變(bian)壓器是配(pei)(pei)電網的主要(yao)設備,應用面廣量(liang)大,其安(an)全運行直接(jie)影響整個(ge)系(xi)統的可(ke)靠(kao)性。目前,配(pei)(pei)電變(bian)壓器保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)方面還存在許多問題(ti),其中配(pei)(pei)電變(bian)壓器與保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)不匹配(pei)(pei)或存在動(dong)作死(si)區,造成越級跳閘、拒動(dong)導(dao)致的事故相(xiang)當多,因(yin)此,加強配(pei)(pei)電變(bian)壓器保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)優化配(pei)(pei)置(zhi),合理選擇(ze)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)方案,可(ke)以提高配(pei)(pei)電變(bian)壓器保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)作可(ke)靠(kao)性,有效(xiao)防止(zhi)主線路出口斷路器保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)誤動(dong)。

一、配電變壓器采用(yong)熔斷器作(zuo)為保護

熔(rong)斷器是配(pei)電變(bian)壓器最常見的一種短(duan)路故障保護(hu)(hu)設(she)備,它具有(you)經(jing)濟、操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)便(bian)、適(shi)應(ying)性強等特點,被(bei)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)配(pei)電變(bian)壓器一次側(ce)作(zuo)為保護(hu)(hu)和進行(xing)變(bian)壓器投切(qie)操(cao)作(zuo)用(yong)。所以一般配(pei)電變(bian)壓器容(rong)量在400kVA以下時,采(cai)用(yong)熔(rong)斷器保護(hu)(hu),高(gao)壓側(ce)使用(yong)跌落式熔(rong)斷器作(zuo)為短(duan)路保護(hu)(hu),低壓側(ce)使用(yong)熔(rong)斷器作(zuo)為過負荷保護(hu)(hu)。

使用跌落(luo)式熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi),既要考慮(lv)上(shang)限開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)安裝(zhuang)地點的(de)(de)最大短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)相(xiang)匹配(pei)(pei),又要考慮(lv)下限開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)安裝(zhuang)地點的(de)(de)最小(xiao)短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)關(guan)系。目前,戶外跌落(luo)式熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)分(fen)為(wei)50A、100A、200A三(san)種型號(hao),200A跌落(luo)式熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上(shang)限是(shi)(shi)200MVA,下限是(shi)(shi)20MVA,其(qi)選擇(ze)是(shi)(shi)按照(zhao)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩項(xiang)參數(shu)進行(xing),也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)必(bi)須(xu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)被保(bao)護配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相(xiang)匹配(pei)(pei),熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)應大于(yu)或(huo)(huo)等于(yu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu),可選為(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)負(fu)荷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)1.5～2倍(bei),此外,應按被保(bao)護系統三(san)相(xiang)短路容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),對所選定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)進行(xing)效(xiao)驗(yan),保(bao)證被保(bao)護設備三(san)相(xiang)短路容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)小(xiao)于(yu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上(shang)限,但必(bi)須(xu)大于(yu)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)下限。筆者曾經參與(yu)(yu)(yu)過事故調查(cha),發現部分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)所配(pei)(pei)置熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(一般指上(shang)限)過大,或(huo)(huo)者在(zai)線路末段T接的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi),選定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)造未經過短路容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)效(xiao)驗(yan),造成被保(bao)護變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)三(san)相(xiang)短路熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)難以滅弧,最終引起容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)管燒(shao)毀、爆(bao)炸,導致主線路跳(tiao)閘事故。

二、配電變壓器采用(yong)負(fu)荷(he)開(kai)關(guan)加熔斷器組(zu)合電器作為保護

負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)加(jia)熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)合電(dian)器(qi)(qi)可以開(kai)斷(duan)至31.5kA的短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu),其基本特征是依賴熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)熔(rong)斷(duan)觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)撞(zhuang)針(zhen)動作于負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)。配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)短路(lu)(lu)有單相(xiang)、兩相(xiang)、三相(xiang)短路(lu)(lu),無(wu)論哪種故障(zhang)(zhang),任意(yi)一相(xiang)熔(rong)斷(duan)后,撞(zhuang)針(zhen)觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)的脫(tuo)扣器(qi)(qi),負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)三相(xiang)聯動,及時(shi)隔(ge)離(li)故障(zhang)(zhang)點,防止缺相(xiang)運(yun)行(xing),順序是先(xian)熔(rong)斷(duan)熔(rong)絲,后斷(duan)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)。采用負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)加(jia)熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)合電(dian)器(qi)(qi)作為配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)護,經濟實(shi)用,既可以開(kai)斷(duan)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)電(dian)流(liu)(liu),實(shi)現安(an)全操(cao)作需要,還可以在10ms內開(kai)斷(duan)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu),切除故障(zhang)(zhang)并限制(zhi)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu),能夠有效保(bao)(bao)護配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)短路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)。

摘(zhai)要(yao)摘(zhai)要(yao)：介紹了(le)一起由(you)絕緣(yuan)油油質(zhi)劣化引起的(de)變(bian)壓器缺陷的(de)分析和處理(li)過程(cheng)，并(bing)對(dui)此(ci)類(lei)缺陷的(de)分析和處理(li)提出了(le)意見和建議。

