導(dao)語：如何(he)才能寫好一篇仿真模型，這就需要(yao)搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xian)，歡迎閱讀由(you)公(gong)務員之家整理的十篇范文，供你(ni)借鑒。

篇1

    概念模型作為真實世界向仿真實現轉換的一個階段,在仿真系統的開發中發揮著極其重要的作用,但前提是其本身是正確且可信的。概念模型表達真實世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)可信程度如(ru)何,是否建(jian)立了(le)正確的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing),這些(xie)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)往往需(xu)要通過(guo)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)來實現。概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)是確保(bao)仿真可信度的(de)(de)(de)基礎。目(mu)(mu)前國(guo)內外對(dui)于(yu)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)已(yi)有(you)一些(xie)研(yan)究(jiu)成果。美國(guo)國(guo)防部建(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)與仿真辦公室(DMSO)頒布了(le)VV&ARPG,用于(yu)指(zhi)導(dao)仿真系統的(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)核、驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)和確認(Verification,ValidationandAccreditation,VV&A)工(gong)作。許多(duo)仿真界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)家如(ru)OsmanBalci、DaleK.Pace、RobertG.Sargent等也在論文中討論了(le)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[1-3]。從目(mu)(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)情況來看,關于(yu)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)層(ceng)次、內容和標準等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)討論得較少,許多(duo)學者都給出(chu)了(le)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa),但(dan)對(dui)于(yu)如(ru)何選(xuan)擇這些(xie)方法(fa)(fa)、如(ru)何將驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)方法(fa)(fa)與驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)內容相(xiang)關聯等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)研(yan)究(jiu)得較少。因此,本文將在綜述國(guo)內外概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,重點探討概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

    2概(gai)念模型(xing)驗證(zheng)概(gai)述(shu)

    2.1概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)義和任務(wu)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(ConceptualModelValidation,CMV)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仿真系統(tong)VV&A過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要階段和基本(ben)活(huo)動,其(qi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和結(jie)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為了(le)得到優質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)試圖(tu)發(fa)現并糾正概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)階段中出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤,確保問(wen)題(ti)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征和結(jie)果(guo)都全面而準(zhun)確地得到認(ren)可。在明確了(le)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)后,可以(yi)對其(qi)定(ding)(ding)義如下(xia)(xia):定(ding)(ding)義1:概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)為輸入,概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人員采用(yong)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方法(fa)和驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工具(ju)(ju),在領域(yu)(yu)專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同參與下(xia)(xia),通過(guo)一(yi)(yi)系列檢查、比較、驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和修改等活(huo)動,最終(zhong)得到優質概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根據特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和目(mu)標(biao),考(kao)察概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)在其(qi)作用(yong)域(yu)(yu)內是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否準(zhun)確地代表了(le)實際系統(tong),確定(ding)(ding)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)描述真實世(shi)界(jie)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du),也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出在多大程(cheng)度(du)上與人們對真實世(shi)界(jie)相(xiang)關對象領域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)。概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)(ju)體任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢驗(yan)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完備性(xing)、一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)、正確性(xing)。完備性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指所(suo)(suo)構建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)對系統(tong)完成(cheng)使命(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否充分(fen);一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指所(suo)(suo)構建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否相(xiang)互一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)且(qie)不相(xiang)互矛盾;正確性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指所(suo)(suo)構建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)正確完成(cheng)系統(tong)使命(ming)。

    2.2概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次和(he)(he)(he)內容(rong)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次性(xing)。羅愛民(min)博士在(zai)(zai)博士論(lun)文(wen)中基于認識論(lun)以(yi)及(ji)信息科學(xue)理(li)論(lun)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出,系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)結構所(suo)蘊含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息包(bao)括三個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次:語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)信息、語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)信息和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用信息[4],以(yi)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用這三個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次來劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)結構分(fen)(fen)析與驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。本文(wen)采(cai)納羅愛民(min)論(lun)文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),將概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)三個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次。下面針對每個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian),分(fen)(fen)析其具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)內容(rong):1)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)從(cong)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu)(shu)樣式(shi)來考(kao)慮,只注重概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)形式(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)與否(fou),而不關心概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實質內容(rong)。根據概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu)(shu)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言不同,語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)和(he)(he)(he)重點(dian)也各(ge)不一(yi)樣[5]。2)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢查(cha)(cha)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)客觀地反(fan)映(ying)了真實世界中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)、實體(ti)(ti)、交互(hu)等要(yao)(yao)素,在(zai)(zai)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)沖突,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)邏輯。它主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括:語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)性(xing)、語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)。語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)正確(que)性(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對于待(dai)(dai)開發系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能、行(xing)為(wei)、性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表述(shu)(shu)必須與用戶對目標系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期望相吻合(he),即分(fen)(fen)析模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)中所(suo)描述(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)項內容(rong)都代表了對于待(dai)(dai)開發系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu);語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢查(cha)(cha)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)所(suo)表達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)完(wan)整(zheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)缺少相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)素;語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢查(cha)(cha)描述(shu)(shu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統各(ge)種特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)存在(zai)(zai)不一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。3)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息都正確(que)、一(yi)致(zhi)、完(wan)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下,檢查(cha)(cha)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)所(suo)發揮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效用是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)滿足需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)以(yi)及(ji)滿足需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度。由于概(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)仿真系(xi)(xi)(xi)統開發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期階(jie)段,對功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)很難進行(xing)。容(rong)易(yi)陷入兩(liang)難境況:一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陷入冗(rong)余(yu)和(he)(he)(he)瑣碎,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)遺漏重要(yao)(yao)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。充分(fen)(fen)且必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界限很難把(ba)握,缺少嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判(pan)斷標準。目前主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)工審(shen)閱(yue),依靠專家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)來主觀判(pan)定功(gong)能需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)備(bei)性(xing)[6]。

    3概(gai)念模(mo)型(xing)驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)現(xian)狀分析目前,國內外已(yi)經有(you)很多(duo)關于概(gai)念模(mo)型(xing)驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)研究成果。美國國防部(DoD)建模(mo)與仿(fang)真辦(ban)公室(DMSO)在VV&ARPG中總結(jie)了(le)76種驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)[7]。許(xu)多(duo)仿(fang)真界的(de)專(zhuan)家如OsmanBalci、DaleK.Pace、RobertG.Sargent等(deng)也在論(lun)文中討論(lun)了(le)概(gai)念模(mo)型(xing)的(de)驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)[1,2,3,8]。通過總結(jie),可以(yi)將概(gai)念模(mo)型(xing)的(de)驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)分為(wei)專(zhuan)家評審法(fa)(fa)(fa)、折衷分析法(fa)(fa)(fa)、形式化驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和可執行驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)四類(lei)。

    3.1專(zhuan)家(jia)評(ping)審(shen)法(fa)(fa)專(zhuan)家(jia)評(ping)審(shen)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)目前廣泛使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)模(mo)型(xing)驗證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)過(guo)程是(shi):組織(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個由(you)(you)領(ling)域專(zhuan)家(jia)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)審(shen)小組,專(zhuan)家(jia)依(yi)據(ju)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)和經驗,采用閱讀的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)檢查概(gai)念(nian)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計文檔(dang)。這種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)雖然比(bi)較常用,而且簡單易行,但(dan)它存在著以(yi)下三個主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)問題:第一(yi)(yi)(yi),難以(yi)處理大型(xing)、復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian)模(mo)型(xing)文檔(dang)。對于大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)仿真系統(tong),其(qi)概(gai)念(nian)模(mo)型(xing)可能是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)份多(duo)達(da)(da)幾(ji)百頁的(de)(de)(de)(de)文檔(dang)。面對這樣龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)文檔(dang),由(you)(you)于精(jing)力問題,極少有人能夠認真地檢查每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分、每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)細節,從而使(shi)得概(gai)念(nian)模(mo)型(xing)驗證(zheng)(zheng)過(guo)程僅僅是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種形式,不能達(da)(da)到其(qi)原本(ben)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。第二(er),這種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)觀性較強(qiang),往往由(you)(you)于專(zhuan)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)結(jie)(jie)構、經驗水平等(deng)因素影響,驗證(zheng)(zheng)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)存在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)偶然性。第三,驗證(zheng)(zheng)過(guo)程需要(yao)(yao)較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。組織(zhi)多(duo)人參加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)審(shen)會議,由(you)(you)于受時(shi)間(jian)(jian)、地域等(deng)因素限(xian)制,往往比(bi)較困難。同時(shi),多(duo)個專(zhuan)家(jia)對于許(xu)多(duo)問題難以(yi)達(da)(da)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)致意(yi)見,這也(ye)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度上(shang)延長了驗證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。

    3.2折衷(zhong)分(fen)析法折衷(zhong)分(fen)析法是由美國卡(ka)內(nei)基梅隆大(da)學軟件工(gong)程研究(jiu)所(suo)首(shou)先提出的(de)(de)(de),該方法可(ke)以用于(yu)對概念模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種非(fei)功能(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)指標(如(ru)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)、可(ke)更改性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)(xing)等,也(ye)稱為(wei)質量屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing))進行(xing)折衷(zhong)分(fen)析。該方法的(de)(de)(de)優點是在系(xi)統各(ge)類相關(guan)(guan)角色的(de)(de)(de)參(can)與下(xia),確(que)定各(ge)類質量屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)一個折衷(zhong)方案,有利于(yu)模(mo)型設計在相關(guan)(guan)各(ge)方達成共識;但其缺點是建立(li)與實(shi)際系(xi)統吻合的(de)(de)(de)質量屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)型非(fei)常(chang)困(kun)難(nan),但卻是得(de)出正確(que)評價結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵,另外,該方法無法對模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)驗證[9-10]。

    3.3形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)運算或推理(li)來(lai)發現(xian)概念(nian)模型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精(jing)確(que)(que)、最嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。對于采(cai)用(yong)嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數學定理(li)表達式(shi)描(miao)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)模型(xing),一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)這種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。比較常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you):基于Statecharts的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)[11]、模型(xing)檢測方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(ModelChecking)[12]、基于本(ben)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)[13]等(deng)。形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)義規則,驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)過(guo)程嚴(yan)(yan)密(mi),不(bu)(bu)過(guo)也(ye)存(cun)在以(yi)下不(bu)(bu)足:一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)研(yan)(yan)究比較初步,還只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)側重于完(wan)備(bei)性(xing)(xing)、一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)等(deng)比較容易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)內容,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對于邏輯(ji)性(xing)(xing)、合理(li)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)比較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)則沒(mei)有(you)涉及;二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)定義在核(he)心實體上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)規則很不(bu)(bu)全面(mian),而且依賴(lai)于體系結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)描(miao)述(shu),不(bu)(bu)具有(you)通用(yong)性(xing)(xing)。目(mu)前(qian)對于形(xing)式(shi)化(hua)(hua)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究還比較少,研(yan)(yan)究深度也(ye)不(bu)(bu)夠,不(bu)(bu)過(guo)該方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)確(que)(que)性(xing)(xing)和嚴(yan)(yan)密(mi)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)特點也(ye)決定了它將是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)后(hou)概念(nian)模型(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要發展方(fang)向。

