摘要(yao)：在(zai)風險(xian)管理(li)視角下，實施嚴謹、科學的(de)工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)是保(bao)證有(you)(you)色金屬礦(kuang)山工程實現(xian)經濟性(xing)、安全性(xing)的(de)重要(yao)前提，也是完(wan)成礦(kuang)山區(qu)生態保(bao)護的(de)有(you)(you)效保(bao)障。本文基(ji)于風險(xian)管理(li)視角下，對(dui)有(you)(you)色金屬礦(kuang)山工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)做了(le)(le)詳細探討，并(bing)依據礦(kuang)山工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)影響因素(su)，針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)提出了(le)(le)幾點控制(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)略(lve)。

關鍵(jian)詞：風險管理(li)視角；有色金屬礦山；工(gong)程造價；工(gong)程管理(li)

我(wo)國有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)山眾多，因此將(jiang)有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)山建(jian)設(she)和管(guan)理放在了非常(chang)重要的位置上。同時，將(jiang)有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)山建(jian)設(she)與(yu)管(guan)理目標設(she)置為保障國家資源可持續供(gong)應、維護生(sheng)態環境平衡、提高礦(kuang)山生(sheng)產盈利能(neng)力。一些(xie)學者(zhe)從風(feng)險管(guan)理視角對有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)山工(gong)程造價控制(zhi)做了詳細分析，希望能(neng)從工(gong)程造價控制(zhi)及(ji)管(guan)理角度，進一步實現有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)山建(jian)設(she)和管(guan)理目標。

1風險管理與有色金屬(shu)礦山工程造價關系(xi)分析

本(ben)文(wen)主要(yao)從風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)視(shi)角下分析(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，首先要(yao)了(le)解風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系[1]。本(ben)文(wen)提(ti)(ti)出，兩者相(xiang)互約(yue)(yue)束，相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成，規范、嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)謹(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)約(yue)(yue)束有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)條件，合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又(you)是(shi)(shi)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)前提(ti)(ti)，以下具體(ti)分析(xi)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系及(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)意義。（1）風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)約(yue)(yue)束礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)性條件。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我國，有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)必須保(bao)障安(an)全生產(chan)，這也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)(ti)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)視(shi)角下，有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)受(shou)到了(le)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)束。我國有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)著風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)性較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)，開(kai)(kai)采(cai)技(ji)術要(yao)求高(gao)(gao)、作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)復雜(za)，且開(kai)(kai)采(cai)環境相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)艱(jian)難[2]。一(yi)(yi)(yi)些有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)員雖然具備充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)經驗和高(gao)(gao)超的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術，但仍存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)全意識缺乏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。因(yin)此，有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)滿足安(an)全生產(chan)是(shi)(shi)重要(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)內容。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般情況(kuang)下，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)搭建一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，包括(kuo)勘探工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、井(jing)巷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確保(bao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利進行(xing)(xing)。基于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)視(shi)角下，實現良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)性約(yue)(yue)束條件。（2）開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利于提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，通過開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)(dui)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平發揮著非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)科學、嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)謹(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，體(ti)現著礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單位管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)，企業(ye)對(dui)(dui)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)精細化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)較深，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生產(chan)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)上也(ye)(ye)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)落實。第二，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)科學、嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)謹(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)(ke)以有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)避免(mian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)各種資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費(fei)。第三，科學、嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)謹(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)與監督水(shui)平，避免(mian)人(ren)為(wei)私自更改工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)環節(jie)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序及(ji)標準，降低(di)了(le)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)企業(ye)弄虛作(zuo)(zuo)假的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違規行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，這勢必會提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)可(ke)(ke)靠性、安(an)全性，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)隱形層面(mian)上也(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平。

2有色(se)金屬(shu)礦山工程造價(jia)控制影(ying)響因素

摘要(yao):從(cong)投資(zi)決(jue)策、工程設(she)計、工程建(jian)設(she)等方(fang)面探討礦山(shan)建(jian)設(she)項目中工程造價失控(kong)的(de)(de)原因，并有針對性地提出了一系(xi)列有益(yi)于解(jie)決(jue)“三(san)超”問題(ti)的(de)(de)對策，以(yi)盡可能的(de)(de)避(bi)免工程造價的(de)(de)失控(kong)，在合理的(de)(de)使(shi)用人力(li)、物力(li)和財力(li)的(de)(de)基礎上取得最大的(de)(de)項目收益(yi)。

關鍵詞:礦山工程，工程造價，失控問題

我國工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高速發(fa)展(zhan)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)擴大(da)(da)了對(dui)(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)，極(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)動了礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。我國近年來(lai)在礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)面(mian)投(tou)入(ru)了大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金和(he)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，開發(fa)了很(hen)多(duo)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)了更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。在這種背景下，對(dui)(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)進(jin)行有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)降低礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)，大(da)(da)幅(fu)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節約礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金，提(ti)(ti)高礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在于把項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在合(he)理(li)且能夠(gou)預期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內，以(yi)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物力(li)、財(cai)力(li)和(he)人力(li)獲取更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟和(he)社會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。但從這幾年礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況來(lai)看，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)難以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題依(yi)然(ran)比較(jiao)突出，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)控(kong)(kong)問題嚴(yan)重影響到投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信心和(he)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)展(zhan)，很(hen)多(duo)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)為造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)控(kong)(kong)而不得不暫時停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，甚至成為“爛尾(wei)”工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，造(zao)(zao)成建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費，給投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)方(fang)造(zao)(zao)成了極(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。本(ben)文從投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)等方(fang)面(mian)探討礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)，并有(you)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)性(xing)地提(ti)(ti)出了一系列(lie)有(you)益(yi)于解(jie)決“三超”問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)策(ce)。