摘要：變壓器(qi)絕緣油故障

電力(li)變壓(ya)器在電力(li)系統(tong)中起(qi)著舉足輕重的(de)功能(neng)，由于各方面的(de)原因(yin)，近年來變壓(ya)器絕緣(yuan)(yuan)缺(que)陷(xian)在我(wo)省電力(li)系統(tong)中頻(pin)繁(fan)地發生(sheng)，在這(zhe)些絕緣(yuan)(yuan)缺(que)陷(xian)中絕緣(yuan)(yuan)油的(de)缺(que)陷(xian)占據了較大的(de)比例(li)，如(ru)色譜異常(chang)、油介損超標等(deng)。這(zhe)些缺(que)陷(xian)跟蹤和消缺(que)周(zhou)期長，處理難度大，嚴重地威(wei)脅著系統(tong)的(de)平安。以下對(dui)一例(li)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)油引(yin)起(qi)的(de)變壓(ya)器缺(que)陷(xian)作一分析。

1變壓器缺陷情況

某發(fa)電廠(chang)啟備變(bian)12A，型號為(wei)TTF－55／225，法國阿爾斯通1988年(nian)(nian)制造，該變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器于1996年(nian)(nian)5月15日因(yin)突發(fa)短路造成線(xian)圈變(bian)形及匝間短路，后運至合肥ABB變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器廠(chang)進(jin)行修理，更(geng)換了全(quan)部線(xian)圈。1999年(nian)(nian)9月29日，該變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器進(jin)行常規(gui)預(yu)試(shi)，試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)時發(fa)現絕緣電阻較出廠(chang)值有明顯下降(jiang)，且中壓(ya)(ya)繞組介(jie)損(sun)超(chao)過《電力設備預(yu)防性試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定的0．8％。絕緣電阻和介(jie)損(sun)的試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)數據(ju)分別如表(biao)1、表(biao)2所示。

2分析和處理

干式變(bian)壓器維護的重要(yao)性

干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)關(guan)系(xi)到用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)運行，所以(yi)在干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產以(yi)及售后(hou)服務的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個過(guo)(guo)程中，要(yao)(yao)定期定時對(dui)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)進行有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)監測(ce)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。關(guan)于(yu)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)有(you)(you)(you)下面兩個問題：第一，干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)運行有(you)(you)(you)著至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。如果因(yin)為(wei)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)不(bu)當(dang)而產生(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)故障(zhang)，嚴重的(de)(de)(de)甚至(zhi)可能導致(zhi)整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)都處(chu)于(yu)癱(tan)瘓的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態。第二，要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)科學合理的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)延長干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。在干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)過(guo)(guo)程中，要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)按照相關(guan)規定對(dui)其進行維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，避(bi)免因(yin)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)不(bu)當(dang)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)危害。

干(gan)式變壓器(qi)安裝之前(qian)注意事項(xiang)

如果周圍的(de)(de)環境(jing)要(yao)求不能(neng)達標，那么要(yao)及時(shi)根據相關的(de)(de)規定(ding)進行適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)調整。同時(shi)還要(yao)保證干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)通(tong)風，良(liang)好的(de)(de)通(tong)風能(neng)力是干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器正(zheng)(zheng)常有效運(yun)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)前提。如果干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器安裝(zhuang)在(zai)通(tong)風條件(jian)比較差的(de)(de)位置（例如地下室(shi)），就要(yao)根據實際的(de)(de)情(qing)況，在(zai)干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器上增(zeng)加(jia)一個通(tong)風散熱(re)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置，保證干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常運(yun)行。由于干(gan)式變(bian)壓(ya)器自(zi)身條件(jian)的(de)(de)限制，在(zai)安裝(zhuang)過程(cheng)中要(yao)盡量避免(mian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)潮濕、煙霧(wu)濃重(zhong)、滴水等比較惡劣的(de)(de)環境(jing)。

