導語：PBL教(jiao)學模式在(zai)初(chu)中化學實驗(yan)教(jiao)學的應用一文來源于(yu)網(wang)友上傳，不代表(biao)本站觀點(dian)，若需(xu)要原(yuan)創文章可咨詢客服老(lao)師，歡迎(ying)參考。

摘要：項目式學習（pbl）教學模式是一種以問題為導向，創設情境，引導學生合作解決問題并提高學生合作能力和解決問題能力的教學模式。由于具有獨特的教學價值，我國學者多將其應用于基礎學科的教育教學中。嘗試將PBL教學模式應用于化學實驗教學中，構建一種適合初中化學實驗教學的(de)PBL實驗(yan)教學(xue)模式，以(yi)期(qi)提高學(xue)生(sheng)合作學(xue)習的(de)能(neng)力以(yi)及解(jie)決問題的(de)能(neng)力。

關鍵詞：初中化學(xue)實驗；PBL教學(xue)模式(shi)；教學(xue)設計

化學是一門以實驗為基礎的學科[1]，隨著新一輪課程改革的進行，實驗教學作為國家課程方案和課程標準規定的重要教學內容[2]，對學生實踐能力和創新意識的培養發揮著獨特的作用。但在具體的化學實驗教學過程中仍存在諸多問題，如實驗教學設計缺乏系統性、教學方法缺乏科學性、教學過程難以兼顧理論與實踐等。因此，在實驗教學中，應選擇合適的教學模式，將實驗操作與學科知識、基本能力緊密結合，最大限度地發揮實驗教學的作用。筆者將項目式學習（ProblemBasedLearning，PBL）教學模式應用于(yu)初中化學(xue)(xue)實驗教學(xue)(xue)中，以人教版九年(nian)級化學(xue)(xue)中的(de)“金屬資源保護(hu)”一節為例，在(zai)實踐中提高學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)合(he)作學(xue)(xue)習的(de)能(neng)力以及解(jie)決(jue)問題(ti)的(de)能(neng)力，培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)創新(xin)意識，落實化學(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)科核心素養(yang)。

1PBL模式概述

PBL教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)指“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)解(jie)(jie)或解(jie)(jie)決一個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)而進(jin)行學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)程”[3]，是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)境(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎展(zhan)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，是(shi)(shi)Barrows為(wei)(wei)(wei)改善當時傳統(tong)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊(bi)端，于20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。隨(sui)著PBL模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷發(fa)展(zhan)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)對(dui)PBL模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)具有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)(jie)。國內(nei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)會將PBL模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)應用(yong)(yong)于普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科教(jiao)育(yu)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中，將其(qi)(qi)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一種教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)，認為(wei)(wei)(wei)PBL是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)提(ti)供給學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)一種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)境(jing)(jing)，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)采取小(xiao)組合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)決問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，其(qi)(qi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在于培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)交(jiao)(jiao)流能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和解(jie)(jie)決問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。PBL教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本位，設有4個(ge)環節：（1）創設情(qing)境(jing)(jing)，提(ti)出問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。教(jiao)師(shi)需(xu)要創設情(qing)境(jing)(jing)，引導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、思(si)考問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，激發(fa)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)熱情(qing)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)結(jie)合(he)實(shi)際案例，減輕學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陌生(sheng)(sheng)感，為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)證課(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效性奠定基(ji)礎。（2）交(jiao)(jiao)流探討，制(zhi)(zhi)定方(fang)案。要求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)收集資(zi)料、交(jiao)(jiao)流合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)，進(jin)而制(zhi)(zhi)定實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)案，不(bu)(bu)僅能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，還能(neng)(neng)(neng)培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)隊(dui)意識(shi)和合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)共(gong)(gong)享共(gong)(gong)贏(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)意識(shi)。（3）進(jin)行實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，分(fen)析結(jie)果(guo)(guo)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)針對(dui)根據前(qian)兩個(ge)環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案進(jin)行實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，觀察實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)現(xian)象，分(fen)析實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)，得(de)出結(jie)論。（4）解(jie)(jie)決問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，總結(jie)評價。通(tong)過(guo)所得(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結(jie)論，解(jie)(jie)決實(shi)際問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，總結(jie)本節課(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，多元評價，促使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)步。筆者(zhe)將其(qi)(qi)應用(yong)(yong)于初(chu)中化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)更好地提(ti)高(gao)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效果(guo)(guo)，激發(fa)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)潛能(neng)(neng)(neng)。PBL教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)流程如圖(tu)1所示。圖(tu)1PBL教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)流程

