導語：改善農村人(ren)居環(huan)境及其經(jing)驗(yan)一(yi)文來(lai)源于網友上傳，不代表本站觀點，若需要原創文章可咨(zi)詢客(ke)服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：[目的]農村人居環境整治提升是實施鄉村振興戰略的重要內容，對宜居宜業和美鄉村建設行動具有重要意義。研究發達國家的農村人居環境改善措施和實踐經驗，對我國農村人居環境整(zheng)治提升具有(you)重要的借鑒意義。[方法]該文通(tong)過梳理分(fen)析國(guo)外發(fa)(fa)(fa)達國(guo)家改(gai)善(shan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)歷(li)程、建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)模式以及長(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)機(ji)制(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容，提煉總結國(guo)外改(gai)善(shan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)中的先進經(jing)(jing)驗和(he)共(gong)性(xing)特(te)征，并提出(chu)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治提升建(jian)(jian)(jian)議。[結果(guo)]為改(gai)善(shan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)，構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)態宜居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)，歐美、日韓等(deng)(deng)(deng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達國(guo)家主(zhu)要在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)與整(zheng)治法律(lv)法規、資金籌措(cuo)、群眾參與和(he)激勵(li)措(cuo)施等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立了長(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)機(ji)制(zhi)，具有(you)完善(shan)性(xing)、長(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)、多元化、主(zhu)動(dong)性(xing)、協(xie)調性(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)特(te)點。[結論]針(zhen)對我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)區域發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)不均衡，法律(lv)體(ti)系不健(jian)全、長(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)管護機(ji)制(zhi)不完善(shan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)問題(ti)，借鑒國(guo)外經(jing)(jing)驗，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治提升應科學規劃(hua)合理布局、創新農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新模式，因地制(zhi)宜推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，加強(qiang)科普宣(xuan)傳(chuan)、完善(shan)法律(lv)體(ti)系建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)、構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民自(zi)治機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)多元投入(ru)機(ji)制(zhi)，推(tui)動(dong)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)邁向(xiang)提質升級(ji)。

關鍵(jian)詞：農(nong)村(cun)人居環境鄉村(cun)建(jian)設建(jian)設模式長(chang)效機制國外經驗(yan)

引言：人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是以人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)為核心的(de)一(yi)個復雜體系，包含了人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)存所需最基(ji)(ji)本的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)，同時也包含了人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)賴(lai)以生(sheng)活與生(sheng)產的(de)自然和(he)(he)社(she)會環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)[1]。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)則是農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)居(ju)(ju)民在(zai)聚居(ju)(ju)中所涉及到的(de)生(sheng)活、居(ju)(ju)住和(he)(he)基(ji)(ji)本生(sheng)產活動(dong)相關的(de)生(sheng)存環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)[2]。隨著我(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)逐(zhu)步提(ti)高，城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)水(shui)平(ping)差距日益顯著，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)也逐(zhu)漸受到各(ge)級(ji)政府和(he)(he)社(she)會各(ge)界的(de)高度關注。目前，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治取得(de)顯著成效(xiao)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)基(ji)(ji)本實現干凈整(zheng)潔有(you)序(xu)[3]。然而，由于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)發展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平(ping)不(bu)均衡，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)仍(reng)存在(zai)區域性差異明顯、基(ji)(ji)本生(sheng)活設(she)(she)施(shi)不(bu)完善(shan)、管護機制不(bu)健全等(deng)問題(ti)[4,5]。2021年我(wo)國(guo)繼續啟動(dong)實施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治提(ti)升5年行動(dong)，到2025年，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)要顯著改善(shan)，生(sheng)態(tai)宜(yi)(yi)居(ju)(ju)美麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)取得(de)新進步[6]。歐美、日韓等(deng)國(guo)家在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)與整(zheng)治方面起步早(zao)，積(ji)累了豐富的(de)理論和(he)(he)實踐經驗(yan)。文章(zhang)分(fen)析國(guo)外改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)工作(zuo)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)背景、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)模式以及長效(xiao)機制等(deng)，提(ti)煉總結先(xian)進經驗(yan)，提(ti)出(chu)我(wo)國(guo)改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)關建(jian)(jian)議，為我(wo)國(guo)宜(yi)(yi)居(ju)(ju)宜(yi)(yi)業和(he)(he)美鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)行動(dong)和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興戰略的(de)順利實施(shi)提(ti)供科(ke)學依據(ju)。