干式變壓器的維護

一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)說，干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥通(tong)風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境里(li)，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年限(xian)比較(jiao)長，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥通(tong)風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)適當地延長干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)維(wei)護時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)通(tong)常(chang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)延長為(wei)(wei)一(yi)年。相(xiang)(xiang)反，如果變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境比較(jiao)惡劣(lie)，那么就要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)縮短變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)維(wei)護時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，通(tong)常(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)3個(ge)(ge)月。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)天氣(qi)寒冷或者比較(jiao)潮(chao)濕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境里(li)，如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)停用(yong)已久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)啟用(yong)之前，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)仔細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)凝露(lu)或潮(chao)濕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。如果存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)，就要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)利用(yong)機械熱(re)風(feng)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表層進(jin)行(xing)空(kong)氣(qi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥處理，防止絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)擊穿。經過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)仔細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥處理之后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)證絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻值大于(yu)(yu)2MΩ/1000V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才可(ke)(ke)以(yi)投入使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投入使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)損(sun)耗(hao)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)，能夠(gou)使(shi)(shi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度會(hui)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)周圍環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度，所(suo)以(yi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻不(bu)(bu)會(hui)出現(xian)下降(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)維(wei)護中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)認真(zhen)(zhen)仔細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)件(jian)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)松動干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)長期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)樣外界(jie)以(yi)及(ji)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)，可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)出現(xian)兩端受力震動而(er)導致連(lian)(lian)接(jie)件(jian)、緊固件(jian)松動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，很(hen)可(ke)(ke)能產(chan)生過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)熱(re)點，影(ying)響(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)。所(suo)以(yi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)以(yi)及(ji)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端頭包括所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)能引起變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)，設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)蠟(la)片，定(ding)期(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)觀察維(wei)護，同時(shi)認真(zhen)(zhen)仔細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)緊固端頭和連(lian)(lian)接(jie)件(jian)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)心(xin)銹蝕(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)積(ji)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)防在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，其鐵(tie)心(xin)全部都(dou)暴露(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外界(jie)條(tiao)件(jian)限(xian)制，如果干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)心(xin)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)得到有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)養(yang)，就會(hui)引起干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大面(mian)積(ji)鐵(tie)心(xin)銹蝕(shi)現(xian)象(xiang)，從而(er)減少(shao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)年限(xian)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此，定(ding)期(qi)(qi)定(ding)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)除(chu)銹、防銹，也是(shi)維(wei)護干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)手段。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說，良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)正常(chang)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)條(tiao)件(jian)，所(suo)以(yi)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)條(tiao)件(jian)。同時(shi)，還應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)外殼保(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)周圍安(an)裝上必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔離柵欄。除(chu)此之外，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)孔及(ji)門上面(mian)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)裝必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔離網(wang)，防止小動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)闖以(yi)及(ji)雨(yu)雪(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)入侵。與(yu)此同時(shi)，工作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)還應該(gai)加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)避雷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監測(ce)與(yu)維(wei)護。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)35kV的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)說，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側不(bu)(bu)應直(zhi)接(jie)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)架空(kong)線，應直(zhi)接(jie)由電(dian)纜進(jin)線。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)注意觀察變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)三相(xiang)(xiang)溫(wen)(wen)度是(shi)否(fou)(fou)平衡為(wei)(wei)標準。而(er)且還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)敏電(dian)阻是(shi)否(fou)(fou)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)好，如果出現(xian)了(le)接(jie)觸不(bu)(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，很(hen)可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)導致溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)數值顯示錯誤(wu)(wu)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)實施(shi)實時(shi)監測(ce)，及(ji)時(shi)發現(xian)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異常(chang)，采取(qu)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，避免(mian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。而(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)大容量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)地理位置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)訂貨(huo)時(shi)，應要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)生產(chan)廠家每(mei)相(xiang)(xiang)多(duo)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)熱(re)敏電(dian)阻，實現(xian)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化配置(zhi)(zhi)，降(jiang)(jiang)低變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)故(gu)障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生率。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)定(ding)期(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)監測(ce)更新，看是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)合乎要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。如果在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，發現(xian)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零件(jian)氧(yang)化腐蝕(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)地對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)更換。除(chu)此之外，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特別注意干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)碳化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，如果有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采取(qu)措施(shi)進(jin)行(xing)解決，把一(yi)切隱患都(dou)杜絕(jue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)搖(yao)籃里(li)。干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)年限(xian)如果超過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)5年，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)性(xing)能測(ce)試。

1保護配置技術方面

1.1裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設(she)避雷(lei)器保護(hu),防(fang)(fang)止雷(lei)擊過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓：配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)保護(hu)，采用裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設(she)無間(jian)隙(xi)金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)避雷(lei)器作為過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓保護(hu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)止由高(gao)低(di)壓線(xian)路侵入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)波(bo)所引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器內部絕(jue)緣擊穿，造成短路，杜絕(jue)發生雷(lei)擊破壞事(shi)故(gu)。采用避雷(lei)器保護(hu)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)時，一是要(yao)通過(guo)正常渠道采購合(he)格產(chan)品，安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)投(tou)運(yun)前經過(guo)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗達到運(yun)行(xing)(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)再投(tou)運(yun)；二是對(dui)(dui)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備定期進行(xing)(xing)預防(fang)(fang)性試(shi)驗，對(dui)(dui)于泄漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)超過(guo)標準(zhun)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不合(he)格產(chan)品及(ji)(ji)時加以(yi)(yi)(yi)更換；三是定期進行(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)檢測(ce)，對(dui)(dui)100KVA及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器要(yao)求(qiu)接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)必(bi)須在4Ω以(yi)(yi)(yi)內，對(dui)(dui)100KVA以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器，要(yao)求(qiu)接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)必(bi)須在10Ω以(yi)(yi)(yi)內。如果測(ce)試(shi)值(zhi)不在規定范(fan)圍內，應采取(qu)延伸接(jie)(jie)地線(xian)，增加接(jie)(jie)地體及(ji)(ji)物(wu)理、化學等措施(shi)使其達到規定值(zhi)，每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4月份和(he)7月份進行(xing)(xing)兩(liang)次接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復測(ce)，防(fang)(fang)止焊(han)接(jie)(jie)點脫焊(han)、環境及(ji)(ji)其它因(yin)素(su)導致接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)超標。如果變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)超標，雷(lei)擊時雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能流(liu)入大地，反而通過(guo)接(jie)(jie)地線(xian)將(jiang)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)壓加在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器低(di)壓側(ce)再反向升(sheng)壓為高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓，將(jiang)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)燒毀；四是安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)置選擇應適當，高(gao)壓避雷(lei)器安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在靠(kao)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)高(gao)壓套管最近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)線(xian)處，盡量減小雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)直接(jie)(jie)侵入配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會，低(di)壓避雷(lei)器裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在靠(kao)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)最近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)壓套管處，以(yi)(yi)(yi)保證雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)波(bo)侵入配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)動作，按電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)規范(fan)標準(zhun)要(yao)求(qiu)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，防(fang)(fang)止盲目(mu)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)而失去保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。