2教學實踐

2.1教材分析

本節課(ke)選自人教(jiao)版(ban)九年級下(xia)冊第八單元金屬和金屬材料(liao)的(de)(de)課(ke)題三，金屬資(zi)源的(de)(de)利用(yong)和保(bao)護的(de)(de)第二課(ke)時。教(jiao)材采用(yong)探(tan)究式教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設計，以(yi)“問(wen)(wen)(wen)題引入—活(huo)動探(tan)究—歸納總結(jie)”為(wei)主線(xian)，讓學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自主設計實驗并探(tan)究，充分發(fa)(fa)揮學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)主體(ti)作用(yong)，提高學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)常見的(de)(de)現象中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現問(wen)(wen)(wen)題、分析問(wen)(wen)(wen)題、解決問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)能力。從知識結(jie)構而言，本節課(ke)在(zai)“金屬的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)質”后(hou)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)，不(bu)僅(jin)是對(dui)已學(xue)(xue)知識的(de)(de)強化(hua)，還能為(wei)之(zhi)后(hou)的(de)(de)探(tan)究學(xue)(xue)習(xi)作鋪墊(dian)。

2.2學情分析

本節課面向(xiang)九年級學(xue)生，在第一學(xue)期的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)中，學(xue)生已(yi)經(jing)掌握了一些(xie)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)方(fang)法，但是(shi)探究意識(shi)、合作意識(shi)和(he)解決問(wen)題的能力都需(xu)要繼續培養，很多學(xue)生還停(ting)留在“從表(biao)面看(kan)問(wen)題”這一階(jie)段，無法獨立提(ti)出問(wen)題和(he)看(kan)待問(wen)題，也(ye)無法透過現(xian)象看(kan)本質。本教學(xue)設(she)計注重聯系生活實際(ji)，提(ti)出問(wen)題，引導學(xue)生深入思考。

2.3教學目標

（1）了解金(jin)(jin)屬銹蝕的(de)條(tiao)件，知道防(fang)止(zhi)金(jin)(jin)屬生(sheng)銹的(de)方法。（2）通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)鐵制品(pin)銹蝕條(tiao)件的(de)研究，初(chu)(chu)步學會設計實驗以及采用口頭(tou)、書面(mian)等方式進行表述，并能與(yu)他人交流討論。（3）通(tong)過(guo)創設的(de)情境(jing)，初(chu)(chu)步形成獨(du)立發現問(wen)題的(de)能力。（4）通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)金(jin)(jin)屬腐蝕與(yu)防(fang)護的(de)學習，知道金(jin)(jin)屬資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)珍貴，逐步樹(shu)立珍惜(xi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、愛護環境(jing)及合理利用資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)意識。

2.4教(jiao)學重難(nan)點(dian)

教學(xue)重點為鐵制(zhi)品銹(xiu)蝕的條件(jian)(jian)及防護；教學(xue)難點為對鐵制(zhi)品銹(xiu)蝕的條件(jian)(jian)以(yi)及防護措施的初(chu)步(bu)探究。