1國外農村人居環境研究發展現狀

歐美(mei)(mei)國(guo)家關于(yu)人居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)研究(jiu)起步較早。16—18世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)歐洲空想社(she)會(hui)主義提出(chu)將城市與農村融合來解決城鄉差距的(de)問題[7]。英國(guo)學(xue)(xue)者霍華德(de)(de)提出(chu)“花園城市”的(de)理(li)念，提出(chu)要科學(xue)(xue)規劃(hua)，結合園林綠化改善人居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)[8]。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)學(xue)(xue)者芒福德(de)(de)主張(zhang)區域整體發(fa)展(zhan)，提出(chu)城市和農村、自(zi)然環(huan)(huan)境(jing)與人工環(huan)(huan)境(jing)相結合[9]。20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)30年代，圍繞農村發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢(shi)以及(ji)農村發(fa)展(zhan)需求，德(de)(de)國(guo)學(xue)(xue)者克里斯泰勒提出(chu)中(zhong)心(xin)地理(li)論，認為(wei)城鎮的(de)主要職能是充(chong)當周圍農村的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)并(bing)提供商(shang)品和服務[10]。希臘學(xue)(xue)者道薩亞迪斯在(zai)20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)50年代提出(chu)“人類聚居學(xue)(xue)”的(de)概念，從此開啟了(le)人居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)系統研究(jiu)[11]。

1.1農村人居環(huan)境的發展歷程

國(guo)(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)研(yan)究(jiu)始(shi)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)地(di)域地(di)理(li)，前期(qi)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)于鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。19世紀(ji)，德國(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)啟了(le)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，集中(zhong)于自(zi)然環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)[12,13]。20世紀(ji)初，美(mei)、英、日(ri)、韓、荷(he)蘭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)隨即開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統研(yan)究(jiu)，主要集中(zhong)在形(xing)態(tai)研(yan)究(jiu)，包括鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職能(neng)、類型(xing)以及(ji)規劃等。梅(mei)休(xiu)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時期(qi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)形(xing)態(tai)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)分析，得出(chu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)形(xing)態(tai)下(xia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優缺點(dian)[14]。這一(yi)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)域較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)封閉，受(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)響較(jiao)小。到了(le)20世紀(ji)50年(nian)(nian)代，歐美(mei)發(fa)(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)本實(shi)現了(le)人口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)居(ju)(ju)民(min)點(dian)由鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮型(xing)社(she)區(qu)(qu)，學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)開(kai)始(shi)關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社(she)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)與(yu)重構、地(di)理(li)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)保(bao)護等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[15-17]。20世紀(ji)下(xia)半葉(xie)，人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)科(ke)學(xue)開(kai)始(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，以人與(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互(hu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)重點(dian)[18,19]。歐美(mei)發(fa)(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)在快速城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)過程中(zhong)，忽視(shi)了(le)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)們逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)將研(yan)究(jiu)視(shi)角(jiao)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統籌等角(jiao)度出(chu)發(fa)(fa)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貧(pin)困、基(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差距等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。到60年(nian)(nian)代末期(qi)，面對(dui)(dui)突(tu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)，人口(kou)(kou)開(kai)始(shi)出(chu)現“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)和(he)(he)商業(ye)(ye)資源向(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)轉(zhuan)移，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)、景觀和(he)(he)基(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)得到很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改善。學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)們開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)因分析、對(dui)(dui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響研(yan)究(jiu)等[20,21]。1985年(nian)(nian)12月17日(ri)，聯合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)設立“世界人居(ju)(ju)日(ri)”，人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)可持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)念(nian)被(bei)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)推動農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。20世紀(ji)末，發(fa)(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”進(jin)(jin)程加快，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)移居(ju)(ju)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)和(he)(he)消(xiao)費鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)形(xing)態(tai)和(he)(he)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)格局發(fa)(fa)生了(le)巨大(da)(da)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)[21,22]。大(da)(da)量城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流入(ru)也(ye)導致了(le)地(di)方文化(hua)(hua)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)消(xiao)失、居(ju)(ju)住環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)惡化(hua)(hua)[23]。學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)們開(kai)始(shi)關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脆弱性和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社(she)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應性，并探討(tao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)移居(ju)(ju)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響以及(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治理(li)等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[24-26]。研(yan)究(jiu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)經(jing)濟(ji)、保(bao)護農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)等策(ce)略(lve)[27-30]。圍繞(rao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)質是功(gong)能(neng)和(he)(he)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)型(xing)，封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)被(bei)打破，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)由單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)功(gong)能(neng)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)生態(tai)保(bao)育、消(xiao)費、文化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)承等多(duo)重功(gong)能(neng)[31,32]。2004年(nian)(nian)聯合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)互(hu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)念(nian)，改善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，也(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)增(zeng)加基(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)、公共服務等。隨著科(ke)技現代化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)全球化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)沉，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)功(gong)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)拓展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，田園(yuan)風光(guang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上層社(she)會人士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)(zhui)求，多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)多(duo)元化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)時尚。學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)們開(kai)始(shi)探討(tao)以休(xiu)閑消(xiao)費為(wei)(wei)(wei)背景探討(tao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[33]。此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)與(yu)體(ti)驗自(zi)然風光(guang)、感(gan)受(shou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)文化(hua)(hua)、享受(shou)舒適(shi)宜居(ju)(ju)等西方發(fa)(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷(qian)居(ju)(ju)追(zhui)(zhui)求相(xiang)適(shi)應（表(biao)1）。

