變壓器培訓總結范文
時間(jian):2023-04-03 08:15:42
導語:如何才能寫好一篇變壓器培訓總結(jie),這就需要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更(geng)多的(de)資料(liao)和(he)文獻,歡迎閱(yue)讀由公務員之(zhi)家整(zheng)理(li)的(de)十(shi)篇范文,供你借鑒。
篇1
關鍵詞:大型變壓器;工程施(shi)工;關鍵工序(xu);質量(liang)控制措施(shi)
大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序質量(liang)(liang)是(shi)指企業在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中生產(chan)合格(ge)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)對大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定措(cuo)施(shi)。關(guan)鍵(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序與質量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)是(shi)影響大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素(su),因此在(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中企業應當對關(guan)鍵(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序與質量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)加以嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)(zhi),從(cong)而更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)大(da)型(xing)(xing)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)平。
一、大型變壓器工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)中的(de)關鍵工(gong)序(xu)
1.加(jia)強零(ling)部件尺(chi)寸測量的精準度
在大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位應(ying)(ying)當(dang)對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)大(da)(da)小限制、外(wai)形尺(chi)(chi)寸進行(xing)精(jing)確測(ce)量(liang),從而(er)保證(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)時的(de)安全。外(wai)部(bu)(bu)尺(chi)(chi)寸對(dui)于(yu)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)起著十分關(guan)(guan)鍵的(de)作(zuo)用。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位應(ying)(ying)當(dang)保證(zheng)(zheng)測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)質量(liang),大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中每個零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)都(dou)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)經過(guo)2次(ci)測(ce)量(liang),從而(er)保證(zheng)(zheng)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)精(jing)準度(du)和安全性(xing)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位應(ying)(ying)當(dang)加大(da)(da)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)維護與保養力度(du),并提(ti)供(gong)相關(guan)(guan)的(de)技術支(zhi)持。在實際測(ce)量(liang)過(guo)程中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在第一(yi)次(ci)組織生產現(xian)場測(ce)量(liang)時,應(ying)(ying)當(dang)對(dui)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)設計圖紙進行(xing)測(ce)量(liang),從而(er)確保零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)第一(yi)手數據(ju)(ju)的(de)真實性(xing)。在零(ling)(ling)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)第二(er)次(ci)測(ce)量(liang)中,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)不斷改進測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)精(jing)確度(du),從而(er)保證(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)基礎(chu)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)安全可(ke)靠。
2.加(jia)強焊(han)接加(jia)固(gu)施工質量
嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)過程對于大型(xing)(xing)(xing)變壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)標準、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)結果都有(you)(you)著(zhu)重要的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。因此施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業應當對大型(xing)(xing)(xing)變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)方案的(de)(de)有(you)(you)著(zhu)嚴格(ge)要求,完善焊(han)接(jie)(jie)項目的(de)(de)細節并(bing)加(jia)(jia)快焊(han)接(jie)(jie)項目的(de)(de)速(su)度,從而更好(hao)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)強焊(han)接(jie)(jie)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量,也是保證大型(xing)(xing)(xing)變壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)重要前提。企(qi)(qi)業內(nei)部的(de)(de)相關(guan)部門應當對焊(han)接(jie)(jie)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。從而更好(hao)的(de)(de)滿足(zu)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)變壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)強度要求,并(bing)做到(dao)徹底解決大型(xing)(xing)(xing)變壓器(qi)鐵焊(han)接(jie)(jie)速(su)度問題。
3.加(jia)固材(cai)料的正(zheng)確使用(yong)
大型變壓(ya)器工程(cheng)施工中加(jia)固(gu)(gu)材(cai)料的(de)(de)使用應當從加(jia)固(gu)(gu)規則(ze)本(ben)身出發(fa)并(bing)根據行業標(biao)準(zhun)和加(jia)固(gu)(gu)要求實現產品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)保證,從而(er)(er)更好(hao)的(de)(de)滿(man)足大型變壓(ya)器工程(cheng)施工的(de)(de)需(xu)求,堅(jian)決(jue)禁止質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不過(guo)關的(de)(de)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)材(cai)料使用。同時施工企(qi)業應當對加(jia)固(gu)(gu)材(cai)料進(jin)行正確的(de)(de)使用,從而(er)(er)更好(hao)的(de)(de)增強材(cai)料的(de)(de)堅(jian)固(gu)(gu)性。防止影響大型變壓(ya)器使用效果(guo)現象的(de)(de)發(fa)生。
二(er)、大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓器工(gong)程施工(gong)中質量控制措施分析(xi)
1.加強組(zu)織領導能力
施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應(ying)當對(dui)(dui)大(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中質(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)提高重視,并(bing)成立(li)相關的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)領(ling)導(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作小(xiao)組,對(dui)(dui)大(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)每月固定的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)活動(dong),并(bing)對(dui)(dui)活動(dong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作進行(xing)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)記錄。主管領(ling)導(dao)應(ying)當經常(chang)深入(ru)到大(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場進行(xing)檢(jian)查指導(dao),并(bing)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中的(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)環節都(dou)進行(xing)現場檢(jian)查,并(bing)解決、協調工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中出現的(de)(de)(de)問題,從而促使大(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中質(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)措(cuo)(cuo)能夠得到更好的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)。
2.注重審核相關設計圖紙
在進(jin)(jin)行型(xing)變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)時,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)當嚴格按(an)照我國的(de)(de)相關規定,對大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)設計圖(tu)紙進(jin)(jin)行詳細的(de)(de)檢(jian)查,對重(zhong)點檢(jian)查的(de)(de)部分應(ying)當蓋有(you)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位領(ling)導單位公章(zhang),從(cong)而保證大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)重(zhong)要數據的(de)(de)有(you)效性。企(qi)業(ye)對于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計圖(tu)紙的(de)(de)檢(jian)查必須認真對待。從(cong)而確(que)保大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)順利進(jin)(jin)行。
3.嚴(yan)格執行加載程序
加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)是大(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)基礎,企(qi)業對(dui)于大(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)必(bi)須一絲(si)不(bu)茍的(de)執行,從而確保(bao)大(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)裝(zhuang)載(zai)加固的(de)質量,并(bing)確保(bao)完工(gong)(gong)后的(de)運行安全。大(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)在按照規(gui)定嚴格執行后,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業應當對(dui)加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)合(he)理(li)性(xing)(xing)和有效性(xing)(xing)進行重新審視(shi)。從而確保(bao)大(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)加載(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)科學性(xing)(xing)和合(he)理(li)性(xing)(xing)。
4.嚴格做好裝載工作
對于大(da)(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo),企業(ye)應(ying)當通(tong)(tong)過合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)模型。通(tong)(tong)過實施(shi)正(zheng)確裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)技術(shu)對于大(da)(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)進行動態管理(li)(li),并把(ba)相關的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)數(shu)據(ju)進行合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)保存(cun)處理(li)(li),并在工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)結束后向上級主管部門匯報。在加(jia)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體工(gong)作(zuo)方案上,施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)應(ying)當制定具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)步驟和措施(shi),從而保證實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)人員在大(da)(da)型變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)固過程中能夠提供(gong)必要的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)保障。
5.加強工(gong)程施工(gong)中的自我管理能力
施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)進行(xing)大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)質量(liang)控(kong)制措施(shi)(shi)(shi)分析(xi)時應(ying)當(dang)(dang)加(jia)強工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自我(wo)管(guan)理(li)能力。同(tong)時施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)高度重視大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)控(kong)制。在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)注重保持(chi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高效(xiao)性。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)堅(jian)持(chi)與合(he)作(zuo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)簽(qian)署有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協議(yi)。在(zai)收到大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)請求(qiu)后(hou),企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)根據實際情況對請求(qiu)進行(xing)處理(li),并(bing)在(zai)處理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)加(jia)強相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),并(bing)以合(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式就施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間同(tong)合(he)作(zuo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)簽(qian)署安(an)全(quan)協議(yi)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前一天就將設計圖紙、物資(zi)分配、人員情況、貨運單(dan)位(wei)等需要管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容進行(xing)整合(he)。除(chu)此之外,企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)加(jia)強安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度,從而確保每個大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關人員都對安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)所(suo)了解(jie)。在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監控(kong)設備(bei)上,由于大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有(you)很強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性,企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)堅(jian)持(chi)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巡邏(luo)監控(kong),并(bing)對檢查過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進行(xing)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)堅(jian)持(chi)每日工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總結會(hui)制度,在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年底也要進行(xing)年度總結大(da)(da)(da)會(hui),對于這一年在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進行(xing)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)并(bing)提(ti)出(chu)適(shi)當(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進建議(yi),從而促使大(da)(da)(da)型變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)自我(wo)管(guan)理(li)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)強。
6.加強對工作人員的培訓
大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)單位應當堅持每半年(nian)就進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)次大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)團隊業務知識的(de)系統培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)。通過采取雙向互動的(de)溝通和訓(xun)(xun)(xun)練方法(fa),對于在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)中出現的(de)問題,進(jin)行(xing)合理的(de)分(fen)析(xi)和解答。并把人(ren)員(yuan)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)重點放在(zai)個人(ren)安全(quan)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、崗位安全(quan)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器維(wei)護培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)上,從而促使大(da)型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)安全(quan)意識和施工(gong)(gong)水平能夠不斷的(de)提高與進(jin)步。
7.加強安(an)裝后的(de)檢查工作
施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位應(ying)當(dang)秉持著為客(ke)戶服務原則,在大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)束后加(jia)強對大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)質量檢(jian)查(cha)(cha),從而(er)確保大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)運行質量和(he)使(shi)用壽命(ming)。在進行大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)安裝后檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)時(shi),安檢(jian)人員應(ying)當(dang)根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)特性,對生產現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器負(fu)載系統進行細(xi)致的(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha),并在檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)每一個(ge)環(huan)節和(he)每一個(ge)細(xi)節上做(zuo)到細(xi)化檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)內容,從而(er)更好(hao)的(de)(de)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)準確性,最終保證(zheng)大(da)(da)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成果。
三、結語
為了(le)促進(jin)大(da)型變(bian)壓器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)快速(su)穩定發展(zhan)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業應當(dang)進(jin)一步(bu)加(jia)強(qiang)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)關(guan)鍵工(gong)(gong)(gong)序與(yu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。并(bing)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)以上工(gong)(gong)(gong)作有(you)能夠符合安全性標準(zhun)并(bing)有(you)相關(guan)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)。企(qi)業同(tong)時(shi)應當(dang)確保(bao)大(da)型變(bian)壓器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)運輸安全并(bing)加(jia)強(qiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)和管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)培訓(xun)和考核,并(bing)繼續加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)大(da)型變(bian)壓器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)關(guan)鍵工(gong)(gong)(gong)序與(yu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制措施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)綜(zong)合分析,從而更(geng)好的(de)提高大(da)型變(bian)壓器工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水平,從而更(geng)好的(de)促進(jin)我國大(da)型變(bian)壓器行業的(de)整體進(jin)步(bu)。
參考文獻:
[1]程宇(yu).大型變(bian)壓器更換工程施工探(tan)討[J].科技情報開發與(yu)經濟.2012,12(12):34
篇2
隨著鄉(xiang)鎮居民生活(huo)水平的(de)(de)(de)不斷提高(gao)(gao),以及現(xian)代(dai)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備和各種家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)普及,對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求越來越高(gao)(gao)。為了保(bao)證居民用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)穩定和安(an)全(quan)(quan),供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)提高(gao)(gao)重(zhong)視。本文(wen)分析了目前在(zai)鄉(xiang)鎮供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)上存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti),并針對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)提出解決措施,為后期的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)工作提供(gong)(gong)參(can)考和借鑒。
關鍵詞:
鄉鎮供電(dian)所;配(pei)電(dian)變壓(ya)器;安全管(guan)理
0引言
在(zai)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)管理(li)(li)中,配(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)工作一直(zhi)是(shi)(shi)其工作的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)內容,因為變(bian)壓(ya)器是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力配(pei)送中的(de)(de)重(zhong)要設備(bei),其運行的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)和穩定(ding)性(xing)直(zhi)接決(jue)定(ding)著供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)質量,尤其是(shi)(shi)在(zai)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)管理(li)(li)設備(bei)資源不足,管理(li)(li)能力有(you)限的(de)(de)情(qing)況下,如何通過制(zhi)定(ding)科學合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)方式(shi),提高(gao)管理(li)(li)質量,維(wei)護(hu)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性(xing),是(shi)(shi)需要供(gong)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)需要重(zhong)點(dian)考慮的(de)(de)問題(ti)。
1鄉鎮供電所配電變壓器(qi)運行中常見的安全問題
1.1變(bian)壓器溫度不(bu)正常
配(pei)電(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)如(ru)果在運行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中出現(xian)溫度(du)偏高的(de)現(xian)象說(shuo)明(ming)其處于(yu)長時(shi)間(jian)的(de)超(chao)負荷工作(zuo)或(huo)者(zhe)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)運行(xing)環境(jing)不(bu)利(li)于(yu)散(san)熱(re),進而有可能導致(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)線路出現(xian)短路,甚至變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)被(bei)燒壞等(deng)嚴重(zhong)事故,不(bu)僅影(ying)響正常的(de)供(gong)電(dian)工作(zuo),更對供(gong)電(dian)所帶來極(ji)大(da)的(de)經濟(ji)損失。