1.2裝設(she)(she)速斷(duan)(duan)、過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)有(you)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)地切除(chu)故障(zhang)(zhang)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)：配變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和過(guo)(guo)載保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)由(you)裝設(she)(she)于(yu)(yu)配變(bian)(bian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)和低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)（該裝置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和配變(bian)(bian)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)）來實現。為了有(you)效地保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)配變(bian)(bian)，必須正確選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)片等)及低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)，應(ying)(ying)能(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)內部或(huo)外部套(tao)管處發生短(duan)路(lu)時(shi)(shi)被熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)原則(ze)：①容(rong)量在(zai)(zai)100kVA及以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)配變(bian)(bian)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)按(an)2～2.5倍額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)；②容(rong)量在(zai)(zai)100kVA以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)配變(bian)(bian)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)按(an)1.5～2倍額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)。低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)值(zhi)(zhi)取配變(bian)(bian)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.3倍，配變(bian)(bian)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)各分支線(xian)(xian)路(lu)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)(yu)總保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)值(zhi)(zhi)，其值(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)(ying)小于(yu)(yu)配變(bian)(bian)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)額(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，一(yi)(yi)般按(an)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)最(zui)大(da)載流(liu)(liu)(liu)量選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)(zhi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)各出線(xian)(xian)回(hui)路(lu)發生短(duan)路(lu)或(huo)輸(shu)出負(fu)載過(guo)(guo)大(da)，引起配變(bian)(bian)過(guo)(guo)負(fu)荷(he)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)及時(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，切除(chu)負(fu)載和故障(zhang)(zhang)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)，實現保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)配變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。同時(shi)(shi)滿足各級保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)。低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分支回(hui)路(lu)短(duan)路(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，分支回(hui)路(lu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)不(bu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)總回(hui)路(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)或(huo)短(duan)路(lu)時(shi)(shi)，低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)；變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)內部故障(zhang)(zhang)短(duan)路(lu)時(shi)(shi)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，上一(yi)(yi)級變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)跳閘(zha)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)正確分級動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。配變(bian)(bian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)材(cai)料一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)按(an)標準配備，堅決(jue)杜絕用銅(tong)、鋁(lv)等金屬導(dao)體(ti)(ti)替代(dai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)。

2日常運行管理方面

2.1加(jia)強(qiang)日常巡視(shi)、維護(hu)和(he)定期測(ce)試：①進行(xing)(xing)日常維護(hu)保養(yang)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)清掃和(he)擦除配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)油(you)(you)污(wu)和(he)高低壓(ya)套管上的(de)(de)(de)(de)塵埃，以防(fang)氣(qi)候潮(chao)濕或陰雨時(shi)污(wu)閃放電(dian)，造成套管相間短路(lu)，高壓(ya)熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)熔斷(duan)，配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)不(bu)能正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)(xing)；②及(ji)(ji)時(shi)觀察配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)位和(he)油(you)(you)色，定期檢(jian)測(ce)油(you)(you)溫(wen)，特別(bie)是負荷(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化大(da)(da)、溫(wen)差大(da)(da)、氣(qi)候惡劣的(de)(de)(de)(de)天氣(qi)應增加(jia)巡視(shi)次數，對油(you)(you)浸式的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂層油(you)(you)溫(wen)不(bu)得(de)高于95℃，溫(wen)升(sheng)不(bu)得(de)超過55℃，為防(fang)止繞組(zu)和(he)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劣化過速，頂層油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)不(bu)宜(yi)經常超過45℃；③搖(yao)測(ce)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻，檢(jian)查各引(yin)線是否(fou)牢(lao)固，特別(bie)要(yao)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是低壓(ya)出(chu)線連接(jie)處接(jie)觸是否(fou)良好、溫(wen)度是否(fou)異常；④加(jia)強(qiang)用電(dian)負荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)，在用電(dian)高峰期，加(jia)強(qiang)對每臺配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)測(ce)量(liang)，必要(yao)時(shi)增加(jia)測(ce)量(liang)次數，對三相電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)進行(xing)(xing)調整，防(fang)止中性(xing)線電(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)燒斷(duan)引(yin)線，造成用戶設備(bei)損壞，配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)受損。聯接(jie)組(zu)別(bie)為Yyn0的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)，三相負荷(he)應盡量(liang)平衡，不(bu)得(de)僅用一相或兩相供電(dian)，中性(xing)線電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)應超過低壓(ya)側額定電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)25%，力求使配(pei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)不(bu)超載、不(bu)偏載運(yun)行(xing)(xing)；