1礦山(shan)建設工(gong)程造價(jia)失控的(de)主要原(yuan)因

礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)分為(wei)主(zhu)觀原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)客觀原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)，其中(zhong)(zhong)客觀原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)政策(ce)觀念淡(dan)薄(bo)、造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)識不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)強，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理(li)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)業務(wu)素(su)(su)質(zhi)較(jiao)差(cha)、管理(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)了(le)惡意(yi)競標，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)資(zi)料不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)全(quan)(quan)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng);主(zhu)觀原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)有國家產(chan)業政策(ce)調(diao)整(zheng)、國家補貼政策(ce)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)稅收政策(ce)改變、金融(rong)政策(ce)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)利率(lv)(lv)調(diao)整(zheng)，近(jin)幾年(nian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費用(yong)(yong)漲價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素(su)(su)。1．1決(jue)策(ce)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。按(an)照(zhao)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)規定(ding)(ding)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)達到30%，可(ke)(ke)行(xing)性(xing)(xing)研究階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)達到20%。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)決(jue)策(ce)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)內容，關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)策(ce)結果。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)，由于(yu)我國很多礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)期準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)比(bi)較(jiao)粗(cu)淺，對(dui)(dui)(dui)涉(she)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)政策(ce)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)考(kao)慮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)性(xing)(xing)把握不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難度掌握不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)，這些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)續(xu)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)技(ji)術(shu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)沒(mei)有得到充分暴(bao)露，這種(zhong)“先松后(hou)緊”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象增(zeng)加了(le)后(hou)續(xu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)。主(zhu)管部門以(yi)(yi)片面(mian)追求業績，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)考(kao)慮礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)技(ji)術(shu)特征而(er)盲(mang)目(mu)要(yao)求項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)上(shang)馬，也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)［1］。另(ling)(ling)外，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)照(zhao)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律辦事(shi)(shi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)風險(xian)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，人為(wei)壓低礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)，也(ye)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)續(xu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)粗(cu)糙，方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)調(diao)研不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，技(ji)術(shu)儲備(bei)(bei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)錯誤等(deng)(deng)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)準(zhun)(zhun)。另(ling)(ling)外工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)只注重(zhong)(zhong)固定(ding)(ding)資(zi)產(chan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)靜態投(tou)(tou)資(zi)費用(yong)(yong)，忽視了(le)動態資(zi)本和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)市場價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化因(yin)素(su)(su)，也(ye)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)后(hou)續(xu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。1．2設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)確(que)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，隨著設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)隨著設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)能夠(gou)精確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)來，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)確(que)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詳細(xi)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)指標也(ye)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)(yi)據，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)直(zhi)接關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)到礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)保證。然而(er)，很多礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審核和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)部門對(dui)(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)風險(xian)缺乏科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能力，加之設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)技(ji)術(shu)因(yin)素(su)(su)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)建造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)［2］。設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)乃至施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由于(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)技(ji)術(shu)狀況估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)進行(xing)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)考(kao)慮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)余量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)或(huo)者余量(liang)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)超額(e)，都(dou)會(hui)(hui)(hui)使得礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，另(ling)(ling)外，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)還經(jing)常(chang)發(fa)生工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變更和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)更改設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)情況，這些(xie)因(yin)素(su)(su)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)額(e)度大(da)(da)幅度增(zeng)加，甚至嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，個(ge)別項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)因(yin)為(wei)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)承受能力而(er)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)爛尾工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人投(tou)(tou)資(zi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)損失(shi)(shi)(shi)。1．3實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)主(zhu)要(yao)來自(zi)于(yu)三(san)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian):1)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規范;2)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經(jing)驗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu);3)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)過(guo)于(yu)草(cao)率(lv)(lv)。礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規范，而(er)這種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)細(xi)分成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩種(zhong):1)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)給的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有問(wen)(wen)題(ti);2)概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)領會(hui)(hui)(hui)理(li)解(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)上(shang)失(shi)(shi)(shi)誤。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)有效直(zhi)接決(jue)定(ding)(ding)了(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本保證和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)前(qian)提(ti)，如果施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)出(chu)(chu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，那么工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)必然出(chu)(chu)現問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)(ling)一(yi)個(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)來自(zi)于(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)人員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)涉(she)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)理(li)解(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)，因(yin)而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時(shi)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有所偏離，這種(zhong)情況下也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)一(yi)般(ban)由施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)人員(yuan)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)，由于(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業務(wu)素(su)(su)質(zhi)參差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)質(zhi)量(liang)很不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)，價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)“五花(hua)八門”，忽高(gao)忽低，價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)懸殊，甚至漏洞百出(chu)(chu)，從而(er)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)失(shi)(shi)(shi)去控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)［3］。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)身(shen)利益考(kao)慮過(guo)多，高(gao)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、夸大(da)(da)技(ji)術(shu)難度、冒算(suan)(suan)(suan)、重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)等(deng)(deng)現象比(bi)較(jiao)普遍(bian)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)簽署(shu)比(bi)較(jiao)草(cao)率(lv)(lv)也(ye)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)失(shi)(shi)(shi)去控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，很多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)只簡單(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)作(zuo)為(wei)合(he)同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)，而(er)沒(mei)有進行(xing)自(zi)我評估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)或(huo)者委(wei)托第三(san)方(fang)(fang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進行(xing)評估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候對(dui)(dui)(dui)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)過(guo)死，當發(fa)現施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)等(deng)(deng)現象時(shi)無(wu)法(fa)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)合(he)同(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律手段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)予以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)約，從而(er)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)“事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)”上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。