1.2農(nong)村人居環(huan)境建設典型(xing)模式

歐美、日韓等發達國家在農村人居環境建設方面開展了長期探索實踐，并逐漸形成了較為完善的農村人居環境建設模式圖1。英國和美國農村人居環境發展特點為典型的城鄉共生模式，以城市帶動農村發展，推動農村人居環境的建設。20世紀初，為緩解農業農村發展滯后的問題，政府推行小城鎮建設政策，推進基礎設施建設，鼓勵中產階級向城市郊區遷移[34-36]。60年代以后，美國大力推行“示范城市”計劃，推行以“度假農莊”和“觀光牧場”為主要經營項目的建設模式，帶動了周邊農村的人居環境改善，城鄉生活水平和現代化程度無差別[37]。18世紀初期開始，英國政府推行城鄉均等化，聚焦基礎設施和公共服務體系建設，政府通過財政撥款、補貼等方式，在新建住房、燃氣電力、交通出行等方面，給予農村地區有力的支持。鄉村建設方面從最初提出鄉村景觀的重建與修復、“保護性治理”理念直至現階段的保護農村環境及其可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)戰(zhan)略(lve)，重在(zai)保(bao)護、強(qiang)化(hua)本(ben)身的(de)鄉野(ye)和文化(hua)特色(se)(se)，不(bu)斷(duan)建設(she)(she)(she)生(sheng)態宜居(ju)(ju)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)[38,39]。韓國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)特點為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)自(zi)主協(xie)(xie)同模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，政府(fu)努力支(zhi)持與農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)自(zi)主發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)相結合，共(gong)同推動(dong)(dong)與實(shi)現低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)改(gai)(gai)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)目標。20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)，韓國實(shi)施“新村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)”，最(zui)初(chu)的(de)任務是改(gai)(gai)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、增(zeng)加農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)、促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)改(gai)(gai)變思想觀(guan)念。由政府(fu)提供設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規劃和建設(she)(she)(she)方案，通過(guo)改(gai)(gai)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)公路(lu)、住房條件、修建村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)會館等(deng)，為(wei)項目提供免費的(de)鋼筋和水泥，大力支(zhi)持農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)建設(she)(she)(she)[40]。還通過(guo)優化(hua)耕(geng)種條件、提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)產量和質量，提升農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)。在(zai)“新村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)”的(de)中后期，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)自(zi)主意識興起(qi)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)建設(she)(she)(she)已經逐(zhu)步(bu)轉(zhuan)變成(cheng)以農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)主導(dao)的(de)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)[41,42]。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)根(gen)據自(zi)身需要以村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落為(wei)單位結成(cheng)“生(sheng)產協(xie)(xie)同組(zu)(zu)合”“協(xie)(xie)同會”“婦女會”，加強(qiang)彼此(ci)間在(zai)生(sheng)活環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)改(gai)(gai)善以及(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)生(sheng)產、流通、銷售(shou)等(deng)領域(yu)的(de)協(xie)(xie)作(zuo)，實(shi)施農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶副業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)計(ji)劃，建設(she)(she)(she)專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)生(sheng)產基地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)，實(shi)現了農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)經濟收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)齊發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)[43]。日本(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)特點為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)自(zi)下而上模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，政府(fu)協(xie)(xie)同自(zi)治(zhi)，通過(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社會自(zi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)性組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)挖掘本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)潛在(zai)資源，帶動(dong)(dong)衰(shuai)敗的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面振興，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)改(gai)(gai)善。20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)，日本(ben)實(shi)施了造町運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)，政府(fu)充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群體的(de)力量，鼓勵村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)因地(di)(di)(di)制宜建設(she)(she)(she)家鄉，實(shi)現產業(ye)(ye)振興，并逐(zhu)步(bu)擴展(zhan)到基礎設(she)(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)(she)、景觀(guan)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理(li)等(deng)，逐(zhu)漸由農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)到城市，成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)[44,45]。其中最(zui)具特色(se)(se)的(de)“一村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)一品(pin)”模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社會自(zi)主性，形成(cheng)了具有地(di)(di)(di)方產品(pin)特色(se)(se)的(de)區域(yu)經濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)斷(duan)提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)、旅游業(ye)(ye)、文化(hua)資產的(de)地(di)(di)(di)域(yu)特色(se)(se)等(deng)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)水平(ping)不(bu)斷(duan)提升[46,47]。