    3.4可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)機(ji)交(jiao)互(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法,模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)按(an)照過(guo)程邏輯(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)“執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)”,其(qi)(qi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)正(zheng)確性(xing)(xing)(xing)依(yi)賴領(ling)域(yu)專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)判(pan)斷(duan)。該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法首先由喬治(zhi)?梅森大學系統(tong)體系結(jie)構(gou)(gou)實驗(yan)(yan)室提出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),可(ke)以用于(yu)(yu)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、合(he)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)等動(dong)態(tai)(tai)特性(xing)(xing)(xing),即側(ce)重(zhong)于(yu)(yu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)法和(he)(he)(he)語(yu)用層次。其(qi)(qi)基(ji)本(ben)思(si)(si)路(lu)是(shi)以概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(如(ru)有(you)色Petri網(wang)(CPN)、增強型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功能(neng)流框圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等),添加某些信(xin)(xin)息后(hou),運行(xing)(xing)(xing)該可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)描(miao)述中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是(shi)否(fou)按(an)預(yu)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順序執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)否(fou)有(you)邏輯(ji)沖突,能(neng)否(fou)達到預(yu)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)(guo),另(ling)外,還(huan)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)收集數據(ju),對(dui)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)參數進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)評(ping)價。目前關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)法主要有(you)三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)思(si)(si)路(lu),分別從(cong)(cong)(cong)不同(tong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)對(dui)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng):思(si)(si)路(lu)一(yi):從(cong)(cong)(cong)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)化描(miao)述中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),利(li)用活(huo)(huo)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、數據(ju)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合(he)構(gou)(gou)建CPN可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)[4,14]。其(qi)(qi)主要思(si)(si)想(xiang)是(shi)以IDEF0進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)化描(miao)述,把每個(ge)(ge)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)變為(wei)(wei)Petri網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移,每個(ge)(ge)連接(jie)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)IDEF0箭頭用“弧(hu)線(xian)-位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)-弧(hu)線(xian)”來替換,信(xin)(xin)息用于(yu)(yu)規定令牌的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),最后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)CPN模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)來判(pan)斷(duan)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)否(fou)符合(he)需(xu)求(qiu)。由于(yu)(yu)IDEF0是(shi)靜(jing)態(tai)(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),缺(que)少對(dui)輸入數據(ju)、輸出(chu)(chu)(chu)數據(ju)等時序關(guan)(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述,因(yin)此,在生(sheng)成對(dui)象Petri網(wang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),缺(que)少相關(guan)(guan)(guan)信(xin)(xin)息,需(xu)要人(ren)工(gong)干預(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)。思(si)(si)路(lu)二(er):從(cong)(cong)(cong)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)UML的(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)面(mian)向對(dui)象描(miao)述中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),利(li)用UML的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、活(huo)(huo)動(dong)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、協作(zuo)(zuo)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合(he)構(gou)(gou)建CPN可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。其(qi)(qi)主要思(si)(si)想(xiang)是(shi)首先將UML類(lei)(lei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei):一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)只有(you)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)沒(mei)有(you)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)類(lei)(lei)”,另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)只有(you)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)沒(mei)有(you)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)類(lei)(lei)”,如(ru)果(guo)(guo)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)類(lei)(lei)既有(you)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)又(you)有(you)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo),則要轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換成兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)類(lei)(lei);然(ran)后(hou)將關(guan)(guan)(guan)聯類(lei)(lei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)換為(wei)(wei)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),關(guan)(guan)(guan)聯類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)令牌的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色,又(you)將操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)類(lei)(lei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)換為(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移,如(ru)果(guo)(guo)類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo),則可(ke)建立轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移;再次是(shi)根據(ju)協作(zuo)(zuo)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)或活(huo)(huo)動(dong)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)確定弧(hu)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向,最后(hou)利(li)用規則模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規則產生(sheng)弧(hu)線(xian)標識、規則模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)塊。該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法相對(dui)于(yu)(yu)思(si)(si)路(lu)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)在于(yu)(yu):CPN模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移和(he)(he)(he)令牌的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),而(er)第一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)思(si)(si)路(lu)則來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),增加了模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)難度,但(dan)該思(si)(si)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點是(shi)UML的(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述方(fang)(fang)(fang)法不如(ru)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述方(fang)(fang)(fang)法形象直觀(guan),而(er)且UML類(lei)(lei)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)IDEF0模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)類(lei)(lei)似,也(ye)是(shi)靜(jing)態(tai)(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)干預(yu)。思(si)(si)路(lu)三(san)(san):利(li)用相關(guan)(guan)(guan)軟(ruan)件實現概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng),例如(ru)Telelogic公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)(de)TAUG2軟(ruan)件。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)思(si)(si)路(lu)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)了將不同(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)戰節點的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)連接(jie),然(ran)后(hou)根據(ju)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)想(xiang)定將其(qi)(qi)以時序圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)實用性(xing)(xing)(xing),但(dan)其(qi)(qi)主要問題是(shi)無法對(dui)概(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)念(nian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價,且該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法只能(neng)以UML的(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu),不具有(you)通(tong)用性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

篇2

關鍵詞： 玫瑰線(xian)； 軌跡(ji)； 仿(fang)真實(shi)驗； Mathematica軟件

中圖分類號(hao)：TP391 文獻標志碼：A 文章編號(hao)：1006-8228（2013）04-01-03

Model of rose curve trajectory and simulation experiment

Wang Fugui1， Wang Jianwei2

（1. College of Arts and Sciences， Shanxi Agricultural University， Taigu， Shanxi 030801， China；

2. College of Information Science and Engineering， Shanxi Agricultural University）

Abstract： The model of rose curve trajectory is given in this paper in which it is proven theoretically. A simulation experiment has been done using mathematical software. Both the theory and experiment indicate that when ， ρ=acosnθ can be achieved. The formation rule of the rose curve is revealed based on motion. Theoretical evidence for related mechanical drawing is provided.

Key words： rose curve； trajectory； simulation experiment； Mathematical softwares

0 引言

玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)極坐(zuo)標方程(cheng)為ρ（θ）=acosnθ，如(ru)(ru)ρ（θ）=acos3θ表(biao)示3葉玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，ρ（θ）=acos2θ表(biao)示4葉玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)[1，2]。由(you)于玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)曲線(xian)(xian)(xian)美觀，所(suo)以使用(yong)玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可以設(she)計(ji)出許多非常漂亮(liang)的(de)(de)幾(ji)何圖案[3]。許多學者對玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)幾(ji)何特性作了研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，熊作朝先生(sheng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)了玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)周長[4]，潘陸益先生(sheng)等(deng)(deng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)了玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)花瓣數(shu)及周期性等(deng)(deng)[5，6]，李(li)星秀先生(sheng)等(deng)(deng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)了逐(zhu)點生(sheng)成算法[7]。玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)有許多實際應用(yong)，如(ru)(ru)掃描瞬時視場(chang)[8]，安全底紋的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)[9]等(deng)(deng)。本文(wen)建立了玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)軌(gui)跡(ji)模型，并(bing)使用(yong)Mahtematica程(cheng)序(xu)設(she)計(ji)語言(yan)編寫(xie)了玫(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)(gui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軌(gui)跡(ji)仿真(zhen)程(cheng)序(xu)[10，11]。

1 軌跡模型

1.1 模型描述

如(ru)圖1所示，設動圓半徑為(wei)，動圓圓心(xin)初始(shi)位(wei)置為(wei)A（，0），動圓上的動點(dian)Q的初始(shi)位(wei)置為(wei)B（a，0），動圓的圓心(xin)P繞著原點(dian)O（0，0）勻速(su)公轉，角(jiao)速(su)度為(wei)ω（ω>0時為(wei)逆時針(zhen)旋(xuan)轉，ω

1.2 模型證明

由于P點旋轉(zhuan)的(de)角(jiao)速(su)度為(wei)ω，Q點旋轉(zhuan)的(de)角(jiao)速(su)度為(wei)kω，故(gu)在t時刻(ke)時∠AOP=ωt，∠BPQ=kωt，如圖2所(suo)示。所(suo)以動點Q在t時刻(ke)的(de)直角(jiao)坐標為(wei)：

⑴

t時刻Q點(dian)與原(yuan)點(dian)之間(jian)距離平方為(wei)：

⑵

假設(she)t時刻Q點在極坐標系下的極角為(wei)θ（t），則

⑶

當t充分小(xiao)時，與均位于(yu)第1或第4象限，故。

取，從而有：

⑷

下面驗證(zheng)對于任意的時刻t時，⑷式均成立。現把(ba)⑷式轉換為直角坐標(biao)系(xi)下坐標(biao)。

⑸

⑹

由(you)⑸式與⑹式可知，Q運動軌跡的極坐標方程為(wei)

⑺

1.3 模型應用

從⑺式知(zhi)，模型(xing)中的參數k取不同的值(zhi)，將得(de)到不同的玫(mei)(mei)瑰線(xian)軌跡。令，得(de)，故當(dang)模型(xing)中的參數時，即得(de)到模型(xing)中Q點的運動(dong)軌跡為玫(mei)(mei)瑰線(xian)ρ（θ）=acos（nθ）（n≠1）。

2 仿真實驗

2.1 仿真程序

我們在Mathematica7.0環境(jing)下編(bian)寫了(le)模型仿真函數roseLineTrajectory，函數roseLineTrajectory輸出動(dong)(dong)點Q的運動(dong)(dong)軌跡。源代(dai)碼如(ru)下：

roseLineTrajectory[a_， k_， Dynamic[t_]] ：=

DynamicModule[{angleCalc， p， q， tt， g}，

g[] ：= （p = RotationMatrix[t].{a/2， 0}；

（*點(dian)P在t時刻位置*）

q=RotationMatrix[k t].{a/2， 0}；

（*點Q在(zai)t時刻相對于P點的偏(pian)移(yi)量(liang)*）

Show[Graphics[{{Dashed， Circle[{0， 0}， a/2]

（*P點(dian)運(yun)動軌跡*）}，

{Dotted， Circle[p， a/2]}，

Circle[p， a/2， {Min[k t， 0]， Max[k t， 0]}]，

Circle[{0， 0}， a/2， {Min[0， t]， Max[0， t]}]，

PointSize[Medium]，

Point[p]，

Point[p+q]，

Arrow[{{0， 0}， p}]， Arrow[{p， p + q}]}，

PlotRange->{{-a-0.1， a+0.1}，{-a-0.1，a+0.1}}，

Axes -> True，

AxesLabel -> {x， y}]，

ParametricPlot[

RotationMatrix[u].{a/2， 0} +

RotationMatrix[k u].{a/2， 0}， {u， -10^-8， t}，

PlotStyle -> Thick，

PerformanceGoal -> "Quality"]]）；

LocatorPane[Dynamic[tt，

（angleCalc @@ Normalize /@ {#， tt}） &]，

Dynamic[g[]]， Appearance -> None]，

Initialization ：> （tt = {1， 0}； t = 0；

angleCalc[newp_， oldp_] ：= （t = t +

ArcCos[newp.oldp] Sign[Cross[newp].（newp-oldp）]；

tt={Cos[t]， Sin[t]}））

]

2.2 仿真程(cheng)序測(ce)試

要得到3葉玫瑰線軌(gui)跡，可取參數k=-2，故(gu)調(diao)用(yong)模(mo)型仿(fang)真函數如下：

roseLineTrajectory[1， -2， Dynamic[t]]

輸出仿真交(jiao)互界面如圖3所示。

使用鼠標在(zai)圖(tu)3中(zhong)拖動點P，可使點P繞原點旋轉，程序將動態(tai)地輸(shu)出動點Q所(suo)(suo)劃過的軌跡(ji)，如圖(tu)4所(suo)(suo)示。

當P點(dian)旋轉一周以上時，得到Q點(dian)的(de)運動軌(gui)跡(ji)為一條封閉的(de)3葉玫瑰線ρ（θ）=cos（3θ），如圖5所(suo)示。

取參數時，輸入：

roseLineTrajectory[1， -4/3， Dynamic[t]]

可得到如(ru)圖6所(suo)示的(de)7葉玫瑰線。

3 結束語

本文建立了(le)玫(mei)(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)線(xian)的(de)(de)軌跡模(mo)(mo)型，對模(mo)(mo)型進行了(le)計算機(ji)仿真(zhen)實驗，通(tong)(tong)過實驗驗證(zheng)了(le)理論(lun)的(de)(de)正確性。通(tong)(tong)過調整模(mo)(mo)型中(zhong)參(can)數k的(de)(de)值，可(ke)以得(de)到不同(tong)的(de)(de)玫(mei)(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)線(xian)軌跡，故該模(mo)(mo)型可(ke)以應用于機(ji)械繪制任意玫(mei)(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)線(xian)，可(ke)使玫(mei)(mei)瑰(gui)(gui)線(xian)的(de)(de)應用更加廣泛。

參考文獻：

[1] 同濟大學數(shu)學教(jiao)研室.高(gao)等數(shu)學上(shang)冊（第4版(ban)）[M].高(gao)等教(jiao)育出版(ban)社，1996.