1.2變(bian)壓器(qi)油色(se)不正常
油(you)色不(bu)正常一(yi)般表現為以下三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang):第(di)一(yi),油(you)色發白,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)由于(yu)油(you)枕在(zai)進(jin)行密封的(de)過程中工作做得不(bu)到位(wei),導致密封不(bu)夠嚴實,進(jin)而(er)導致配電變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)水(shui)分滲入,才出現了油(you)色發白的(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)。第(di)二,油(you)為棕色,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)因(yin)為變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)過高,導致油(you)被燒糊,這樣很容(rong)易(yi)導致油(you)路發生阻(zu)塞,并影響(xiang)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)散熱,造成(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)持續升高。第(di)三(san),油(you)呈紅色,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)因(yin)為變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)維護工作不(bu)到位(wei),導致其絕緣層產(chan)生老化,進(jin)而(er)發生了線路短路的(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)[1]。
1.3變(bian)壓器聲(sheng)響(xiang)異常(chang)
配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器如果處在(zai)正常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)狀態下(xia),其(qi)(qi)聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)以及震(zhen)動頻率等(deng)都(dou)會呈現(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)規律性,如果表現(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)異常(chang)(chang),比如聲(sheng)音雜亂(luan)、聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)過大、噪(zao)音明顯(xian)等(deng),甚至會出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)(de)摩擦聲(sheng)和(he)爆破聲(sheng)。通過具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)和(he)研究,總結出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)發生異常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)以下(xia)四(si)點(dian)原因(yin):第(di)一(yi),如果變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)油位比較(jiao)正常(chang)(chang),而且其(qi)(qi)溫度和(he)油色(se)也沒有問題,那導(dao)致異常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)很可(ke)能是部分(fen)螺釘(ding)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)松動現(xian)象(xiang),要及時讓(rang)檢修人員進行(xing)處理。第(di)二,如果變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器長(chang)時間處在(zai)超負(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)狀態下(xia),就很可(ke)能會出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)內(nei)部系統運(yun)行(xing)不(bu)穩定,進而出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)一(yi)系列安全(quan)問題,聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)異常(chang)(chang)就是其(qi)(qi)中最常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)。第(di)三(san),當配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)部件存在(zai)不(bu)良震(zhen)動時,會導(dao)致機械零件接觸而出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象(xiang),進而引起聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)異常(chang)(chang)。第(di)四(si),如果變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)分(fen)節開關(guan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)接觸不(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang),也會引起聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang)異常(chang)(chang),需要根據實際情況(kuang)進行(xing)檢修[2]。
1.4配(pei)電電壓(ya)不穩或(huo)者無法(fa)正常工作(zuo)
如果變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器長期承受(shou)的(de)負荷分配(pei)呈現不(bu)均勻(yun)的(de)現象,就會(hui)容易導致(zhi)配(pei)電變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器電壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)穩以及(ji)運行不(bu)正常的(de)情況(kuang)發生,除此之外(wai)(wai),當變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器受(shou)到(dao)人(ren)力或者其(qi)它外(wai)(wai)力因素的(de)破壞時(shi),也會(hui)導致(zhi)電壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)穩,運行異常的(de)情況(kuang)。
2鄉鎮供(gong)電(dian)所配電(dian)變壓(ya)器(qi)安全管理的(de)措施
2.1定(ding)期做(zuo)好變壓器的清理和維護(hu)工作
首先,為了防(fang)止變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)出(chu)現受潮的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,要定(ding)期(qi)對變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)進(jin)行清(qing)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),包括對外(wai)部灰塵的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)理(li)(li),油污的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)理(li)(li)等,保證其外(wai)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔和(he)(he)干爽。這樣不(bu)僅能夠(gou)維(wei)持變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運行,也可(ke)以(yi)有效(xiao)防(fang)止出(chu)現灰塵和(he)(he)油污而引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻塞(sai)和(he)(he)潮濕情況出(chu)現。其次,定(ding)期(qi)對變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況進(jin)行監測(ce),這是維(wei)持變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)正常(chang)穩定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。由于變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)處于長期(qi)不(bu)間(jian)歇(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態下,很容易出(chu)現運行異常(chang),因此需要相關工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員對變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況進(jin)行實時的(de)(de)(de)(de)監控,及時發現運行中出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,這樣可(ke)以(yi)使問題得到有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制并及時解決,避免造成更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)電力事故。
2.2提高工(gong)作(zuo)技術人員的專業素(su)養
技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人員的(de)專業(ye)水平和職業(ye)素養直接影(ying)響著配電變壓器安全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)質量(liang),需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)日(ri)后(hou)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中重點關(guan)注。首先(xian),要(yao)對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)人員進(jin)(jin)行定(ding)期(qi)的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術培訓(xun),通過培訓(xun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠提(ti)高(gao)(gao)對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)重視程度,并(bing)(bing)掌握(wo)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),同時(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠更新配電變壓器的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)知(zhi)識,掌握(wo)新興的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)方法(fa),提(ti)高(gao)(gao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)質量(liang)。其(qi)次,要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行定(ding)期(qi)的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術考核(he),很多工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員在(zai)長期(qi)單(dan)調(diao)重復的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中會對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)產生懈怠,以及自身的(de)專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)所有下降,這樣不(bu)利于(yu)保(bao)證(zheng)其(qi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)質量(liang),因此相(xiang)關(guan)部門應該對(dui)(dui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人員的(de)專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)(jin)行定(ding)期(qi)考核(he),以提(ti)高(gao)(gao)其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)積(ji)極性并(bing)(bing)及時(shi)淘汰能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力不(bu)達標的(de)人員,優化人力資源配置。
2.3完善配電(dian)變壓(ya)器運行(xing)管理制(zhi)度(du)
要(yao)想(xiang)保(bao)證配電變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)安全運(yun)行(xing)(xing),就必須(xu)通過(guo)制(zhi)定(ding)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)管理制(zhi)度,規范相關人員(yuan)的(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)行(xing)(xing)為,提升(sheng)其操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)動作(zuo)的(de)準確性(xing)(xing)和有(you)效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)。并通過(guo)制(zhi)定(ding)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)獎懲(cheng)措施(shi),避免出現違規操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo),不合法操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)的(de)情況出現,這(zhe)是保(bao)證變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器安全運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)重要(yao)途徑。同(tong)時要(yao)對(dui)管理工作(zuo)中表(biao)現良好的(de)人員(yuan)進行(xing)(xing)獎勵,提高大家工作(zuo)的(de)嚴(yan)謹性(xing)(xing)和積(ji)極性(xing)(xing)。監督人員(yuan)要(yao)對(dui)日常的(de)管理工作(zuo)進行(xing)(xing)突擊檢查,這(zhe)樣能夠更加真實有(you)效(xiao)的(de)發現工作(zuo)中存在的(de)不良作(zuo)風(feng)和違規操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)行(xing)(xing)為。
2.4配電變(bian)壓(ya)器要(yao)加裝避雷設備
夏(xia)季是雷雨多發季節,也是電力(li)設備最(zui)容易出現(xian)問題(ti)的(de)(de)時候,在配(pei)電變壓(ya)器上加裝(zhuang)避雷設備能(neng)夠有(you)效(xiao)防(fang)止因為天氣因素而帶來(lai)的(de)(de)系(xi)統運行異常(chang)。通過避雷裝(zhuang)置,能(neng)夠避免變壓(ya)器受到雷電電流所帶來(lai)的(de)(de)破壞和(he)干擾,提高其運行的(de)(de)安全性和(he)穩定性[3]。
2.5建立鄉鎮供電所配電變壓(ya)器的(de)檔案
通(tong)過建立配電(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)(de)檔(dang)案,能夠(gou)對每(mei)個變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)(de)實際使用情況進行詳細的(de)(de)記錄(lu),方便對各(ge)個階段的(de)(de)使用情況和檢(jian)修記錄(lu)進行核查,也能夠(gou)為后期的(de)(de)管(guan)理和維護工作提供參考(kao)和借鑒,減少因為設(she)備維修而產(chan)生的(de)(de)經濟支出。
3結論
鄉鎮(zhen)供電所由于資源(yuan)配備和(he)技(ji)術能力(li)有(you)限,應該把配電變壓器的(de)安全(quan)(quan)管理(li)工作(zuo)要重(zhong)點放在日常(chang)的(de)維護(hu)和(he)檢修(xiu)工作(zuo)中(zhong),避(bi)免因(yin)為(wei)變壓器發生(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)大(da)安全(quan)(quan)事故而(er)給鄉鎮(zhen)居民(min)的(de)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)帶來不(bu)便,同時也能夠有(you)效降低因(yin)為(wei)設備維修(xiu)而(er)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)費(fei)用(yong)。在日常(chang)的(de)管理(li)工作(zuo)中(zhong),要根據現有(you)的(de)資源(yuan)配置,對其進行優化組合,提(ti)高資源(yuan)的(de)利用(yong)效率和(he)安全(quan)(quan)管理(li)的(de)質(zhi)量。
作者:邱煒 單(dan)位:國網福建(jian)晉江市供電有限公(gong)司
參考文獻:
篇3
關鍵詞(ci):電力變(bian)壓器(qi);故障(zhang);診斷
1引言
在電(dian)能(neng)的傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)和配送過程中(zhong),電(dian)力(li)變壓(ya)器是能(neng)量轉換(huan)、傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)的核心,是國民經濟(ji)各行各業和千家(jia)萬戶(hu)能(neng)量來源(yuan)的必經之路,是電(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)最重(zhong)要和最關鍵(jian)的設(she)備。電(dian)力(li)設(she)備的安全運行是避免(mian)電(dian)網(wang)重(zhong)大(da)事故(gu)的第(di)一道防御(yu)系統(tong),而(er)電(dian)力(li)變壓(ya)器是這道防御(yu)系統(tong)中(zhong)最關鍵(jian)的設(she)備。變壓(ya)器的嚴重(zhong)事故(gu)不(bu)但會(hui)導致(zhi)自(zi)身的損壞,還會(hui)中(zhong)斷電(dian)力(li)供應(ying),給社會(hui)造成(cheng)巨(ju)大(da)的經濟(ji)損失(shi)。
2常見故障(zhang)及其診斷(duan)措施
2.1變壓器滲油
變(bian)壓器(qi)滲漏油不僅會(hui)給(gei)電力企(qi)業帶來較(jiao)大的經濟損(sun)失(shi)、環境污染,還(huan)會(hui)影響變(bian)壓器(qi)的安全運(yun)行,可能造(zao)成不必要的停運(yun)甚至變(bian)壓器(qi)的損(sun)毀事故(gu),給(gei)電力客戶帶來生(sheng)產上的損(sun)失(shi)和(he)生(sheng)活上的不便。
因此,有必要(yao)解(jie)決變(bian)壓器滲漏油問題。
油箱焊(han)(han)縫(feng)滲(shen)油。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)平面接(jie)縫(feng)處(chu)(chu)滲(shen)油可(ke)直接(jie)進(jin)行(xing)焊(han)(han)接(jie),對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)拐角及加(jia)強筋連接(jie)處(chu)(chu)滲(shen)油則往往滲(shen)漏點查找(zhao)不準,或補(bu)焊(han)(han)后由于(yu)(yu)內應力的(de)原(yuan)因再次(ci)滲(shen)漏。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)這樣的(de)滲(shen)點可(ke)加(jia)用鐵(tie)板(ban)進(jin)行(xing)補(bu)焊(han)(han),兩面連接(jie)處(chu)(chu),可(ke)將(jiang)鐵(tie)板(ban)裁(cai)成(cheng)(cheng)紡錘狀進(jin)行(xing)補(bu)焊(han)(han);三面連接(jie)處(chu)(chu)可(ke)根(gen)據實際位置將(jiang)鐵(tie)板(ban)裁(cai)成(cheng)(cheng)三角形進(jin)行(xing)補(bu)焊(han)(han);該法也適用于(yu)(yu)套(tao)管電(dian)流互感器二次(ci)引線(xian)盒拐角焊(han)(han)縫(feng)滲(shen)漏焊(han)(han)接(jie)。
高(gao)壓(ya)套(tao)管(guan)升(sheng)高(gao)座(zuo)或進人孔(kong)法(fa)蘭滲(shen)油。這些部位主要是由于膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)墊安裝不合適,運行(xing)中可(ke)對法(fa)蘭進行(xing)施膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)密封。封堵(du)前用(yong)堵(du)漏(lou)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)將(jiang)法(fa)蘭之間縫(feng)隙(xi)堵(du)好,待堵(du)漏(lou)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)完全固(gu)化后,退出(chu)一個(ge)法(fa)蘭緊固(gu)螺(luo)絲,將(jiang)施膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)槍(qiang)嘴擰入該螺(luo)絲孔(kong),然后用(yong)高(gao)壓(ya)將(jiang)密封膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注入法(fa)蘭間隙(xi),直(zhi)至各法(fa)蘭螺(luo)絲帽有膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)擠出(chu)為止。
低壓(ya)(ya)側套管滲漏。其原因是受母線(xian)拉(la)伸和低壓(ya)(ya)側引線(xian)引出(chu)偏短(duan),膠珠壓(ya)(ya)在螺紋上。受母線(xian)拉(la)伸時(shi),可按規定(ding)對母線(xian)用伸縮(suo)節連接;如引線(xian)偏短(duan),可重新調整(zheng)(zheng)引線(xian)引出(chu)長(chang)度;對調整(zheng)(zheng)引線(xian)有困難的(de),可在安裝(zhuang)膠珠的(de)各(ge)密封面(mian)加密封膠;為增大(da)壓(ya)(ya)緊力可將瓷質(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)帽換成銅質(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)帽。
防(fang)爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)滲油。防(fang)爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)是變(bian)壓器內部(bu)發生故障(zhang)導致變(bian)壓器內部(bu)壓力過大,避(bi)免變(bian)壓器油箱破(po)裂(lie)(lie)的(de)安(an)全措施(shi)。但防(fang)爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)的(de)玻璃膜在變(bian)壓器運行中(zhong)由于振(zhen)動容易破(po)裂(lie)(lie),又無法及時更(geng)換玻璃,潮氣因此(ci)進入油箱,使絕緣油受潮,絕緣水平降(jiang)低,危及設備的(de)安(an)全。為(wei)此(ci),把防(fang)爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)拆除,改(gai)裝壓力釋放(fang)閥即可。
2.2鐵心多點(dian)接地
變壓(ya)器鐵(tie)心有(you)(you)且(qie)只能有(you)(you)一點接(jie)地(di)(di),出(chu)現兩點及(ji)以上的接(jie)地(di)(di),為多點接(jie)地(di)(di)。變壓(ya)器鐵(tie)心多點接(jie)地(di)(di)運(yun)行(xing)將導(dao)致(zhi)鐵(tie)心出(chu)現故障,危及(ji)變壓(ya)器的安(an)全運(yun)行(xing),應(ying)及(ji)時進行(xing)處(chu)理。
直(zhi)流(liu)電流(liu)沖擊法。拆除(chu)變壓(ya)器鐵心(xin)接地(di)線,在變壓(ya)器鐵心(xin)與油箱之間加直(zhi)流(liu)電壓(ya)進行短時大電流(liu)沖擊,沖擊3~5次(ci),常能燒掉(diao)鐵心(xin)的多余接地(di)點,起到很好的消除(chu)鐵心(xin)多點接地(di)的效果。
開箱檢查。對安裝后未將箱蓋上定位銷翻(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)或除去造(zao)成多點(dian)接(jie)地的,應(ying)將定位銷翻(fan)(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)過(guo)來(lai)或除掉。
夾件墊腳與鐵軛間的絕(jue)緣紙(zhi)板(ban)脫落或(huo)破損者,應按絕(jue)緣規范(fan)要(yao)求,更換(huan)一定(ding)厚度的新(xin)紙(zhi)板(ban)。
因(yin)夾件肢板距(ju)鐵心太近,使(shi)翹起的疊片(pian)與其(qi)相碰,則應(ying)調整夾件肢板和扳(ban)直翹起的疊片(pian),使(shi)兩者間(jian)距(ju)離符合(he)絕緣(yuan)間(jian)隙(xi)標準。
清(qing)(qing)除(chu)油中的金(jin)屬(shu)異(yi)物(wu)、金(jin)屬(shu)顆粒及雜質,清(qing)(qing)除(chu)油箱各部的油泥(ni),有條(tiao)件則對變(bian)壓器油進行真空干燥處理,清(qing)(qing)除(chu)水分。
2.3接頭過熱
載流接頭(tou)是變壓器本身及(ji)其聯系電(dian)網的(de)重要組成部(bu)分(fen),接頭(tou)連接不好,將引起發熱甚至燒斷,嚴(yan)重影響變壓器的(de)正常運行(xing)和電(dian)網的(de)安全供電(dian)。因(yin)此(ci),接頭(tou)過熱問(wen)題一定要及(ji)時解決。
銅(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)連(lian)接(jie)。變壓(ya)器的(de)(de)引(yin)出(chu)端(duan)頭(tou)(tou)都(dou)是銅(tong)(tong)制的(de)(de),在屋外和潮濕的(de)(de)場所中,不能將(jiang)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)用(yong)(yong)螺栓與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)端(duan)頭(tou)(tou)連(lian)接(jie)。當銅(tong)(tong)與(yu)鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)接(jie)觸面(mian)間滲入含有(you)溶解鹽的(de)(de)水分(fen),即電(dian)解液時(shi),在電(dian)耦的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下,會產生電(dian)解反應,鋁(lv)(lv)被(bei)強烈電(dian)腐蝕。結果,觸頭(tou)(tou)很快遭到破壞(huai),以致發熱(re)甚至可能造成重大事故。為(wei)了預防這(zhe)種現象,在上(shang)述裝置(zhi)中需要將(jiang)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)連(lian)接(jie)時(shi),采用(yong)(yong)一頭(tou)(tou)為(wei)鋁(lv)(lv),另一頭(tou)(tou)為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特殊(shu)過渡觸頭(tou)(tou)。
普通連接(jie)。普通連接(jie)在變(bian)壓器上是相當多的(de),它們都(dou)是過熱(re)的(de)重點部(bu)位(wei),對平面(mian)接(jie)頭,對接(jie)面(mian)加工成平面(mian),清除(chu)平面(mian)上的(de)雜質(zhi),最好均(jun)勻地涂上導電膏,確(que)保(bao)連接(jie)良(liang)好。
油浸電容(rong)式套(tao)(tao)(tao)管過熱(re)(re)。處理的辦(ban)法可(ke)以用(yong)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)套(tao)(tao)(tao)固定(ding)(ding)方式的發(fa)熱(re)(re)套(tao)(tao)(tao)管,先拆開(kai)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)帽(mao),若將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)帽(mao)、引線接頭絲(si)(si)扣有燒損,應用(yong)牙攻(gong)進行修理,確(que)保(bao)絲(si)(si)扣配(pei)合良好,然(ran)后在定(ding)(ding)位(wei)套(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)帽(mao)之間墊一(yi)個(ge)和(he)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)套(tao)(tao)(tao)截面大小(xiao)一(yi)致、厚度適宜的薄墊片,重新安裝將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)帽(mao),使(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)帽(mao)在擰緊情況下,正好可(ke)以固定(ding)(ding)在套(tao)(tao)(tao)管頂部法蘭上。
引線接(jie)(jie)頭和將(jiang)軍帽絲(si)扣(kou)公(gong)差配合應良好,否則應予以更(geng)換,以確保在擰緊的(de)情況下,絲(si)扣(kou)之間有足夠的(de)壓力,減小(xiao)接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)阻。
3變壓器在線監測技(ji)術
變(bian)壓器在線監測的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),就是通(tong)過對(dui)變(bian)壓器特征信號(hao)的(de)(de)采集(ji)和分析(xi),判別出變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)狀態(tai),以期檢(jian)測出變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)初期故(gu)障,并監測故(gu)障狀態(tai)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨(qu)勢(shi)。目前,電力變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)在線監測是國際上研究最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)對(dui)象之(zhi)一(yi),提出了很(hen)多(duo)不同的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。
