土方工程新技術范文
時間(jian):2024-05-23 17:42:40
導語:如何才能寫好(hao)一篇土方工程新技(ji)術(shu),這就需要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更多(duo)的資料和文獻,歡迎閱(yue)讀由公務(wu)員之家(jia)整(zheng)理(li)的十篇范文,供你(ni)借鑒。
篇1
一(yi)、土木工程建筑施(shi)工技(ji)術創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)必要性(xing)
(一)創(chuang)新是現代建筑(zhu)業的(de)主。創(chuang)新是現代社會進步的(de)主
題(ti),對(dui)建筑施(shi)(shi)工技術來說,想要取得(de)廣闊的發展空間,就必須與時俱(ju)進從自身具備的各個方面(mian)進行創(chuang)新,只有(you)具備了先(xian)進技術水平才能提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)工項目(mu)質量,才能滿足(zu)現代社會的發展需要。
(二(er))有利用(yong)提高企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭(zheng)力。隨著現(xian)代(dai)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)發(fa)展(zhan),建筑(zhu)行(xing)業也面臨著巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰,傳統的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)模式(shi)和管理方(fang)式(shi)都(dou)難以滿足現(xian)代(dai)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)要求,優(you)勝劣(lie)汰的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規律正(zheng)沖擊著傳統施工方(fang)式(shi),建筑(zhu)行(xing)業也迎來(lai)了新的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)大(da)洗牌,因此,企(qi)業要想在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)社會發(fa)展(zhan)潮流中持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan),就(jiu)要創新土木(mu)工程建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)施工技(ji)術,改革管理制(zhi)度,加(jia)強(qiang)施工技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動化與科(ke)技(ji)化,不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)將現(xian)代(dai)科(ke)技(ji)運用(yong)到(dao)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工程建設(she)中來(lai),提高工程施工的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)效益,為(wei)企(qi)業贏得更(geng)加(jia)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭(zheng)力。
二(er)、常見的土木工程施工技術
(一(yi))樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)是土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程地基(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)重要(yao)環節(jie)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員在(zai)進行(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)前,必須制定出科學可行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案,因為構建(jian)地基(ji)(ji)若(ruo)不(bu)按預訂的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案進行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),極(ji)容(rong)易發生地基(ji)(ji)變形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)情況,倘若(ruo)處理不(bu)當還有可能造(zao)成建(jian)筑不(bu)穩定和(he)下沉,給建(jian)筑質量及建(jian)筑的(de)(de)正常使用帶來(lai)安全隱患。根據現(xian)代建(jian)筑的(de)(de)要(yao)求,樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態為正常施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)極(ji)限(xian)(xian)狀態與(yu)承(cheng)載(zai)能力(li)(li)極(ji)限(xian)(xian)狀態兩種(zhong)。建(jian)筑基(ji)(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)又可分為摩擦型(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)端承(cheng)型(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)兩種(zhong)承(cheng)載(zai)形(xing)(xing)式;在(zai)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)建(jian)設(she)(she)時需(xu)要(yao)對樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)的(de)(de)承(cheng)載(zai)能力(li)(li)進行(xing)檢測,在(zai)制作各種(zhong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體時,工(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)計人員應(ying)結合樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)在(zai)不(bu)同情況下的(de)(de)承(cheng)載(zai)能力(li)(li)選擇各種(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)材料。
(二)混凝土施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)。在進行(xing)(xing)混凝土結構施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)結合施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)所的實際情(qing)況,進行(xing)(xing)預(yu)制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)現(xian)澆施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業,靈活(huo)開(kai)展施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong),可以對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地尺寸進行(xing)(xing)預(yu)習標注的,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)則(ze)可以運用預(yu)制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的方法進行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。如(ru)果(guo)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)發現(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地有較(jiao)多(duo)不能預(yu)先(xian)判斷的情(qing)況,則(ze)應(ying)該選(xuan)擇現(xian)場(chang)澆筑技(ji)術(shu)開(kai)展個(ge)性化的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業。