[2] 李億(yi)民.關于多葉(xie)玫瑰(gui)線的一個注記[J].山東(dong)理工大(da)學學報（自然(ran)科學版(ban)），2009.23（2）：88-90

[3] 楊濤，王坤(kun)茜，徐人平(ping)等.函數圖形(xing)中(zhong)的玫瑰線(xian)在紡(fang)(fang)織中(zhong)的應用[J].毛紡(fang)(fang)科(ke)技，2008.10：40-43

[4] 熊作(zuo)朝.關于玫(mei)瑰線周長(chang)的一個恒等(deng)關系[J].思茅(mao)師范高等(deng)專(zhuan)科(ke)學(xue)校學(xue)報(bao)，2011.27（3）：13-14

[5] 潘(pan)陸益(yi).玫瑰線及其應用(yong)(yong)研究[J].計算機應用(yong)(yong)與軟件，2008.25（10）：236-238

[6] 金義明，張三(san)元.廣義玫瑰線及其應用[J].計算(suan)機應用研究(jiu)，2004.3：170-171

[7] 李星秀，康(kang)寶(bao)生(sheng).玫瑰線和普(pu)通旋輪線的逐點生(sheng)成算(suan)法[J].計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)與設計(ji)，2006.27（5）：746-748

[8] 張磊，裘雪紅.一種新的(de)(de)確(que)定(ding)"玫(mei)瑰線"掃描中瞬時視場(chang)的(de)(de)方法[J].紅外技術，2003.25（1）：44-47

[9] 亓文法，李(li)曉龍，楊斌等(deng).動(dong)擺線及其在安全底紋設(she)(she)計(ji)中的應用[J].計(ji)算機輔(fu)助設(she)(she)計(ji)與圖形學學報，2008.20（2）：267-272

篇3

“俄羅斯現代級Ⅱ型(xing)導彈驅逐艦”模型(xing)的(de)構件(jian)均由塑(su)料注(zhu)塑(su)而成，所有零件(jian)都在注(zhu)塑(su)件(jian)模板(ban)上。盡管大多數零件(jian)需要(yao)涂膠(jiao)進行(xing)組裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，但(dan)尚有一些零件(jian)是通過(guo)緊密(mi)配合(he)組裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)，如炮臺、甲(jia)板(ban)等可隨時拆卸轉動。在制作過(guo)程(cheng)中，用(yong)膠(jiao)粘(zhan)接(jie)小(xiao)(xiao)零件(jian)時，涂膠(jiao)要(yao)盡量(liang)少(shao)，可用(yong)針、牙簽蘸取膠(jiao)水再涂在粘(zhan)接(jie)點上；粘(zhan)接(jie)微小(xiao)(xiao)零件(jian)時，可用(yong)鑷子夾著，并注(zhu)意手要(yao)穩、防止(zhi)夾取物(wu)崩(beng)掉。

單個零件的噴(pen)涂(tu)（圖(tu)1～圖(tu)7）應(ying)(ying)在粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)之前(qian)，遵循“先上色(se)(se)(se)后(hou)粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)”原則。上色(se)(se)(se)時，可先為模板上色(se)(se)(se)，待干(gan)后(hou)再將零件剪下來粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)；也可將零件剪下修飾后(hou)，用(yong)鑷子夾(jia)住一個個上色(se)(se)(se)；或把小(xiao)零件先膠粘(zhan)于相應(ying)(ying)位置再進(jin)行噴(pen)涂(tu)，如果粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)上有漆則應(ying)(ying)先用(yong)刀刮(gua)掉(diao)。

塑料(liao)模型(xing)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)塑料(liao)噴涂(tu)顏料(liao)噴涂(tu)上色，優點(dian)是(shi)噴涂(tu)效果好，缺點(dian)是(shi)需使用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)泵和噴筆(bi)，成(cheng)本(ben)較高(gao)。初(chu)學者(zhe)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)罐噴漆進行噴涂(tu)，雖然效果不很理想，但成(cheng)本(ben)低。

“俄(e)羅斯現(xian)代級Ⅱ型導彈驅逐艦”模型除了(le)船體的水下部分需要套色(se)噴(pen)涂，其余部分均為單一上色(se)。

噴漆(qi)(qi)上(shang)色(se)的(de)第一道工序，是(shi)用(yong)底漆(qi)(qi)噴一遍（田宮自噴漆(qi)(qi)B-505-1000漆(qi)(qi)號）。第一次噴涂既要薄還要均勻，這樣干得快，有利于第二次和第三(san)(san)次的(de)噴涂。通過三(san)(san)次噴涂，模型的(de)顏色(se)會均勻、光(guang)澤(ze)度好。

船體的(de)(de)水下部(bu)分需要(yao)(yao)套(tao)色噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)前先把不上色的(de)(de)部(bu)分用膠帶遮(zhe)住，注意膠帶邊緣(yuan)粘貼密實，不要(yao)(yao)留(liu)有縫隙和褶皺。為(wei)達(da)到最好的(de)(de)上色效果，噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)地(di)方可用刀或細(xi)砂紙先修整磨平，顏(yan)料則要(yao)(yao)少噴(pen)(pen)(pen)、勤噴(pen)(pen)(pen)，防止(zhi)一次性噴(pen)(pen)(pen)漆(qi)過多留(liu)下流淌痕跡(ji)，影響外(wai)觀質量(liang)。待(dai)顏(yan)料干后，把遮(zhe)擋膠帶取下。取下時(shi)切忌快(kuai)速(su)撕(si)拉，應沿(yan)著上色邊緣(yuan)輕輕將其(qi)向外(wai)翻轉，這(zhe)樣噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)上的(de)(de)色皮就不容易被(bei)撕(si)掉了 。

對仿真模(mo)型來說(shuo)，除了準確(que)的拼裝外，正(zheng)確(que)的涂裝同樣十分重(zhong)要，也是整個模(mo)型制作的關(guan)鍵(jian)步驟。噴(pen)涂上色時(shi)需要注意(yi)幾點(dian)。

第一點是噴(pen)涂(tu)時各(ge)種顏料的(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)稠度。模型上色(se)時，既(ji)要(yao)(yao)讓噴(pen)涂(tu)的(de)涂(tu)層薄而勻，又(you)不(bu)至影(ying)響(xiang)零部(bu)件的(de)精細程度，因此粘(zhan)(zhan)稠度要(yao)(yao)調配得適當。較(jiao)稠涂(tu)料噴(pen)出的(de)涂(tu)層十(shi)分粗糙，用高倍放大鏡看時表面都是細小(xiao)的(de)顆粒，影(ying)響(xiang)模型美(mei)觀(guan)，此時可在顏料中加入適量稀釋劑。

第二點(dian)是噴(pen)(pen)槍(qiang)或噴(pen)(pen)筆(bi)與模(mo)型的(de)距離。如(ru)果太(tai)近(jin)，會因(yin)漆量過(guo)多導(dao)致顏(yan)料下淌；如(ru)果太(tai)遠，則(ze)會造成(cheng)顏(yan)料的(de)浪費。

第三點是套色(se)噴涂(tu)(tu)(tu)時的上色(se)順序(xu)(xu)。若噴涂(tu)(tu)(tu)帶迷(mi)(mi)彩(cai)的艦船(chuan)模型(xing)(xing)，遮(zhe)擋物非常關鍵(jian)。一般(ban)可選(xuan)擇低粘度的膠(jiao)帶紙，如電(dian)工(gong)用膠(jiao)布、不干膠(jiao)紙等，模型(xing)(xing)商店(dian)則有專(zhuan)門的遮(zhe)擋用紙出售。噴涂(tu)(tu)(tu)迷(mi)(mi)彩(cai)時要仔細研究噴涂(tu)(tu)(tu)顏色(se)的順序(xu)(xu)，即(ji)先噴什么(me)顏色(se)，后噴什么(me)顏色(se)。順序(xu)(xu)不合理會造成遮(zhe)擋困難和重復施工(gong)。

噴涂小零部件(jian)時可(ke)用鑷子夾(jia)住進行(xing)。相同顏色的零件(jian)，最好(hao)粘在貼有雙面膠的木片或紙(zhi)板上(shang)一起噴涂。而(er)且，要注意粘牢零部件(jian)，否則它(ta)們(men)容易被噴槍的高壓氣流吹(chui)走，造成(cheng)丟(diu)失。

小零部件的組裝

組裝(zhuang)小零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)時(shi)，也(ye)可用鑷子(zi)(zi)進行(xing)。為(wei)了(le)不(bu)使(shi)模型零(ling)件(jian)(jian)漆(qi)層表(biao)(biao)面損(sun)壞，可在鑷子(zi)(zi)尖(jian)處用布膠(jiao)帶(dai)（俗(su)稱橡(xiang)皮膏）纏繞一(yi)下。裝(zhuang)配較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)時(shi)，則(ze)應(ying)戴布質細線(xian)手套，防(fang)止污染模型表(biao)(biao)面。萬一(yi)發現有(you)些零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)涂裝(zhuang)失敗，可用涂料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稀釋劑將涂層洗去，再重新(xin)噴涂。如(ru)果發現零(ling)件(jian)(jian)上有(you)細小漏漆(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，可用毛筆蘸(zhan)取(qu)顏料(liao)補漆(qi)。在兩種漆(qi)層交界的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)，如(ru)有(you)一(yi)種漆(qi)多余，則(ze)可用另一(yi)種顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)遮擋，或用極細的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)砂紙磨(mo)掉(diao)。

在模(mo)型(xing)(xing)套材的(de)裝配圖中，標(biao)有(you)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)各處顏(yan)色的(de)標(biao)號(hao)和要求(qiu)。同一(yi)品牌的(de)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)顏(yan)色標(biao)號(hao)可從該模(mo)型(xing)(xing)廠家(jia)出品的(de)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)樣本或手冊(ce)中查找(zhao)。如有(you)需要調配的(de)涂料顏(yan)色，應盡量(liang)達到說明書中的(de)要求(qiu)。

模型上的天線，可(ke)充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)模型套材，如(ru)不同直徑的細(xi)(xi)棍、細(xi)(xi)絲，用(yong)(yong)“拉絲”方法(fa)(fa)獲(huo)得。具體做法(fa)(fa)是(shi)：在(zai)模型塑(su)料框(kuang)架上取(qu)一小段(duan)塑(su)料棍，先用(yong)(yong)蠟燭或(huo)酒精燈微微加(jia)熱，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)雙手將其輕(qing)輕(qing)拉長，一條粗細(xi)(xi)均勻的細(xi)(xi)絲就做成了。當然(ran)也可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)其他材料，如(ru)塑(su)料片、金屬(shu)片、金屬(shu)絲、金屬(shu)管等，通(tong)過粘制(zhi)或(huo)焊(han)(han)制(zhi)而成。艦艇模型上的雷達天線、欄(lan)桿等，可(ke)先用(yong)(yong)金屬(shu)絲焊(han)(han)制(zhi)（圖(tu)8），涂(tu)裝后(hou)(hou)再與主(zhu)體裝配。

模型船體的總體組裝

把模(mo)型(xing)船體和甲板上(shang)建筑的(de)每個零(ling)部(bu)件都粘(zhan)接完成(cheng)后，即要對其進(jin)行(xing)整體組(zu)裝(zhuang)。組(zu)裝(zhuang)前先把電源部(bu)分安裝(zhuang)完畢，打(da)開(kai)開(kai)關(guan)調(diao)試好。對整體進(jin)行(xing)組(zu)裝(zhuang)時，需(xu)關(guan)注模(mo)型(xing)的(de)美化裝(zhuang)飾（圖(tu)9），上(shang)甲板時應特別(bie)注意在(zai)組(zu)合邊緣處涂上(shang)硅膠，保證不漏水(shui)。至此，一條完整的(de)F4模(mo)型(xing)就完成(cheng)了，接下來便可開(kai)始航行(xing)訓練。

篇4

關鍵詞：后(hou)勤(qin)仿真；后(hou)勤(qin)保(bao)障行動(dong)；組(zu)件化

 中圖分(fen)類號：TP319文(wen)獻標識碼：A文(wen)章編號：1672-7800（2013）001-0096-02

0引言

當前，后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)模擬已(yi)成為后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)訓(xun)練、后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)保障方案驗(yan)證、后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)裝(zhuang)備(bei)論證等必(bi)不可少的(de)手段。通過模擬，可以得到與(yu)現實系(xi)統全似或相似的(de)仿(fang)真(zhen)系(xi)統，利用仿(fang)真(zhen)系(xi)統的(de)可重復性和可調(diao)整(zheng)性來(lai)研究(jiu)有(you)關的(de)后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)問(wen)題值得關注。實踐證明，后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)仿(fang)真(zhen)模型作(zuo)(zuo)為后(hou)(hou)勤(qin)(qin)模擬仿(fang)真(zhen)系(xi)統的(de)核(he)心，其質量(liang)對(dui)模擬仿(fang)真(zhen)和訓(xun)練效果起(qi)著至關重要的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。

我軍后(hou)勤(qin)已經開(kai)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)了各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)模擬(ni)系統(tong)(tong)，積累了不(bu)同種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)勤(qin)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業模型，例如后(hou)勤(qin)指揮模擬(ni)系統(tong)(tong)、油料(liao)保(bao)障(zhang)模擬(ni)系統(tong)(tong)、衛勤(qin)保(bao)障(zhang)模擬(ni)系統(tong)(tong)等。這(zhe)些模擬(ni)仿真系統(tong)(tong)和(he)模型種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁(fan)多、專(zhuan)(zhuan)業性(xing)強、結構復雜、涵(han)蓋面(mian)寬，為我軍后(hou)勤(qin)的(de)(de)(de)模擬(ni)仿真建設提供(gong)了有力的(de)(de)(de)支持。20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)后(hou)，現代(dai)高(gao)新技術武器(qi)廣泛進入作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)領域，使得戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)形(xing)態、作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)環境發(fa)(fa)生了重大(da)變化，由此引發(fa)(fa)了作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)樣(yang)式(shi)、作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)方法和(he)后(hou)勤(qin)保(bao)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)革命性(xing)變化，這(zhe)一切向我軍的(de)(de)(de)軍事斗爭(zheng)準備后(hou)勤(qin)保(bao)障(zhang)問題研(yan)究和(he)后(hou)勤(qin)仿真模擬(ni)訓練，以及后(hou)勤(qin)保(bao)障(zhang)仿真模型的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究工作(zuo)提出(chu)了嚴峻(jun)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰(zhan)(zhan)。