2礦山建設工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控制的對策

摘要(yao)：有色金屬礦山工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是一(yi)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期長、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，其中，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價控(kong)制是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)，也是影(ying)響(xiang)企業經濟效益的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環節。現(xian)階(jie)段，我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦山工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目投資(zi)復雜(za)，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中也容(rong)易(yi)都受到多種因素影(ying)響(xiang)，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價大幅度波動(dong)，在一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上影(ying)響(xiang)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益。針對(dui)這一(yi)情況，本文從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價設(she)(she)計和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)實施(shi)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投資(zi)造(zao)(zao)價控(kong)制兩(liang)方(fang)面入(ru)手，對(dui)有色金屬礦山工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價控(kong)制進行探討，以供參(can)考。

關(guan)鍵詞：工程造(zao)價；因素；經濟效益；探討

在(zai)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理中，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是最(zui)基本也是最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)內(nei)容，也是決(jue)定企(qi)業(ye)益潤的(de)(de)關鍵因素。隨著近年來，我(wo)國有(you)(you)色(se)金屬(shu)的(de)(de)開采(cai)熱(re)潮持續升溫，越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)加(jia)入到有(you)(you)色(se)金屬(shu)礦(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭中來，致(zhi)使(shi)行業(ye)競(jing)爭加(jia)劇，礦(kuang)山(shan)開采(cai)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)生存(cun)環(huan)境(jing)逐漸惡化。因此(ci)，有(you)(you)必(bi)要對有(you)(you)色(se)金屬(shu)礦(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行研究，提高企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)水平，幫助企(qi)業(ye)獲得更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)經濟效益，促進(jin)(jin)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)健康持續發展。

1影響礦山工程投(tou)資的主要因(yin)素(su)分析

與其它工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)相比，礦業(ye)具(ju)有見效慢、周(zhou)期長(chang)的特(te)點。由于項目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設所處環境(jing)特(te)殊(shu)，建(jian)(jian)設地點復雜(za)，因此，影響工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的因素復雜(za)多變，內容(rong)復雜(za)，具(ju)有不可(ke)預見性和(he)環保問題突出的缺(que)點，具(ju)體如下。

1.1難度大

摘要：礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)是(shi)我國(guo)基礎設(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)重要組成(cheng)(cheng)部分，對國(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)產生著重要的(de)影響。新時期(qi)，在(zai)礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)全過程(cheng)中(zhong)加(jia)強投資及(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)，避免礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)投資浪費，降低礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)建設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)本，不(bu)僅是(shi)提高礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)益的(de)重要前提，也是(shi)推動社會經濟(ji)持續(xu)發展的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)途(tu)徑。文章主要對礦山(shan)(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)勘查階段(duan)(duan)、設(she)(she)計(ji)階段(duan)(duan)、施(shi)工(gong)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)投資及(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)進行了分析，希望可以為業內相關研(yan)究及(ji)(ji)實踐提供有效(xiao)(xiao)參考。

關鍵詞：礦山(shan)工(gong)程；工(gong)程建設；投資；成本(ben)控制

礦(kuang)山工程(cheng)(cheng)建設全過程(cheng)(cheng)中，投(tou)(tou)資及(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制是一(yi)項非常重要的(de)工作，涉及(ji)到各個(ge)環節的(de)多(duo)個(ge)方(fang)面，為確保礦(kuang)山工程(cheng)(cheng)建設投(tou)(tou)資及(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制效果，必須在充(chong)分考慮質(zhi)量、安全等因素的(de)基(ji)礎上，加強對潛在風險(xian)的(de)控制，避免外(wai)界干擾因素、意外(wai)事件給工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制帶來的(de)不良(liang)影響，保障(zhang)礦(kuang)山工程(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)夠在規定(ding)工期內按(an)質(zhi)按(an)量完工。