(三)鋼(gang)(gang)結構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。在進(jin)(jin)行鋼(gang)(gang)結構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前應(ying)提前做(zuo)好構件(jian)(jian)(jian)采購、準備(bei)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料及檢測設備(bei)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。嚴格(ge)遵循(xun)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業流程(cheng)是進(jin)(jin)行鋼(gang)(gang)結構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)基礎,注重前后環節的(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie),細致安排施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中不(bu)同構件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)設置,如設置符合(he)規(gui)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)枕木對設備(bei)構件(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)(jin)行支撐,使(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)構件(jian)(jian)(jian)保持清(qing)和干燥,延長構件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming),同時,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)還要(yao)根據不(bu)同材(cai)質的(de)(de)(de)構件(jian)(jian)(jian),選擇(ze)適當的(de)(de)(de)焊接(jie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具和技術等。隨著現(xian)代(dai)鋼(gang)(gang)結構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)鉚(liu)接(jie)技術逐漸被焊接(jie)技術取代(dai),先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)焊接(jie)技術得到(dao)大(da)力的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣。
三、土木工程施工技術的創新
(一)深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)技術(shu)(shu)創(chuang)新。在當前,深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)有效創(chuang)新,主要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)在以下三(san)個方面:(1)樁(zhuang)與錨結合的(de)(de)支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)體系,就(jiu)是在地質條件較(jiao)復雜的(de)(de)地區,使用(yong)先(xian)進技術(shu)(shu),運用(yong)灌注樁(zhuang)與預應力錨桿、錨套(tao)管(guan)等工(gong)藝開展施工(gong);(2)支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)和(he)承重結構相(xiang)結合,就(jiu)是在土木工(gong)程中把(ba)臨時支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)樁(zhuang)、永(yong)久性柱(zhu)、地下室墻(qiang)(qiang)和(he)地下連續(xu)墻(qiang)(qiang)進行(xing)一體化(hua)建設,這樣不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)滿足了支(zhi)擋(dang)(dang)和(he)承重的(de)(de)要(yao)求,并且使施工(gong)速度明顯加(jia)快,大大減(jian)少了工(gong)程建設的(de)(de)經濟支(zhi)出;(3)旋挖,就(jiu)是在對鉆孔柱(zhu)樁(zhuang)進行(xing)施工(gong)時使用(yong)的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu),這種施工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)確保(bao)成孔質量不(bu)(bu)受到不(bu)(bu)良(liang)因素的(de)(de)影響[2]。
(二)新型預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)創新。預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術在土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設中占據著重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)地位(wei),而體(ti)外(wai)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術更是(shi)重(zhong)中之重(zhong),體(ti)現了現代預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術的(de)(de)創新與發展(zhan)。體(ti)外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)用在跨度(du)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程、混凝(ning)土(tu)道路(lu)及特(te)(te)種結(jie)構的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中。體(ti)外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法為(wei)在進行(xing)鋼筋(jin)(jin)張拉(la)力(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時,將(jiang)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)筋(jin)(jin)放置到混凝(ning)土(tu)截面上,新型預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術有(you)(you)粘接和無粘接兩種體(ti)系。粘接體(ti)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)摩擦力(li)(li)(li)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點,后(hou)期施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維護(hu)較(jiao)為(wei)方(fang)便;而無粘接預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)這種施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式則具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)操作簡單(dan)、摩擦損失小,可使用單(dan)根張拉(la)展(zhan)開施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點。由此可見,體(ti)外(wai)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)較(jiao)傳統的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)來說(shuo),更加科學合(he)理,有(you)(you)利于提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益。