1后勤仿真模(mo)型體(ti)系(xi)結(jie)構

原后勤(qin)仿真(zhen)模(mo)型(xing)體(ti)系的特點(dian)是模(mo)型(xing)沒(mei)有(you)獨立性、與應用緊密結合、相關性強。新的后勤(qin)仿真(zhen)模(mo)型(xing)體(ti)系結構劃分為5個層(ceng)次(ci)：粒(li)度層(ceng)、形(xing)式層(ceng)、功能層(ceng)、用途(tu)層(ceng)、表達層(ceng)。

（1）粒度層：元模型(xing)(xing)、實(shi)體(ti)模型(xing)(xing)、動作模型(xing)(xing)、任務(wu)模型(xing)(xing)、系統模型(xing)(xing)。

元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)是粒度最小的模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，也稱(cheng)顆(ke)粒模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。分物元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、動元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和數(shu)(shu)元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。物元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)有燃燒室、變(bian)速箱、管(guan)線(xian)等(deng)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)；動元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)有氣動模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、散(san)布模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、探測模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、流模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)；數(shu)(shu)元模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)有數(shu)(shu)學函數(shu)(shu)、基本方程式等(deng)。

實體模型是最小(xiao)的(de)受(shou)控后(hou)勤行動單(dan)元模型。如各類運輸工具、裝卸(xie)設備、手(shou)術臺、單(dan)兵等。

動作模(mo)型是(shi)最基本的戰術科目(mu)模(mo)型。如抽組、各類運輸保障(zhang)、加油(you)、裝載(zai)、卸(xie)載(zai)、手術等。

任務模型(xing)是(shi)完成預定(ding)的后勤保障行(xing)動模型(xing)，如派出運(yun)輸分隊、前(qian)(qian)送物資、前(qian)(qian)接傷員等。

系統(tong)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)是復雜系統(tong)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)，分(fen)為單專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)和多專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)。單專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)有后(hou)勤(qin)指(zhi)揮(hui)和后(hou)勤(qin)各專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)勤(qin)務保障模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)系統(tong)，多專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)有聯合作戰(zhan)后(hou)勤(qin)綜(zong)合演練保障模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)系統(tong)等。

（2）形式層：概(gai)念模(mo)型(xing)、數(shu)學模(mo)型(xing)、邏輯(ji)模(mo)型(xing)、程序執行模(mo)型(xing)。

概(gai)念(nian)模型：對(dui)客觀世界的第一次抽象，用文字方式定性描述。

數(shu)學模型(xing)：對客觀(guan)世(shi)界的(de)第(di)二(er)次抽象，用數(shu)學符號(hao)方式定(ding)量描述。

邏輯模型(xing)：對客(ke)觀世界的(de)第(di)二次抽象，用邏輯符(fu)號(hao)方式定量描述。

程序執行(xing)模型(xing)：對客觀世界的再現，用視覺、聲覺、嗅(xiu)覺、味覺、觸覺等(deng)人(ren)類感(gan)官能感(gan)受的方式(shi)描(miao)述。

（3）表達(da)（描述(shu)）層：實物模(mo)型、機電(dian)模(mo)型、外(wai)觀幾何(he)模(mo)型、數字解析模(mo)型。

實物(wu)模型：用按比例縮(suo)放方(fang)式對客觀(guan)事物(wu)再現的模型。

機(ji)電(dian)模型：用機(ji)械和電(dian)器設備對(dui)客(ke)觀事(shi)物再(zai)現的模型。

虛擬幾何模型：用三維動畫(hua)或虛擬現實方式對(dui)客(ke)觀事物(wu)再現的模型。

數(shu)字(zi)解析(xi)模(mo)(mo)型：用(yong)數(shu)學式和邏(luo)輯式方式對客觀事物(wu)描述的(de)模(mo)(mo)型。

（4）功能層(ceng)：優化計(ji)算(suan)模(mo)型(xing)、判斷決(jue)策、行動仿真模(mo)型(xing)、效果評估模(mo)型(xing)。

計算模型(xing)：用(yong)于(yu)戰(zhan)術或后勤勤務計算的(de)數(shu)學模型(xing)。

判斷決策(ce)：用于后勤(qin)指揮決策(ce)計算的優化模型。

行動仿(fang)真模型(xing)：用(yong)于后(hou)勤保障行動模擬的仿(fang)真模型(xing)。

效(xiao)果(guo)評(ping)估模型(xing)：用于評(ping)估后勤訓練效(xiao)果(guo)或(huo)后勤保障效(xiao)果(guo)的計(ji)算(suan)模型(xing)。

（5）應用(yong)層：后勤(qin)指揮模擬(ni)訓練及后勤(qin)專業(ye)模擬(ni)訓練等。

2后勤仿真模型柔性(xing)構造(zao)技術

在柔性模型(xing)框架下，調用不同(tong)粒度的多個模型(xing)，依據(ju)其相互(hu)間的依賴或控制關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，根據(ju)軍事(shi)知識和規則建立邏輯關(guan)(guan)聯(lian)，形成仿真(zhen)應用系(xi)統，最終實現仿真(zhen)應用。

模型的(de)(de)基(ji)本組(zu)成形式是：輸(shu)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)、輸(shu)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)、控制(zhi)(zhi)口(kou)(kou)、基(ji)礎環境和(he)模型本體。分別包括(kuo)：輸(shu)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)：輸(shu)入(ru)模型運(yun)行必需的(de)(de)初(chu)始數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)或(huo)(huo)信號；基(ji)礎口(kou)(kou)：提供模型運(yun)行所需的(de)(de)公(gong)共數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)；控制(zhi)(zhi)口(kou)(kou)：輸(shu)入(ru)運(yun)行控制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)令或(huo)(huo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)；輸(shu)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)：輸(shu)出(chu)結果數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)或(huo)(huo)情(qing)況(kuang)報告(gao)。

模(mo)型(xing)一般(ban)由柔性框架和多個(ge)元模(mo)型(xing)及下級模(mo)型(xing)組(zu)件(jian)，按(an)(an)照內在關系(xi)和運(yun)行(xing)規則組(zu)合構成。柔性框架依(yi)據任務，按(an)(an)照軍(jun)事(shi)規則和知(zhi)識，順(shun)序調度相關模(mo)型(xing)組(zu)件(jian)，形成模(mo)型(xing)功能(neng)。

3基于組件化(hua)的后勤仿真模型構建

3.1構建(jian)組件化的后勤仿真模型基本思路(lu)

面向(xiang)對象(xiang)(xiang)技術（ObjectOriented）盡可(ke)能按照人(ren)類認識(shi)世界的方法(fa)和思(si)維(wei)(wei)方式(shi)來(lai)分析和解(jie)決(jue)問題，具(ju)有(you)對象(xiang)(xiang)封裝性(xing)和類的繼承性(xing)，開發的軟件具(ju)可(ke)復用、易擴展、易維(wei)(wei)護、易集(ji)成等特性(xing)。

隨著軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)科學的(de)進一步發展，要求軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)能在更為廣闊的(de)環(huan)境(jing)中應用，面向對象的(de)思想已(yi)經難以(yi)適應這種分布式軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，于(yu)(yu)是組件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計(ji)思想得到了(le)迅速的(de)發展。組件(jian)(jian)(jian)技術的(de)基(ji)本思想是：將(jiang)大(da)而復雜的(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應用劃分為一系列功能獨立、可先行實現、易于(yu)(yu)理解、開發和調整(zheng)的(de)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)。

比較成熟的(de)組件技術規范有(you)：OMG（ObjectManangementGroup，對(dui)象管理組織(zhi)）頒布的(de)CORBA（公共(gong)對(dui)象請求構架）、微軟公司推(tui)出的(de)組件對(dui)象模型DCOM/COM、SUN的(de)JavaBeans。

構建組件(jian)(jian)化(hua)后(hou)勤仿真模型具(ju)有下列優點：①組件(jian)(jian)可(ke)以先行(xing)開(kai)發，提高(gao)模型的(de)(de)開(kai)發效率；②各個組件(jian)(jian)提供標(biao)準化(hua)接(jie)口，對(dui)模型的(de)(de)開(kai)發進行(xing)了(le)規(gui)范；③后(hou)勤各專業對(dui)組件(jian)(jian)模塊的(de)(de)開(kai)發實行(xing)分工負責，避免開(kai)發的(de)(de)不必要(yao)重復(fu)，提高(gao)組件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)可(ke)重用性(xing)，降(jiang)低(di)開(kai)發成本。

3.2構(gou)建組件化后(hou)勤仿真模型的(de)步驟

構(gou)建組件(jian)化后勤仿真(zhen)模(mo)型分為下列3個階(jie)段：

（1）需求分析階段。通(tong)過需求分析確定系(xi)統的(de)總體(ti)目標(biao)，并把系(xi)統劃分成一(yi)系(xi)列易(yi)于實現(xian)和維護的(de)模型組件(jian)。

（2）組(zu)件模型的(de)設(she)計與(yu)實現階段。主要建立模型，進行模型驗證、校核和(he)確認（VV&A），設(she)計和(he)定(ding)義(yi)模型組(zu)件的(de)接口。

（3）模型(xing)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)使用(yong)管理階段。主要是進行組(zu)件(jian)(jian)入庫，通過調(diao)用(yong)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)接口(kou)實現組(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)使用(yong)。

3.3構建(jian)基(ji)于(yu)組件化的(de)后勤保(bao)障(zhang)行(xing)動模型

通過吸收組件(jian)思(si)想，將模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)系(xi)統劃分成一(yi)系(xi)列模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)塊；然后通過模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的實(shi)(shi)現工具OMDT和編程語言(yan)，把模(mo)(mo)塊實(shi)(shi)現為標準(zhun)的組件(jian)，并將各組件(jian)存入模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)庫；再通過選擇組件(jian)，調用組件(jian)的接口，以使(shi)用模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)組件(jian)提(ti)供的全部(bu)或者部(bu)分功(gong)能，從(cong)而實(shi)(shi)現后勤模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)系(xi)統的特定(ding)功(gong)能。

建立標準科學(xue)、規范(fan)合理和標準統一的各類(lei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)專業不(bu)同應用層次的仿真(zhen)模(mo)(mo)型庫，能夠全(quan)方位支(zhi)撐學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)研究(jiu)性(xing)(xing)演(yan)習(xi)(xi)、示范(fan)性(xing)(xing)演(yan)習(xi)(xi)和檢驗(yan)性(xing)(xing)演(yan)習(xi)(xi)、想定作(zuo)(zuo)業、戰例研究(jiu)等(deng)(deng)實踐性(xing)(xing)教學(xue)方式，在學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)綜合演(yan)習(xi)(xi)中(zhong)，實現對后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)指揮(hui)活動和環境進行(xing)模(mo)(mo)擬仿真(zhen)，模(mo)(mo)擬后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)所(suo)屬分隊(dui)執(zhi)行(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)保障任務(wu)(wu)，輔助后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)各專業的勤(qin)務(wu)(wu)計算以及(ji)任務(wu)(wu)預計等(deng)(deng)功能，達成練謀(mou)略、練指揮(hui)的訓練目的。在軍隊(dui)院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)聯合演(yan)習(xi)(xi)中(zhong)，實現與其它軍兵種(zhong)模(mo)(mo)型之間(jian)的數據交互，在聯訓中(zhong)體現后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)勤(qin)對作(zuo)(zuo)戰的制約作(zuo)(zuo)用。

參考文獻：

篇5

關(guan)鍵詞：沙盤仿(fang)真模型；建筑材料(liao)管理；節約(yue)成本

在(zai)城鎮化進程不斷加(jia)快的(de)(de)(de)背景中，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)發生了顯著增加(jia)。在(zai)這種情(qing)況下，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材料管理工作(zuo)逐漸暴露出(chu)一些(xie)(xie)問(wen)題。對于建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企業而(er)言，這些(xie)(xie)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)不僅(jin)會增加(jia)采(cai)購(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材料的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本支(zhi)出(chu)，還會對其經濟利(li)潤的(de)(de)(de)獲(huo)取產生干擾(rao)作(zuo)用(yong)。因此，應在(zai)充分(fen)意識到當前建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材料管理不足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，引入新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)管理模(mo)式(shi)與方法(fa)。