油(you)中溶解性氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)技術(shu)。由(you)于變壓器內部不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti),因此通過分(fen)(fen)析(xi)油(you)中氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)、含量、產(chan)氣率和相對百分(fen)(fen)比,就可達到(dao)對變壓器絕(jue)緣診斷的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。幾(ji)種典型的(de)(de)油(you)中溶解氣體(ti)(ti)(ti),如H2、CO、CH4、C2H6、C2H4和C2H2,常被用作分(fen)(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)特征氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)。在(zai)檢測出各氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)及含量后,用特征氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)法(fa)或比值法(fa)等方法(fa)判斷變壓器的(de)(de)內部故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。
局部放電在(zai)(zai)線監測技術(shu)。變壓器在(zai)(zai)內部出現故障或運行條件惡劣時,會由于(yu)局部場強過高而產生局部放電(PD)。PD水平(ping)及其增長(chang)速(su)率(lv)的明(ming)顯變化,能夠指示變壓器內部正在(zai)(zai)發生的變化或反映絕(jue)緣(yuan)中由于(yu)某些缺(que)陷狀態而產生的固體絕(jue)緣(yuan)的空(kong)洞、金(jin)屬粒子和氣(qi)泡等。
振(zhen)動分(fen)析(xi)法。振(zhen)動分(fen)析(xi)法就是一種廣泛用于監測(ce)(ce)這(zhe)種變壓器故障的(de)有效方(fang)法。通過對變壓器振(zhen)動信(xin)號(hao)的(de)監測(ce)(ce)和分(fen)析(xi),從而達到對變壓器狀(zhuang)態監測(ce)(ce)的(de)目的(de)。
紅外(wai)測溫技術。紅外(wai)熱(re)像(xiang)技術是利用(yong)紅外(wai)探測器接受被測目標(biao)(biao)的紅外(wai)輻射信(xin)(xin)號,經放大處(chu)理,轉換成標(biao)(biao)準視頻信(xin)(xin)號,然后通過(guo)電視屏或監視器顯示(shi)紅外(wai)熱(re)像(xiang)圖。當變壓器引(yin)線接觸不良、過(guo)負荷運行等情況時都會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)導(dao)電回路局部過(guo)熱(re),鐵芯多(duo)點(dian)接地(di)也(ye)會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)鐵芯過(guo)熱(re)。新(xin)晨
頻率響應(ying)(ying)分析(xi)法。頻率響應(ying)(ying)分析(xi)法是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種用于判斷變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)繞組或引線(xian)結構是(shi)(shi)否偏移(yi)的(de)有效方法。繞組機械位移(yi)會(hui)產生細(xi)微(wei)(wei)的(de)電感或電容(rong)的(de)改(gai)變,而頻率響應(ying)(ying)法正是(shi)(shi)通過測量這種細(xi)微(wei)(wei)的(de)改(gai)變來達到(dao)監測變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)繞組狀態的(de)目的(de)。
繞組(zu)(zu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)指(zhi)示(shi)。繞組(zu)(zu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)指(zhi)示(shi)器就是用于監(jian)(jian)測變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器繞組(zu)(zu)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du),給出越限報(bao)警,并在需要時(shi)啟動保護跳閘。目(mu)前已開發出一種(zhong)用于大型變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器繞組(zu)(zu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)監(jian)(jian)測的(de)新技術(shu),即將一條光纖嵌入變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器繞組(zu)(zu)以便(bian)直接(jie)測量繞組(zu)(zu)的(de)實時(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du),從而(er)改進變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)預測建(jian)模技術(shu),并達到實時(shi)監(jian)(jian)測變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器繞組(zu)(zu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)狀態的(de)目(mu)的(de)。
其他狀態(tai)(tai)監測(ce)方(fang)法。低壓脈沖響應測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(LowVoltageImpulseResponse,LVIR)也是一種(zhong)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)變壓器狀態(tai)(tai)監測(ce)測(ce)方(fang)法,并且已(yi)經是一種(zhong)用于確定(ding)變壓器是否能(neng)通過短路(lu)試(shi)(shi)驗的(de)(de)公認方(fang)法。此(ci)外,繞組間的(de)(de)漏(lou)感(gan)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、油的(de)(de)相對(dui)濕度測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、絕緣電阻(zu)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)等也是變壓器狀態(tai)(tai)監測(ce)的(de)(de)常用方(fang)法。
結語
進(jin)入21世(shi)紀電力(li)行(xing)業將有更大的發展(zhan),電力(li)變壓器(qi)的故(gu)障(zhang)診斷與狀態檢修(xiu)作為我國電力(li)系統實現體制轉變、提高電力(li)設備的科學(xue)管(guan)理水平的有力(li)措施,是今(jin)后在(zai)電力(li)生產中努力(li)和發展(zhan)的方向。
參考文獻
篇4
關鍵詞:變電運行(xing);操(cao)作;控制;防(fang)范措(cuo)施
l正確的認識思想
變(bian)電運(yun)行人(ren)員的安全壓力大,上班時面(mian)對(dui)突然冒出的異(yi)常(chang)現象,面(mian)對(dui)異(yi)常(chang)現象時必須進(jin)行的處理和操作,面(mian)對(dui)操作差錯可(ke)能造成的事故,都是每(mei)一(yi)位變(bian)電運(yun)行人(ren)員比較擔心的事情(qing)。
變(bian)電(dian)運行(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)包括操作(zuo)(zuo)、維護及管(guan)理(li)等方面,因而(er)針對(dui)變(bian)電(dian)運行(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)各種規(gui)章制度是最多的(de)。如(ru)果(guo)在每次工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)前再羅列一些(xie)沒有針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)、煩瑣的(de)規(gui)定,往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)出現(xian)規(gui)定重復且無(wu)的(de)放(fang)矢的(de)情(qing)況(kuang),其效(xiao)果(guo)則不一定好。如(ru)果(guo)安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)僅僅依賴規(gui)章制度的(de)約束和少(shao)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)者(zhe)的(de)監督檢查,也只能是杯水車薪,而(er)且還(huan)(huan)容易使(shi)變(bian)電(dian)運行(xing)人員產生(sheng)“要我安(an)全(quan)(quan)”和“搞管(guan)理(li)的(de)無(wu)事給生(sheng)產人員添麻煩”的(de)被動思想和抵(di)觸情(qing)緒(xu)。而(er)“危險點分析(xi)與控制”是對(dui)準(zhun)備或者(zhe)正在進(jin)行(xing)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)(quan)過程、綜合性(xing)的(de)分析(xi),并根據當前整體(ti)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)現(xian)狀(zhuang)找出薄弱(ruo)環節,制定防范措施(shi)。這(zhe)種安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)方法(fa),不論對(dui)于一個單位還(huan)(huan)是一個值班員都可以實時、有效(xiao)的(de)應用。
2有(you)針對性(xing)的解決好(hao)突(tu)發事故(gu)
開(kai)展“危險(xian)點分(fen)析與控制”活動最關鍵(jian)的(de)是(shi)要提高運行值班員的(de)安全(quan)意識(shi), 增強開(kai)展“危險(xian)點分(fen)析與控制”的(de)自覺性和(he)自我防護(hu)能力。為此,必須解(jie)決以下幾個問題(ti)。
(1)運(yun)行(xing)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)該認識到(dao)開展“危險(xian)點分析與控制”是(shi)使(shi)安全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的重點更(geng)突出、更(geng)有效。可使(shi)運(yun)行(xing)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)前做到(dao)心(xin)中有數,從而減輕(qing)精神壓力(li)和工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的盲目性,增加工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的安全(quan)性。
(2)找準危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點、控制(zhi)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生、保(bao)證工作(zuo)全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全是(shi)“危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其關鍵是(shi)讓(rang)使用者掌握“危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法,到對危(wei)險(xian)(xian)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態控制(zhi)。通常(chang)在(zai)上班前很多負責同志都會想到今天有(you)哪些工作(zuo)項目(mu),其中哪些項目(mu)比較困(kun)難,比較危(wei)險(xian)(xian),應當如何去做(zuo),由(you)誰去做(zuo)。這些計(ji)劃式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準備工作(zuo)已包含了“危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)。現(xian)在(zai)提出“危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)”只(zhi)是(shi)要求現(xian)場工作(zuo)人員形成預(yu)警的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思維方式和良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)習慣,提前對危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點進行有(you)效地(di)控制(zhi)。“危(wei)險(xian)(xian)點分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄是(shi)所做(zuo)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實記錄,它有(you)利于以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)活動(dong),是(shi)進一步搞好(hao)安全工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶貴資料。
(3)“危(wei)險點分析(xi)與控(kong)制(zhi)”不僅(jin)是(shi)現場工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員的事,也是(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)企業各個(ge)層(ceng)次應開(kai)展的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。只有做到(dao)多層(ceng)次分級(ji)控(kong)制(zhi),才能抓(zhua)住不同層(ceng)面、不同時期(qi)的安全工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)重點,安全工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)才能真(zhen)正(zheng)抓(zhua)到(dao)點子上。
3突出三全特點
所(suo)謂(wei)三(san)全(quan)特(te)點(dian)即:全(quan)員、全(quan)過(guo)程、全(quan)方(fang)位。根據變電運行(xing)工作的(de)特(te)點(dian), 可從以下幾(ji)方(fang)面進行(xing)“危險點(dian)分析(xi)與控制”。
(1)按時(shi)間段來分析(xi)。如220kV樞紐(niu)變電(dian)站一年中年檢(jian)、預試停電(dian)操(cao)作時(shi)發生誤(wu)操(cao)作的可能(neng)性就(jiu)比平時(shi)大;高(gao)溫(wen)、高(gao)負荷(he)階段就(jiu)容易(yi)發生設(she)備事故;雷雨(yu)(yu)、梅雨(yu)(yu)期間絕(jue)緣閃絡就(jiu)比較頻繁(fan);一天中在有操(cao)作、巡視維護、設(she)備驗收時(shi)就(jiu)有可能(neng)發生人員的疏漏錯誤(wu)等(deng)。
(2)按(an)工作(zuo)(zuo)內容分類分析。變電站的(de)經常性工作(zuo)(zuo)有交接班、倒(dao)閘(zha)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、設備(bei)驗收、巡視檢查設備(bei)維護等。根(gen)據統計分析,運行人員(yuan)比較容易發生的(de)責任事(shi)(shi)故(gu)主要是誤操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo),因而重(zhong)點對運行人員(yuan)進行操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)票填寫、規范(fan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)步驟(zou)和處(chu)理異常的(de)培(pei)訓要求(qiu)運行人員(yuan)在操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)前思考操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能遇到的(de)異常情(qing)況,并認真制定防(fang)范(fan)措施,并寫在事(shi)(shi)故(gu)及異常處(chu)理預案中(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)(zuo)為操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)提示。
(3)按人員對(dui)設備的(de)熟悉(xi)程度分析。如(ru)對(dui)比(bi)較熟悉(xi)的(de)設備進(jin)行操(cao)作、驗收、檢查、維護就得心應(ying)手(shou);對(dui)比(bi)較生疏的(de)設備進(jin)行操(cao)作、驗收、檢查就容易(yi)出(chu)差錯。為了(le)解決這個問(wen)題(ti), 要求針(zhen)對(dui)現場(chang)容易(yi)發生的(de)錯誤(wu)編寫現場(chang)技術問(wen)答,然后(hou)由(you)站內技術管(guan)理人員配合現場(chang)開展培訓工作。
(4)對(dui)人員身體狀況(kuang)、思想情緒(xu)、安全(quan)行(xing)為、技術(shu)水平、動(dong)手能力(li)分析。作(zuo)為變電站負責人必(bi)須熟悉站內人員的動(dong)態情況(kuang),在工(gong)作(zuo)中做(zuo)好(hao)人員的搭配和(he)分工(gong),防(fang)止因為個人的原(yuan)因而出現(xian)不安全(quan)因素。
4防范措施
電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備或電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)倒閘操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)具有(you)典(dian)型性(xing),分(fen)析其(qi)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過程中容易引(yin)(yin)起(qi)誤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要環(huan)節(jie),說明掌握正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法和步驟,對(dui)防范(fan)誤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生具有(you)現實的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。倒閘操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)既有(you)其(qi)典(dian)型性(xing),又有(you)其(qi)特殊性(xing),電(dian)(dian)(dian)網不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行方(fang)式(shi),變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主結線,繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護及自動裝置配(pei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異以(yi)及不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)任(ren)務, 都將(jiang)影(ying)響到倒閘操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一具體步驟。因此針(zhen)對(dui)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),分(fen)析其(qi)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險點――即容易引(yin)(yin)起(qi)誤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要環(huan)節(jie),掌握其(qi)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)步驟,對(dui)防范(fan)誤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生,有(you)很現實的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。
4.1變(bian)壓器操作的危險點及其防范
變壓器的(de)操作(zuo)通常包括向變壓器充電(dian)、帶負荷、并列(lie)、解列(lie)、切(qie)斷空(kong)載(zai)變壓
器(qi)等項內容,是(shi)電(dian)氣倒閘(zha)操作(zuo)中(zhong)最常見的典型操作(zuo)之一(yi)。變壓(ya)器(qi)操作(zuo)的危險點主要有以下(xia)兩點:
(1)是切合空載變壓(ya)器過程(cheng)中可能出現的(de)操作過電(dian)壓(ya),危及(ji)變壓(ya)器絕(jue)緣;
(2)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao),使變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)絕緣遭受損壞(huai)。a、切(qie)合空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)產生(sheng)(sheng)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)防范措施(shi)。變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)點(dian)接地(di)(di),主要是(shi)避(bi)免產生(sheng)(sheng)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。在110kV及以(yi)(yi)上大電流(liu)接地(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong),為(wei)了限(xian)制單相(xiang)接地(di)(di)短路(lu)電流(liu),部(bu)分變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)點(dian)是(shi)不(bu)接地(di)(di)的(de)。切(qie)合空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或解、并(bing)列(lie)電源系(xi)(xi)統,若(ruo)將變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)點(dian)接地(di)(di),操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)(sheng)三相(xiang)不(bu)同期(qi)動作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)或出現非對稱開斷(duan),可以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免發生(sheng)(sheng)電容傳遞過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)或失(shi)步工頻過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)所造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的(de)事(shi)故。所以(yi)(yi),防范切(qie)合空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)產生(sheng)(sheng)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的(de)危害,應集中(zhong)(zhong)在變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)點(dian)接地(di)(di)刀閘操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正確(que)性(xing)(xing)(xing)上。b、變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao)的(de)防范措施(shi)。調度員在指揮操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)應當設法避(bi)免變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao),如投入電抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、調相(xiang)機帶感性(xing)(xing)(xing)負荷(he)以(yi)(yi)及改變(bian)(bian)有載(zai)(zai)(zai)調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)分接頭等以(yi)(yi)降(jiang)(jiang)低受端電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。此外(wai),也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)適當地(di)(di)降(jiang)(jiang)低送(song)端電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。
4.2母線倒(dao)閘操作的危險點及其防范
母(mu)(mu)線(xian)的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)是指母(mu)(mu)線(xian)的(de)送(song)電(dian)、停電(dian),以及母(mu)(mu)線(xian)上的(de)設備(bei)在兩條母(mu)(mu)線(xian)間的(de)倒(dao)換等。母(mu)(mu)線(xian)是設備(bei)的(de)匯合場所,連接元件多,操(cao)作(zuo)工作(zuo)量大,操(cao)作(zuo)前必須做好充分(fen)的(de)準備(bei),操(cao)作(zuo)時嚴格按序進行。母(mu)(mu)線(xian)操(cao)作(zuo)潛在的(de)危險點:
是可能發生的帶(dai)負荷拉(la)刀閘事故;
是繼電保護(hu)及自(zi)動裝置切(qie)換錯(cuo)誤引(yin)起的誤動;
(3)是(shi)向空載母(mu)線充電時(shi)電感(gan)(gan)式(shi)電壓互感(gan)(gan)器(qi)與(yu)開關斷口(kou)電容形(xing)成的串聯(lian)諧振(zhen)。
4.3直流回路操作的危險點及其防(fang)范
直(zhi)(zhi)流回(hui)路操(cao)作(zuo)是變電站運行值班人員常見的操(cao)作(zuo)項(xiang)目:直(zhi)(zhi)流系統發生一點(dian)接地時(shi)查(cha)找(zhao)接地點(dian)的檢(jian)查(cha),某些(xie)繼(ji)電保護及(ji)(ji)自動(dong)裝置臨時(shi)性(xing)的檢(jian)查(cha)、退出、投入(ru)等。直(zhi)(zhi)流回(hui)路操(cao)作(zuo)同樣存在(zai)危險點(dian),如操(cao)作(zuo)方法(fa)不(bu)正確,也將(jiang)造成某些(xie)保護及(ji)(ji)自動(dong)裝置誤動(dong)作(zuo),因此(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流回(hui)路操(cao)作(zuo)同樣應遵守一些(xie)規定。
篇5
[關(guan)鍵(jian)詞]企業;配電(dian)室;電(dian)氣故障(zhang);分析
電(dian)氣故(gu)障(zhang)分(fen)析(xi)及處理(li)方法是電(dian)工和(he)電(dian)氣技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)員必須掌(zhang)握的(de)一門實(shi)用技(ji)(ji)術(shu),熟悉而(er)準確(que)地排除電(dian)氣故(gu)障(zhang)是每個電(dian)氣工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員必須具(ju)有的(de)基(ji)本功(gong),尤其是大型企業和(he)一級負載單位的(de)電(dian)工。他們技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)好(hao)壞,直接關(guan)系到企業生產(chan)和(he)員工生命財產(chan)的(de)安全。這就要(yao)求電(dian)氣工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員不(bu)僅需(xu)要(yao)掌(zhang)握電(dian)工基(ji)本理(li)論(lun),而(er)且還要(yao)不(bu)斷(duan)地積累(lei)實(shi)踐(jian)經驗、從實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)學習(xi)。現(xian)將配電(dian)房(fang)電(dian)氣故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)主要(yao)原因及解決(jue)方法總結如(ru)下。
一(yi)、配電室(shi)三(san)相(xiang)負荷(he)不平衡
