)特征。

摘(zhai)要：隨著社會(hui)經濟的(de)(de)(de)迅速發(fa)展，環境(jing)(jing)問題日(ri)(ri)益嚴(yan)重和(he)突出(chu)，引起(qi)了(le)各國政(zheng)府首(shou)腦(nao)、政(zheng)治家(jia)、科學(xue)家(jia)和(he)公眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)廣泛關注。從(cong)斯德哥(ge)爾摩的(de)(de)(de)《聯合國人類(lei)環境(jing)(jing)會(hui)議宣言》到巴西《環境(jing)(jing)與發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)里約熱內盧宣言》，從(cong)4月22日(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)日(ri)(ri)到6月5日(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)日(ri)(ri)，從(cong)“全球(qiu)(qiu)變(bian)化”到《21世(shi)紀(ji)議程》，使人類(lei)為了(le)共(gong)有一(yi)個(ge)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)和(he)共(gong)同的(de)(de)(de)利益，聯合起(qi)來對付全球(qiu)(qiu)環境(jing)(jing)惡(e)化和(he)災害，以保證人類(lei)和(he)社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續發(fa)展。

關鍵詞：地(di)質(zhi)環境；災害；突出；嚴重；問題研究；分析

1我(wo)國地質環境和災害突出和嚴重性(xing)

我國(guo)環境地質和(he)災(zai)害地質極為(wei)突(tu)出和(he)嚴重，而且(qie)有日益(yi)惡化之(zhi)勢。例(li)如(ru)我國(guo)在經濟(ji)調整(zheng)增長(chang)(chang)的同時，災(zai)害的損失也日漸增大。1989年(nian)(nian)，災(zai)害損失525億元(yuan)，1990年(nian)(nian)為(wei)616億元(yuan)，1991年(nian)(nian)達1050億元(yuan)，占國(guo)民生產總值的1/6。如(ru)不(bu)考慮物(wu)價上漲(zhang)因素，災(zai)害所(suo)造成的經濟(ji)損失增長(chang)(chang)1990為(wei)17．33％，1991年(nian)(nian)高達70．45％，問題嚴重，不(bu)容忽視。

要把保護(hu)地(di)質環境，減輕(qing)地(di)質災害(hai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)看作(zuo)是創造財富(fu)的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，其在社會發展中的作(zuo)用與地(di)礦勘查(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相同。

水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)開發利用和(he)(he)合理調配是今后我國值得注意的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題。此外，地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)日益短缺，水(shui)質(zhi)不斷下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，過(guo)量開采(cai)還引起地(di)面沉降(jiang)、海水(shui)入侵等一(yi)(yi)系列地(di)質(zhi)災(zai)害。土地(di)利用不當(dang)，帶來了(le)水(shui)土流失、石漠(mo)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)沙(sha)漠(mo)化(hua)(hua)問題。一(yi)(yi)些跨世紀的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程(cheng)，對(dui)區(qu)域的(de)生態(tai)平(ping)衡和(he)(he)環(huan)境也存在著巨大(da)的(de)影響。因此，開展地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)和(he)(he)地(di)質(zhi)環(huan)境研(yan)究對(dui)我國經濟發展和(he)(he)社會穩定(ding)具(ju)有重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)意義。