1建筑材料管理現狀

由于受到管理方法不當、管理觀念(nian)不合理等因素的影響，當前我國(guo)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)管理工作中仍然存在(zai)一些(xie)問題(ti)，如建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)浪費(fei)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)儲(chu)存環節出現質(zhi)量問題(ti)等。這(zhe)種狀(zhuang)況對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工程施(shi)工產生了一定的干擾作用，甚至(zhi)影響建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)的經濟效益。在(zai)這(zhe)種情況下，提升建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)管理質(zhi)量的重要性不言(yan)而喻。

2沙盤仿真(zhen)模型在(zai)材料管理中的應用

2.1采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)。從成(cheng)本角度來(lai)講，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)個建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成(cheng)本中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所占的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)約在(zai)(zai)40%左右。因(yin)此，對(dui)于建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)而(er)言(yan)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)無疑是其主要支出項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)之(zhi)一(yi)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)遠遠超出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)或(huo)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)浪費(fei)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)時(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)引(yin)(yin)發資源浪費(fei)。為了(le)改善這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀況(kuang)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)制定建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃前，根據(ju)當(dang)(dang)(dang)前建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)及(ji)相(xiang)關信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)基于材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。確保(bao)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與實(shi)際(ji)狀況(kuang)符合后，參照(zhao)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)修正現有采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃與建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契合性水平(ping)，以降低(di)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)環節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金投入(ru)(ru)(ru)，保(bao)障(zhang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益不(bu)(bu)受損害。2.2儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)。結合我國傳(chuan)統(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)來(lai)看，由于受到管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)疏忽、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)法不(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)(dang)等(deng)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，部分建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場前，會產(chan)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)同程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai)及(ji)缺失問(wen)題(ti)。為了(le)改善這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀況(kuang)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)質量(liang)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)錄(lu)(lu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)環節(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙質記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)或(huo)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為雙重(zhong)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)：即在(zai)(zai)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機錄(lu)(lu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)相(xiang)關建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)數據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，為儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)提(ti)(ti)供更加(jia)直觀、立(li)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)成(cheng)果。在(zai)(zai)日常工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)迅(xun)速(su)判斷(duan)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)余量(liang)，抑制儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偷(tou)竊材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)恰當(dang)(dang)(dang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)導致材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)損壞(huai)問(wen)題(ti)。例如，在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)根據(ju)各(ge)類建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)水泥、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、木材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)條(tiao)(tiao)件要求(qiu)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其在(zai)(zai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表示(shi)出來(lai)。在(zai)(zai)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)條(tiao)(tiao)件檢查(cha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)迅(xun)速(su)完(wan)成(cheng)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)條(tiao)(tiao)件要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)檢查(cha)出不(bu)(bu)恰當(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)條(tiao)(tiao)件問(wen)題(ti)，保(bao)障(zhang)各(ge)類建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)質量(liang)。2.3使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)。傳(chuan)統(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)要求(qiu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)按照(zhao)限額(e)領料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)制度，細化(hua)完(wan)成(cheng)每一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領取及(ji)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)耗(hao)時(shi)(shi)較長(chang)，且(qie)(qie)很(hen)容易產(chan)生(sheng)漏(lou)洞及(ji)問(wen)題(ti)。在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后，可(ke)(ke)(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)調整(zheng)(zheng)為模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動態化(hua)變更管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)提(ti)(ti)出某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)申請后，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以直接對(dui)當(dang)(dang)(dang)前沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行調整(zheng)(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)個建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)提(ti)(ti)交申請后，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)能夠迅(xun)速(su)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)判斷(duan)其所需(xu)(xu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)余量(liang)，并及(ji)時(shi)(shi)制定采(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃[1]。若施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)報材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)消(xiao)耗(hao)量(liang)、故意(yi)隱瞞材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)狀況(kuang)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)時(shi)(shi)，沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)供可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參照(zhao)依(yi)據(ju)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)率，保(bao)障(zhang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟利益不(bu)(bu)受損害。2.4材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段時(shi)(shi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)迅(xun)速(su)增加(jia)。在(zai)(zai)這一(yi)期間(jian)(jian)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要負(fu)責完(wan)成(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)、材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)實(shi)際(ji)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)對(dui)，總結二者產(chan)生(sheng)差(cha)距的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)；分類統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)剩(sheng)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，并開展材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)入(ru)(ru)(ru)庫(ku)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)；開展建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殘(can)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、廢(fei)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處置與清理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)節(jie)約工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性水平(ping)。出于縮短(duan)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)、提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)這項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行改善與優化(hua)。例如，可(ke)(ke)(ke)分別(bie)于建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開始時(shi)(shi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)動態性材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)實(shi)際(ji)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。相(xiang)對(dui)于竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)瑣性核(he)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)而(er)言(yan)，沙(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)有效縮短(duan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)對(dui)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，且(qie)(qie)核(he)對(dui)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾率將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)顯(xian)著(zhu)降低(di)。

3沙(sha)盤仿真模型的(de)應用策略(lve)

3.1管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)培訓(xun)策略。目前，傳(chuan)統建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)性(xing)要求相對(dui)(dui)較低。相比之(zhi)下(xia)，基于沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)則對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)提(ti)出了(le)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。為(wei)(wei)了(le)保障沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)應(ying)用，需根據管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)性(xing)水(shui)平、知識(shi)基礎等要素(su)，開展沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)培訓(xun)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。從(cong)沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)介(jie)紹、應(ying)用優勢(shi)入手，結合(he)實(shi)(shi)例演(yan)示幫助(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)認知，更新其(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)觀念，使其(qi)對(dui)(dui)沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)形(xing)成一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)認同[2]。為(wei)(wei)了(le)保證培訓(xun)效(xiao)果，還(huan)(huan)根據建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)需求，設置(zhi)考(kao)核問卷(juan)，評估管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)學習質(zhi)量，為(wei)(wei)沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用奠(dian)定(ding)良好的(de)(de)(de)基礎。3.2強化施(shi)工(gong)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)策略。除了(le)采購管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)與儲存(cun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)外(wai)，后期的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)使用管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)核對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)直接受到建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)狀況的(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)(dang)(dang)施(shi)工(gong)單位并未按照建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)使用計劃(hua)進行施(shi)工(gong)時，將會為(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)帶來一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)難度。因此(ci)，在(zai)引入沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)這(zhe)種(zhong)新型(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)同時，還(huan)(huan)應(ying)該加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)，協同材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)外(wai)部管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)與工(gong)程(cheng)內部使用管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，縮小材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)消耗與預(yu)期材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)使用計劃(hua)間的(de)(de)(de)差距，間接提(ti)升沙盤(pan)(pan)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)率。當(dang)(dang)(dang)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中發現問題時，應(ying)在(zai)詢問材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議后，采取適當(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)進行糾正(zheng)，以提(ti)升建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用率，遏制材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)浪(lang)費等問題的(de)(de)(de)發生。

4結束語

沙盤(pan)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)型的(de)引入可以有效(xiao)(xiao)改善建筑材(cai)料管理(li)質量，提升管理(li)工作(zuo)的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率。沙盤(pan)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)型的(de)應(ying)用具體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)現在建筑材(cai)料的(de)采購管理(li)、儲存管理(li)以及使(shi)用管理(li)等方面。為(wei)(wei)了促進沙盤(pan)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)模(mo)型作(zuo)用的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)發揮(hui)，需(xu)要借助管理(li)人(ren)員培(pei)訓策(ce)略、強化(hua)施工監管策(ce)略，為(wei)(wei)這種(zhong)新型管理(li)模(mo)式的(de)引入營造良好(hao)的(de)環境。

作(zuo)者:陳立峰(feng) 單位:江(jiang)蘇省徐州(zhou)技師學院

參考文獻：

篇6

關鍵詞：地鐵列車；空(kong)氣制動(dong)；仿(fang)真(zhen)模(mo)型；AMESim軟件

地鐵列車中使用的(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)系統(tong)是空(kong)(kong)氣制(zhi)動(dong)系統(tong)，該(gai)系統(tong)通(tong)常采用微機控制(zhi)，通(tong)過(guo)直通(tong)電(dian)進(jin)行(xing)空(kong)(kong)氣制(zhi)動(dong)。地鐵制(zhi)動(dong)系統(tong)中包(bao)括下列幾(ji)個主要的(de)(de)組成部分：制(zhi)動(dong)指令發出與傳(chuan)輸單(dan)元、BCU（制(zhi)動(dong)控制(zhi)）單(dan)元、基礎(chu)單(dan)元以及供風單(dan)元。傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)列車空(kong)(kong)氣制(zhi)動(dong)系統(tong)對其進(jin)行(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)特性檢驗(yan)(yan)時，往往采用的(de)(de)是實際(ji)試驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法。近年(nian)來，仿真模擬(ni)技術受到了更多的(de)(de)歡迎。國內外的(de)(de)專家學者(zhe)們利用MATLAB軟件和數(shu)值分析方(fang)法構建出了具體的(de)(de)數(shu)學模型，發明了全新的(de)(de)針對性氣路仿真軟件AMESim。下面我們對典型的(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)系統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)AMESim仿真模擬(ni)，并進(jin)行(xing)相應的(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)驗(yan)(yan)證。

1.空氣制動系統

地鐵列車采(cai)用的(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統通(tong)常為(wei)電空直通(tong)系統，是一種(zhong)典(dian)型(xing)系統的(de)的(de)原理模型(xing)。整(zheng)個系統中(zhong)包括(kuo)控(kong)制(zhi)氣路(lu)以及(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)氣路(lu)兩(liang)大部分，其中(zhong)，控(kong)制(zhi)氣路(lu)中(zhong)有制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、緩(huan)解、緊急(ji)電磁(ci)閥以及(ji)空重車閥組成，通(tong)過控(kong)制(zhi)各(ge)個電磁(ci)閥完成在(zai)中(zhong)繼閥上方預控(kong)不同(tong)壓力(li)(li)的(de)任務；動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)氣路(lu)中(zhong)包括(kuo)中(zhong)繼閥、副風缸(gang)、管道(dao)以及(ji)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)缸(gang)，中(zhong)繼閥可以通(tong)過打(da)開和關閉制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)缸(gang)控(kong)制(zhi)氣路(lu)，進而達(da)到緩(huan)解和制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)基本作用。

當(dang)地鐵列(lie)車(che)(che)收到司(si)機(ji)室傳(chuan)來的(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)指(zhi)令時(shi)，BCU就可以根(gen)據(ju)具體的(de)(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)要(yao)求以及氣(qi)壓(ya)實(shi)時(shi)調整具體的(de)(de)壓(ya)力輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)，空氣(qi)進入到制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)缸以后制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)缸中的(de)(de)活塞開始作(zuo)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)閘片，進一步(bu)對(dui)踏面進行(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)用(yong)，通(tong)常(chang)這種制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)發生在車(che)(che)速(su)(su)小于(yu)(yu)12km/h的(de)(de)低速(su)(su)過程中，整個制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過程中會有(you)拖車(che)(che)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。若是地鐵列(lie)車(che)(che)收到緊(jin)急停車(che)(che)指(zhi)令，那么BCU將會輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)最(zui)大(da)壓(ya)力，進行(xing)摩(mo)擦(ca)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。另外(wai)，停放制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)通(tong)常(chang)用(yong)在防止遛坡事故中。所(suo)以，分析地鐵列(lie)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)空氣(qi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)，主要(yao)分析重點應該是氣(qi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)路。

2.仿真模型的構建

2.1基本原理

AMESim軟(ruan)件(jian)中有多(duo)個元件(jian)庫，包括電子、液(ye)壓、氣動(dong)、控制、機械等等，根(gen)據標(biao)準氣動(dong)元件(jian)的組(zu)合搭配，可以建立起相應的列車空(kong)氣制動(dong)系(xi)統模型，并不需要相對(dui)復雜的數學方程。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)型構(gou)建的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本原理基(ji)(ji)于三個基(ji)(ji)本單(dan)元(yuan)，包括容(rong)性、阻性以及感性單(dan)元(yuan)。其中(zhong)，容(rong)性單(dan)元(yuan)中(zhong)有著(zhu)氣體的(de)(de)容(rong)腔，模(mo)(mo)(mo)型傳(chuan)熱期間其內部氣體便會發(fa)生相應的(de)(de)動態變化，所以，容(rong)性單(dan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型是瞬時的(de)(de)。具體的(de)(de)壓力變化如式（1）所示：

（1）

式中，p表示的是容腔(qiang)中的氣(qi)體產(chan)生(sheng)的壓力， 分別(bie)表示有氣(qi)體質(zhi)量、溫度、體積變化(hua)導致的容腔(qiang)氣(qi)體產(chan)生(sheng)壓力。

阻性單元(yuan)中不包含容腔，那么不涉及(ji)傳熱效應，氣體壓強(qiang)和(he)溫度瞬間表示(shi)如式（2）所示(shi)：

（2）

 式中，qm表(biao)示(shi)阻性單元(yuan)(yuan)的質量(liang)流(liu)量(liang)， 表(biao)示(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)件兩(liang)端的壓差(cha)，兩(liang)者呈非線性關(guan)系(xi)。