配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)室三相(xiang)負荷不(bu)平(ping)衡指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中(zhong)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(或電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya))幅(fu)值(zhi)不(bu)一致(zhi),且幅(fu)值(zhi)差(cha)超過規定范圍。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)平(ping)衡會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統和用戶造(zao)(zao)成一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)危害,主要(yao)有:一是降(jiang)低變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)出(chu)力(li),危及(ji)(ji)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)安全和壽(shou)命。二是使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)定子的(de)(de)銅損(sun)增加,產生(sheng)(sheng)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)矩,從而降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)轉(zhuan)矩和過載能力(li)。三是引起發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)附加發熱(re)和振動(dong)(dong)(dong),危及(ji)(ji)安全運(yun)行和正常(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)力(li)。四是增加輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)每降(jiang)低10%,線(xian)路(lu)損(sun)失(shi)增加17%。此外,在低壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong),會影(ying)響(xiang)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)工作,引起照(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈壽(shou)命縮短(電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過高)或照(zhao)度不(bu)足(電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過低)以及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)損(sun)壞。對于通信(xin)系(xi)統,會增大(da)干(gan)擾,影(ying)響(xiang)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)通信(xin)質量。引起以相(xiang)序分(fen)量為(wei)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)元件的(de)(de)多種保護(hu)發生(sheng)(sheng)誤動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(特別是當電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)同時存在諧波時),對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全運(yun)行有嚴重威脅。因此,造(zao)(zao)成企業(ye)的(de)(de)大(da)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian),嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)了企業(ye)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產和辦(ban)公等。
解(jie)決(jue)方法:一(yi)是按原設計規劃合理(li)布線;二是根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)實際(ji)需(xu)要合理(li)分(fen)配負荷;三是根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)實際(ji)需(xu)要合理(li)增加電源。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)以上幾個原則和(he)具體(ti)情況(kuang),從(cong)總(zong)體(ti)布線、量(liang)能分(fen)配,到(dao)線材(cai)型號(hao)、電能計量(liang)等(deng),重新(xin)組織實施(shi)。可順(shun)利(li)解(jie)決(jue)其(qi)三相(xiang)負荷不平衡、線路跳(tiao)閘、影響試驗的(de)連(lian)續性及(ji)重要數據(ju)(ju)的(de)遺失等(deng)問題,以及(ji)電壓(ya)偏(pian)低、電器設備不能正常使用、日光燈起(qi)跳(tiao)不起(qi)來、辦公亮(liang)度不夠等(deng)問題。
二、變壓器故障
變壓器(qi)的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)可分(fen)為磁路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)和(he)電路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)。磁路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)一(yi)般指(zhi)鐵芯、軛(e)鐵及(ji)夾(jia)件間(jian)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang),常(chang)見的(de)(de)有硅鋼片(pian)短路(lu)、穿心螺栓及(ji)軛(e)鐵夾(jia)緊件與鐵芯之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)絕(jue)緣損壞以(yi)及(ji)鐵芯接地不良引(yin)起的(de)(de)放電等(deng)(deng)。電路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)主要(yao)指(zhi)繞組和(he)引(yin)線故(gu)障(zhang)等(deng)(deng),常(chang)見的(de)(de)有線圈的(de)(de)絕(jue)緣老化、受潮(chao),切換(huan)器(qi)接觸(chu)不良,材料質量及(ji)制造(zao)工藝不良,過電壓沖擊和(he)缺相(xiang)運行,以(yi)及(ji)二(er)次系統短路(lu)引(yin)起的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)等(deng)(deng)。
分析變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)故障原因(yin)可從以下方(fang)面觀察變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀察變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang),如(ru)負荷情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、過(guo)(guo)載情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和負荷種類(lei)。如(ru)發現(xian)三相不平衡應重(zhong)新分配負荷后再送電(dian)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)溫(wen)升情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang),如(ru)溫(wen)升超過(guo)(guo)規定,應及時(shi)分析原因(yin)并做(zuo)(zuo)好記錄,盡快(kuai)拿出解(jie)決故障的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繼電(dian)保護(hu)動作的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質,并在(zai)哪一(yi)相動作的(de)(de)(de)。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)響聲(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否正常(chang),一(yi)般(ban)有均勻的(de)(de)(de)嗡嗡聲(sheng),如(ru)運(yun)行中(zhong)有其(qi)他聲(sheng)音,則(ze)屬于聲(sheng)音異常(chang),應及時(shi)分析原因(yin)并做(zuo)(zuo)好記錄。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)枕內油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)高度,一(yi)般(ban)應在(zai)1/4~3/4處,如(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)面過(guo)(guo)高,一(yi)般(ban)由于冷卻(que)裝置運(yun)行不正常(chang)或變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)內部故障等所造成的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)過(guo)(guo)高而(er)引起的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)面過(guo)(guo)低,應檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)各密封處是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否存在(zai)嚴重(zhong)漏油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)現(xian)象,放(fang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)閥是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否關緊。六是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行記錄和歷(li)史(shi)資料。七是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)其(qi)他外界(jie)因(yin)素,如(ru)電(dian)網(wang)、雷(lei)擊、雨雪(xue)、小(xiao)動物(wu)活動等原因(yin)引起的(de)(de)(de)故障。
變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)故(gu)障的(de)分析方法(fa):一(yi)是(shi)直(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)法(fa)。變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)屏(ping)上一(yi)般(ban)都裝有(you)監測(ce)儀表(biao)和(he)(he)保護裝置(zhi),通過(guo)這(zhe)些儀表(biao)和(he)(he)保護裝置(zhi),一(yi)般(ban)可以準確地(di)反映變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)工作狀態,及時發(fa)現故(gu)障。當值(zhi)班電(dian)(dian)工如(ru)果發(fa)現少一(yi)相高壓(ya)(ya),就可以馬上判斷(duan)(duan)(duan)有(you)一(yi)相高壓(ya)(ya)熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)RN1熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan),及時予以更換,就不(bu)會造成大的(de)損失。二(er)是(shi)試驗(yan)法(fa)。許(xu)多故(gu)障不(bu)能(neng)完全靠外(wai)部(bu)直(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)來判斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de),如(ru)匝間(jian)(jian)短路、內部(bu)繞組(zu)放電(dian)(dian)或(huo)擊穿(chuan),繞組(zu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)繞組(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)絕(jue)緣被擊穿(chuan),其(qi)外(wai)表(biao)的(de)征(zheng)象(xiang)均(jun)不(bu)明顯,因此必須結合直(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)法(fa)進行試驗(yan)測(ce)量,以正確判斷(duan)(duan)(duan)故(gu)障的(de)性質和(he)(he)部(bu)位(wei)。用2 500V的(de)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻表(biao)測(ce)量線(xian)圈之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)繞組(zu)對地(di)的(de)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻,若其(qi)值(zhi)為零,則線(xian)圈之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)繞組(zu)對地(di)可能(neng)有(you)擊穿(chuan)現象(xiang)。測(ce)得(de)的(de)高低壓(ya)(ya)側(ce)的(de)相電(dian)(dian)阻與(yu)(yu)(yu)三相電(dian)(dian)阻平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)超過(guo)4%,或(huo)者(zhe)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)阻與(yu)(yu)(yu)三線(xian)電(dian)(dian)阻平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)超過(guo)2%,則可能(neng)是(shi)匝間(jian)(jian)短路或(huo)引線(xian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)套管的(de)導管間(jian)(jian)的(de)接觸(chu)不(bu)良。二(er)次測(ce)三相繞組(zu)電(dian)(dian)阻誤差很大,這(zhe)可能(neng)是(shi)引線(xian)銅皮(pi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)絕(jue)緣子導管斷(duan)(duan)(duan)開或(huo)接觸(chu)不(bu)良。
三、其他防護措施
1.領(ling)導干部要高度(du)(du)重視,深入基層,認(ren)真聽取職(zhi)工(gong)的意見和建議;加強職(zhi)工(gong)的技術培訓,提(ti)高現(xian)場(chang)作業人(ren)員(yuan)的工(gong)作技能;嚴(yan)格安全管(guan)理制度(du)(du),制定可行的規(gui)章制度(du)(du),使全員(yuan)有章可循,真正樹立我(wo)為人(ren)人(ren)、人(ren)人(ren)為我(wo)的良好職(zhi)業道德(de)。
2.加強設備(bei)修試的(de)管理。發現電氣(qi)設備(bei)老化有缺陷,應根據嚴重程度進行(xing)(xing)整改和處理,保證安全運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。建立嚴格的(de)絕緣監測系統,監視設備(bei)的(de)附鹽(yan)密度、化學氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)濃度及天氣(qi)狀(zhuang)態。
3.對于新(xin)產品的(de)使用,則首先應(ying)在非重要的(de)線路及用戶(hu)試(shi)用,取得一定的(de)運行經驗后,全面推廣(guang),做到既(ji)應(ying)用新(xin)技術(shu),又不至造成事故而(er)影響供用電安全。
總之,對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)房電(dian)(dian)氣故障進行分(fen)析是極為重要(yao)的,尤其是大型企業和(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)級負(fu)載單位(wei)。重點是培訓一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)技術(shu)過硬的優秀團隊,其次(ci)是研究供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)發展的新趨勢,為確(que)保(bao)生產安全合理用電(dian)(dian)做(zuo)好人員(yuan)和(he)(he)技術(shu)支(zhi)撐。因此(ci),對企業配(pei)電(dian)(dian)室電(dian)(dian)氣故障分(fen)析和(he)(he)探討具(ju)有一(yi)(yi)定的經濟價值和(he)(he)社會意義(yi)。
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篇6
[關(guan)鍵詞]主變壓(ya)器;有載調壓(ya)分(fen)接開關(guan);在線凈油裝置;故障分(fen)析
中(zhong)圖分類(lei)號:F426.61 文(wen)獻標識碼:A 文(wen)章編號:1009-914X(2016)16-0275-01
1、 引言
電(dian)(dian)力變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)重要組(zu)成部(bu)分,有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)作(zuo)為變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)核心組(zu)成部(bu)分,有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)是否(fou)良好對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運行(xing)與否(fou)起(qi)決(jue)定作(zuo)用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)上(shang)運行(xing)的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都(dou)是采(cai)用(yong)有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),2010年以(yi)前(qian)的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均采(cai)用(yong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)浸式(shi)有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan),油(you)(you)(you)(you)浸式(shi)有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)在進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時,兩檔之間(jian)切(qie)換瞬間(jian)會(hui)(hui)出現拉弧(hu),依靠開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)室的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)來(lai)滅弧(hu),這樣(yang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)就會(hui)(hui)發(fa)生碳化,每一次開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)滅弧(hu)都(dou)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)一小部(bu)分油(you)(you)(you)(you)碳化,形成游離碳混合(he)在油(you)(you)(you)(you)中,多次調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后油(you)(you)(you)(you)中混合(he)的(de)(de)游離碳增多,油(you)(you)(you)(you)絕(jue)緣相(xiang)對(dui)下降,危及變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)安全運行(xing)。因此(ci),要求按(an)照一定的(de)(de)時間(jian)周期或是一定的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)檔次數進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)更換油(you)(you)(you)(you)室內的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you),保(bao)持(chi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)質絕(jue)緣良好,保(bao)證變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)正(zheng)常運行(xing)。為了(le)延長主變(bian)因有(you)(you)載(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分接(jie)(jie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)更換變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)停電(dian)(dian)維護周期,加裝了(le)在線(xian)凈油(you)(you)(you)(you)裝置,作(zuo)用(yong)是在開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)切(qie)換時產生的(de)(de)游離碳能夠及時去除,保(bao)持(chi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)絕(jue)緣良好,從(cong)而(er)達到延長檢修周期。2016年6月27日,柳州(zhou)供電(dian)(dian)局110kV河(he)西站#1主變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)生了(le)一起(qi)因變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在線(xian)凈油(you)(you)(you)(you)裝置噴(pen)油(you)(you)(you)(you)引發(fa)設備故障(zhang)。本文結合(he)該起(qi)具體事例,對(dui)事件(jian)的(de)(de)現場經過,故障(zhang)分析和(he)防(fang)范措施進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)簡要的(de)(de)分析。
2、 事故經過
2016年(nian)6月27日 110kV河(he)西站#1主變發有(you)載調(diao)壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)接(jie)開(kai)關(guan)輕(qing)瓦斯報警信號,值(zhi)班員到(dao)達現(xian)(xian)場后,發現(xian)(xian)有(you)載調(diao)壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)接(jie)開(kai)關(guan)在線凈油裝置出油口三通(tong)閥的一個閥口封板(ban)正在漏油且油量較大,當即值(zhi)班員關(guan)閉了變壓(ya)器(qi)本體有(you)載調(diao)壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)接(jie)開(kai)關(guan)注油管(guan)和(he)排(pai)油管(guan)閥門(men),阻(zu)止了繼續漏油。
該供電局(ju)檢(jian)修(xiu)人員接到通知(zhi)后第一時間到達(da)現場(chang)(chang)逐進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)面檢(jian)查(cha),現場(chang)(chang)檢(jian)查(cha)情況如下:
1.主(zhu)變有載調壓分接開關側(ce)基坑有大面積油跡。(圖一(yi))
2.在線凈(jing)油裝置出口三通閥(fa)一(yi)側封板(ban)有(you)明顯裂(lie)開,法蘭上掛(gua)有(you)油珠(zhu)。(圖二)
3.打開(kai)在線凈油(you)裝置控制箱發現內(nei)部有大量油(you),除雜濾芯接口部分爆開(kai)。(圖(tu)三)
4.在(zai)線(xian)凈油裝置控制(zhi)面板上“換芯報警(jing)”燈亮。(圖(tu)四(si))
3、 原因分析
根據以上(shang)檢查情況(kuang)初步判斷為:除雜(za)濾(lv)芯(xin)長(chang)期使(shi)用內(nei)部濾(lv)網已(yi)經堵塞(sai),超過了換芯(xin)壓(ya)力值(zhi),在(zai)濾(lv)油機運行(xing)中超壓(ya),發生爆(bao)破噴油。
本(ben)次發生(sheng)除(chu)雜濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)部分(fen)爆(bao)開、出油口(kou)三(san)通閥一側封板(ban)有明顯裂開,且發“換芯(xin)(xin)報(bao)警(jing)”信號(hao)。主要原因是由于(yu)本(ben)濾(lv)油從2007年8月(yue)安裝投運(yun)(yun)至今一直在(zai)運(yun)(yun),沒有更換過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin),濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)內(nei)部積(ji)碳(tan)過(guo)(guo)多(duo),發生(sheng)堵塞,運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)壓(ya)力(li)超過(guo)(guo)了本(ben)機(ji)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)額定壓(ya)力(li)0.4MPa后,內(nei)部壓(ya)力(li)過(guo)(guo)大(da),使得濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)部分(fen)爆(bao)開釋放壓(ya)力(li),經過(guo)(guo)對(dui)更換下(xia)來(lai)的(de)除(chu)雜濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)解剖,濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)的(de)纖維濾(lv)網已全部變(bian)黑,濾(lv)網上積(ji)碳(tan)較多(duo),已形成(cheng)堵塞。(圖十(shi)一、圖十(shi)二)同(tong)時(shi),出口(kou)三(san)通閥一側封板(ban)為塑(su)料(liao)件,長期(qi)戶外使用(yong)(yong)老(lao)化變(bian)質,在(zai)壓(ya)力(li)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)裂開漏(lou)油。
次(ci)要原(yuan)因一是在(zai)(zai)線凈油裝置(zhi)是通過濾芯(xin)壓(ya)力表節點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)作報(bao)(bao)(bao)換(huan)芯(xin)信號(hao),在(zai)(zai)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)運行的時候,產生了油流動(dong)(dong)建立油壓(ya),壓(ya)力表接點(dian)(dian)才能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)作,停(ting)機壓(ya)力消失后,信號(hao)也消失,因此,不論是值(zhi)班員(yuan)或是檢(jian)修人(ren)員(yuan)設(she)備巡視檢(jian)查(cha)時,不在(zai)(zai)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)運行時間(jian)內不能(neng)(neng)檢(jian)查(cha)到(dao)存在(zai)(zai)報(bao)(bao)(bao)警信號(hao),導(dao)致沒能(neng)(neng)及(ji)時發現換(huan)芯(xin)報(bao)(bao)(bao)警,及(ji)時更換(huan)濾芯(xin)而引起(qi)本次(ci)故障。
次(ci)要原因二是在(zai)線凈油(you)(you)裝置除雜濾芯精(jing)度高,除雜精(jing)度1μm,同類(lei)產(chan)品均為3μm,精(jing)度越(yue)高濾油(you)(you)除雜越(yue)好,油(you)(you)質越(yue)好,但精(jing)度高也容易造成濾芯堵塞,更換周期縮短(duan)。本機額定(ding)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)高,流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為10L/Min,流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)大,油(you)(you)處理時間(jian)短(duan),相對機內壓力(li)高,在(zai)機內管(guan)道油(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不暢時,高壓力(li)會(hui)產(chan)生薄弱環(huan)節爆(bao)開,不能起動電(dian)機過負荷跳閘。
4、 防范對策
值班員到達現場發現漏油(you)及時關(guan)閉了有載調壓分接開關(guan)注油(you)管和排油(you)管閥門,阻止了繼續漏油(you);斷開有載調壓分接開關(guan)操作機構(gou)箱(xiang)內電源(yuan)空開,防止在故(gu)障(zhang)未處(chu)理(li)之前開關(guan)切換(huan),造成主變損壞。
檢(jian)修人員到達(da)現場后(hou),辦(ban)理工(gong)作(zuo)票,切(qie)除(chu)主(zhu)變有(you)載調(diao)壓(ya)重(zhong)瓦斯跳閘連接片后(hou),拆開濾油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)出(chu)油(you)(you)(you)管(guan)(guan),從(cong)有(you)載調(diao)壓(ya)分(fen)接開關(guan)注油(you)(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)用(yong)(yong)油(you)(you)(you)泵出(chu)口油(you)(you)(you)壓(ya)調(diao)節(jie)裝(zhuang)置緩慢加(jia)入變壓(ya)器油(you)(you)(you),根據主(zhu)變壓(ya)器油(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)曲線(xian)補加(jia)至(zhi)合適油(you)(you)(you)位(wei)。并(bing)使用(yong)(yong)規格尺寸一致的封(feng)(feng)板對在線(xian)凈(jing)油(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)置進(jin)、出(chu)油(you)(you)(you)口三通(tong)閥的閥口封(feng)(feng)板進(jin)行(xing)更換,使用(yong)(yong)備品備件將在線(xian)凈(jing)油(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)置除(chu)雜(za)和除(chu)水(shui)濾芯進(jin)行(xing)更換,并(bing)啟動在線(xian)凈(jing)油(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)置排(pai)除(chu)管(guan)(guan)路存在的氣體。
值班(ban)員在(zai)(zai)以后(hou)的巡視中(zhong),現(xian)(xian)場手動(dong)(dong)啟動(dong)(dong)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)凈油(you)裝置觀察(cha)濾芯壓(ya)力表壓(ya)力值,同時觀察(cha)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)凈油(you)裝置控制(zhi)面板上“換芯報(bao)警”燈(deng),并做好(hao)記錄(lu),發現(xian)(xian)異(yi)常情(qing)況及(ji)時與檢修人員溝(gou)通。
5.結束語
變壓器作(zuo)為電力系統核心設(she)備(bei),不計其數(shu)的(de)事(shi)故教訓在告訴我們一(yi)定要加(jia)(jia)強電氣設(she)備(bei)的(de)管理、維護(hu)、調試、驗收等環節(jie)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。加(jia)(jia)大工(gong)作(zuo)人員檢修技能培(pei)訓和工(gong)作(zuo)責任心,再(zai)加(jia)(jia)上(shang)投(tou)運后的(de)精心維護(hu),就一(yi)定能提高(gao)設(she)備(bei)的(de)運行可(ke)靠性,確保設(she)備(bei)的(de)安全(quan)穩定運行。
參考文獻
[1] 趙勇勝,趙洪山.電力變壓器(qi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)評估系統分(fen)析(xi)與設(she)計[J].中(zhong)國電力教育,2009,1:328-329.