1工(gong)程勘查階段的投資及成本(ben)控制措施

（1）優選設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)。礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階段，擇(ze)優選擇(ze)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)，可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控制(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟風險。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)往礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，管理(li)體系(xi)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)比較封閉，勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)多(duo)是(shi)由當地勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)機構負責，從(cong)而可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)確(que)保勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)水平。如今，隨(sui)著(zhu)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮發展，勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量不(bu)斷增多(duo)，綜(zong)合勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)水平、勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)能(neng)力參(can)差不(bu)齊(qi)(qi)，這就給礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帶(dai)來了一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險，必須對(dui)(dui)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)進(jin)(jin)行擇(ze)優選擇(ze)。首(shou)先，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬件設(she)(she)(she)施是(shi)否(fou)完備，具體便(bian)是(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)需要(yao)用到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關設(she)(she)(she)備種類是(shi)否(fou)齊(qi)(qi)全、功能(neng)是(shi)否(fou)先進(jin)(jin)，能(neng)否(fou)滿足礦(kuang)(kuang)產勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際需求等(deng)。其(qi)次，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件設(she)(she)(she)施進(jin)(jin)行檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，具體便(bian)是(shi)規(gui)章制(zhi)度是(shi)否(fou)科(ke)學合理(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術人員(yuan)專(zhuan)業能(neng)力與綜(zong)合素(su)質等(deng)。（2）做好勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)是(shi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項重(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，其(qi)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，按合理(li)時間內對(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)項目進(jin)(jin)行科(ke)學安(an)排，獲取準(zhun)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)數(shu)據信(xin)息，為(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)開(kai)采提(ti)供(gong)(gong)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。后(hou)期礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)開(kai)采的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，需要(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)標準(zhun)為(wei)依據，因(yin)此，合理(li)制(zhi)定礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導向作(zuo)用，有(you)利(li)于規(gui)避后(hou)期礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟風險，充分發揮成本控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果。

2工(gong)程設(she)計(ji)階段的投(tou)資及成本控制措施

摘要(yao):礦(kuang)產資(zi)源在開(kai)采過程(cheng)中應用了一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)開(kai)采理論(lun)，由各(ge)個(ge)不同功能的(de)局部組織結(jie)合組成。在一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)的(de)開(kai)采理論(lun)規(gui)劃過程(cheng)中，礦(kuang)山(shan)建(jian)筑物(wu)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設不僅(jin)要(yao)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)保護性(xing)，還與(yu)礦(kuang)山(shan)內部各(ge)種要(yao)素之間有著直接的(de)關系。

關(guan)鍵詞:煤(mei)礦工業;工程結構設計;要點(dian)

煤(mei)炭產業作為(wei)新中國(guo)成立初期就(jiu)為(wei)我國(guo)發展做出巨大貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟實力，在(zai)我國(guo)國(guo)內生產總值中也擁有(you)相當(dang)可(ke)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比重，不(bu)僅(jin)推(tui)動了(le)我國(guo)能源行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，也推(tui)動了(le)我國(guo)人民生活水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高(gao)(gao)。煤(mei)礦要想(xiang)成為(wei)高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量、高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業，離不(bu)開科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構(gou)設(she)計(ji)。本文不(bu)僅(jin)對(dui)煤(mei)礦工(gong)(gong)(gong)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)和合理(li)性(xing)進行深入研究(jiu)，也對(dui)當(dang)今煤(mei)礦礦井建(jian)(jian)設(she)階(jie)段中存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種問題尋(xun)找(zhao)方法，進行有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)。要想(xiang)保證煤(mei)礦建(jian)(jian)筑結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)性(xing)和科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)，就(jiu)要從煤(mei)礦建(jian)(jian)筑材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇、科(ke)學(xue)設(she)計(ji)、建(jian)(jian)筑規范方面(mian)進行進一步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)深化。

1礦山建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程結(jie)構規劃概述

隨著我國經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)迅速增長，不僅(jin)推動了我國規劃設計(ji)觀念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，也促進(jin)了礦山(shan)規劃設計(ji)觀念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發展，導致(zhi)礦山(shan)設計(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)構造理念(nian)與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)理念(nian)有很大的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)入。相比于傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)礦山(shan)建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)構理念(nian)，當(dang)今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)礦山(shan)設計(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，不僅(jin)要(yao)從礦山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)實際情況(kuang)出(chu)發應用一體化(hua)建(jian)設理念(nian)，綜合考慮(lv)(lv)礦山(shan)建(jian)設機(ji)械化(hua)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)選擇和正確的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)方(fang)式，還從考慮(lv)(lv)機(ji)械化(hua)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能出(chu)發，全方(fang)位總(zong)結(jie)，深入研(yan)究，找出(chu)科學性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)礦山(shan)產業構造方(fang)法［1］。