感性單元則主(zhu)要(yao)用于描述氣體具(ju)體的(de)宏觀運(yun)(yun)動狀態和慣性，管道中(zhong)的(de)氣體運(yun)(yun)動特性可以通過伯努利方程(cheng)表達。但是，通常(chang)情況下，氣體具(ju)有的(de)質量以及黏性都很低，慣性效應并不予以考慮。

2.2模型構建

空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)制動(dong)系統(tong)(tong)比較復雜，系統(tong)(tong)中涉及到的(de)(de)緊急、制動(dong)、緩解電磁閥(fa)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)采(cai)用(yong)通用(yong)型電磁閥(fa)代(dai)替，但是中繼閥(fa)以(yi)(yi)及空(kong)重車閥(fa)仍(reng)然需要進行(xing)二次開(kai)發(fa)模(mo)擬(ni)。采(cai)用(yong)AMESim軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)，依(yi)據上(shang)文(wen)中的(de)(de)基(ji)本原理，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)構建出空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)制動(dong)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)本模(mo)型。模(mo)型中包含了系統(tong)(tong)中涉及到的(de)(de)所(suo)有元件(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)置，信(xin)息流有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)和控(kong)制信(xin)息，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)信(xin)息由管路相連接，控(kong)制信(xin)息可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過電磁閥(fa)控(kong)制。另外，f（x）表(biao)示的(de)(de)是空(kong)重車閥(fa)的(de)(de)輸出信(xin)號，其(qi)變化與空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)彈簧(huang)的(de)(de)壓力(li)值有關。

EP單(dan)元為(wei)控制(zhi)閥(fa)，可以(yi)根據制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)指令調節中(zhong)(zhong)繼閥(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)CV；空(kong)重(zhong)車閥(fa)則表現出受到車輛載重(zhong)的(de)影響，CV壓(ya)力的(de)具體變化；中(zhong)(zhong)繼閥(fa)的(de)作用是將壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣的(de)具體流(liu)量進行(xing)放大(da)，可以(yi)等效為(wei)活塞缸(gang)，兩(liang)邊分別是制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)缸(gang)產生壓(ya)力以(yi)及CV壓(ya)力。另外，對于該系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)管路、風(feng)閥(fa)、防滑(hua)閥(fa)等元件，由(you)于其(qi)容積變化相對較小，可以(yi)采用固定容積進行(xing)模擬。

3.結果驗證分析

構(gou)建出仿(fang)真模(mo)型以(yi)(yi)(yi)后，便可以(yi)(yi)(yi)進行實(shi)際(ji)工況模(mo)擬，常(chang)見(jian)的(de)工況包括常(chang)用(yong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)、緊急制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及階(jie)段制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。設計(ji)常(chang)用(yong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)壓力CV為(wei)250kPa，時間(jian)為(wei)10s，將0-2s規(gui)定(ding)為(wei)緩解，2-6s規(gui)定(ding)為(wei)常(chang)用(yong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)，6s以(yi)(yi)(yi)后則規(gui)定(ding)為(wei)再(zai)次緩解直到(dao)仿(fang)真結束，根據常(chang)用(yong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)模(mo)擬仿(fang)真結果可以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出，CV壓力的(de)變化要快于(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)缸壓力響(xiang)應速(su)度。出現(xian)這(zhe)種現(xian)象，是因為(wei)中繼閥(fa)會受到(dao)結構(gou)中產生的(de)背壓，同時，在制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)緩解時CV壓力同樣下降速(su)度要快于(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)缸的(de)壓力，二者之(zhi)間(jian)出現(xian)的(de)最(zui)大(da)延時不大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0.5s。

緊急制動(dong)(dong)模擬時，將CV壓(ya)力(li)設(she)計為500kPa，根據仿(fang)真結果發現CV壓(ya)力(li)變(bian)化與(yu)常(chang)用(yong)制動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)變(bian)化趨(qu)勢(shi)是(shi)相同的(de)(de)，但是(shi)制動(dong)(dong)缸的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)上(shang)升速(su)度要(yao)大(da)于常(chang)用(yong)制動(dong)(dong)工(gong)況。

階(jie)段制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)工況(kuang)下，設計(ji)仿真(zhen)時間為(wei)20s，發(fa)現(xian)0-2s為(wei)緩解，2-12s表示(shi)階(jie)段制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)，12s以后則是再次緩解直到仿真(zhen)結(jie)束，結(jie)果(guo)顯示(shi)該(gai)過程中，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)缸(gang)壓力(li)(li)反應慢(man)于(yu)CV壓力(li)(li)。經(jing)對比分析，該(gai)結(jie)果(guo)和(he)常用制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)以及緊急(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)的結(jie)果(guo)是相同的。

4.結語

地鐵列車(che)空(kong)氣制動系(xi)統經(jing)過仿真模擬后，經(jing)試驗驗證，發現常用制動以(yi)及(ji)緊急制動的(de)制動缸壓力變化(hua)時(shi)間比仿真時(shi)間長1/10，滿足(zu)系(xi)統的(de)功能(neng)條件。制動結束以(yi)后，中繼(ji)閥(fa)內部元(yuan)件可以(yi)起到有效的(de)阻尼(ni)租(zu)用，進而誤差并(bing)不影響列車(che)的(de)正常使用。

參考文獻：

[1]左建勇，王宗明，吳萌嶺.地鐵列(lie)車空(kong)氣制動(dong)系(xi)統仿真模型[J].交通運輸工程學(xue)報，2013（02）.

篇7

關鍵詞：雷諾應(ying)力(li)模(mo)(mo)型；標準(zhun)k-ε模(mo)(mo)型；有限體(ti)積(ji)法；計算流體(ti)力(li)學；轎車；外(wai)流場

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao)：U467.13；TP391.9；TB115；O35文(wen)獻標志碼(ma)：A

Modeling and simulation on outer flow field around sedan based on RSM

ZHU Hui, YANG Zhigang

(Shanghai Automotive Wind Tunnel Center, Tongji Univ., Shanghai 201804, China)

Abstract：The outer flow field over sedan is modeled and simulated based on Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Finite Volume Method (FVM). 3D steady numerical simulation is carried out for 1∶1 sedan model in 20 m/s velocity value. Especially, the mesh structure, boundary condition and choice of pressure-velocity coupling are specified. By comparison with the results of experiment and standard k-ε model simulation, it is showed that RSM model is better than standard k-ε model when they are adopted to simulate the separated outer flow field around sedan. The results are significant for the study of outer flow field over vehicles.

Key words：Reynolds stress model; standard k-ε model; finite volume method; computational fluid dynamics; sedan; outer flow field

0引言

空(kong)氣(qi)動力(li)(li)學(xue)指標是轎車(che)最(zui)重要的(de)參數(shu)之一.[1]車(che)輛空(kong)氣(qi)動力(li)(li)學(xue)仿真借(jie)助(zhu)計算(suan)(suan)流體力(li)(li)學(xue)(Computional Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方(fang)法研究車(che)輛空(kong)氣(qi)動力(li)(li)學(xue)的(de)特(te)性(xing)(如(ru)“六(liu)分(fen)力(li)(li)”等).目前計算(suan)(suan)結(jie)果(guo)和實(shi)驗(yan)結(jie)果(guo)之間(jian)存在的(de)誤差[2]可(ke)能由紊流模型和數(shu)值特(te)征(網格(ge)類型和數(shu)量(liang)、數(shu)值方(fang)法、計算(suan)(suan)方(fang)案)所引起或由二者結(jie)合所致.

本文采用(yong)數(shu)值建模(mo)仿真法(fa)，通過比較(jiao)兩種湍流(liu)(liu)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(雷諾應(ying)力湍流(liu)(liu)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Reynolds Stress Model, RSM)和標準k-ε模(mo)型(xing)(xing))的(de)計算(suan)結(jie)果(guo)，并與風洞實驗(yan)結(jie)果(guo)進行驗(yan)證，揭示在(zai)描述轎(jiao)車(che)車(che)外流(liu)(liu)場(chang)的(de)分離特性時RSM模(mo)型(xing)(xing)優于標準k-ε模(mo)型(xing)(xing).

1湍流模型

計算(suan)(suan)實(shi)踐表(biao)明：對(dui)于(yu)三維性和各向異性較(jiao)強(qiang)，并伴有流動(dong)分離(li)(li)的流場(如航空葉(xie)輪機械、旋風分離(li)(li)設備、化學反應裝(zhuang)置等)，雖(sui)然RSM模(mo)型(xing)計算(suan)(suan)量較(jiao)大，但其計算(suan)(suan)結果(guo)優于(yu)標(biao)準k-ε模(mo)型(xing).[4，5]

文獻[6]將(jiang)汽車(che)尾跡中漩(xuan)渦形成的(de)(de)機制(zhi)歸(gui)納為(wei)5類，皆體(ti)現(xian)大分(fen)離和各向異性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)，加之車(che)體(ti)近壁面的(de)(de)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)，使得汽車(che)繞流的(de)(de)數(shu)值和實驗分(fen)析非常復(fu)雜.標準(zhun)(zhun)k-ε模型(xing)在模化時引入各向同性(xing)(xing)假(jia)設，勢(shi)必對(dui)流動中強各向異性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點體(ti)現(xian)不足.基于以上分(fen)析，本文采(cai)用RSM和標準(zhun)(zhun)k-ε兩(liang)種模型(xing)對(dui)轎車(che)外流場進行研(yan)究.

2幾(ji)何模(mo)型及網格說明

為使計算結果具有普遍性(不局(ju)限于(yu)具體產品)，采用如圖1所(suo)示(shi)的轎車(che)1∶1簡化模型(忽略車(che)窗、后(hou)視鏡和(he)車(che)門把(ba)手等表(biao)面附件(jian))，其(qi)長、寬、高分別約為4.6，1.7，1.6 m.

空間(jian)計(ji)(ji)算區(qu)域(yu)，長22 m，寬10.4 m，高5.4 m.x正(zheng)向(xiang)為(wei)從(cong)左到右的(de)(de)空氣流(liu)動方(fang)(fang)向(xiang), y正(zheng)向(xiang)為(wei)從(cong)左到右橫截方(fang)(fang)向(xiang), z正(zheng)向(xiang)垂直向(xiang)上.網格(ge)(ge)(ge)劃(hua)分(fen)是數值(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)重要環節(jie)之一，其形式直接影響(xiang)結果的(de)(de)合理性(xing)和精度[7，8].本文基于有限體(ti)積法(Finite Volume Method, FVM)對(dui)計(ji)(ji)算區(qu)域(yu)進行劃(hua)分(fen)和流(liu)場計(ji)(ji)算，所以網格(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)案(an)為(wei)關鍵技術之一.為(wei)減(jian)輕數值(zhi)黏性(xing)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，計(ji)(ji)算區(qu)域(yu)為(wei)2個長方(fang)(fang)型區(qu)域(yu)，為(wei)不(bu)等間(jian)距結構(gou)六面體(ti)網格(ge)(ge)(ge)，內部為(wei)四面體(ti)非結構(gou)化網格(ge)(ge)(ge).為(wei)了節(jie)約CPU時間(jian)，在(zai)流(liu)場變化較為(wei)劇烈的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)采用(yong)較密的(de)(de)網格(ge)(ge)(ge),以提高計(ji)(ji)算精度,而在(zai)車(che)體(ti)以外較遠區(qu)域(yu)采用(yong)較稀的(de)(de)網格(ge)(ge)(ge)，總數320萬單元(yuan).具體(ti)見圖2.

3物(wu)性、邊界(jie)條(tiao)件及迭(die)代方法(fa)

由(you)于(yu)模(mo)擬計算的空氣流速較小,空氣的可壓縮性(xing)(xing)可以忽略，即認(ren)為空氣的溫度(du)、黏性(xing)(xing)和(he)參考壓強(qiang)不變,表1列出計算條件下的各種參數值.

出(chu)口采用(yong)壓力出(chu)口邊界條件，表(biao)壓取0 Pa.K，ε及(ji)雷諾應(ying)力的取法與進口類似.

地面和車身皆采用(yong)無滑(hua)移邊界(jie)條件，其目(mu)的是與實驗情(qing)況(kuang)保(bao)持(chi)一(yi)致.計算域回(hui)型面采用(yong)對(dui)稱(cheng)邊界(jie).

迭代(dai)方(fang)法采(cai)用PATANKER[9]和SPALDING于1972年提出的分離(li)式SIMPLE(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation)算法，其核(he)心為“猜測―修正”過程，在交錯網格的基礎上(shang)計算壓(ya)力場，得出速(su)度場，反復修正，從而達到(dao)求解控制方(fang)程組(zu)的目的.具體(ti)計算步(bu)驟見圖3.