[2] 陳(chen)敢峰,變壓器檢修.中(zhong)國水(shui)利水(shui)電出版社,2005(01).
作者簡介:
篇7
電力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)運行狀態對直接(jie)影響著電力(li)系統(tong)的(de)安全性與穩定性,變(bian)壓(ya)器狀態監測與故障(zhang)(zhang)預(yu)防顯得非常(chang)重要。本文分析了近年變(bian)壓(ya)器狀態在線監測技(ji)術的(de)發展(zhan)情況,總結了變(bian)壓(ya)器狀態評(ping)(ping)估方法的(de)研究進展(zhan),評(ping)(ping)述(shu)了采用的(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)診斷技(ji)術,展(zhan)望(wang)了該技(ji)術的(de)發展(zhan)前景。
【關鍵詞】電(dian)力變壓(ya)器 在(zai)線監測 狀態評估 故障(zhang)診斷
電(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器在(zai)電(dian)力(li)系統中承(cheng)擔(dan)著電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)換、電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)分配(pei)等(deng)職能(neng),其運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)直接(jie)影響著電(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)與穩(wen)定性(xing),作(zuo)用極(ji)其重(zhong)要。一直以來(lai),對電(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)監測(ce)多采用定期檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)方式,但該方式很難及(ji)時(shi)掌握變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態,以致可(ke)能(neng)出現盲目維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)、停電(dian)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)時(shi)間(jian)過長、檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)周期不合理、欠維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)或者(zhe)過度維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)弊病。
隨著電力(li)系統(tong)的迅速(su)發展(zhan),對變壓(ya)器(qi)狀(zhuang)態監測與故障預防顯得更加重要(yao)。變壓(ya)器(qi)狀(zhuang)態檢(jian)修(xiu)的核心(xin)工作是及(ji)時掌握變壓(ya)器(qi)的運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態,并采用合(he)理(li)的方(fang)法(fa)對存在的風險和隱患進(jin)行(xing)準確評估,從而(er)(er)制(zhi)定出(chu)科(ke)學(xue)的檢(jian)修(xiu)計劃,進(jin)而(er)(er)維護電力(li)系統(tong)安全運(yun)行(xing)。本文分析了近年變壓(ya)器(qi)狀(zhuang)態監測與故障診(zhen)斷(duan)技(ji)術(shu)的研究(jiu)進(jin)展(zhan),并結(jie)合(he)實際工作經(jing)驗探討了各(ge)種方(fang)法(fa)的優缺點。
1 變壓器狀(zhuang)態在線監測技術
1.1 鐵心接地(di)在線監測(ce)技術(shu)
該技術相對比較成(cheng)熟,可(ke)以(yi)及(ji)時(shi)發現鐵心及(ji)夾件(jian)多(duo)點(dian)(dian)接(jie)地(di)(di),防止局部過(guo)(guo)熱。當(dang)鐵心上沉淀(dian)有油(you)泥或金(jin)屬碎(sui)屑時(shi),會出(chu)現多(duo)點(dian)(dian)接(jie)地(di)(di),進而形成(cheng)閉合回路。因為變壓(ya)器在強磁場下(xia)運行,主磁通(tong)穿(chuan)過(guo)(guo)上述回路時(shi),會形成(cheng)感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu),危(wei)及(ji)電(dian)壓(ya)器的運行。單點(dian)(dian)接(jie)地(di)(di)時(shi),電(dian)流(liu)非常小(xiao),接(jie)近于零;當(dang)多(duo)點(dian)(dian)接(jie)地(di)(di)時(shi),匝內將(jiang)有環流(liu)流(liu)通(tong),通(tong)常可(ke)達(da)幾十安。該法中,使用鉗(qian)(qian)形電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)測(ce)試接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu)時(shi),要(yao)注意排除干(gan)擾,一(yi)般采用鉗(qian)(qian)形電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)緊靠(kao)接(jie)地(di)(di)線,測(ce)得一(yi)個電(dian)流(liu)值,再將(jiang)地(di)(di)線鉗(qian)(qian)入,測(ce)第二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)流(liu)值,兩(liang)次(ci)(ci)電(dian)流(liu)值之差則為實際接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu)。
1.2 局部放(fang)電在線監測技術
采用(yong)在變(bian)壓器內局部放電的(de)(de)方式,產(chan)生超(chao)聲波(bo)、脈沖電流、光輻(fu)射、超(chao)高頻電信號等檢測(ce)信號,經過合(he)理的(de)(de)處理,能夠掌(zhang)握變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)運行(xing)狀態。
超聲(sheng)檢測法(fa)。變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)局部放(fang)電時(shi),會產生高(gao)頻電氣(qi)擾(rao)動進而(er)能產生超聲(sheng)波。經(jing)相(xiang)應的傳感器(qi)將超聲(sheng)波信號(hao)轉化(hua)為電信號(hao),從而(er)掌(zhang)握變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的局部放(fang)電水平。該方法(fa)具有抗干擾(rao)能力(li)強(qiang)、使用(yong)方便等優(you)點,符(fu)合(he)預防性試驗要求(qiu)。
脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)法。局(ju)部(bu)放電(dian)時,在阻抗、變壓器套(tao)管末(mo)屏接(jie)地線(xian)、外殼接(jie)地線(xian)、鐵心(xin)接(jie)地線(xian)及(ji)繞組(zu)中都會產生脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu),通過(guo)檢測脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu),把pC作為衡(heng)量放電(dian)強(qiang)弱的(de)指標,該法是(shi)國(guo)際上第一個標準的(de)局(ju)部(bu)放電(dian)檢測方法,目前(qian)應用也最為廣(guang)泛(fan)。但其存在頻率低、頻帶窄、信(xin)息量少等確(que)實,如(ru)何有效地識別真(zhen)正的(de)局(ju)放信(xin)號與抑制干擾是(shi)該法要解(jie)決的(de)關鍵問題。
光(guang)(guang)測(ce)法(fa)。局(ju)部(bu)放電(dian)時變壓器(qi)油中會產生(sheng)波長(chang)為500-700nm的(de)光(guang)(guang)輻(fu)射,通(tong)過光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)檢測(ce)技術,能夠對局(ju)部(bu)放電(dian)進行(xing)檢測(ce),目前光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)傳感器(qi)主要分普(pu)通(tong)石英光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)和(he)熒光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)兩種。該法(fa)不受電(dian)磁場的(de)干擾、信噪比好、靈敏度高。
超(chao)高(gao)頻檢(jian)測(ce)法(UHF)。該檢(jian)測(ce)技術近年來得(de)到了較快(kuai)發展(zhan),通過檢(jian)測(ce)局放產生的(de)(de)超(chao)高(gao)頻電信號,實現局部放電的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)和定位,本質上是一種(zhong)無線電技術。其工作頻率范圍是300-3 000 MHz,靈敏度可達到1 pC。但是變壓器中,復(fu)雜的(de)(de)絕緣結構會增加檢(jian)測(ce)難度。深入研(yan)究油-隔板絕緣和箱(xiang)壁對超(chao)高(gao)頻電磁波傳播機(ji)理是今后的(de)(de)研(yan)究方向。
1.3 油色譜在線(xian)監測技(ji)術
變(bian)壓器油色譜在(zai)線監測技(ji)術主(zhu)要是通過監測油中微量(liang)氣體的(de)變(bian)化來掌握(wo)變(bian)壓器是否出現放(fang)電(dian)、過熱等缺陷。按照油氣分離和檢測原(yuan)理(li)可(ke)以分為:氣相色譜法(fa)、燃(ran)料電(dian)池法(fa)、光(guang)聲光(guang)譜法(fa)等。
氣(qi)(qi)相色(se)譜(pu)法主要監測(ce)包括CH4、C2H2、C2H4、C2H6、CO、CO2、H2等氣(qi)(qi)體(ti),一(yi)般(ban)采用N2作(zuo)為載(zai)氣(qi)(qi),通過(guo)色(se)譜(pu)柱對氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)進行分離,再由檢測(ce)器對各氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)含量進行檢測(ce),該法需要定期補充載(zai)氣(qi)(qi)和更換(huan)色(se)譜(pu)柱。
光聲(sheng)(sheng)光譜法是利用氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)分子(zi)吸收特定頻率的電磁(ci)波后,溫度上(shang)升(sheng),從而使(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)熱能升(sheng)高(gao),致(zhi)使(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)與周圍介質產(chan)(chan)生壓力波動,根據氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的光聲(sheng)(sheng)效應,會(hui)產(chan)(chan)生特定的聲(sheng)(sheng)信號,再通過(guo)高(gao)靈敏微音傳感器(qi)和(he)壓電陶瓷(ci)傳聲(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)檢(jian)測到聲(sheng)(sheng)信號,來判斷(duan)變壓器(qi)的狀態。該法無需載氣(qi)(qi),維護也比較簡單。
燃料(liao)(liao)電池法(fa),是利用滲透膜(mo)原理(li)將油中的氣體(ti)析出(chu),再(zai)通過燃料(liao)(liao)電池原理(li)來檢定氣體(ti),檢定器燃料(liao)(liao)就(jiu)是被檢定的氣體(ti),所(suo)以(yi)無須外源,整個(ge)裝(zhuang)置結構相對簡單(dan)。因為(wei)變壓(ya)器發生(sheng)放電或過熱的故障時都有H2產生(sheng),所(suo)以(yi)該法(fa)以(yi)監測H2為(wei)主,成本較低,能夠起到預警的作用。
1.4 其他(ta)在線監(jian)測方(fang)法
變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)的在(zai)線監測方法(fa)(fa)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)很多,如繞(rao)組變(bian)(bian)形法(fa)(fa),當(dang)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)繞(rao)組發生變(bian)(bian)形或位移(yi)時,會使得短路(lu)阻(zu)抗發生變(bian)(bian)化(hua),通過在(zai)線測量(liang)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)三相電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)流(liu)值,采用遞推最小二乘(cheng)法(fa)(fa)計算(suan)出短路(lu)電(dian)抗和(he)電(dian)阻(zu),從而掌(zhang)握(wo)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的狀(zhuang)態(tai);變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)振(zhen)動(dong)法(fa)(fa),此法(fa)(fa)是在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上安裝振(zhen)動(dong)加速度傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi),來(lai)監測變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)運(yun)行時的振(zhen)動(dong)信號,通過對振(zhen)動(dong)信號的分(fen)析(xi),來(lai)掌(zhang)握(wo)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)繞(rao)組運(yun)行狀(zhuang)態(tai);此外還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you):絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻(zu)法(fa)(fa)、紅外熱(re)像法(fa)(fa)、絕(jue)緣功(gong)率因數測試法(fa)(fa)、激勵電(dian)流(liu)法(fa)(fa)等。
將(jiang)來對在(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)技術研究,首先(xian)應研究技術標準,對運行條(tiao)件、測(ce)量(liang)精(jing)度、安全性等都應該提出(chu)統一的要(yao)(yao)求;再(zai)者,目前(qian)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)還(huan)缺少數據傳輸功能(neng),這限制在(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)功能(neng)的發揮,加強監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)通信(xin)功能(neng)的研究,建設(she)綜合的在(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)設(she)備(bei)平臺,實(shi)現遠程分析電力系統各變壓(ya)器的運行狀(zhuang)態,是今后一個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)發展方向。
2 變壓器(qi)狀態評(ping)估與故障診斷
變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)發展(zhan)和故障的(de)(de)發生按照一(yi)定(ding)規律的(de)(de),一(yi)般情況(kuang)下(xia),變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體性(xing)能是連續變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de),通過(guo)一(yi)些重(zhong)要的(de)(de)參數(shu)分析(xi),能夠確(que)實變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)所處的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態,并預測未(wei)來的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢。通常(chang)在使用(yong)壽命內,變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)運行狀(zhuang)態處于量變(bian)(bian)過(guo)程(cheng),雖(sui)然各參數(shu)會有變(bian)(bian)化但整(zheng)(zheng)體不影(ying)響功能的(de)(de)發揮,這是漸變(bian)(bian)過(guo)程(cheng);當量變(bian)(bian)到一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du),引起實質性(xing)變(bian)(bian)化時,變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)就將出現(xian)功能,這被稱(cheng)為突(tu)變(bian)(bian)過(guo)程(cheng)。
在漸變過(guo)程,從防范故障的角度出(chu)發,根據監測(ce)到的運(yun)行(xing)數據,對(dui)(dui)變壓(ya)器狀態進行(xing)評估(gu)(gu),劃(hua)分(fen)出(chu)類似于良好、較好、合格(ge)、注意與嚴(yan)重等(deng)不同的狀態,以采取(qu)相(xiang)應的措施,這對(dui)(dui)電(dian)力系統的安全平穩運(yun)行(xing)至關重要。突變過(guo)程就意味著變壓(ya)器發生故障了,此時的狀態評估(gu)(gu)也就是故障診斷。
2.1 狀態評估
變(bian)壓(ya)器狀態(tai)評(ping)估(gu)的關鍵是先根據預防試(shi)驗得到非(fei)破壞性量(liang),然后(hou)通(tong)過一定的指標評(ping)價模(mo)型,劃分(fen)出變(bian)壓(ya)器的運行(xing)狀態(tai)。例如(ru):模(mo)糊(hu)(hu)(hu)學習矢量(liang)量(liang)化網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)模(mo)型,該(gai)方法中DGA數據將被模(mo)糊(hu)(hu)(hu)分(fen)類(lei)器分(fen)成不同的子類(lei),每個類(lei)分(fen)別(bie)與模(mo)糊(hu)(hu)(hu)學習矢量(liang)量(liang)化網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)進行(xing)培訓,該(gai)法認為狀態(tai)評(ping)估(gu)是多屬性決策問題,根據工程實踐(jian),該(gai)評(ping)估(gu)指標包括:油水分(fen)含(han)量(liang)、油固(gu)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)、油老化程度(du)(du)、局(ju)部(bu)放電(dian)級,機械強度(du)(du)和絕緣(yuan)表面污穢度(du)(du)等,其(qi)(qi)評(ping)估(gu)的準確性優于之(zhi)前模(mo)糊(hu)(hu)(hu)診(zhen)斷(duan)和BP神(shen)經網(wang)(wang)絡(luo);還有通(tong)過模(mo)糊(hu)(hu)(hu)數學綜合(he)評(ping)判、灰靶理論(lun)、物元(yuan)理論(lun)、貝(bei)葉(xie)斯(si)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)等方法對變(bian)壓(ya)器運行(xing)健康狀態(tai)進行(xing)綜合(he)分(fen)析(xi),達到其(qi)(qi)狀態(tai)評(ping)估(gu)的目的。
盡管國內外(wai)對狀態評(ping)估技術(shu)開展了很多研究,像模糊數學和灰靶理論也探討了量(liang)(liang)化指標的研究,但當(dang)前還(huan)存(cun)在(zai):定(ding)性指標不(bu)宜量(liang)(liang)化、需要(yao)人為制(zhi)定(ding)的定(ding)量(liang)(liang)指標評(ping)判標準(zhun)不(bu)好統(tong)一、缺乏大(da)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)估實例的驗證、現場測試數據(ju)受干擾較(jiao)大(da)等諸多不(bu)利(li)因素(su),所以,目前的評(ping)價方(fang)法較(jiao)多集中(zhong)在(zai)定(ding)性評(ping)價,今后還(huan)需要(yao)進一步研究可靠、準(zhun)確、量(liang)(liang)化的狀態評(ping)估系統(tong)。
2.2 故障診斷
電(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器故(gu)障(zhang)主要以熱故(gu)障(zhang)或電(dian)氣故(gu)障(zhang)兩種(zhong)類型(xing)的為主。變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器發生(sheng)局部過熱、放電(dian)和絕緣(yuan)(yuan)紙老化等(deng)故(gu)障(zhang)后,變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器油和由(you)纖維素組(zu)成的固體絕緣(yuan)(yuan)材料老化產生(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)氣體的幾率(lv)大大提(ti)升,對變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器油中氣體的檢(jian)測分(fen)析(xi)是目前(qian)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最廣泛的故(gu)障(zhang)診斷手段。自(zi)該方法(fa)問世(shi)以來,各國對其都進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了較(jiao)多的研(yan)究(jiu)與改進(jin)(jin),當前(qian)對油中氣體檢(jian)測分(fen)析(xi)的方法(fa)有數十(shi)種(zhong),比(bi)較(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)的有:三比(bi)值(zhi)法(fa)、特征(zheng)氣體法(fa)、改良Rogerns法(fa)、Duval法(fa)等(deng)。
其中三比值法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)為(wei)通用(yong)的方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),缺點是(shi)(shi)編(bian)碼不全。模(mo)(mo)糊診斷針對三比值法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的缺點進行了改進,在(zai)油色(se)譜法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的基(ji)礎(chu)上,通過模(mo)(mo)糊關(guan)系矩陣,對獲得的數據和色(se)譜進行分析;再(zai)結合(he)故障特征(zheng)模(mo)(mo)式(shi),實現了變壓器(qi)故障識別(bie)和診斷,該方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)克服了傳(chuan)統三比值法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的弊端,是(shi)(shi)一種非常有效的故障識別(bie)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。
3 結束語
變壓器(qi)(qi)在(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)、狀(zhuang)態評估(gu)與故障診斷等(deng)技(ji)術的(de)應用,大大提(ti)高了變壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)運行效率,減小了不(bu)必要的(de)損(sun)失(shi),確保了電力系統的(de)可靠性(xing)。今(jin)后,用先進的(de)傳感(gan)、通信技(ji)術和計算理(li)論,建立遠程監(jian)(jian)測(ce)診斷中心為平臺,實現(xian)對變壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)在(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)、狀(zhuang)態評價、風險評估(gu)及(ji)故障診斷,并根據數據屬性(xing)和故障模式判別,制定出(chu)合理(li)的(de)檢修策略,進一步提(ti)高供電的(de)可靠性(xing),這將是未來(lai)該技(ji)術研究(jiu)和發展的(de)一個(ge)重要方向。
參考文獻
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[4]吉亞民.大型變壓器狀態評(ping)估及故障診斷技術研究[D].北京:華(hua)北電力大學(xue),2012.
作者簡介
劉健(1984-),男(nan),畢業于(yu)華北(bei)電(dian)力(li)大學(xue)電(dian)氣(qi)工程學(xue)院。大學(xue)本科學(xue)歷。現供(gong)(gong)職于(yu)國網浙江龍(long)游縣(xian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)公(gong)司(si)。研究方(fang)向為(wei)電(dian)力(li)系統自動化。
篇8
關(guan)鍵詞:線損;危(wei)害性;功率因數;降損增效;無功管理 文獻(xian)標識碼:A
中圖(tu)分類號(hao):TM714 文章編號(hao):1009-2374(2016)04-0019-02 DOI:10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2016.04.010
在供電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常經(jing)營與(yu)管(guan)理(li)過程中,線損(sun)率(lv)是(shi)反(fan)映(ying)電(dian)力系統(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)和管(guan)理(li)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)綜合性指標(biao)。而(er)隨著供電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)運(yun)營機(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷改進和完善,降(jiang)低(di)(di)配電(dian)線網的(de)(de)(de)(de)線損(sun)率(lv),提(ti)升設備(bei)利(li)用(yong)率(lv),保證配電(dian)系統(tong)安全且穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing),從而(er)增加企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益并(bing)實(shi)現(xian)創(chuang)利(li)增收,已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)各供電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)所共同(tong)關注(zhu)并(bing)急需解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。為(wei)此,本文(wen)將(jiang)以(yi)筆者多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作經(jing)驗為(wei)基礎,對降(jiang)低(di)(di)配電(dian)線網的(de)(de)(de)(de)線損(sun)措施做全面性的(de)(de)(de)(de)探討(tao),希望能(neng)夠(gou)給(gei)予同(tong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)人員(yuan)有(you)意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)借鑒。