1.3農村人居(ju)環境長(chang)效(xiao)機(ji)制

德國政府為推動農村環境建設與改造制定頒布了一系列政策法規以及建設規劃，頒布一系列注重基礎設施建設的政策和法律，同時配備完善的垃圾處理和污水管道等環保基礎措施，生活垃圾和污水問題基本解決，提高了農村居民生活的舒適度。注重環境建設規劃，為保護農村自然環境，各類農業支持政策均有強制性的環保要求[48]。實施嚴格的農村建設審批政策，并完善管理機構與機制，體現了農村地方特色。政府鼓勵公眾參與農村環境建設，建立多方參與投資機制，同時開展環保教育和生態農業技術培訓，盡量減少對環境的影響[49,50]。其他歐洲國家也采取了一系列有效措施，確保農村人居環境長效。如荷蘭面對國內的環境壓力，以及歐盟環境保護政策，農場主自發成立環境合作社，從農業環境保護等方面為農場主提供技術支持和意見建議，為促進農村環境保護與經濟發展做出了突出貢獻[51,52]。英國通過政府改組農業、漁業及食品部為環境、食品與鄉村事務部（DEFRA），解決產業革命對自然環境的破壞問題，并實施了一系列農村管理等政策措施和資金支持，改善了農村基礎設施與人居環境建設[52-54]。美國政府十分重視農村環境建設，通過嚴格管理、法律建設、資金支持以及示范帶動等方式加強長效管護。建立嚴格的管理制度，包括垃圾分類管理制度，完善的分散型污水政策體系、完整的垃圾處理產業鏈條，還禁用對糞便不處理的開敞廁所，加強對農村人居環境的保護；建立完善的環境法律法規，通過法律先行規范和約束污染源。國家層面出臺政策性法律標準，地方政府因地制宜制定本地的法律法規和技術標準。國家有權對地方進行核查和處罰[37]；設立農村發展水和環境資金，美國農業部下設有“農戶水和廢水補助金”“農村社區和家庭的特別評估援助”“固體廢物管理補助金”等9種援助資金，主要采取政府主導，社會化資金補充的資金機制。各州政府也設立農村污染治理的專項資金[55,56]。資金使用地區指向性強，重點照顧缺乏清潔可靠的飲用水或廢物處理系統的地區；建立完備環境教育體系，組織公眾和學校參觀環境教育場所，通過評選環境教育示范農場，組織農場主定期參觀、交流經驗。此(ci)外(wai)還(huan)推行“示(shi)范城市(shi)”，加強輻(fu)射(she)(she)帶動作用，拓(tuo)寬小(xiao)城鎮周邊農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)生活環(huan)境(jing)和休(xiu)閑旅(lv)游(you)，改善農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)[57,58]。日本(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)建(jian)設(she)(she)以村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民為(wei)主導、政府協(xie)作和社會(hui)支持的(de)(de)組織形式貫穿始終，通過(guo)(guo)法律(lv)建(jian)設(she)(she)、政策引導、資金(jin)支持以及(ji)(ji)激(ji)發(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民主體(ti)作用等方式加強長效管護(hu)。建(jian)立完善法律(lv)保(bao)障體(ti)系，頒(ban)布(bu)《環(huan)境(jing)基(ji)本(ben)法》《食品、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)基(ji)本(ben)法》等基(ji)本(ben)法律(lv)，同(tong)時針對(dui)(dui)(dui)垃(la)圾(ji)分類、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)水(shui)治理(li)等也出臺了成體(ti)系的(de)(de)法律(lv)規(gui)定[59-61]；制定完善的(de)(de)標(biao)準體(ti)系，針對(dui)(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)垃(la)圾(ji)、污(wu)水(shui)治理(li)等，頒(ban)布(bu)系列標(biao)準對(dui)(dui)(dui)處理(li)設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計、生產、建(jian)設(she)(she)、維護(hu)等進行科學規(gui)范和指導；通過(guo)(guo)實施環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)支付(fu)制度，支持農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方式向(xiang)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方式轉變，政府為(wei)使用堆肥(fei)或其它有機方式栽(zai)培(pei)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶以及(ji)(ji)使用凈化(hua)槽的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶提供補貼，提高了環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染防治能(neng)力[62-64]；鼓勵農(nong)(nong)(nong)民自(zi)力更生，組建(jian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)協(xie)并輻(fu)射(she)(she)全國，支持村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民共(gong)同(tong)參(can)與村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)規(gui)劃制定以及(ji)(ji)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)等[65,66]（表2）。