4計算結果

(1)從對轎車外(wai)流場模(mo)擬(ni)的(de)整體圖譜看，兩(liang)種(zhong)模(mo)型給出(chu)的(de)信息較(jiao)(jiao)為吻(wen)合.與文(wen)獻[6]所給出(chu)的(de)測試圖譜比較(jiao)(jiao)，可見兩(liang)種(zhong)模(mo)型對轎車外(wai)流場的(de)總體描(miao)述(shu)(壓力梯度(du)、速度(du)等的(de)分(fen)布)是可信的(de).

(2)轎車(che)(che)外流場(chang)的特征為(wei)：在(zai)(zai)前臉處存在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)(qi)流滯止區，由(you)此(ci)氣(qi)(qi)流分(fen)開繞(rao)流車(che)(che)體(ti)，下部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)氣(qi)(qi)流由(you)于地面、車(che)(che)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和車(che)(che)輪(lun)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，情況比較復(fu)雜；上部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)氣(qi)(qi)流在(zai)(zai)繞(rao)流車(che)(che)體(ti)時，于發(fa)(fa)動機罩和擋(dang)風玻璃之間發(fa)(fa)生局部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)氣(qi)(qi)流分(fen)離；氣(qi)(qi)流經過頂蓋向(xiang)后發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，與從車(che)(che)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上卷氣(qi)(qi)流相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)體(ti)尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)生較大(da)分(fen)離；其渦形態，根據剪切層(ceng)相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)模型描述為(wei)車(che)(che)身尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上下兩剪切層(ceng)卷起一對上下漩渦，兩渦繼續向(xiang)下游發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，以馬蹄渦的形式存在(zai)(zai)于分(fen)離區內(nei).

(3)通過圖(tu)6～8之間及表2的(de)比較可見，在(zai)同等網(wang)格質(zhi)(zhi)量條件下(xia)，具(ju)(ju)有各(ge)向異性(xing)特質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)RSM模(mo)型(xing)在(zai)描(miao)述(shu)具(ju)(ju)有明(ming)顯分離特性(xing)的(de)轎車外流場(chang)時，要優(you)于具(ju)(ju)有各(ge)向同性(xing)特質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)標準k-ε模(mo)型(xing).所以，RSM結合FVM對車輛外流場(chang)研究具(ju)(ju)有借鑒意義.

參考文獻：

[1]姜樂華, 符正(zheng)氣(qi). CFD在汽車空(kong)氣(qi)動力學(xue)研究中(zhong)的應用[J]. 湖南大學(xue)學(xue)報：自然科學(xue)版, 1997, 24(4): 52-56.

[2]張揚軍, 呂振(zhen)華. 汽車(che)空(kong)氣動力學數(shu)值(zhi)仿真研究進(jin)展(zhan)[J]. 汽車(che)工(gong)程, 2001, 23(2): 82-91.

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篇8

關鍵詞：空氣系統(tong) 實時仿真(zhen) 不可壓流(liu)體

中圖分類號：O351.3 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編(bian)號：1007-9416（2012）11-0136-02

1、引言

航(hang)空(kong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong)是(shi)關系到發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)熱端部(bu)件(jian)冷(leng)卻(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)流系統(tong)[1]。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong)通(tong)常是(shi)從壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適當位置抽(chou)取空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，通(tong)過發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)主通(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)側和(he)(he)外側的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)流動(dong)(dong)元件(jian)按(an)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)流路及(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)(dong)參數（壓(ya)力，溫度和(he)(he)流量(liang)）流動(dong)(dong)并(bing)完成規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)功能：供(gong)(gong)給并(bing)控制渦輪(lun)冷(leng)卻(que)葉片的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，保(bao)證葉片冷(leng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進口(kou)具有要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力和(he)(he)溫度；冷(leng)卻(que)渦輪(lun)轉(zhuan)子、靜子等熱端部(bu)件(jian)，保(bao)持工作(zuo)時允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度狀(zhuang)態(tai)；控制壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)盤軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度狀(zhuang)態(tai)；為軸(zhou)承提供(gong)(gong)封(feng)嚴空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)；阻隔(ge)高壓(ya)熱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)入侵等。因(yin)此(ci)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong)在(zai)航(hang)空(kong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)設計中舉足輕重。

航空(kong)發動機空(kong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一直以穩態計算(suan)為主，一般(ban)留(liu)有(you)很大域(yu)度。隨著航空(kong)發動機的發展，穩態計算(suan)已經不(bu)能滿足需求(qiu)，空(kong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)精(jing)確化(hua)設計成為一個(ge)(ge)不(bu)可避(bi)免的問題。民用適航規章CCAR33部中有(you)多個(ge)(ge)條款涉及到對航空(kong)發動機空(kong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的要求(qiu)。

適航標準要求(qiu)空氣系統(tong)設(she)計(ji)(ji)中必須(xu)考(kao)慮飛行包線內的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)特(te)性(xing)，并且(qie)盡(jin)可(ke)能保證航空發動機在整個工(gong)作(zuo)循(xun)環中能過正常工(gong)作(zuo)。這些要求(qiu)都需要對空氣系統(tong)的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)進行瞬態設(she)計(ji)(ji)，準確掌(zhang)握其在整個工(gong)作(zuo)循(xun)環中的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，避免局部失效(xiao)和瞬間失效(xiao)，同時也可(ke)以為結構、傳熱等設(she)計(ji)(ji)提供詳細(xi)的(de)數據，便于其他部分(fen)的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)。因(yin)此(ci)空氣系統(tong)的(de)實(shi)時仿真是亟待解決(jue)的(de)問題(ti)。

2、空氣系統瞬(shun)態計算方法

篇9

【關鍵詞】RePast 逃生(sheng)模(mo)型 仿真

1 引言

煤炭(tan)行業(ye)(ye)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)從(cong)業(ye)(ye)人數眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)行業(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，與此同時(shi)，煤炭(tan)行業(ye)(ye)也是(shi)事故多發的(de)(de)行業(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。因此煤礦(kuang)安(an)全(quan)逃生就成為國(guo)內外研(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)重(zhong)點研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個問題，在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)尤其具有(you)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)意義。疏散模(mo)擬(ni)軟件、數W建(jian)模(mo)、虛擬(ni)現實(shi)技(ji)術和計算機建(jian)模(mo)技(ji)術等是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)煤礦(kuang)安(an)全(quan)問題常見的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)方法。

2 模型簡介

RePast由芝加哥大學(xue)社會科學(xue)計算(suan)研究(jiu)中心[11]開發研制，是一個開源的仿真工具，支持Java語言，主要用來給復雜(za)性(xing)個體行為建模(mo)。

礦井逃(tao)生模型(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)涉及到了RePast仿(fang)真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)三要素：模型(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)象（Model Object）、空間對(dui)(dui)象（Space Object）和主體對(dui)(dui)象（Agent Object），在(zai)該模型(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)分別(bie)由CoalMineModel、CoalMineSpace和CoalMineAgent三個類(lei)(lei)(lei)實現。CoalMineModel類(lei)(lei)(lei)是模型(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)仿(fang)真(zhen)程(cheng)序的(de)(de)(de)起點，實現模型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，它(ta)是最優先執行的(de)(de)(de)。CoalMineSpace類(lei)(lei)(lei)為模型(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Agent提供空間活動環境，CoalMineAgent類(lei)(lei)(lei)實現模型(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)Agent的(de)(de)(de)各種設置（如種類(lei)(lei)(lei)、屬性等(deng)）和Agent的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制。

包括(kuo)CoalMineModel、CoalMineSpace和(he)CoalMineAgent三(san)個類(lei)的礦井逃生模型仿真程(cheng)序包括(kuo)Private void buildModel()方法、Private void buildDisplay()方法和(he)Private void buildschedule()方法。

Private void buildModel()方法(fa)(fa)用于創建模型(xing)運行的(de)環境，包括主體對象和環境對象兩種。利(li)用Private void addAgents()方法(fa)(fa)可以(yi)在模型(xing)中添加numAgents個Agent，再利(li)用Private voidbuildModel()方法(fa)(fa)導入井下巷道地圖。除此以(yi)外(wai)，還可以(yi)在模型(xing)中設置(zhi)災害的(de)初(chu)始(shi)發生坐(zuo)標，避災點和出口位置(zhi)等信息。

Private void buildDisplay()方(fang)法(fa)(fa)用于創建顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)界面和(he)(he)圖表(biao)。模(mo)(mo)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)的主(zhu)體和(he)(he)圖表(biao)都是通(tong)過這個(ge)(ge)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)進行顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)的。模(mo)(mo)型(xing)運行起來(lai)(lai)后(hou)，其顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)界面是一個(ge)(ge)二維的網格結(jie)構，每(mei)一個(ge)(ge)網格代表(biao)一個(ge)(ge)Agent可(ke)以(yi)(yi)移動(dong)到的位置，因此每(mei)一個(ge)(ge)網格都有(you)對應(ying)的坐標(biao)。在Private void buildDisplay()方(fang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)記錄和(he)(he)報告Agent的活(huo)動(dong)狀(zhuang)況；圖表(biao)用來(lai)(lai)記錄模(mo)(mo)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)一個(ge)(ge)“tick”（RePast仿真平臺(tai)中(zhong)(zhong)的時間(jian)單位）所對應(ying)的參數的值，在本模(mo)(mo)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)是同來(lai)(lai)統計逃(tao)生的Agent數量。通(tong)過Displaysurface對象可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實現顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)界面，Displaysurface對象通(tong)常放在一個(ge)(ge)預定(ding)義的setup()方(fang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)，此方(fang)法(fa)(fa)常用來(lai)(lai)對模(mo)(mo)型(xing)進行參數配置。

Private void buildschedule()方法建立改變模(mo)型狀(zhuang)態的時(shi)間表(biao)，即模(mo)型在(zai)什(shen)么(me)時(shi)間運(yun)用什(shen)么(me)方法調用什(shen)么(me)對(dui)象。在(zai)模(mo)型中(zhong)，每運(yun)行一個“tick”,顯示界面(mian)和圖表(biao)都會相應地進行更新，本模(mo)型中(zhong)用于記(ji)錄(lu)每一個時(shi)間段(duan)Agent的情況及災害的蔓延情況。

CoalMineAgent類實(shi)現(xian)Agent的(de)活動(dong)，包(bao)括Agent的(de)初始化、訪問(wen)控制、所在空間的(de)更新、Agent移動(dong)的(de)方向矢(shi)量設置(zhi)、Agent的(de)顯(xian)示以(yi)及狀(zhuang)態報(bao)告等內(nei)容。CoalMineAgent類中包(bao)括了public void step()、public void setVxVy()、public void draw()、public void report()等方法，實(shi)現(xian)了Agent的(de)設置(zhi)、顯(xian)示和狀(zhuang)態報(bao)告等內(nei)容。

CoalMineSpace類實(shi)現(xian)模型(xing)中空(kong)間(jian)活動(dong)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)化、災害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)發生地(di)、Agent在(zai)空(kong)間(jian)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)化分布等情況設置(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)空(kong)間(jian)活動(dong)環境中，每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)柵格(ge)(ge)都有一(yi)個(ge)對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)坐標(biao)，可(ke)以(yi)用（x，y）來表示，Agent就在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)柵格(ge)(ge)單(dan)元上活動(dong)，其坐標(biao)與柵格(ge)(ge)單(dan)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)坐標(biao)相對應。CoalMineSpace類包括了public void setFire()，public boolean addAgent()，public int getTypeAt()，public boolean moveAgentAt()等方法，分別實(shi)現(xian)災害(hai)(hai)初始(shi)發生地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)、Agent的(de)(de)(de)(de)添(tian)加、災害(hai)(hai)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)及Agent的(de)(de)(de)(de)移(yi)動(dong)位(wei)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)。

除了以(yi)(yi)上三個(ge)主(zhu)要的類(lei)以(yi)(yi)外(wai)，還有兩個(ge)類(lei)Disaster和(he)Point，用于(yu)設置災害的基本(ben)信息(xi)和(he)空間環境中的避災硐室及出口位置等信息(xi)。

3 模型(xing)的仿真(zhen)結(jie)果

礦井逃生模型的運(yun)行界面(mian)如圖1所示。

模型界面包括六部分，分別是：

（1）RePast仿(fang)真平臺工具條，位于(yu)模(mo)型界面的最上方(fang)，實現(xian)對模(mo)型的運行控制；

（2）Coal Mine Display，模型(xing)運行(xing)的(de)顯示(shi)界(jie)面(mian)，顯示(shi)模型(xing)運行(xing)過程中的(de)各(ge)個“tick”的(de)狀態；