1 影響線損(sun)的(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素(su)及其危害
1.1 電網結構設計缺乏合理性
電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)結(jie)構(gou)設(she)(she)計(ji)的不合理(li),主(zhu)要(yao)體現在主(zhu)干網(wang)(wang)架的結(jie)構(gou)強度不夠、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源布點且(qie)層次混亂(luan)、主(zhu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)斷面設(she)(she)備常發生(sheng)重載(zai)和(he)過(guo)載(zai)現象(xiang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力的交(jiao)換(huan)能力差等情況。而且(qie)在局(ju)部地區,當分網(wang)(wang)運行時,由(you)(you)于(yu)缺(que)少必要(yao)的條件(jian),常發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)迂回(hui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等現象(xiang),造成(cheng)主(zhu)網(wang)(wang)線(xian)損明顯。此外(wai),由(you)(you)于(yu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級配(pei)置的不當,在部分為低壓等級且(qie)層次較復雜的地區,其變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)節(jie)的損耗也(ye)較大。
1.2 電網運行管理缺乏合理性
當同一電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)負荷分(fen)布不(bu)均(jun)衡并具有重載和輕載變(bian)壓(ya)器時,運行中的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)器將(jiang)(jiang)偏離其(qi)最佳性(xing)能區間(jian),其(qi)電(dian)能損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)量(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia);當無功管(guan)理和控制無法實(shi)現分(fen)層就地(di)(di)平衡、中壓(ya)和低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)無功補償(chang)或調節能力較差等情況時,主網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)也將(jiang)(jiang)明顯(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。另外,由于運營機制的(de)(de)改革(ge),部(bu)(bu)分(fen)供電(dian)企業過于注重管(guan)理的(de)(de)經(jing)濟性(xing)效益,而忽略電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行的(de)(de)安全性(xing)。在部(bu)(bu)分(fen)地(di)(di)區采用高(gao)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)磁環(huan)(huan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行方(fang)式,導致高(gao)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間(jian)產(chan)生(sheng)環(huan)(huan)流或采取開(kai)環(huan)(huan)、拉(la)停(ting)線路等方(fang)法限制短路電(dian)流,造成潮流迂回,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)能的(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)量(liang)。
1.3 設備老(lao)化嚴重
在很(hen)多經濟落后、位置(zhi)偏遠的(de)(de)地區,其電(dian)網設(she)施基礎性差,設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)老化現象嚴重,如電(dian)能(neng)計(ji)量裝置(zhi)、S7型變壓器等耗能(neng)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)老舊設(she)備(bei),對其更換或改造的(de)(de)工作進展緩慢,制(zhi)約(yue)了實現節能(neng)環保、降低電(dian)網線損以增效的(de)(de)基本目標。
1.4 線損(sun)的危(wei)害性
配(pei)電網線(xian)損(sun)的直接(jie)后果是發(fa)熱,而(er)發(fa)熱不僅(jin)會(hui)導致電能損(sun)失,也會(hui)使(shi)導體的溫度不斷升高,加速電纜絕(jue)緣材料(liao)的老化,降低絕(jue)緣效果并(bing)縮短(duan)其(qi)使(shi)用壽命,引發(fa)熱擊(ji)穿等(deng)配(pei)電事故。同時,隨著社會(hui)經濟(ji)的快速發(fa)展以(yi)及對電力(li)需求的增(zeng)加,這種配(pei)電網線(xian)損(sun)的危害性將會(hui)愈發(fa)明顯,并(bing)越來越大。
2 降低線損實現電(dian)網增效的(de)技(ji)術措施
2.1 改(gai)造配電網(wang)
對原(yuan)有的(de)(de)不合理的(de)(de)配電(dian)線(xian)路進行調整(zheng)和改造,增設新的(de)(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)線(xian)路,縮小輸(shu)送(song)距離,避免(mian)出(chu)現迂回供(gong)電(dian)和近電(dian)遠送(song)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang);合理選擇導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)型(xing)號、材質并盡(jin)可能(neng)加大導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)截面,妥善處理線(xian)路接(jie)點處的(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)阻,以(yi)降低接(jie)點處的(de)(de)熱量(liang)損(sun)失;對于配電(dian)系統中(zhong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)選用,要結合電(dian)網運(yun)行的(de)(de)實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang),對其容量(liang)、損(sun)耗率等參數對比后再(zai)進行選擇,杜絕大馬拉小車的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)發生(sheng);電(dian)網升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)并簡化電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)等級和變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)層次,減少重復(fu)的(de)(de)變(bian)電(dian)容量(liang);盡(jin)可能(neng)避免(mian)孤網運(yun)行的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。
2.2 電力(li)網及系統的經(jing)濟運(yun)行
在合(he)(he)理分配(pei)有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)同時,應對輸(shu)送(song)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)線損(sun)(sun)(sun)計(ji)算,制定無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)分布,降(jiang)低(di)無(wu)功(gong)遠距離(li)輸(shu)送(song)的(de)(de)(de)幾率(lv)(lv),并利用補償設備(bei)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數;環(huan)網的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)分為(wei)合(he)(he)環(huan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)開環(huan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)力(li)網采用合(he)(he)環(huan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式(shi)(shi),可(ke)(ke)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)供電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性、可(ke)(ke)靠性以(yi)及經濟效益,但其(qi)(qi)繼電(dian)保護結(jie)構較為(wei)復雜(za)。采用開環(huan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式(shi)(shi),則要(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)網損(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算結(jie)果確定最佳的(de)(de)(de)解列(lie)點。因此,應結(jie)合(he)(he)電(dian)力(li)網建設的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情況(kuang),合(he)(he)理選(xuan)擇環(huan)網的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)輸(shu)送(song)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目地是(shi)做(zuo)好(hao)電(dian)力(li)網的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)功(gong)平衡工作,其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)措施包括提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)用戶的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數和(he)發電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)端口電(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)及采用無(wu)功(gong)補償裝置(zhi)等。通過實(shi)驗證明,35kV以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)網絡,每提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)1%的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya),電(dian)力(li)網中各電(dian)氣元件的(de)(de)(de)空載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)量可(ke)(ke)降(jiang)低(di)1.2%;而10kV供電(dian)網絡,由(you)于(yu)負荷低(di)、空載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)占(zhan)總損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)量比重大(約(yue)為(wei)50%~80%),所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)根據不同時段(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)偏移情況(kuang)做(zuo)出適當調整;對于(yu)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)網,由(you)于(yu)空載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)量較小,所(suo)以(yi)應提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)其(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)。
2.3 合理選擇變壓器
由(you)于變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)量(liang)占系統線(xian)損(sun)(sun)總量(liang)的(de)30%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)是降(jiang)低電(dian)網線(xian)損(sun)(sun)的(de)重要技(ji)術措施(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)研究發現,變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)主要是由(you)其內部結構和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)所決定的(de),而負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)與(yu)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)流的(de)平方則成正比。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)選擇電(dian)力網的(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時,要選用節能型的(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)并考(kao)慮變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)容量(liang),避免在(zai)電(dian)網運行過(guo)程中(zhong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)出現過(guo)載(zai)(zai)(zai)、滿載(zai)(zai)(zai)或輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)現象(xiang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)其功率(lv)因數和(he)使用效(xiao)率(lv)。此外(wai),在(zai)變(bian)電(dian)所內,要并聯兩臺(tai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi),當負(fu)荷變(bian)化(hua)時,可根據實(shi)際需要啟停變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)臺(tai)數,在(zai)保證電(dian)網運行可靠(kao)的(de)前提(ti)下,有效(xiao)降(jiang)低變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)。
2.4 電力網無(wu)功補償措施
2.4.1 增設(she)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)補償(chang)設(she)備。在電(dian)源被送(song)(song)往用(yong)電(dian)設(she)備并消耗(hao)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)之前,需消耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)進行傳(chuan)送(song)(song),而功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數則是體現有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)與無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)間關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要參數。對(dui)(dui)于一(yi)些偏(pian)遠配電(dian)區域,大部分的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)備屬于感性(xing)負載,功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數相對(dui)(dui)較低(di),為了(le)達到(dao)降低(di)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)、節約(yue)電(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de),需要在電(dian)網(wang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),合理配置(zhi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)補償(chang)設(she)備,從(cong)而提(ti)高電(dian)網(wang)輸送(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數。現階段(duan),我國電(dian)網(wang)輸配系(xi)(xi)統(tong)普遍安(an)設(she)了(le)靜電(dian)電(dian)容器,該設(she)施重量輕、安(an)裝及維(wei)護簡單且投(tou)資額較小,在有效提(ti)高系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數的(de)(de)(de)同時,還能夠完成自動投(tou)切控制(zhi)等操作。
2.4.2 提高輸(shu)配(pei)線(xian)路的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率因數。當電流通過導線(xian)時,由于(yu)導線(xian)自(zi)身(shen)電阻(zu)的(de)影響,會發(fa)熱(re)并引起(qi)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率的(de)損耗,其(qi)損耗量(liang)與電流的(de)平方成正比(bi),而電流又與功(gong)(gong)(gong)率因數成正比(bi)。以此推(tui)理可得出,當輸(shu)送的(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率一定時,其(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率損耗量(liang)與功(gong)(gong)(gong)率因數的(de)平方成反比(bi),所以提高功(gong)(gong)(gong)率因數是降低線(xian)路有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率損耗的(de)合理且有效的(de)手(shou)段。
2.4.3 提(ti)高變壓器(qi)的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)。當變壓器(qi)輸出的(de)有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)一(yi)定時,其損耗量與(yu)所帶負荷的(de)視在功(gong)(gong)率(lv)平方(fang)成(cheng)正比,而視在功(gong)(gong)率(lv)則與(yu)變壓器(qi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)成(cheng)反比關系。所以(yi)提(ti)高功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數(shu),即可以(yi)降低變壓器(qi)的(de)需用容量(視在功(gong)(gong)率(lv)),提(ti)升(sheng)變壓器(qi)供電(dian)的(de)能力。
2.4.4 提(ti)高(gao)負(fu)載的(de)功率(lv)因數。在提(ti)高(gao)負(fu)載功率(lv)因數后(hou),發(fa)電機、變(bian)壓(ya)器和線路的(de)輸出無功功率(lv)將(jiang)顯(xian)著減少(shao),其輸送能力以(yi)及輸配電壓(ya)質量也會(hui)進一(yi)步加(jia)強和改善,而線損(sun)率(lv)則會(hui)明顯(xian)下降。
此外,還應(ying)根據電(dian)力網系(xi)統的(de)無(wu)功負荷與(yu)無(wu)功分布的(de)情況,合理(li)選(xuan)用無(wu)功補(bu)償(chang)容量并明確其裝(zhuang)設位置,確保(bao)低(di)(di)電(dian)壓區域能夠就地補(bu)償(chang),進而減(jian)小負荷電(dian)流,并降低(di)(di)電(dian)網線損。
3 降(jiang)低線損實現電網增效的管理措(cuo)施
3.1 線損的專業(ye)化管(guan)理(li)
電(dian)力網的(de)(de)線(xian)損管理,要堅持以“統(tong)一領導、職(zhi)責(ze)分明、分工(gong)合作、監督完善”的(de)(de)基本原則,建立(li)一套完整且滿(man)足實(shi)際(ji)需求的(de)(de)質量管理體系(xi),成立(li)供電(dian)企業的(de)(de)線(xian)損領導小組,明確線(xian)損歸口(kou)管理部(bu)門(men),并設立(li)一人(ren)(ren)為線(xian)損專責(ze)人(ren)(ren),其(qi)他相關(guan)部(bu)門(men)及供電(dian)所均設立(li)一名線(xian)損兼職(zhi)管理員。電(dian)力網的(de)(de)線(xian)損管理體系(xi)要明確規定各部(bu)門(men)、各專責(ze)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)職(zhi)責(ze),認真執行(xing)上下級的(de)(de)“管理、控制、考(kao)核及負責(ze)”的(de)(de)全過程管理程序。
電(dian)力網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)線損(sun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)要專業化,其(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項工作要務(wu)實(shi)并落到實(shi)處(chu)。企業線損(sun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部門要定(ding)(ding)期對電(dian)力網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)線損(sun)情況召開分析(xi)會(hui),綜(zong)合(he)分析(xi)階段性(xing)線損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)完成情況,并找出(chu)其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)問(wen)題,研(yan)究(jiu)并制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)下一階段的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)損(sun)節能控制(zhi)及落實(shi)方法,制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)獎罰措(cuo)施,促進相關人(ren)員對線損(sun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)予以足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視。
3.2 明確線損管理控制指標
制定線(xian)(xian)損控制指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)對電力(li)網線(xian)(xian)損管理的(de)前提(ti),所以供電企(qi)業(ye)應根據上(shang)(shang)級部(bu)門下達的(de)年(nian)計劃指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao),并結合本企(qi)業(ye)上(shang)(shang)一年(nian)的(de)完(wan)成情況及近期的(de)線(xian)(xian)損理論(lun)推算值,按照線(xian)(xian)損管理指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)體系的(de)管理職責范(fan)圍,將年(nian)計劃指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)分級、分壓、分線(xian)(xian)、分臺(tai)區(qu)逐(zhu)級分解(jie)并落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)責任(ren)人。
為了加強對(dui)計(ji)劃指標(biao)的(de)管(guan)理(li)和控制,可(ke)在各(ge)供(gong)電企業間,利用(yong)對(dui)標(biao)信息管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統進(jin)行線損指標(biao)的(de)對(dui)標(biao)活動,并將典型(xing)的(de)經驗(yan)在月度(du)經營探討(tao)會上介紹,加強彼此間的(de)交流和學習,查找自身線損管(guan)理(li)的(de)不足之處(chu),明確(que)后續管(guan)理(li)的(de)重(zhong)點和方向。
3.3 加強計量的管(guan)理工作
對于電(dian)網系(xi)統中的(de)計(ji)量(liang)設備(如(ru)萬(wan)能表(biao)等),要定期進行檢查和維護,及時更(geng)新或(huo)淘汰損壞、老舊的(de)計(ji)量(liang)設備,確保工(gong)作計(ji)量(liang)的(de)質量(liang)和精確性,避免由于計(ji)量(liang)管(guan)理工(gong)作的(de)不足而引起的(de)損耗。
3.4 做(zuo)好線損預測和分析工作
在供電(dian)企業(ye),做好(hao)電(dian)力網損(sun)耗數(shu)據的管理(li)工作(zuo),對線(xian)(xian)損(sun)的管理(li)與控(kong)(kong)制有著重要意義,也是掌控(kong)(kong)供電(dian)網的運行,開展降損(sun)工作(zuo)的有效數(shu)據支持(chi)。對上期(qi)的線(xian)(xian)損(sun)數(shu)據應(ying)進行科學(xue)、合理(li)、認(ren)真(zhen)的分(fen)析,及時總(zong)結(jie)損(sun)耗情況(kuang)并(bing)與當期(qi)數(shu)據對比,做好(hao)損(sun)耗情況(kuang)評估工作(zuo),保證線(xian)(xian)損(sun)管理(li)及控(kong)(kong)制的可(ke)靠性(xing)。對于分(fen)析和總(zong)結(jie)出的問題,要制定相(xiang)應(ying)的應(ying)對措施并(bing)認(ren)真(zhen)落實。
3.5 重視人才培養
供電企(qi)業應將人才培(pei)(pei)養(yang)作為一項重要的工作來完成,定期(qi)開(kai)展線損專題講(jiang)座、與高校等(deng)舉辦多種形式的專業知識及(ji)業務技能(neng)的培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、組織人員外出培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)學(xue)習等(deng)形式,為企(qi)業電力網線損的管(guan)理與控制(zhi)水平及(ji)能(neng)力建(jian)立基礎。