2現階段我國農村人居環境存在問題

2.1區域發展不平衡

由于自然資(zi)源、區(qu)(qu)位優(you)勢、文化背景等因素的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡是一個較為普遍的(de)(de)(de)現象。總(zong)體上看，我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)既有大區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡，也有小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡。大區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡：如東部地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)西部城市近郊區(qu)(qu)等有基(ji)礎、有條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)(she)比較完(wan)善(shan)，農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)總(zong)體上優(you)于中(zhong)西部基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)(she)相對完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，更優(you)于西部地(di)(di)處偏(pian)遠、經濟欠發達等農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)(she)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)等地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)。小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡：如有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)集中(zhong)整(zheng)合各(ge)種(zhong)資(zi)金、資(zi)源，開展試點示范造盆景形(xing)成了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡；有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)起步早、發展快，形(xing)成了(le)產業優(you)勢，在資(zi)源、人(ren)(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)聚集上，對周(zhou)邊地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)形(xing)成強大的(de)(de)(de)虹吸(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)，導致了(le)“馬太效(xiao)應(ying)”，擴大了(le)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)差(cha)距。

2.2資金投入缺(que)口(kou)大

截(jie)至(zhi)2021年(nian)(nian)底(di)，我(wo)國仍然(ran)有(you)(you)約(yue)75%的農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)沒(mei)有(you)(you)得到處理，30%左右的農(nong)(nong)戶沒(mei)有(you)(you)普(pu)及衛生廁所，未來建設和(he)管理資(zi)金投(tou)入(ru)需要量仍然(ran)較大。比如，按照全國全年(nian)(nian)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放量約(yue)337億立方(fang)(fang)米、平(ping)均治(zhi)理成本(ben)每立方(fang)(fang)米2.73元(yuan)測算(suan)，我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理年(nian)(nian)資(zi)金需求約(yue)920億元(yuan)。按照“十(shi)三五(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理建設和(he)運營費(fei)用(yong)年(nian)(nian)均投(tou)入(ru)280億計算(suan)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理年(nian)(nian)資(zi)金缺口約(yue)640億元(yuan)[67]。目前中央財政在農(nong)(nong)村(cun)人居環境(jing)方(fang)(fang)面的年(nian)(nian)投(tou)入(ru)超過百億，但整體(ti)缺口依然(ran)很大，且面臨社會資(zi)本(ben)參與度不高、村(cun)民自籌收費(fei)機(ji)制(zhi)尚未建立等問題。

2.3農民主體作用發(fa)揮不充分

農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)群眾(zhong)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)直接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受益者，也是(shi)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)與(yu)者、建(jian)設者。受文化傳統(tong)和教育程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，部分農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)群眾(zhong)保護環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識較為(wei)淡薄，參(can)(can)與(yu)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護積極性不(bu)高。當前農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)了解(jie)有(you)限(xian)，在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)參(can)(can)與(yu)度不(bu)強，并(bing)且(qie)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)效果評價不(bu)高，反映了農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)鄉村(cun)社(she)會主體在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)處于(yu)"缺位"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)參(can)(can)與(yu)意(yi)識不(bu)高、參(can)(can)與(yu)意(yi)愿不(bu)足、參(can)(can)與(yu)深度不(bu)夠、參(can)(can)與(yu)途(tu)徑有(you)限(xian)等問題。此(ci)外，由(you)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)參(can)(can)與(yu)機制不(bu)完(wan)善、參(can)(can)與(yu)渠道(dao)不(bu)暢通(tong)等，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)受益者沒(mei)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主動意(yi)識去參(can)(can)與(yu)其中(zhong)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)主體在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)缺位，直接(jie)(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)居(ju)(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)進(jin)。