2.2防止(zhi)(zhi)外力破(po)壞(huai)(huai)：①合理(li)(li)選擇配變(bian)(bian)的安裝(zhuang)地點，配變(bian)(bian)安裝(zhuang)既要滿(man)足用戶電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的要求，又要盡量避(bi)免將(jiang)其安裝(zhuang)在(zai)荒山野嶺，易被雷擊，也不(bu)能(neng)安裝(zhuang)在(zai)遠離居民區(qu)的地方，以防不(bu)法分(fen)子偷盜。安裝(zhuang)位置太偏僻也不(bu)利(li)于(yu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)人員的定期維護(hu)，不(bu)便于(yu)工作人員的管理(li)(li)；②避(bi)免在(zai)配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器上安裝(zhuang)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)計量箱(xiang)，因(yin)長時間(jian)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，計量箱(xiang)玻璃損壞(huai)(huai)或配變(bian)(bian)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)頭損壞(huai)(huai)不(bu)能(neng)及時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)更換，致使(shi)因(yin)雨水等(deng)原因(yin)燒(shao)壞(huai)(huai)電(dian)能(neng)表引起配變(bian)(bian)受損；③不(bu)允許私自調(diao)節分(fen)接開關(guan)，以防分(fen)接開關(guan)調(diao)節不(bu)到(dao)位發生相(xiang)間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)致使(shi)燒(shao)壞(huai)(huai)配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器；④在(zai)配變(bian)(bian)高低(di)壓(ya)(ya)端加(jia)裝(zhuang)絕緣罩(zhao)，防止(zhi)(zhi)自然災害和(he)外物破(po)壞(huai)(huai)，在(zai)道路(lu)(lu)(lu)狹(xia)窄的小區(qu)和(he)動物出(chu)入頻繁的森(sen)林區(qu)加(jia)裝(zhuang)高低(di)壓(ya)(ya)絕緣罩(zhao)，防止(zhi)(zhi)配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器接線(xian)(xian)樁(zhuang)上掉東西使(shi)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)而燒(shao)毀配變(bian)(bian)；⑤定期巡視線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，砍伐(fa)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)通道，防止(zhi)(zhi)樹枝碰在(zai)導線(xian)(xian)上引起低(di)壓(ya)(ya)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)燒(shao)壞(huai)(huai)配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器的事故。

摘(zhai)要：本文介(jie)紹(shao)了(le)電氣工程師(shi)在對干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)器選型時應該注意的(de)事(shi)項(xiang)，主要從(cong)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)器的(de)溫(wen)度控制系統，干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)器的(de)防護方式(shi)，干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)器的(de)過(guo)載(zai)能力等方面進行比(bi)較。

關鍵詞(ci)：變壓器選(xuan)型在工程(cheng)設計(ji)中，電氣工程(cheng)師在干式變壓器的選(xuan)型時要注意以下(xia)幾點：

一、干式(shi)變壓器(qi)的溫度(du)控制系統

干式變(bian)壓器的安全(quan)運行和使(shi)用壽命，很大(da)程度上取決于變(bian)壓器繞(rao)(rao)組絕緣的安全(quan)可靠。繞(rao)(rao)組溫(wen)度超過絕緣耐受溫(wen)度使(shi)絕緣破壞，是導致變(bian)壓器不(bu)能正常工作(zuo)的主要(yao)原因之一，因此對(dui)變(bian)壓器的運行溫(wen)度的監測及(ji)其報(bao)警(jing)控制是十分重要(yao)的。

（1）風機自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)：通過(guo)預埋(mai)在低壓繞(rao)組最熱處的Pt100熱敏測溫(wen)(wen)電阻測取溫(wen)(wen)度(du)信號。變(bian)壓器負荷增大，運行溫(wen)(wen)度(du)上升，當(dang)繞(rao)組溫(wen)(wen)度(du)達110℃時，系統自(zi)動(dong)啟動(dong)風機冷(leng)卻(que)；當(dang)繞(rao)組溫(wen)(wen)度(du)低至90℃時，系統自(zi)動(dong)停止風機。

（2）超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)報警(jing)、跳(tiao)閘：通過預埋在低壓繞(rao)組中(zhong)的PTC非(fei)線性(xing)熱敏測溫(wen)電阻采集繞(rao)組或鐵心(xin)溫(wen)度信號。當變壓器繞(rao)組溫(wen)度繼續升高，若(ruo)達到155℃時，系統輸出超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)報警(jing)信號；若(ruo)溫(wen)度繼續上升達170℃，變壓器已不能(neng)繼續運(yun)行，須(xu)向二次保護回路(lu)輸送超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)跳(tiao)閘信號，應使變壓器迅速跳(tiao)閘。