4 結語
對(dui)于供(gong)電(dian)企(qi)業來說,降(jiang)低供(gong)電(dian)網的(de)線損(sun)(sun)率,實現電(dian)網的(de)增效(xiao)具有重要的(de)戰略和經濟意義。控(kong)制并(bing)管理供(gong)電(dian)網的(de)線損(sun)(sun)是一項復雜(za)且難(nan)度較大(da)的(de)工作(zuo),在電(dian)網的(de)設計階段,要重點考慮(lv)影響(xiang)線損(sun)(sun)的(de)主要因素,并(bing)針(zhen)對(dui)其做出相應的(de)處置(zhi)方案;而(er)在運(yun)行管理階段,則要建立并(bing)健(jian)全嚴謹的(de)組織和管理體(ti)系,提(ti)高降(jiang)損(sun)(sun)的(de)技術管理水平,使電(dian)網系統始終(zhong)處于安全、可靠、經濟的(de)運(yun)行狀態中,進而(er)提(ti)升(sheng)供(gong)電(dian)企(qi)業電(dian)網系統的(de)增效(xiao)能力(li)。
參考文獻
篇9
關鍵詞:電(dian)氣(qi)二次;繼電(dian)保護;電(dian)氣(qi)二次設(she)備;電(dian)磁型保護
1 引言
近年(nian)來(lai)(lai),隨(sui)著科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展,繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護裝置(zhi)在我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中(zhong)得到(dao)了(le)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)。然而在應用(yong)中(zhong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機內部故障計算(suan)分析、勵磁變壓器的(de)選擇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣二(er)次設備(bei)(bei)狀態檢修、SFC 的(de)諧波等問題(ti)問題(ti)日(ri)漸(jian)突出,給(gei)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護運(yun)行、維護和管理等帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)較大困難,為(wei)此南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度中(zhong)心組織編制了(le)南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護設備(bei)(bei)的(de)2個(ge)企(qi)業標(biao)準:Q/SCG-2011《南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)220kV線路保(bao)護技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》和中(zhong)國南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)有(you)限(xian)責(ze)任公司企(qi)業標(biao)準《繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護及有(you)關(guan)二(er)次回路驗收(shou)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》。本文主要論述了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣二(er)次繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護中(zhong)重點問題(ti)。
2 發電(dian)機內(nei)部故障計算分析(xi)
在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)制造商(shang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)繞組結構(gou)和(he)電(dian)(dian)磁參(can)數(shu)設計完(wan)成后,針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定(ding)子(zi)為(wei)5分(fen)(fen)支繞組的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)特點(dian)(dian),委托不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)單位對(dui)(dui)(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)內部各種故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行計算,并(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)各種保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈敏度進行分(fen)(fen)析比(bi)較,為(wei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定(ding)子(zi)分(fen)(fen)支繞組在(zai)中性點(dian)(dian)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)出方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)和(he)型式(shi)選擇(ze)以及繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正確配置(zhi)(zhi)提供科學(xue)依據。在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)系(xi)統(tong)A中配置(zhi)(zhi)完(wan)全縱差保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(87G0)和(he)裂相保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(87GUP),機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)TA變(bian)(bian)(bian)比(bi)為(wei)30000/1A,并(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)裂相保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(87GUP)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定(ding)子(zi)中性點(dian)(dian)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)每相分(fen)(fen)支按1- 2- 3分(fen)(fen)支和(he)4-5分(fen)(fen)支進行分(fen)(fen)組,在(zai)兩(liang)組引(yin)出線上均設TA,前(qian)者TA變(bian)(bian)(bian)比(bi)為(wei)18000/1A,后者TA變(bian)(bian)(bian)比(bi)為(wei)12000/IA;在(zai)子(zi)系(xi)統(tong)B中配置(zhi)(zhi)不平(ping)衡保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(60G),其電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)TA接于發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個中性點(dian)(dian)之間,變(bian)(bian)(bian)比(bi)為(wei)500/1A。除上述發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)外,還(huan)包括定(ding)子(zi)接地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、機(ji)(ji)組異常運行狀(zhuang)態、主變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、廠用(yong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、勵磁變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、以及非電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)一變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕大多數(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)采用(yong)了冗余配置(zhi)(zhi)。
3 勵(li)磁變壓器(qi)的選擇
由于(yu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)副邊(bian)可控硅換流(liu)(liu)原(yuan)因,陽極回路(lu)會有(you)3、5、7、9、11等(deng)奇次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)。為(wei)(wei)消除39次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)影響,通常將勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)副邊(bian)接成三角形(xing),以減少諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)(dui)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)引起(qi)的(de)(de)發(fa)熱、震動(dong)等(deng)危害。以往(wang)在(zai)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)容量(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)時(shi),為(wei)(wei)了克服(fu)上述高次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)(dui)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)影響,不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)設備生產(chan)廠(chang)家通常留有(you)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)容量(liang)裕度(據(ju)介紹如(ru)SIENONS公(gong)司15%、ABB公(gong)司為(wei)(wei)20%)。另外,在(zai)設計時(shi)應考慮(lv)采用(yong)低損耗矽鋼片和設計磁(ci)密取低一(yi)些等(deng)辦法來克服(fu)不(bu)(bu)利(li)影響。但磁(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)(dui)變(bian)壓器(qi)容量(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)影響從未做過定(ding)(ding)量(liang)分(fen)析。為(wei)(wei)此(ci),通過與國內(nei)制造廠(chang)和科(ke)研(yan)單位合(he)(he)作對(dui)(dui)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)影響進行(xing)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)分(fen)析研(yan)究,即考慮(lv)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)影響后(hou),實際(ji)滿載時(shi)的(de)(de)電流(liu)(liu)值應按(an)1.15倍(bei)基波(bo)(bo)(bo)工頻電流(liu)(liu)考慮(lv)。另外,勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)級(ji)問題。目(mu)前(qian),國內(nei)外通常選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)F級(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)允(yun)許溫(wen)(wen)升80K和H級(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)允(yun)許溫(wen)(wen)升80K兩(liang)種。工程(cheng)設計中如(ru)何確定(ding)(ding)一(yi)直是(shi)人們爭論的(de)(de)熱點,這里(li)主要是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)綜(zong)合(he)(he)經濟比較問題,如(ru)果勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)壓器(qi)容量(liang)裕度較大,系(xi)統要求(qiu)的(de)(de)強勵(li)(li)(li)頂值倍(bei)數不(bu)(bu)高,且限(xian)制運行(xing)溫(wen)(wen)升不(bu)(bu)超過規(gui)定(ding)(ding)值,選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)前(qian)者(zhe)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)級(ji)也是(shi)可以的(de)(de),否則,應選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)后(hou)者(zhe)較為(wei)(wei)穩妥,在(zai)國外進口的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)中曾出(chu)現過超規(gui)定(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)升運行(xing)的(de)(de)事例。如(ru)清江隔河巖電站的(de)(de)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)H級(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)、允(yun)許溫(wen)(wen)升80K。但在(zai)實際(ji)運行(xing)中的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升為(wei)(wei)100K左右。
4 電氣二次設備狀態檢修
電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)根據(ju)功能不(bu)同,可(ke)分為一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)和(he)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)。電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)主要包括繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、故障錄(lu)波、就地監控和(he)遠動(dong)。它們正常(chang)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行是(shi)保障電(dian)網穩(wen)定和(he)電(dian)力設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)要求。在(zai)實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)(yun)行中因(yin)(yin)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)故障時(shi)(shi)有發生(sheng),保護(hu)(hu)(hu)不(bu)正確動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)涉及到(dao)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)人員、運(yun)(yun)(yun)行人員、設(she)(she)計部門、制(zhi)造(zao)部門、自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)災害,還有其他不(bu)明原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。隨著微(wei)機在(zai)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)及自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用,繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性、定值整定的(de)(de)(de)靈活(huo)性大大提高(gao),依據(ju)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)《繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)及電(dian)網安(an)全自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗條例(li)》來維護(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),顯然(ran)不(bu)合時(shi)(shi)宜。而一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狀(zhuang)態(tai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)(guang)、線路不(bu)停電(dian)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用,因(yin)(yin)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)而導致的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間將越來越短。這對(dui)(dui)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)提出了新的(de)(de)(de)要求。因(yin)(yin)此,電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)在(zai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)體制(zhi)、檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)方法及檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗項目(mu)、制(zhi)定檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)周期等方面需要改變,實(shi)行電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狀(zhuang)態(tai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu),可(ke)保證二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠運(yun)(yun)(yun)行,以適(shi)應(ying)電(dian)力發展的(de)(de)(de)需要。電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狀(zhuang)態(tai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)是(shi)通過設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狀(zhuang)態(tai)監測技術(shu)和(he)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)診斷技術(shu),結合二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行和(he)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)歷史資料,對(dui)(dui)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狀(zhuang)態(tai)作(zuo)出正確評(ping)價(jia),根據(ju)狀(zhuang)態(tai)評(ping)價(jia)結果,科學(xue)安(an)排檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)間和(he)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)項目(mu)。由于(yu)大量微(wei)電(dian)子元件(jian)、高(gao)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路在(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用,電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾。越來越敏(min)感,極易受到(dao)電(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾電(dian)磁(ci)波對(dui)(dui)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)干(gan)擾造(zao)成(cheng)采樣信號失真、自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)異常(chang)、保護(hu)(hu)(hu)誤(wu)動(dong)或拒(ju)動(dong),甚至元件(jian)損壞。
國(guo)際(ji)電工(gong)委員會(IEC)及國(guo)內有關部門(men)對(dui)(dui)(dui)繼電保護制定了電磁(ci)兼(jian)容(EMC)標準。但目前,對(dui)(dui)(dui)現場電磁(ci)環境的監測(ce)、管理沒(mei)有納入(ru)檢修(xiu)范圍(wei)。也沒(mei)有合(he)適的監測(ce)手段。對(dui)(dui)(dui)二次(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)進行電磁(ci)兼(jian)容性(xing)考(kao)核試驗是二次(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)狀態檢修(xiu)的一項很(hen)重要(yao)的工(gong)作。對(dui)(dui)(dui)不同廠站的干(gan)擾源、耦合(he)途徑、敏感器件要(yao)進行監測(ce)、管理。
5 SFC的諧波問(wen)題及(ji)對策(ce)
變(bian)(bian)頻起動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)網的(de)非線性負荷,必(bi)(bi)然產(chan)生高(gao)次諧(xie)(xie)波,對(dui)系統造(zao)成一(yi)定的(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran),對(dui)廠用(yong)電(dian)也有一(yi)些影(ying)(ying)響。但(dan)是(shi),變(bian)(bian)頻起動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)一(yi)種短(duan)時工作(zuo)的(de)設備,它(ta)對(dui)系統的(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)和對(dui)廠用(yong)電(dian)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響是(shi)短(duan)時的(de),不應該按照對(dui)連續運(yun)行的(de)諧(xie)(xie)波源(yuan)的(de)限制條件(jian)來對(dui)它(ta)提出要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。近幾年來,由于(yu)對(dui)電(dian)能質量國(guo)家標準的(de)錯誤理解,國(guo)內在(zai)確定變(bian)(bian)頻起動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)技術條件(jian)時往(wang)往(wang)提出過于(yu)苛刻的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,造(zao)成大(da)部(bu)分國(guo)內電(dian)站的(de)SFC均設置(zhi)(zhi)5、7、11、13、15、17次等高(gao)次諧(xie)(xie)波濾(lv)波器(qi),不僅(jin)增(zeng)加了成本,而且(qie)增(zeng)加了地(di)下洞室(shi)的(de)開(kai)挖(wa)量。深入的(de)研究(jiu)已經證明(ming),電(dian)站消(xiao)除諧(xie)(xie)波污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)關(guan)鍵是(shi)合(he)理選擇接(jie)線方式(shi),只要(yao)(yao)(yao)接(jie)線合(he)理(增(zeng)大(da)高(gao)壓廠用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)與SFC的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)距(ju)離、設置(zhi)(zhi)輸入變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)或隔離變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)等)就不會對(dui)系統和廠用(yong)電(dian)造(zao)成影(ying)(ying)響,高(gao)次諧(xie)(xie)波濾(lv)波器(qi)完(wan)全不必(bi)(bi)裝(zhuang)設。
6 總結
總之,繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)是(shi)確保(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵環節。如何(he)防止(zhi)和(he)杜絕繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)及安全(quan)自(zi)動裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)正(zheng)確動作(zuo)(zuo),防止(zhi)事故發生(sheng)和(he)擴大(da),確保(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing),是(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)專業人員(yuan)為之努力(li)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)目標,也是(shi)各單(dan)位所面臨的(de)(de)(de)、時刻不(bu)容掉以輕(qing)心的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)重要(yao)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。隨著電(dian)(dian)力(li)科(ke)技含量不(bu)斷提高,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置不(bu)斷地更新換代,要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)穩(wen)定運(yun)行(xing),必(bi)須不(bu)斷提高管(guan)理水平,完(wan)善繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)相關管(guan)理制(zhi)度(du),加大(da)人員(yuan)培訓力(li)度(du),增強繼(ji)保(bao)(bao)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)責任心,這樣才(cai)能防患于未然。
參考文獻:
[1]《繼電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)技(ji)術規程》 GB14285-2006
[2]洪威金.變電站二次繼電保護措施探究[J].科技創業家,2011(24).