2.4長效管護機制不完善

農(nong)村(cun)(cun)改(gai)廁、生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)垃圾(ji)處理設施設備需(xu)要長(chang)期管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理維護(hu)，才能實現長(chang)久(jiu)運行。若長(chang)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)機(ji)制(zhi)不健全(quan)，則(ze)整(zheng)治(zhi)成果(guo)難以鞏固。一(yi)些(xie)地(di)區農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)環境整(zheng)治(zhi)基(ji)礎設施建設之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，由于缺少有效(xiao)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)機(ji)制(zhi)、人(ren)員和經費，導(dao)致(zhi)設施短期運行之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)“停擺”。此外，部分地(di)方管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)人(ren)員知識水(shui)平和業務能力有限，僅靠簡單(dan)的宣傳(chuan)培訓難以實現有效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)，容易出現管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)不及時、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)不到位、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)方式方法不合理等(deng)問題，導(dao)致(zhi)前(qian)期投入的大(da)量資金浪費、整(zheng)治(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)打折扣。比如(ru)有調研結果(guo)顯示，部分村(cun)(cun)民認為缺少人(ren)居(ju)環境整(zheng)治(zhi)長(chang)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)機(ji)制(zhi)，會造成衛生廁所不好(hao)用、生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)損(sun)壞及生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)亂倒亂排等(deng)情況。

2.5法律(lv)保障不健全

長期以來(lai)，由(you)于城(cheng)鄉(xiang)經濟(ji)與(yu)社會發展(zhan)的(de)不(bu)(bu)平衡，導致(zhi)我(wo)國城(cheng)鄉(xiang)基本公共(gong)服務非均等化(hua)問題十分突出(chu)，對農(nong)村生態(tai)環(huan)境保(bao)護立法(fa)(fa)重視不(bu)(bu)夠，呈現出(chu)重城(cheng)市輕(qing)農(nong)村的(de)立法(fa)(fa)模式。目(mu)前，我(wo)國農(nong)村人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境治理的(de)法(fa)(fa)律體(ti)(ti)系不(bu)(bu)完善且(qie)條文數目(mu)有限(xian)。參(can)與(yu)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)權(quan)責界限(xian)不(bu)(bu)清，且(qie)法(fa)(fa)治意(yi)識不(bu)(bu)強。此外，法(fa)(fa)律監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機(ji)制(zhi)缺位，缺少農(nong)村人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境治理監(jian)(jian)(jian)督的(de)規(gui)(gui)定，且(qie)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督的(de)主體(ti)(ti)與(yu)對象模糊(hu)，現行法(fa)(fa)律只(zhi)規(gui)(gui)定了政府可作(zuo)為農(nong)村人居(ju)(ju)環(huan)境治理的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督主體(ti)(ti)，但(dan)未明確其它主體(ti)(ti)能否(fou)成為監(jian)(jian)(jian)督主體(ti)(ti)。

3國外改善農村人居環境對我國的啟示

近年(nian)來，我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)環(huan)(huan)境顯著改(gai)善，但與鄉村(cun)(cun)振興的(de)長(chang)(chang)期目標(biao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)對美(mei)好(hao)生(sheng)活的(de)向往(wang)相比，還存在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)短板。一(yi)方(fang)面，基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)善。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)衛生(sheng)廁所(suo)(suo)、污(wu)水垃(la)圾處置以及再利用設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)不(bu)(bu)足。另一(yi)方(fang)面，長(chang)(chang)效運(yun)行管護機(ji)制不(bu)(bu)健全。廁所(suo)(suo)、污(wu)水、垃(la)圾處理等(deng)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)運(yun)維(wei)長(chang)(chang)效機(ji)制未(wei)建立，部分設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)閑置，導(dao)致建設(she)(she)資金浪費。造(zao)成這(zhe)些問(wen)題(ti)的(de)原因，既(ji)有多年(nian)來“重城市(shi)、輕(qing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)”導(dao)致農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)環(huan)(huan)境整治的(de)財政投入不(bu)(bu)足、歷(li)史欠(qian)賬較多，也有投入機(ji)制不(bu)(bu)健全、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)主體作用發揮不(bu)(bu)夠、運(yun)維(wei)長(chang)(chang)效機(ji)制不(bu)(bu)健全等(deng)多方(fang)面的(de)原因。國外在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)居(ju)環(huan)(huan)境建設(she)(she)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現代化建設(she)(she)方(fang)面的(de)先(xian)進(jin)經驗，為我們(men)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)做好(hao)當(dang)前工作提供(gong)借鑒(jian)參考。