一(yi)、變壓器運(yun)行(xing)中的(de)檢查

1.檢查變壓(ya)器(qi)上層(ceng)油溫(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)否超過允許(xu)范(fan)圍。由于每臺變壓(ya)器(qi)負荷(he)大小、冷卻(que)條(tiao)件及季節(jie)不同，運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)的(de)變壓(ya)器(qi)不能以上層(ceng)油溫(wen)(wen)不超過允許(xu)值為(wei)依據，還應根據以往運(yun)行(xing)經驗(yan)及在上述情(qing)況下與上次的(de)油溫(wen)(wen)比較。如油溫(wen)(wen)突然增高，則應檢查冷卻(que)裝置是(shi)(shi)否正常，油循環(huan)是(shi)(shi)否破(po)壞等(deng)，來(lai)判斷變壓(ya)器(qi)內部是(shi)(shi)否有故障(zhang)。

2.檢查油(you)(you)質(zhi)，應(ying)(ying)為透明、微(wei)帶黃色，由此可(ke)判斷油(you)(you)質(zhi)的好壞。油(you)(you)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)符合周圍溫度的標(biao)準線，如油(you)(you)面(mian)過低應(ying)(ying)檢查變壓(ya)器是否(fou)漏油(you)(you)等。油(you)(you)面(mian)過高應(ying)(ying)檢查冷卻裝置(zhi)的使(shi)用(yong)情(qing)況，是否(fou)有內部故(gu)障。

3.變(bian)壓器的(de)聲(sheng)音應正常。正常運行(xing)時一般(ban)有(you)均勻的(de)嗡嗡電磁聲(sheng)。如聲(sheng)音有(you)所改變(bian)，應細(xi)心檢(jian)查，并迅速匯報值班(ban)調(diao)度(du)員并請檢(jian)修(xiu)單(dan)位(wei)處(chu)理。

4.應(ying)檢查套管是否清潔(jie)，有無裂紋和(he)放電(dian)痕跡(ji)，冷卻(que)裝(zhuang)置應(ying)正(zheng)常。工作(zuo)、備用(yong)電(dian)源及油泵應(ying)符合運行要求等(deng)等(deng)。

5.天(tian)氣(qi)有(you)變化(hua)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)重點(dian)進(jin)行(xing)特(te)殊檢(jian)查(cha)。大風時(shi)，檢(jian)查(cha)引線有(you)無(wu)(wu)劇烈擺動，變壓器頂蓋、套管引線處應(ying)(ying)無(wu)(wu)雜物；大雪天(tian)，各部觸點(dian)在(zai)落雪后，不應(ying)(ying)立(li)即熔化(hua)或有(you)放(fang)電(dian)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)；大霧天(tian)，各部有(you)無(wu)(wu)火花放(fang)電(dian)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)等(deng)。

摘(zhai)要：文中詳細闡述了油浸式(shi)電力變壓器(qi)瓦(wa)斯保護裝(zhuang)置的基本(ben)工作原(yuan)理、保護范圍(wei)、安裝(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)、日常巡查(cha)項目、運(yun)行狀態和(he)瓦(wa)斯保護裝(zhuang)置信號動作的原(yuan)因(yin)及其事(shi)故(gu)分析診斷的基本(ben)原(yuan)則與處理方(fang)法，并提出了反事(shi)故(gu)措施。

關鍵詞：油(you)浸(jin)式電力變壓(ya)器瓦斯保(bao)護處理(li)方法反事故措施

1前言

目(mu)前，我(wo)公司使用的電力變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)大多(duo)數仍然是(shi)油(you)浸式變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。本人(ren)工作以來經常參加變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的設(she)計、安裝和調試及(ji)維修工作，積累了許多(duo)關于變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的知識，現(xian)就變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的瓦斯保護作一詳細的介紹。

2工作原理

瓦(wa)斯保(bao)護是變(bian)壓(ya)器內部(bu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要保(bao)護元(yuan)件，對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)器匝間(jian)和層間(jian)短路、鐵(tie)芯故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、套管內部(bu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、繞組(zu)內部(bu)斷線及(ji)絕緣(yuan)劣化和油(you)(you)面(mian)下降等故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)均能靈敏動(dong)作。當油(you)(you)浸式變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)內部(bu)發生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時，由于電弧(hu)將使絕緣(yuan)材料分解并產生大(da)量的(de)(de)氣體，其(qi)強(qiang)烈程度(du)隨故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)嚴重程度(du)不同而(er)不同。瓦(wa)斯保(bao)護就(jiu)是利用(yong)反應(ying)氣體狀態的(de)(de)瓦(wa)斯繼電器（又(you)稱氣體繼電器）來(lai)保(bao)護變(bian)壓(ya)器內部(bu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)。