2.5教學流程

2.5.1創設(she)(she)情境，提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多(duo)媒體(ti)投影展(zhan)示生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)被(bei)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)片，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)扇(shan)形圖(tu)顯(xian)示世界上每(mei)年(nian)因腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而無法投入(ru)(ru)(ru)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占比、各(ge)種金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲量(liang)及(ji)開(kai)采(cai)年(nian)限材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)等資(zi)料(liao)。教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)問(wen)(wen)(wen)：從所(suo)給資(zi)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)現什(shen)么問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)？學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)思考后(hou)回(hui)答：每(mei)年(nian)人(ren)類需(xu)(xu)要(yao)從自然界開(kai)采(cai)大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)物資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，每(mei)年(nian)因腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而無法投入(ru)(ru)(ru)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數量(liang)巨(ju)大(da)(da)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)已(yi)(yi)經融入(ru)(ru)(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)，推(tui)動著(zhu)人(ren)類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)(bu)。環顧周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)發(fa)(fa)現，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隨處可(ke)(ke)見，而金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)作(zuo)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)珍(zhen)貴(gui)，參(can)照之前(qian)展(zhan)示的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)，明白(bai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)被(bei)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費，進(jin)(jin)而提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)本節(jie)課主題(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于探(tan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件，明確(que)本節(jie)課目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)解(jie)決(jue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)防護(hu)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。設(she)(she)計意(yi)圖(tu)是(shi)從金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)貴(gui)及(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)出(chu)(chu)發(fa)(fa)，引(yin)出(chu)(chu)探(tan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主題(ti)(ti)。聯系生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)，能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)課堂參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，弱化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陌生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)，防止(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對新知識產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)排斥心理(li)(li)，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)這門學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性。2.5.2交流(liu)探(tan)討(tao)，制(zhi)定(ding)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)各(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)討(tao)論(lun)，猜(cai)(cai)想(xiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件。討(tao)論(lun)5min后(hou)由小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)代表(biao)發(fa)(fa)言。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)討(tao)論(lun)后(hou)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)認為(wei)：生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)常暴(bao)露在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，認識了氧化(hua)反(fan)應，猜(cai)(cai)想(xiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氧氣(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)二(er)認為(wei)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)平(ping)日清(qing)洗金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，若沒(mei)有(you)(you)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)擦干(gan)，就(jiu)會發(fa)(fa)現金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)被(bei)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，進(jin)(jin)而猜(cai)(cai)想(xiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)接(jie)觸(chu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)思考商場里售賣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)鍋、鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)鏟等金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)是(shi)否出(chu)(chu)現被(bei)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，或者對比同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)架(jia)子在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)室內放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)室外(wai)風吹雨淋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，引(yin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)猜(cai)(cai)想(xiang)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)假設(she)(she)：鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氧氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。總結(jie)提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3種可(ke)(ke)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猜(cai)(cai)想(xiang)，組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)討(tao)論(lun)，設(she)(she)計實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，由小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)代表(biao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)享。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)享實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，例(li)如(ru)(ru)步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)，將(jiang)(jiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)二(er)，取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)滿水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)，將(jiang)(jiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)三，取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)，取(qu)少量(liang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，將(jiang)(jiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)享結(jie)束后(hou)，全(quan)(quan)體(ti)討(tao)論(lun)并(bing)改進(jin)(jin)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)。教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)給予一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)(dao)(dao)，例(li)如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)否排除了水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾(rao)、第(di)二(er)步(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)否排除了氧氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾(rao)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質是(shi)否對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)影響等。最(zui)終確(que)定(ding)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)：步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)根潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)置(zhi)于干(gan)燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，再在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)口塞上一(yi)(yi)(yi)團(tuan)棉花，棉花上放(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些干(gan)燥劑，最(zui)后(hou)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)膠塞塞緊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)口。步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)二(er)，取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)滿經煮沸迅速冷卻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒸餾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)，將(jiang)(jiang)潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)置(zhi)于試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)膠塞密封(feng)。