2現(xian)代(dai)礦(kuang)山建筑(zhu)工程設計的原則

簡(jian)述(shu)海(hai)(hai)外(wai)某選礦廠(chang)(chang)項(xiang)目(mu)詳細設(she)計進(jin)度(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)摘要：結合(he)海(hai)(hai)外(wai)某選礦廠(chang)(chang)項(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)例，根據國(guo)際(ji)通用的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)度(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，通過進(jin)度(du)計劃軟件編制項(xiang)目(mu)計劃，使用S曲線(xian)直(zhi)觀的(de)(de)表述(shu)計劃進(jin)度(du)與(yu)(yu)實(shi)際(ji)進(jin)度(du)。關(guan)鍵詞：海(hai)(hai)外(wai)項(xiang)目(mu)；WBS；進(jin)度(du)計劃；S曲線(xian)；進(jin)度(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)我國(guo)是一(yi)個金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)礦產資(zi)源極其缺乏的(de)(de)國(guo)家，隨著改革開(kai)放、經濟發展(zhan)步伐的(de)(de)加快，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)礦產資(zi)源短(duan)缺與(yu)(yu)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)需求量之間的(de)(de)矛(mao)盾更加凸(tu)顯。為(wei)(wei)緩(huan)解這一(yi)矛(mao)盾，除了(le)進(jin)口海(hai)(hai)外(wai)資(zi)源外(wai)，進(jin)軍海(hai)(hai)外(wai)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)礦產資(zi)源開(kai)發行(xing)業已成為(wei)(wei)許多中國(guo)企業發展(zhan)的(de)(de)必然趨(qu)勢(shi)［1］。海(hai)(hai)外(wai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)要求比較(jiao)精細化，筆者與(yu)(yu)一(yi)些國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)公司(si)共同合(he)作(zuo)完成了(le)一(yi)些海(hai)(hai)外(wai)礦山工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)建設(she)服務工(gong)作(zuo)，積累了(le)一(yi)定的(de)(de)國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)經驗。本文(wen)以(yi)海(hai)(hai)外(wai)某選礦廠(chang)(chang)詳細設(she)計為(wei)(wei)實(shi)例，簡(jian)述(shu)進(jin)度(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)流程(cheng)(cheng)。

1項目背景(jing)及(ji)工(gong)作范(fan)圍

海外某選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)廠建設(she)項目在完成了可行(xing)性研究、基本(ben)設(she)計(ji)后開展詳(xiang)細設(she)計(ji)工作。設(she)計(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)主要采用(yong)美標(biao)及國際標(biao)準(zhun)。選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)廠區工藝流(liu)程為：高壓(ya)輥磨(mo)—濕式篩分—一(yi)段(duan)球磨(mo)—一(yi)段(duan)弱磁(ci)選(xuan)(xuan)—二段(duan)球磨(mo)—二段(duan)弱磁(ci)選(xuan)(xuan)—浮選(xuan)(xuan)—精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)濃縮—精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)過濾(lv)，尾(wei)(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)經過尾(wei)(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)濃縮，輸送至尾(wei)(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)庫。設(she)計(ji)范圍為，自(zi)高壓(ya)輥磨(mo)儲料(liao)倉前轉運站給料(liao)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)開始到精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)過濾(lv)出(chu)料(liao)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)及尾(wei)(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)輸送管(guan)道以內所有工藝設(she)施(shi)及選(xuan)(xuan)廠內公輔設(she)施(shi)的詳(xiang)細設(she)計(ji)，總(zong)工期12個月。

2WBS劃分

根據選廠(chang)內主要的構筑物及工(gong)藝流程，選廠(chang)的工(gong)作結構分解（WBS）如表1。

3文件(jian)編碼及交付文件(jian)清(qing)單

1礦石性質

該礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)金(jin)(jin)屬礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物為(wei)金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)黃鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，含(han)有(you)少量的(de)自然(ran)金(jin)(jin)，次要(yao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物為(wei)黃銅礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)毒砂(sha)。脈(mo)石(shi)(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)英(ying)、絹云母(mu)，其次含(han)有(you)少量的(de)方解石(shi)(shi)、白云母(mu)、綠泥(ni)石(shi)(shi)、高(gao)嶺土(tu)等。礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)金(jin)(jin)嵌布(bu)粒(li)度較細，大多(duo)數(shu)為(wei)微細粒(li)金(jin)(jin)，單體金(jin)(jin)最大粒(li)徑(jing)為(wei)0.2mm，以枝杈狀(zhuang)填充(chong)于黃鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)晶(jing)(jing)隙中(zhong)，小(xiao)于74μm粒(li)級含(han)量的(de)占63.15%，10～37μm粒(li)級占54.85%，最小(xiao)粒(li)徑(jing)為(wei)1μm，一例(li)狀(zhuang)產(chan)于石(shi)(shi)英(ying)晶(jing)(jing)隙中(zhong)。

2選礦試驗結果

對該礦(kuang)石進行浮選試驗。金(jin)礦(kuang)中主(zhu)要有(you)(you)用(yong)礦(kuang)物(wu)是硫化礦(kuang)，其他礦(kuang)物(wu)中的含金(jin)量(liang)很少，由于礦(kuang)石中礦(kuang)物(wu)組(zu)成(cheng)相對簡單，有(you)(you)用(yong)礦(kuang)物(wu)種類少，考慮使(shi)用(yong)浮選方法(fa)使(shi)目的礦(kuang)物(wu)有(you)(you)效地分離。

3選礦工藝設計

由于設計(ji)原礦(kuang)(kuang)品(pin)位與試驗樣品(pin)品(pin)位有所差別(bie)，因此選礦(kuang)(kuang)工藝(yi)設計(ji)需要(yao)對試驗流程進(jin)行(xing)結構調整及優化，同時(shi)參照已經生產(chan)的類(lei)似(si)選礦(kuang)(kuang)廠生產(chan)實踐(jian)。