[3]趙愛軍,張大(da)偉.變電站二次(ci)繼電保護設計方法(fa)及問題[J].電子世界(jie),2012(19).
篇10
關鍵詞:電氣(qi)設備(bei)絕緣;高電壓試(shi)驗;安全防護
中圖分類號: F407 文獻標識碼: A
1.高壓試驗
1.1按照試(shi)驗(yan)的性質劃分(fen)
(1)破壞性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong),施(shi)加于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓超過了設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)所能(neng)承受的(de)(de)(de)工作電(dian)壓,然后才能(neng)發現危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)缺陷所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang),并(bing)且(qie)可以直接檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)出該設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)裕度或者絕(jue)緣耐壓水平。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)耐壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi),被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)絕(jue)緣可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)考驗(yan)(yan)(yan)更加的(de)(de)(de)嚴格,但(dan)是(shi)會帶(dai)來一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian),即可能(neng)對設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣造成一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)損傷,并(bing)且(qie)會帶(dai)來被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣能(neng)力(li)下降等不可逆轉的(de)(de)(de)后果。(2)非(fei)破壞性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)用較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)電(dian)壓對設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),再根(gen)據試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)得到的(de)(de)(de)數據,判斷設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),及時(shi)地(di)發現問題,然后實施(shi)改進(jin)措施(shi),但(dan)是(shi)此類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法做出的(de)(de)(de)判斷不夠(gou)精準(zhun)。
1.2按(an)照(zhao)試驗(yan)的范圍(wei)劃分
(1)大(da)修試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)指的(de)是(shi)在大(da)修過(guo)程中或者是(shi)在大(da)修之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)所(suo)做(zuo)的(de)檢查(cha)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)(xiang)目。做(zuo)完定(ding)(ding)期(qi)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),還應該做(zuo)一些別的(de)包括(kuo)機械(xie)方面的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),比(bi)如局(ju)部放電(dian)、斷路器分合閘速(su)度(du)和時(shi)間(jian)、穿心螺栓絕緣電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)動機定(ding)(ding)轉子間(jian)隙測量、油箱密封試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。(2)檢查(cha)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)指的(de)是(shi)在大(da)修試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)或者定(ding)(ding)期(qi)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi),試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)有問題,需要進一步(bu)深層次(ci)地查(cha)明具體障礙時(shi)所(suo)做(zuo)的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),比(bi)如氧化鋅避雷器工(gong)頻(pin)參考電(dian)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、空(kong)載電(dian)流(liu)、壓(ya)力釋放器、繞組頻(pin)率響應等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。(3)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)指的(de)是(shi)每隔一個時(shi)間(jian)段就對(dui)設(she)備進行(xing)的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),其目的(de)是(shi)為(wei)了及時(shi)發(fa)現設(she)備中存在的(de)隱患。比(bi)如油中溶解氣(qi)體色(se)譜分析、直流(liu)泄漏、繞組直流(liu)電(dian)阻(zu)、交流(liu)耐壓(ya)、介質損(sun)耗因數等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。
2.電氣(qi)設備的高電壓試(shi)驗(yan).
2.1工頻(pin)高(gao)電壓(ya)試驗
工(gong)頻高(gao)電壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗在(zai)檢測(ce)(ce)電氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)絕緣能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗中是較為常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)驗,其優(you)點(dian)在(zai)于它不但能(neng)檢測(ce)(ce)電力(li)設(she)備(bei)在(zai)工(gong)頻電壓(ya)下的(de)(de)(de)絕緣性能(neng),還可以(yi)檢測(ce)(ce)電力(li)設(she)備(bei)對操作過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)以(yi)及(ji)雷電過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)承受(shou)范(fan)圍,從而避免(mian)了進行(xing)操作沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)驗和(he)(he)雷電沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)驗的(de)(de)(de)實驗技術以(yi)及(ji)設(she)備(bei)儀(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)雜與高(gao)難(nan)度(du)。為了能(neng)夠獲得工(gong)頻高(gao)電壓(ya),在(zai)工(gong)頻高(gao)電壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗時通常將其串聯起來或者使(shi)用高(gao)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗變壓(ya)器產生(sheng),相(xiang)對于容量比(bi)較大的(de)(de)(de)被試(shi)(shi)品,比(bi)如:電纜和(he)(he)電容器,則可以(yi)通過(guo)(guo)串聯諧振回路(lu)產生(sheng)。
在高(gao)壓試(shi)驗室里最(zui)基(ji)本的(de)設備則是(shi)工頻電(dian)壓裝置,是(shi)產(chan)生其他高(gao)電(dian)壓設備的(de)基(ji)礎部分。通常由(you)油(you)浸(jin)式變壓器作(zuo)為試(shi)驗變壓器,其工作(zuo)原理(li)與(yu)一般的(de)電(dian)力變壓器的(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)無太大差別(bie),只是(shi)其工作(zuo)條(tiao)件和結(jie)構有所不同。
(1)試變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體積小(xiao)(xiao),結構(gou)(gou)較(jiao)簡單。試變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)運用(yong)于(yu)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)不考慮(lv)因(yin)產熱問題而(er)安裝冷(leng)卻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),簡化(hua)了(le)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)結構(gou)(gou),與(yu)此(ci)同時(shi)由于(yu)容(rong)量(liang)比較(jiao)低,試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)用(yong)的(de)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)油箱相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)些,不同點是(shi)(shi)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有很長的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)套管。(2)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)絕(jue)緣條件要(yao)(yao)求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。在工頻(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中,試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需要(yao)(yao)承擔較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)工頻(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)絕(jue)緣性能(neng)要(yao)(yao)更高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),因(yin)為工頻(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不會(hui)對(dui)(dui)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)加過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),其跨度也不大,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)絕(jue)緣性能(neng)要(yao)(yao)求相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低。(3)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容(rong)量(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)被(bei)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)者的(de)容(rong)量(liang)大小(xiao)(xiao)決(jue)定的(de),被(bei)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設備在被(bei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)擊穿時(shi),變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)會(hui)自動關閉(bi),以(yi)防(fang)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)間短路。工頻(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)基本(ben)電(dian)(dian)路如(ru)圖1所(suo)(suo)示(shi),其采用(yong)核心設備是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個或(huo)多個串聯起來(lai)的(de)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)此(ci)同時(shi)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)的(de)基本(ben)設備包括組合過濾器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(LF、CF)、變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)阻(R1)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(PV1、PV2)及調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(AV)等等。
圖1工頻高電(dian)壓試驗(yan)基本電(dian)路(lu)
工(gong)頻高電壓試驗(yan)(yan)方法是:按照一定(ding)的(de)速度把被試驗(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)電壓不(bu)斷地提高達(da)到額(e)定(ding)電壓為止,此時(shi)(shi)計算其所承受的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。為了確(que)保被試驗(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)合(he)格度,需要(yao)在被提升到被試驗(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)額(e)定(ding)電壓后(hou)維持(chi)1min左(zuo)右,持(chi)續的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)可根據具(ju)體情況(kuang)來定(ding),在規定(ding)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)段(duan)內被試驗(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)依然完(wan)好無(wu)損,則可以確(que)定(ding)被試驗(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)工(gong)頻耐壓試驗(yan)(yan)合(he)格。
2.2沖擊高電壓試(shi)驗
相對(dui)于工頻高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),沖(chong)擊(ji)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)無論(lun)是在實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)備(bei)還(huan)是技(ji)術上要(yao)(yao)求都(dou)要(yao)(yao)更高(gao),成本(ben)投資(zi)也(ye)要(yao)(yao)多,因(yin)此常規(gui)的工程試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中采用的較(jiao)少,電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)絕(jue)緣預防性試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)對(dui)該試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)不做(zuo)特殊要(yao)(yao)求,但有時候為(wei)了測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)對(dui)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的耐(nai)壓(ya)和(he)(he)絕(jue)緣性能(neng),就(jiu)需要(yao)(yao)用到沖(chong)壓(ya)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),來制造雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)沖(chong)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波和(he)(he)操作沖(chong)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波從而(er)對(dui)設(she)備(bei)進行測(ce)試(shi)(shi)。
作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)驗的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)項目(mu)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)驗可(ke)(ke)以測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)在(zai)雷(lei)擊(ji)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)以及操作過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣能(neng)力(li),在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機理等很多研(yan)究(jiu)領域也有(you)用(yong)到(dao),該試(shi)驗可(ke)(ke)以通(tong)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)回(hui)路(lu)來產生(sheng)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),圖2所示(shi)即為一(yi)(yi)(yi)種常見的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)回(hui)路(lu)。沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)驗對(dui)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)有(you)兩(liang)點要(yao)求,一(yi)(yi)(yi)是輸出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)要(yao)足夠高(gao)(gao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為從幾十萬伏(fu)到(dao)幾百(bai)萬伏(fu),二是由于標準雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)波和操作過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波都為脈沖(chong)(chong)波,因此要(yao)求輸出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)波形(xing)。沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)由一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)組成,先(xian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)并聯(lian)起(qi)來,由直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),然后串聯(lian)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)形(xing)成放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)。在(zai)產生(sheng)操作沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時,要(yao)選擇(ze)相應的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)回(hui)路(lu)元件進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)配置(zhi),避免(mian)試(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)非破(po)壞性放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)波性造成過大(da)的(de)(de)(de)干擾,影(ying)響測試(shi)結果,最后將得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)波形(xing)結果進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析并和相關測試(shi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)標準進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)對(dui)比(bi),確定(ding)(ding)(ding)被試(shi)驗設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣性能(neng)是否符合要(yao)求。
圖2沖擊(ji)高電壓試驗基本電路
3.高(gao)壓電試(shi)驗中的安全防(fang)護措施
3.1在高電壓試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)之前一定(ding)(ding)制定(ding)(ding)好(hao)科(ke)學合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)案,方(fang)案不能(neng)違背(bei)《電力安全工作規程(cheng)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)相應要求,同(tong)時(shi)對試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所需的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備提(ti)前做好(hao)測試(shi)(shi)工作,有可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)話還可以(yi)擬定(ding)(ding)好(hao)應急(ji)方(fang)案以(yi)防試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)意外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)產生。
3.2試驗開展前將所需(xu)工(gong)作(zuo)進行適當分配(pei),每個試驗人員都要清楚自身的工(gong)作(zuo)及責任,明確嚴格遵守(shou)操作(zuo)規程,保障自身安全(quan)的重要性,試驗中認真(zhen)操作(zuo),出現意(yi)外及時報告。
3.3試(shi)驗中(zhong)的(de)高壓(ya)試(shi)驗環節(jie)至少要(yao)安排(pai)兩人(ren)進行,工作(zuo)人(ren)員不能全為新(xin)手,負責人(ren)要(yao)有豐(feng)富的(de)實(shi)踐操(cao)作(zuo)經驗,安全注意事項及危險點分(fen)析(xi)要(yao)提(ti)前講解(jie)清楚,認真領(ling)會并在相(xiang)關記錄(lu)上填(tian)寫確(que)認記錄(lu),不得(de)無票作(zuo)業,工作(zuo)時積極配合,謹慎操(cao)作(zuo)。
3.4試(shi)(shi)驗前(qian)對(dui)設備進行一(yi)定的檢查,試(shi)(shi)驗用到的設備保證容量和儀表(biao)量程符合實驗要求,儀表(biao)的插頭和轉換開關等各項操作(zuo)裝置要標明(ming),并且測試(shi)(shi)正常方能進行試(shi)(shi)驗,有(you)可(ke)能的話盡量準備一(yi)個(ge)備用的試(shi)(shi)驗設備。
3.5對(dui)于試(shi)驗裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)電(dian)源(yuan)開關,一定(ding)要采用(yong)雙極開關,同時(shi)保證(zheng)開關能(neng)夠(gou)明顯斷開,這(zhe)有利于對(dui)試(shi)驗裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)分閘和(he)合(he)閘兩(liang)種工作狀(zhuang)態進行(xing)(xing)清楚的(de)(de)區分。對(dui)于直(zhi)流(liu)泄(xie)露電(dian)流(liu)和(he)交直(zhi)流(liu)耐(nai)壓試(shi)驗中(zhong)試(shi)驗裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)電(dian)源(yuan)盡可能(neng)地(di)(di)安裝(zhuang)過流(liu)保護裝(zhuang)置,沒有條件(jian)的(de)(de)話至少也要安裝(zhuang)瞬時(shi)電(dian)流(liu)脫扣(kou)開關和(he)熔斷件(jian),以及利用(yong)紅綠指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)進行(xing)(xing)指(zhi)示(shi),最大程度地(di)(di)保障裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)可靠運行(xing)(xing)和(he)安全(quan)。
3.6加強企業員(yuan)工的安全意識
(1)加強員工(gong)(gong)(gong)技能(neng)培(pei)訓。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員,只有其(qi)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務水平(ping)提高了(le)(le),才能(neng)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)盡量避免出現錯誤。所以在(zai)(zai)日常工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)應該定(ding)期(qi)有目標性的(de)(de)(de)(de)對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行專業(ye)(ye)技能(neng)培(pei)訓,并且總結前人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗教(jiao)訓,不要再犯相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤。員工(gong)(gong)(gong)受到了(le)(le)高水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崗前培(pei)訓,對高壓電氣試(shi)(shi)驗有了(le)(le)真正意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解后,才能(neng)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時真正運用上所學的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容,從而有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)專業(ye)(ye)技術層面上去除安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患,保(bao)障安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。(2)加強職工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意識。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)有了(le)(le)專業(ye)(ye)技術性的(de)(de)(de)(de)水準(zhun)后,更重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是具備(bei)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意識。現場操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時,員工(gong)(gong)(gong)應該在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)前就(jiu)(jiu)制定(ding)好試(shi)(shi)驗計劃、步驟,準(zhun)備(bei)好被(bei)測設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史試(shi)(shi)驗記錄(lu),確定(ding)電氣連接狀態,安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)位置(zhi)及(ji)使用環境等,認真選(xuan)擇好試(shi)(shi)驗設備(bei),工(gong)(gong)(gong)具,記錄(lu)本,標示牌等等。
結束語
當前我國的高電(dian)壓絕(jue)緣技(ji)術(shu)(shu)雖(sui)然正(zheng)在以(yi)高速發展,但是仍(reng)然存在著一些問題,高電(dian)壓絕(jue)緣技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是一項(xiang)需要精確計算的技(ji)術(shu)(shu),因(yin)此(ci)需要落實試(shi)驗(yan)的每一步驟,并加強(qiang)安全(quan)管理,以(yi)實現電(dian)氣(qi)設備的絕(jue)緣試(shi)驗(yan)的安全(quan)性(xing)。
參考文獻:
[1]解彬.試論高壓電氣(qi)設備(bei)絕(jue)緣試驗的新技術[J].科技與企(qi)業,2013,24:416.