（3）RePast Output輸出窗(chuang)口，輸出模型運行過程中的統計數據；

（4）fireInSpace窗口，統計火(huo)災(zai)蔓(man)延(yan)情況；

（5）Coal Mine Model Setting窗(chuang)口，設置(zhi)和顯示模型中的參(can)數；

（6）Amount Of Agent In Space窗(chuang)口，火災(zai)發(fa)生時Agent的逃(tao)生情況統計(ji)。從圖3的（6）窗(chuang)口中可(ke)以(yi)看出(chu)，大部分Agent在火災(zai)蔓延到自己(ji)所處的工作面時已經實現成(cheng)功逃(tao)生。

4 結束語

本文利用基于RePast的(de)(de)(de)仿(fang)真(zhen)平臺對(dui)礦(kuang)井逃(tao)生(sheng)模(mo)型進行仿(fang)真(zhen)，給研究煤(mei)礦(kuang)安全問題提(ti)供了一(yi)個新(xin)視角。利用該模(mo)型能夠(gou)較好的(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)井下逃(tao)生(sheng)。下一(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)研究將是(shi)對(dui)Agent的(de)(de)(de)種類和(he)決策(ce)及(ji)模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)運行規則加(jia)以(yi)細(xi)化，并將針對(dui)不(bu)同(tong)災害(hai)類型和(he)Agent生(sheng)成不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)逃(tao)生(sheng)路線。

參考文獻

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作者簡介

張俊瑞，女(nv)，碩(shuo)士研(yan)(yan)究生學歷。主要(yao)研(yan)(yan)究方向(xiang)為智能軟件技(ji)術(shu)。

王秀華(hua)，女，碩士學位。主要研究方向為(wei)數據庫與(yu)智能信息處理。

篇10

關(guan)鍵詞：元胞傳輸模(mo)型；元胞密度；交通流量；回滯現象

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao)：TP391；U491 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編號(hao)：2095-1302（2013）11-0046-02

0 引 言

隨著社會經濟的(de)發展，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運輸(shu)問題越(yue)來越(yue)成(cheng)為(wei)人們(men)關注的(de)焦點，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)仿(fang)真模型(xing)(xing)應運而生。利用(yong)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)仿(fang)真可以(yi)(yi)預(yu)測交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)流在(zai)各種交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管(guan)理方(fang)案(an)下的(de)特(te)性變化，從而對管(guan)理方(fang)案(an)進行(xing)評(ping)價和改進。其中，宏(hong)觀模型(xing)(xing)尤其是元胞傳輸(shu)模型(xing)(xing)，可以(yi)(yi)較(jiao)好地模擬出激波(bo)、排(pai)(pai)隊(dui)形成(cheng)、排(pai)(pai)隊(dui)消(xiao)散以(yi)(yi)及多路段間的(de)相互影響等交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)動力學(xue)特(te)性。

元胞傳輸模型的(de)(de)(de)研究仿真(zhen)主要集中于元胞長(chang)度不(bu)(bu)變，流量(liang)-密度的(de)(de)(de)關系圖(tu)為理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)三角形(xing)，即無(wu)回(hui)滯現象。但是(shi)在(zai)實際中，城市路段(duan)多且長(chang)度較短，長(chang)短不(bu)(bu)一；此(ci)外，路段(duan)中的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通段(duan)和引道段(duan)長(chang)度不(bu)(bu)一樣。對(dui)于這兩種情況，可以直接利用可變元胞傳輸模型建立不(bu)(bu)同長(chang)度的(de)(de)(de)元胞，并且流量(liang)-密度的(de)(de)(de)關系圖(tu)中存在(zai)亞穩態區(qu)，此(ci)區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)導致(zhi)了回(hui)滯現象的(de)(de)(de)發生。而(er)這兩點將是(shi)本文研究的(de)(de)(de)核心內容(rong)。

1 路(lu)網選擇與符(fu)號定義(yi)

在一個(ge)含有匝道的(de)雙向四車道的(de)高速公(gong)路(lu)上，為了模擬高速公(gong)路(lu)上的(de)交通流，將現實路(lu)網(wang)劃分如圖1所(suo)示的(de)由相互連接的(de)長度可變的(de)同質小段（元(yuan)胞）構成的(de)計算機仿真路(lu)網(wang)。

在道路狀態演化(hua)時間T內(nei)，對t∈[0，T]引入如下變量：

L（i）：元(yuan)胞i的長度，每個元(yuan)胞的長度等于自(zi)由流交通在一個單位時間內行駛的距離。元(yuan)胞長度一般(ban)選(xuan)擇為100～1000 m；

m：元(yuan)胞數，本文m=13；

λ：元胞i的車道數，本文λ=2；

ρi（t）：t時刻(ke)元胞i的密度，單位(wei)是輛/km；

ρc1：流量密度關系中，車輛由自由流轉向(xiang)擁擠(ji)的臨界密度；

ρc2：流量密度(du)關系中，車輛(liang)由擁擠(ji)轉向自由流的臨界密度(du)；

v：自(zi)由流(liu)速度，本文(wen)中每個元胞的自(zi)由流(liu)速度相(xiang)等，單位為km/h；

ω：擁擠波波速，單位是km/h；

ρJ：擁擠(ji)密度(du)，單位是輛(liang)/km；

qmax：元胞(bao)的(de)最大通行能力(li)，單位是輛/h；

Si（t）：t時(shi)刻元胞i-1流向元胞i的車流量(liang)，即發送(song)量(liang)；

Ri（t）：t時(shi)刻元胞i能夠(gou)接受的車(che)流量(liang)，即接收量(liang)；

fi（t）：t時刻元胞(bao)i-1能夠流入元胞(bao)i的(de)實際車流量；

fi+1（t）：t時刻元胞i能夠流(liu)入(ru)元胞i+1的實際(ji)車流(liu)量；

Si（t）：t時(shi)刻(ke)駛出匝道車流量；

ki（t）：t時刻(ke)元胞i的狀態。

2 考慮回滯(zhi)現象(xiang)的可變元胞(bao)傳輸模型(xing)

元胞傳輸模型(xing)(xing)是(shi)由(you)LWR理(li)論離散(san)并求(qiu)解該模型(xing)(xing)得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)。CTM假定流(liu)(liu)量與密度(du)服(fu)從三角形形式的(de)(de)(de)函數關系。實(shi)際上，自(zi)(zi)由(you)流(liu)(liu)區(qu)(qu)與擁擠(ji)區(qu)(qu)不是(shi)完全孤立的(de)(de)(de)，兩者之間存在(zai)著相(xiang)互重疊(die)的(de)(de)(de)部分，這一(yi)區(qu)(qu)域成為亞穩態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)區(qu)(qu)。在(zai)該區(qu)(qu)域內，車(che)流(liu)(liu)有(you)可(ke)能處于自(zi)(zi)由(you)流(liu)(liu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)，有(you)可(ke)能處于擁擠(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)。亞穩態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)區(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)導致了(le)(le)回(hui)滯現象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)發生，即(ji)自(zi)(zi)由(you)流(liu)(liu)到(dao)擁擠(ji)流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)變(bian)(bian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)高于擁擠(ji)流(liu)(liu)到(dao)自(zi)(zi)由(you)流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)。本文對亞穩態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)區(qu)(qu)域導致的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)滯現象(xiang)(xiang)做了(le)(le)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)說明。

考慮回滯現(xian)象的流量-密(mi)(mi)(mi)度關系圖(tu)中，定(ding)義(yi)ki（t）為(wei)第t個時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)元(yuan)(yuan)胞i的車流狀態。假定(ding)ki（t）=0時(shi)(shi)(shi)，表示此元(yuan)(yuan)胞在此時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)處于(yu)自由流狀態。當(dang)(dang)t時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)i元(yuan)(yuan)胞的密(mi)(mi)(mi)度大于(yu)ρc2時(shi)(shi)(shi)，ki（t）=1；當(dang)(dang)t時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)i元(yuan)(yuan)胞的密(mi)(mi)(mi)度小(xiao)于(yu)ρc1時(shi)(shi)(shi)，ki（t）=0；否則，密(mi)(mi)(mi)度處于(yu)兩臨界密(mi)(mi)(mi)度之間時(shi)(shi)(shi)，ki（t）=ki（t-1）。即(ji)：

而元胞(bao)密度可以根據離散(san)化迭代公式(shi)計算(suan)得(de)到。

3 仿真流程設計

根據(ju)考慮回滯現象的(de)可變元胞傳輸模型，在(zai)Matlab環境下(xia)建立(li)交(jiao)(jiao)通流(liu)計(ji)算機仿(fang)真(zhen)流(liu)程。在(zai)仿(fang)真(zhen)中，用(yong)連接路(lu)段的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通流(liu)量和密(mi)度來模擬路(lu)網(wang)上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通流(liu)狀況。在(zai)仿(fang)真(zhen)開始前根據(ju)高速公路(lu)上的(de)實測數據(ju)初始化交(jiao)(jiao)通仿(fang)真(zhen)路(lu)網(wang)所需(xu)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通流(liu)仿(fang)真(zhen)參數。仿(fang)真(zhen)過程主要(yao)分(fen)為流(liu)量計(ji)算、更新模塊和密(mi)度計(ji)算。

在仿(fang)真(zhen)中，利(li)用外(wai)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)仿(fang)真(zhen)一段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車流狀況，外(wai)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)次數(shu)為(wei)仿(fang)真(zhen)總時(shi)間(jian)(jian)與(yu)仿(fang)真(zhen)步長dt的(de)(de)(de)(de)比值取整(zheng)。在可(ke)變元胞(bao)傳輸(shu)模(mo)型(xing)中，仿(fang)真(zhen)步長dt應該取元胞(bao)長度與(yu)自由流速(su)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)比值中的(de)(de)(de)(de)最小值，這樣便(bian)可(ke)以更精確地模(mo)擬出交通流情況。在第(di)一個(ge)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)體(ti)內，考慮(lv)回滯現象的(de)(de)(de)(de)流量(liang)與(yu)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系圖，根據公(gong)式計算(suan)并(bing)執行每個(ge)節(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際流量(liang)，并(bing)記錄流入(ru)每個(ge)元胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凈流量(liang)；在第(di)二個(ge)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)體(ti)內，根據LWR模(mo)型(xing)連續方程的(de)(de)(de)(de)離散化(hua)公(gong)式，執行每個(ge)連接路段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車流密(mi)度。重復執行上述兩(liang)個(ge)模(mo)塊，直(zhi)到判斷外(wai)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)結束(shu)。最后畫出流量(liang)與(yu)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)二維、三維圖，以便(bian)進行分析(xi)。

4 仿(fang)真與結(jie)果分析(xi)

采用可變(bian)元(yuan)(yuan)胞(bao)傳輸(shu)模型進(jin)行仿真，仿真對象為36.56 km的(de)一段西(xi)安(an)高(gao)速公路(lu)(lu)。利用可變(bian)元(yuan)(yuan)胞(bao)傳輸(shu)模型的(de)原(yuan)理將此段高(gao)速公路(lu)(lu)分為由32個元(yuan)(yuan)胞(bao)組成的(de)模型，則此路(lu)(lu)段的(de)元(yuan)(yuan)胞(bao)長度的(de)集合為：

L={0.96，1.0，1.12，1.12，…，1.12，1.12，1.0}km

且第(di)19個節點處有分流匝道。其中(zhong)，擁擠密度為(wei)(wei)(wei)480輛(liang)(liang)/km，自由(you)流速度為(wei)(wei)(wei)39 km/h，路段的最大通行能力為(wei)(wei)(wei)774輛(liang)(liang)/ （h·車道），分流系數為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5，進入(ru)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)路網(wang)進口的平均(jun)車流量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1200輛(liang)(liang)/h。其仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)結(jie)果如圖2所(suo)示。

5 結 語

本(ben)文設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)仿(fang)真(zhen)流(liu)程是基于(yu)可(ke)變元胞(bao)傳輸模型(xing)，在此基礎上模擬道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)分(fen)、匯流(liu)對道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)影響。采用長度可(ke)變的(de)(de)(de)元胞(bao)，并考(kao)慮回(hui)滯現象(xiang)，可(ke)以更(geng)精確(que)地模擬實際的(de)(de)(de)道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)現象(xiang)，更(geng)接近(jin)實際，因而可(ke)以仿(fang)真(zhen)在不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)交(jiao)通(tong)管(guan)(guan)理方(fang)(fang)案下(xia)主(zhu)干(gan)道交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)變化和不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)交(jiao)通(tong)管(guan)(guan)理方(fang)(fang)案下(xia)主(zhu)干(gan)道交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)變化以及進行(xing)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)服務水平下(xia)收費站的(de)(de)(de)瓶頸效(xiao)應等交(jiao)通(tong)仿(fang)真(zhen)。

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