1勘查階段的劃分

地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)任(ren)務是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為國民經(jing)濟發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)布局提供(gong)(gong)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)狀況；是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為礦(kuang)山開發(fa)建設提供(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)依據(ju)(ju)；并為地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)科學研究積(ji)累資(zi)(zi)(zi)料。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)周(zhou)期(qi)長(chang)風險大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，應遵循一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程序分階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)有(you)步(bu)驟地(di)(di)(di)(di)進(jin)行。努力減少(shao)風險，以求能夠以較少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入，在(zai)較短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)內(nei)取得(de)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)成果。我國對(dui)固體礦(kuang)產(chan)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)分，已(yi)經(jing)做出統(tong)一(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)劃(hua)分為預查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)勘探四個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。并在(zai)各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總則中，對(dui)各(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務做出了相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。筆(bi)者認為上(shang)述勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)分及對(dui)各(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，尚需(xu)商(shang)榷。首先，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)找(zhao)礦(kuang)與普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)混淆不(bu)(bu)清，不(bu)(bu)便于立(li)項(xiang)管理，其(qi)次，所規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務與礦(kuang)山開發(fa)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要結(jie)合(he)得(de)不(bu)(bu)夠緊(jin)密(mi)，而且不(bu)(bu)夠準確(que)。再者，勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)命名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)詞，其(qi)詞意(yi)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)致，難以理解。為此建議，應遵循根據(ju)(ju)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)特點和(he)(he)緊(jin)密(mi)結(jie)合(he)礦(kuang)山開發(fa)建設程序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，將(jiang)(jiang)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)劃(hua)分為找(zhao)礦(kuang)、礦(kuang)田(煤(mei)田)普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(簡(jian)稱(cheng)普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha))、礦(kuang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(簡(jian)稱(cheng)詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha))和(he)(he)井田精查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(簡(jian)稱(cheng)精查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha))四個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。現將(jiang)(jiang)各(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與任(ren)務概括如下：找(zhao)礦(kuang)：找(zhao)礦(kuang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)調查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，根據(ju)(ju)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)理論推測(ce)或(huo)物化探異常以及其(qi)它(ta)方面資(zi)(zi)(zi)料，獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)化點、礦(kuang)點信息(xi)，尋(xun)找(zhao)和(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)丁作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)具(ju)有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，進(jin)而確(que)定(ding)(ding)具(ju)有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。所以找(zhao)礦(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要任(ren)務就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尋(xun)找(zhao)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)具(ju)有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，為開展普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)提供(gong)(gong)依據(ju)(ju)。普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)：普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)找(zhao)礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)已(yi)知賦存有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)行，其(qi)主要任(ren)務是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)做進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，獲取一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。為國民經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠景(jing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)提供(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開展詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。

詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)：詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)是(shi)在普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，根(gen)據國民經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)規劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，選擇資(zi)源條件(jian)較(jiao)好(hao)近期開(kai)發有(you)(you)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)進行。其(qi)主要(yao)任務是(shi)為礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)(qu)開(kai)發建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)提(ti)供依據。詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)果要(yao)保證(zheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)(qu)建設(she)(she)規模，井(jing)(jing)田(tian)劃分(fen)，不(bu)致(zhi)因(yin)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang)而(er)發生重大(da)變化。對(dui)影響礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)(qu)開(kai)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊水文地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)，要(yao)做出正(zheng)確(que)評價。對(dui)近期開(kai)發建設(she)(she)井(jing)(jing)田(tian)地(di)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)程(cheng)度，應(ying)保證(zheng)滿足(zu)(zu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)井(jing)(jing)建設(she)(she)可(ke)(ke)行性研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。精查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)：精查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)是(shi)在詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)lT作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)為礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)井(jing)(jing)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)建設(she)(she)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。應(ying)根(gen)據建設(she)(she)單位、業主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委(wei)托或招標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，按照礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)井(jing)(jing)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)意(yi)圖(tu)和(he)(he)建井(jing)(jing)需要(yao)，采用地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)、設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與施(shi)工(gong)(gong)三(san)者(zhe)有(you)(you)機結合，科(ke)學合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉，分(fen)步驟(zou)進行，以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)滿足(zu)(zu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)井(jing)(jing)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)一般(ban)應(ying)按上(shang)(shang)述(shu)四(si)個階段(duan)循序進行。但是(shi)，屬于下(xia)列情況(kuang)者(zhe)，勘探程(cheng)序可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)簡(jian)化。第(di)一，有(you)(you)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)找礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)地(di)區(qu)(qu)，確(que)定(ding)進一步開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)時，其(qi)范圍(wei)沒有(you)(you)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化。并且持續施(shi)工(gong)(gong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從找礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)階段(duan)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)轉(zhuan)入普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，不(bu)需要(yao)提(ti)交找礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)報告。第(di)二，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)源比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)豐富，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)形成(cheng)一定(ding)規模礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)區(qu)(qu)，與確(que)定(ding)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)區(qu)(qu)范圍(wei)，與普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)區(qu)(qu)沒有(you)(you)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變動。并且持續施(shi)工(gong)(gong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)轉(zhuan)入詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，不(bu)需要(yao)提(ti)交普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)報告。第(di)j，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)源條件(jian)較(jiao)好(hao)，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)層比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)穩定(ding)、構造比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裸露地(di)區(qu)(qu)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在大(da)比(bi)(bi)例地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)填(tian)圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)進行普(pu)(pu)(pu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)乃至詳(xiang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)。第(di)四(si)，具(ju)有(you)(you)開(kai)發價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)(qu)深部區(qu)(qu)，生產(chan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)井(jing)(jing)之(zhi)間地(di)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)及孤立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)段(duan)(煤盆地(di))且不(bu)涉及井(jing)(jing)田(tian)劃分(fen)者(zhe)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)分(fen)步驟(zou)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)一次勘探完(wan)成(cheng)。