步(bu)(bu)(bu)驟(zou)三，將(jiang)(jiang)潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)置(zhi)于盛(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)蒸餾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，保(bao)持鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)未完(wan)全(quan)(quan)浸入(ru)(ru)(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并(bing)敞口放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)。提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)假設(she)(she)是(shi)探(tan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)流(liu)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)合(he)作(zuo)探(tan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，各(ge)抒(shu)己見，設(she)(she)計實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，能(neng)拓展(zhan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)思維。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)全(quan)(quan)體(ti)討(tao)論(lun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)改進(jin)(jin)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，共享成果，培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)意(yi)識與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)能(neng)力(li)(li)。2.5.3進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)結(jie)論(lun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)，各(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工合(he)作(zuo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。本實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)于其(qi)他實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)之處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間跨度(du)(du)(du)較大(da)(da)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)周進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，便于學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)當堂觀察實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)現象，得(de)出(chu)(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)論(lun)，保(bao)證(zheng)課堂環節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整度(du)(du)(du)。另外(wai)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)安排課時(shi)(shi)(shi)，對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)做實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)認知。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)現象：試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)①和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)②中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)未生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)③中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)重。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)：對比①③號試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)知，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)接(jie)觸(chu)；對比②③號試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)知，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)釘(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)接(jie)觸(chu)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)論(lun)：鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)被(bei)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上是(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)(an)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)合(he)作(zuo)交流(liu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，訓(xun)練(lian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)能(neng)力(li)(li)，凸顯(xian)本課題(ti)(ti)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重難(nan)點(dian)(dian)，培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)態度(du)(du)(du)。2.5.4教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)-解(jie)決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，總結(jie)評價(jia)通過實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)經清(qing)楚鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因，提(ti)(ti)(ti)問(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如(ru)(ru)何防止(zhi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以及(ji)防護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理(li)(li)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)討(tao)論(lun)后(hou)，舉例(li)防止(zhi)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施：保(bao)持鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)干(gan)燥、給鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)覆(fu)蓋一(yi)(yi)(yi)層保(bao)護(hu)膜、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)鍍一(yi)(yi)(yi)層其(qi)他金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)等。防止(zhi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理(li)(li)：破壞(huai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件，且只需(xu)(xu)要(yao)破壞(huai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品(pin)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)會生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。結(jie)合(he)課前(qian)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)明白(bai)保(bao)護(hu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)性，通過實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)探(tan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，回(hui)答在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)哪些有(you)(you)效途(tu)徑。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)思考后(hou)，從防止(zhi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、回(hui)收利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、合(he)理(li)(li)開(kai)采(cai)礦(kuang)物資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等角度(du)(du)(du)討(tao)論(lun)保(bao)護(hu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效途(tu)徑。最(zui)后(hou)對本節(jie)課內容進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)總結(jie)，對重難(nan)點(dian)(dian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)。采(cai)取(qu)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)評價(jia)、自我評價(jia)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)(zu)互評相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，從實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)態度(du)(du)(du)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)操作(zuo)技(ji)能(neng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)評價(jia)。通過分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)論(lun)，解(jie)決(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獲(huo)得(de)成就(jiu)感(gan)，且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多(duo)種評價(jia)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，促使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)相互學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習，構建客觀公平(ping)多(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)觀，不(bu)(bu)斷進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)(bu)。

3結論與反思

在傳統的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式下，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)習多(duo)是被動、枯燥的，這樣的狀(zhuang)態(tai)勢必會降低(di)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的趣(qu)味(wei)性(xing)和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習的熱(re)情，使(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)活動無法有效進行。利(li)用PBL教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式進行實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，激(ji)發學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對化學(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的熱(re)情，發揮(hui)教(jiao)(jiao)師主(zhu)導(dao)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)體的作用，引導(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)解(jie)決(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際問題，鼓勵學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)大膽假(jia)設，通過合(he)作學(xue)(xue)(xue)習積(ji)極探討，分(fen)享觀點(dian)，解(jie)決(jue)問題，進而構建(jian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)獨(du)有的知識結構，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)各方面素(su)質的提(ti)高。

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作者：劉芮 王玲麗 單位：寶(bao)雞文理學院