摘要(yao)：10kV配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)配(pei)置主(zhu)要(yao)有斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)或負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)加熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)投(tou)(tou)資省，但不能開(kai)(kai)斷(duan)(duan)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)流，很少采用(yong)(yong)；斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技術性能好，但設備(bei)投(tou)(tou)資較(jiao)高，使用(yong)(yong)復(fu)雜(za)，廣泛應用(yong)(yong)不現實(shi)；負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)加熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)合的(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)配(pei)置方(fang)式(shi)，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)避(bi)免采用(yong)(yong)操作復(fu)雜(za)、價格昂(ang)貴(gui)的(de)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，彌補負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)不能開(kai)(kai)斷(duan)(duan)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)缺(que)點，又可(ke)(ke)滿足實(shi)際(ji)運行的(de)需(xu)要(yao)，該配(pei)置可(ke)(ke)作為(wei)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)式(shi)，值得大力推(tui)廣，為(wei)此(ci)，對10kV環網供電(dian)(dian)單元和(he)終端用(yong)(yong)戶10kV配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采用(yong)(yong)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、負(fu)(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)加熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)合的(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)配(pei)置方(fang)式(shi)進行技術-經濟比(bi)較(jiao)，供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)設計和(he)運行管理部(bu)門(men)參考(kao)。

關(guan)鍵詞：10kV配電變(bian)壓器(qi)斷路器(qi)負荷開(kai)關(guan)熔斷器(qi)保(bao)護配置

無論是在環網供電(dian)(dian)單元、箱式(shi)(shi)變電(dian)(dian)站或是終端(duan)用戶的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)室結線方(fang)式(shi)(shi)中,如配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)短路故障時，保(bao)護(hu)配(pei)置(zhi)能快(kuai)速可靠(kao)地切除故障，對保(bao)護(hu)10kV高(gao)壓(ya)開關設備和變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)都(dou)非常(chang)重要。保(bao)護(hu)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)的(de)配(pei)置(zhi)一般有(you)兩(liang)種：一種利用斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)；另一種則(ze)利用負(fu)荷(he)開關加(jia)高(gao)遮(zhe)斷(duan)容量的(de)后(hou)備式(shi)(shi)限流熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)組合(he)。這兩(liang)種配(pei)置(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)在技術和經濟上各(ge)有(you)優(you)缺點(dian)，以下對這兩(liang)種方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進行綜(zong)合(he)比較分析。

1環網(wang)供電單元接線形(xing)式



1.1環網供電單元的(de)組成

由于110千伏(fu)級變壓器短路(lu)損(sun)傷(shang)事故(gu)率的非正常攀升，如何提(ti)高110千伏(fu)變壓器的抗短路(lu)能力，減少運行中短路(lu)損(sun)傷(shang)概率已越來越引起(qi)供(gong)用電單位(wei)和設備(bei)制(zhi)造企業(ye)的重視。國家電網公(gong)司(si)生產(chan)運行部統計的1991年～2002年變壓器短路(lu)損(sun)壞事故(gu)的統計見(jian)表1。

從表(biao)1可(ke)以(yi)清楚地看到(dao)，自1992年以(yi)后，短路損壞(huai)的變壓器(qi)占事故總(zong)(zong)臺次(ci)比率(lv)有明顯的上(shang)升(sheng)。在1994年至(zhi)1999年度(du)(du)(du)，短路損壞(huai)臺次(ci)占總(zong)(zong)事故臺次(ci)比率(lv)在35％~io1995年至(zhi)1996年度(du)(du)(du)甚至(zhi)達到(dao)了50％左右。大型變壓器(qi)短路損傷事故居(ju)高不下的問題，已到(dao)了非解決不可(ke)的程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)。

一、110千(qian)伏級變壓器(qi)事故損(sun)傷率大幅上升的(de)原(yuan)因

從大(da)(da)量公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術文獻分(fen)析(xi)，110千(qian)伏變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)損(sun)傷(shang)率大(da)(da)幅(fu)攀(pan)升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)，主要是(shi)因(yin)為制造廠(chang)在80年(nian)代(dai)未(wei)至(zhi)90年(nian)代(dai)初進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低損(sun)耗“8型”產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計時對產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)強(qiang)度(du)(du)未(wei)引起足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視，以至(zhi)在此(ci)(ci)(ci)期間(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量產(chan)品(pin)(pin)存在強(qiang)度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先天性缺陷。同(tong)時，和(he)國家經濟發(fa)展同(tong)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電力網(wang)系(xi)統容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)升(sheng)，導致系(xi)統短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)阻抗(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)幅(fu)下降。一旦(dan)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)事故，短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電流(liu)可(ke)能(neng)會比(bi)原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)情況下大(da)(da)10％～20％左右(you)，由此(ci)(ci)(ci)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)率要大(da)(da)20％～40％之間(jian)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，可(ke)能(neng)同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一臺變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器，在原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統容(rong)量較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電網(wang)中(zhong)運(yun)行(xing)時，因(yin)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電流(liu)較小(xiao)，可(ke)以承受(shou)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沖擊而不(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)事故；而當電網(wang)容(rong)量大(da)(da)幅(fu)提升(sheng)后，有可(ke)能(neng)承受(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)這時的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沖擊而發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)損(sun)傷(shang)。在這兩(liang)個原(yuan)因(yin)中(zhong)，產(chan)品(pin)(pin)結構(gou)強(qiang)度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)是(shi)主因(yin)，電力網(wang)系(xi)統容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)升(sheng)是(shi)誘因(yin)。