2勘查手段的選擇

2．1礦產地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)查(cha)(cha)工作必須從地(di)質(zhi)目的和經濟效益出發，根(gen)據工作區的地(di)形、地(di)質(zhi)和物性(包括物理(li)性質(zhi)和化(hua)學(xue)性質(zhi))條件，因(yin)地(di)制宜地(di)選擇(ze)勘(kan)查(cha)(cha)手段，多快好省地(di)完成礦產地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)查(cha)(cha)任務。以(yi)此(ci)為選擇(ze)勘(kan)查(cha)(cha)手段的總體指導思想。

2．2勘查手(shou)(shou)(shou)段的(de)選(xuan)擇要(yao)注意處理(li)好先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)實用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)。隨著(zhu)科學技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展，各學科之間的(de)交叉滲透，大(da)大(da)地(di)提(ti)高并促進(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)勘查方法與(yu)(yu)勘查手(shou)(shou)(shou)段的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)步與(yu)(yu)發(fa)展。例如航(hang)空、航(hang)天(tian)遙(yao)感技(ji)術(shu)、衛星定位技(ji)術(shu)、超深綜合(he)鉆探技(ji)術(shu)、物化探技(ji)術(shu)、光(guang)譜分析技(ji)術(shu)、同位素應用(yong)(yong)技(ji)術(shu)、高倍電(dian)子顯微、測(ce)試(shi)技(ji)術(shu)以及(ji)計算(suan)機技(ji)術(shu)等，在礦產地(di)質(zhi)勘查工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)。這不僅開(kai)闊了(le)地(di)質(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)者的(de)宏觀視野，而且也(ye)大(da)大(da)地(di)擴(kuo)大(da)了(le)微觀視域。這就(jiu)為擴(kuo)大(da)地(di)質(zhi)信息和數據量，以及(ji)提(ti)高準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)和可信度創造了(le)條件(jian)。因之，在勘查手(shou)(shou)(shou)段的(de)選(xuan)擇與(yu)(yu)運用(yong)(yong)時，必須充分加以研究，重視新的(de)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)。同時，在勘查手(shou)(shou)(shou)段的(de)選(xuan)擇中(zhong)，還應認真考慮其(qi)實用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)。

我(wo)縣高(gao)(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)儲量豐富，礦石質量好，品位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，易開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)采。近幾年來，縣委、縣政府立足(zu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源優(you)(you)勢(shi)，大(da)力(li)實(shi)施(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)發戰略(lve)，興建全(quan)省唯一的(de)(de)(de)陶土(tu)工(gong)(gong)業開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)發園區，集中精力(li)打(da)造新型(xing)建材等(deng)四大(da)主導(dao)產業，新型(xing)建材工(gong)(gong)業初(chu)具規(gui)模。針對(dui)(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)采行(xing)為雖(sui)然我(wo)縣采取(qu)了(le)一定(ding)管理措施(shi)，但由于(yu)我(wo)縣高(gao)(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)采秩序還(huan)不規(gui)范，旺盛的(de)(de)(de)需求刺(ci)激了(le)無序的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)采，隱(yin)藏了(le)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)隱(yin)患，對(dui)(dui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源、環境造成的(de)(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)破壞，礦區環境糾(jiu)紛和社(she)會(hui)不穩定(ding)因素增多，稅費(fei)流(liu)失嚴重(zhong)，導(dao)致資(zi)(zi)(zi)源優(you)(you)勢(shi)難以(yi)最大(da)化的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變為經(jing)濟優(you)(you)勢(shi)。本文茅坪場(chang)鎮為例，淺析高(gao)(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)發的(de)(de)(de)現狀、存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)及(ji)對(dui)(dui)策。