（1）農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)規劃(hua)先(xian)行。學習歐美、東亞等國家的(de)經(jing)驗，政(zheng)府主(zhu)導下(xia)開展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)整治(zhi)提升規劃(hua)。統籌考(kao)慮各項重(zhong)點(dian)任(ren)務，綜合考(kao)慮設施(shi)配置(zhi)和標準(zhun)，明確重(zhong)點(dian)任(ren)務優先(xian)序(xu)，先(xian)易后難，從農(nong)(nong)民(min)群眾最關(guan)心、最現(xian)實、最迫(po)切的(de)問題入(ru)手，形(xing)成整治(zhi)“菜單”，通過村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)會議等形(xing)式充分(fen)討論后，因(yin)(yin)地(di)制宜開展(zhan)。傳(chuan)統鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)聚集(ji)形(xing)態是周圍環(huan)境(jing)多因(yin)(yin)素的(de)集(ji)中(zhong)體現(xian)，呈現(xian)“五里(li)不同風(feng)，十里(li)不同俗”的(de)多樣化(hua)形(xing)態，因(yin)(yin)此在制定改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)規劃(hua)時，應當充分(fen)結合當地(di)地(di)域特色，保留(liu)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)風(feng)貌(mao)，挖掘文化(hua)傳(chuan)承，尊重(zhong)當地(di)風(feng)俗，協調(diao)好人與自然之間的(de)關(guan)系，打造具有傳(chuan)統田園風(feng)情和鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)特色景觀(guan)的(de)個性化(hua)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)。

（2）構建(jian)(jian)農(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)創新(xin)模式(shi)。我國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展不(bu)(bu)均衡(heng)，大致分為發(fa)(fa)(fa)達型(xing)(xing)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中型(xing)(xing)和相對落后型(xing)(xing)3類(lei)，因(yin)此(ci)，學(xue)習(xi)國(guo)外經驗，根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)，創新(xin)構建(jian)(jian)農(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)模式(shi)，有步驟(zou)、有重點地逐步推進(jin)，政府(fu)主導，多方共建(jian)(jian)，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)深度(du)融(rong)合(he)(he)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展模式(shi)，補齊農(nong)村(cun)基礎設施(shi)和公共服務短板，健全(quan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)和政策體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，推進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)深度(du)融(rong)合(he)(he)一體(ti)(ti)化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)要保持(chi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)土特(te)色，避免(mian)千村(cun)一面(mian)以及鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)建(jian)(jian)設同(tong)質化、低(di)質化、非農(nong)村(cun)化等(deng)問題。此(ci)外，秉承“綠樹青山(shan)就是金山(shan)銀山(shan)”的理(li)念(nian)，因(yin)地制(zhi)宜、積極探索構建(jian)(jian)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)+鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)旅游(you)”“人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)+研學(xue)旅行”“人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)+觀光體(ti)(ti)驗”等(deng)創新(xin)模式(shi)，將人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)與產業興旺、生態宜居(ju)(ju)有機結合(he)(he)，高質量推動農(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)(ju)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)。

（3）完(wan)善農(nong)村人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)法律(lv)體(ti)系(xi)建設。完(wan)善的(de)(de)法律(lv)是治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)農(nong)村人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)重要保(bao)障，發達國家已制(zhi)(zhi)定完(wan)善的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)法及標(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，但目前我國農(nong)村人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)領域缺乏系(xi)統性(xing)和針對性(xing)的(de)(de)法律(lv)依據。需要加(jia)快研究(jiu)推進農(nong)村人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)立法工作，明確基(ji)本要求、政府責任和村民義務、監督評估和獎罰機制(zhi)(zhi)。針對農(nong)村廁所(suo)糞污(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)、垃圾(ji)、污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)等重點整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)任務，制(zhi)(zhi)定法律(lv)條例，同時鼓勵(li)各地區結合實際，出(chu)臺地方性(xing)法律(lv)法規(gui)和規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)文件(jian)，構建完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)農(nong)村人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)法律(lv)法規(gui)體(ti)系(xi)。