結合90年代中后期發生的大(da)量(liang)110千伏短路損傷事故圖(tu)片，原“8型”低損耗產品結構設計中主(zhu)要不足如下(xia)：

1、上部壓板強(qiang)度(du)不足

摘要(yao)：變(bian)壓(ya)器油和(he)(he)纖(xian)維(wei)絕緣材料在運行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)到水分、氧氣(qi)、熱量以及銅(tong)和(he)(he)鐵(tie)等材料催化作(zuo)用的(de)影響(xiang)而老化和(he)(he)分解，產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)體(ti)大部分溶(rong)于油中(zhong)(zhong)，但產(chan)生(sheng)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)速(su)率(lv)是相當(dang)緩慢的(de)。當(dang)變(bian)壓(ya)器內部存在初期故障或形成(cheng)新的(de)故障條件(jian)時，其(qi)產(chan)氣(qi)速(su)率(lv)和(he)(he)產(chan)氣(qi)量則十(shi)分明顯，絕大多(duo)數(shu)的(de)初期缺陷都會出現早期跡象，因此，對變(bian)壓(ya)器產(chan)生(sheng)氣(qi)體(ti)進(jin)行(xing)適當(dang)分析即(ji)能(neng)檢測出故障

關(guan)鍵詞：變壓器油中溶(rong)解(jie)氣體故障(zhang)判斷

隨著變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)運行時間的(de)(de)延長，變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)可能產生(sheng)初期故(gu)障，油中某些可燃性氣體則(ze)是內(nei)部故(gu)障的(de)(de)先兆，這些可燃氣體可降低變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)油的(de)(de)閃點，從而引起早期故(gu)障。

變壓器油(you)和纖維絕緣材料(liao)在運行中(zhong)受到水分(fen)(fen)、氧氣(qi)、熱量以(yi)及銅和鐵等(deng)材料(liao)催化作用的(de)影響而老化和分(fen)(fen)解，產生的(de)氣(qi)體大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)溶于油(you)中(zhong)，但(dan)產生氣(qi)體的(de)速率(lv)是相當(dang)緩慢的(de)。當(dang)變壓器內部(bu)存在初期故障(zhang)或(huo)形(xing)成新(xin)的(de)故障(zhang)條件時(shi)，其產氣(qi)速率(lv)和產氣(qi)量則十分(fen)(fen)明顯(xian)，絕大多數的(de)初期缺(que)陷都會出現早期跡象，因此，對變壓器產生氣(qi)體進行適當(dang)分(fen)(fen)析即能檢測出故障(zhang)。

1、變壓器油中的氣體類別

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相色譜法正(zheng)是對變壓(ya)器油(you)(you)中可燃性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)進(jin)行分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)最切實(shi)可行的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，該(gai)方(fang)法包(bao)括從(cong)油(you)(you)中脫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)測(ce)量兩個過程(cheng)。礦物油(you)(you)是由(you)大(da)約2871種(zhong)液態(tai)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)化(hua)合物組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，通常(chang)只鑒(jian)別絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)油(you)(you)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(H2)、氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(O2)、氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(N2)、甲(jia)烷(CH4)、一氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO)、乙烷(C2H6)、二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO2)、乙烯(C2H4)、乙炔(C2H2)9種(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，將(jiang)這些(xie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)從(cong)油(you)(you)中脫出并經分析，證明(ming)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在及含量，即(ji)可反映出產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)這些(xie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障類型(xing)和(he)(he)嚴重程(cheng)度(du)(du)。油(you)(you)在正(zheng)常(chang)老化(hua)過程(cheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)主(zhu)要(yao)是一氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO)和(he)(he)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO2)，油(you)(you)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)中存在局部放(fang)電時(shi)(shi)(shi)(如(ru)油(you)(you)中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡擊穿)，油(you)(you)裂解產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)主(zhu)要(yao)是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(H2)和(he)(he)甲(jia)烷(CH4)。在故(gu)(gu)障溫度(du)(du)高于正(zheng)常(chang)運行溫度(du)(du)不多時(shi)(shi)(shi)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)主(zhu)要(yao)是甲(jia)烷(CH4)，隨故(gu)(gu)障溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升高，乙烯(C2H2)和(he)(he)乙烷(C2H6)逐漸成為主(zhu)要(yao)物征氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)；當溫度(du)(du)高于1000℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(如(ru)在電弧弧道(dao)溫度(du)(du)300℃以上)，油(you)(you)裂解產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中含有較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)乙炔(C2H2)，如(ru)果(guo)故(gu)(gu)障涉及到固體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材料時(shi)(shi)(shi)，會(hui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)一氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO)和(he)(he)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(CO2)。