一(yi)、高嶺土的特性及用途

高(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)土（俗稱陶(tao)土）是世界(jie)四(si)大非(fei)金(jin)屬礦產(chan)(chan)之一(yi)。鍛燒(shao)后的高(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)土系列產(chan)(chan)品作(zuo)為現代工業發展(zhan)需(xu)要的新材(cai)料，廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于造紙、建筑涂料、塑膠、高(gao)(gao)級陶(tao)瓷、石油化(hua)工等(deng)多種(zhong)行業，它具有(you)白度(du)高(gao)(gao)、粒度(du)細、遮蓋力強、吸附速度(du)快(kuai)、耐酸堿性能好、物(wu)化(hua)性能穩(wen)定等(deng)優異性能，并可以帶(dai)替(ti)昂貴(gui)的鈦白粉(fen)，白碳黑等(deng)原料，在提高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)品性能、降低產(chan)(chan)品成本方面意義重大，特(te)別是最近幾年，現代科學(xue)技術飛(fei)速發展(zhan)，使得(de)高(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)土的應用(yong)(yong)領域更加廣泛(fan)，一(yi)些高(gao)(gao)新技術領域開始(shi)大量(liang)運用(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)土作(zuo)為新材(cai)料，甚至原子反應堆、航(hang)天(tian)飛(fei)機和宇宙飛(fei)船的耐高(gao)(gao)溫瓷器部件，也用(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)土制成。目前市場需(xu)求強烈(lie)，具有(you)廣闊的發展(zhan)空間(jian)和市場前景。

二、茅(mao)坪場鎮高嶺(ling)土開發現狀

茅坪場(chang)鎮的煤(mei)系高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)資(zi)(zi)源十(shi)分豐(feng)(feng)富，勘測儲量上億噸，主(zhu)要集中(zhong)在銀(yin)(yin)子、瓦倉、八角等村。所產高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)精礦化(hua)學成分及工藝性能與國(guo)家頒布的陶瓷業(ye)(ye)高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)標準非常接近，與著名瓷都景德鎮的瓷用(yong)高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)比較相(xiang)似。目前全(quan)鎮現(xian)有高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)開采(cai)企業(ye)(ye)4家（金土(tu)(tu)、豐(feng)(feng)盛、八角、銀(yin)(yin)子村），年(nian)產高嶺(ling)(ling)土(tu)(tu)15萬(wan)噸左右，銷售(shou)噸價(jia)16—20元(yuan)，主(zhu)要銷往(wang)本縣及當(dang)陽、枝(zhi)江、荊門、潛江等地建材企業(ye)(ye)。開采(cai)企業(ye)(ye)年(nian)均上繳各種稅費(fei)約3萬(wan)元(yuan)（其中(zhong)：包括地稅、國(guo)稅、資(zi)(zi)源補償費(fei)、林地補償費(fei)、環境保護費(fei)用(yong)等）。

三、高嶺土開發存在(zai)的問(wen)題

摘要：地(di)質測量是工(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)與施工(gong)的前提和依據。近年來(lai)，由于計(ji)算機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、信息(xi)科學技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不斷運(yun)用于測繪(hui)工(gong)程(cheng)，測量技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)從傳統方(fang)法(fa)向數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)發(fa)展邁(mai)出了重要的一步(bu)，在地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)測繪(hui)中運(yun)用數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，可(ke)以高效地(di)獲得更為精確的數(shu)(shu)據。本文(wen)簡要介(jie)紹了數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)測繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)及其優勢，闡述了地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)測量中具體(ti)應用數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)測繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的方(fang)向，以期促進測繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)的發(fa)展。

關鍵詞：數字化；測繪技術；地質工程測量；應用

隨著社(she)會(hui)的(de)進(jin)步和(he)(he)經濟的(de)發展，測(ce)繪技(ji)術(shu)被廣泛應用在建筑、地質(zhi)(zhi)、礦山、水(shui)利、煤礦等(deng)工程上。近年(nian)來，以計算機、信息(xi)科學(xue)為代表的(de)數字(zi)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)不斷運用于地質(zhi)(zhi)工程測(ce)量，極(ji)大地提高了測(ce)量的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)(he)效率，測(ce)量數據更加精確化(hua)，促(cu)進(jin)了測(ce)繪和(he)(he)地質(zhi)(zhi)行業的(de)生產力發展水(shui)平(ping)。

1數字(zi)化測繪技術(shu)簡介

數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)隨著測(ce)(ce)量儀(yi)器的智(zhi)能化(hua)、計算機(ji)和網(wang)絡的興起與廣(guang)泛運用而發展起來的新的測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技術(shu)(shu)，是(shi)(shi)以SCAN、CASS、全球定位(wei)系(xi)統軟件、全站儀(yi)、GNSS接收(shou)機(ji)、掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)儀(yi)、工(gong)程繪(hui)(hui)圖(tu)儀(yi)等智(zhi)能化(hua)測(ce)(ce)量軟硬(ying)件為工(gong)具，實(shi)現對測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)數(shu)據的收(shou)集、采集、處理(li)和導出(chu)。其原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)是(shi)(shi)將原(yuan)(yuan)圖(tu)用數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)或(huo)掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)矢(shi)量化(hua)儀(yi)掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)，然后通過數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)軟件對掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)圖(tu)進行處理(li)并生(sheng)成(cheng)新的數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)地(di)(di)圖(tu)。可(ke)以有效地(di)(di)解(jie)決大比例尺測(ce)(ce)圖(tu)中野外作業量大的難題(ti)，數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技術(shu)(shu)自動化(hua)程度高(gao)、工(gong)作效率(lv)高(gao)、成(cheng)圖(tu)質量高(gao)、保真(zhen)性(xing)高(gao)，同時能有效地(di)(di)節(jie)省(sheng)勞(lao)動力、降低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)。

2數字化測(ce)繪技術的優勢