（4）構建(jian)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環境(jing)(jing)村(cun)(cun)民自(zi)(zi)治機制。農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環境(jing)(jing)改(gai)善，是(shi)一(yi)項持久(jiu)性工作(zuo)(zuo)，借鑒荷蘭(lan)的(de)環境(jing)(jing)合作(zuo)(zuo)社、日本的(de)農(nong)協等基(ji)層組(zu)織，我國也(ye)需要(yao)充分(fen)發(fa)揮基(ji)層組(zu)織的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。積(ji)極(ji)引導組(zu)織村(cun)(cun)民自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)參與，投(tou)工投(tou)勞。同時，由村(cun)(cun)民民主(zhu)(zhu)推選有(you)威(wei)望、有(you)公心、有(you)能力的(de)黨員、家族精英等組(zu)建(jian)村(cun)(cun)落理事會(hui)，搭建(jian)政府與農(nong)民的(de)組(zu)織載體，實(shi)施(shi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環境(jing)(jing)網格(ge)(ge)化管理模式，健全村(cun)(cun)民自(zi)(zi)治機制，形成(cheng)“齊抓共管”格(ge)(ge)局(ju)，積(ji)極(ji)推動農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治與改(gai)善進程。

（5）建(jian)(jian)立農村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環境多元投入機(ji)制(zhi)。針對(dui)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環境整治農民(min)(min)(min)主體作用(yong)不(bu)強、地方財政(zheng)緊張、農民(min)(min)(min)自籌資金(jin)不(bu)足等問題(ti)，建(jian)(jian)議因(yin)地制(zhi)宜地采(cai)用(yong)“EPC+PPP”融(rong)合(he)模式，引入社會資本。通過(guo)政(zheng)府購買服務(wu)、特許經營、以(yi)獎代補(bu)等多種形式，鼓勵企業投資農村(cun)(cun)(cun)人居(ju)(ju)環境整治基礎設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，推進投融(rong)資、建(jian)(jian)管護(hu)機(ji)制(zhi)創新，確保各類設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)成并(bing)長期穩定運行。同(tong)時(shi)，運營企業與(yu)(yu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)級(ji)組(zu)織合(he)作，聘用(yong)當地村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)參與(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和管護(hu)，提高村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)參與(yu)(yu)感。

（6）加(jia)強農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居環(huan)境(jing)科(ke)普宣(xuan)傳。農(nong)(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)是改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居環(huan)境(jing)的(de)內(nei)在動力。國(guo)外也通(tong)(tong)過(guo)廣(guang)泛(fan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)環(huan)保教育和技(ji)(ji)術(shu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓，提高農(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)參(can)與(yu)度。因此，我國(guo)改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居環(huan)境(jing)宣(xuan)傳引導(dao)應先(xian)行，引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)民(min)轉(zhuan)變(bian)思想觀念，更要“扶上馬，送(song)一程”，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)科(ke)普培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓，培(pei)(pei)(pei)養起(qi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)環(huan)保習(xi)慣，良(liang)好的(de)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居環(huan)境(jing)才能行穩(wen)致(zhi)遠(yuan)。建議通(tong)(tong)過(guo)多(duo)種形式廣(guang)泛(fan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展衛生健康(kang)知識(shi)宣(xuan)傳引導(dao)，普及環(huan)境(jing)衛生健康(kang)知識(shi)，同時，加(jia)強科(ke)普培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓，對于改廁、垃(la)圾、污水治(zhi)理(li)等(deng)(deng)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)新(xin)產品的(de)使用方法、運行維護等(deng)(deng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓，提高群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)知曉率。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)評(ping)選(xuan)“農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居環(huan)境(jing)示范戶”等(deng)(deng)激勵形式，激發農(nong)(nong)民(min)參(can)與(yu)的(de)內(nei)生動力等(deng)(deng)。

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作者:王(wang)佳銳 高文永(yong) 魏孝承 劉芳 高藝 李(li)厚禹 張春雪 鄭(zheng)向群(qun) 王(wang)強 單位(wei):農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)環境保(bao)護科研(yan)監(jian)測所 農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)農(nong)村(cun)廁所與污水治(zhi)理技(ji)術(shu)重點實驗室 農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)管理干部(bu)(bu)學(xue)院 農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部(bu)(bu)沼(zhao)氣科學(xue)研(yan)究所 中(zhong)國農(nong)業(ye)科學(xue)院農(nong)業(ye)環境與可持續發展研(yan)究所