四、土(tu)木工程施工技術的創新發展趨勢(shi)
隨著信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)科(ke)技(ji)的進(jin)步及工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)先(xian)進(jin)理(li)論(lun)的不(bu)(bu)斷發展(zhan),未來工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)需要(yao)不(bu)(bu)斷的創(chuang)新與完善才能滿足工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)的要(yao)求,將信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)(bu)斷融(rong)入土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的建設(she)中 有利于提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的施工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率及經濟效(xiao)率,在現(xian)代(dai)技(ji)術(shu)背景下,土(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理(li)機制的智能化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)態化(hua)(hua)、科(ke)技(ji)化(hua)(hua)、自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、生(sheng)態化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)成為必然(ran)趨勢(shi)。
(一)管理(li)(li)機(ji)制(zhi)發(fa)展。管理(li)(li)機(ji)制(zhi)主要(yao)可以通過以下(xia)5種(zhong)方式完善(shan):(1)完善(shan)當前(qian)的管理(li)(li)標準,制(zhi)定(ding)責(ze)任分配,落(luo)實、激發(fa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員的工(gong)作熱情及(ji)創新意(yi)識;(2)認真審核技(ji)術方案及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術設(she)計(ji)之(zhi)后才進行施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong);(3)重視技(ji)術交底(di)及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)(liang),通過多種(zhong)渠(qu)道展開分級處理(li)(li),避免盲目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong),確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)項目的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)(liang);(4)對有限資源進行定(ding)額分配管理(li)(li),減少資源浪費;(5)根據實際施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)情況,制(zhi)定(ding)出科學(xue)合理(li)(li)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案和計(ji)劃(hua)。
(二)科技化發展(zhan)。經濟最(zui)(zui)大化是建筑行業發展(zhan)的最(zui)(zui)高目
標,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)多(duo)少直接影響著土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)發(fa)展進度,通過(guo)土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科技化發(fa)展,不僅能夠(gou)降(jiang)低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價,還能在提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)同時(shi)推(tui)進施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)創新(xin)。通過(guo)對科學(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)使(shi)用來實現對土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)創新(xin),能夠(gou)降(jiang)低(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本,提升工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率,更(geng)能夠(gou)促進施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)的(de)(de)智能化發(fa)展
(三)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)發展。科學技術(shu)不斷進(jin)步和發展,大大促(cu)進(jin)了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)發展。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應用在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)中(zhong)已經非常(chang)成(cheng)熟,因此,土(tu)木工程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)引入自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)施(shi)(shi)工設備,可以將密集(ji)型(xing)的(de)(de)勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)模式轉化(hua)成(cheng)由機器與先進(jin)技術(shu)代替手(shou)工運作(zuo)的(de)(de)現代施(shi)(shi)工模式,施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)件及外部腳(jiao)手(shou)架等工程(cheng)量大、危險系(xi)數高的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工交給機器來完成(cheng),不僅能降低人(ren)工成(cheng)本開(kai)支,大幅度提高施(shi)(shi)工效(xiao)率,還促(cu)進(jin)傳統建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)設方式向(xiang)科技自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)標準化(hua)轉變,使施(shi)(shi)工方式得于優化(hua),為創新土(tu)木工程(cheng)奠定基(ji)礎。
篇2
關鍵詞:土(tu)(tu)質圍堰;粘土(tu)(tu)覆蓋;防滲功能;調試技(ji)術;銜接
0 引言
土質圍堰套抓成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔回填粘(zhan)土心墻通常運用混凝土進行(xing)高(gao)壓旋噴灌輸,但是工(gong)期(qi)(qi)相對(dui)較(jiao)長且(qie)內(nei)部工(gong)藝規范要求嚴(yan)格,任何(he)疏忽狀(zhuang)況都將造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)安全事(shi)故,流失一(yi)定(ding)數(shu)量的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本資金(jin);同時(shi)為了迎合汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)度(du)汛(xun)要求,一(yi)般(ban)不會在單位枯水期(qi)(qi)內(nei)直接(jie)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。相比之下,運用粘(zhan)土圍堰手(shou)段能夠(gou)合理縮(suo)短(duan)工(gong)期(qi)(qi)范圍,遏制(zhi)高(gao)額(e)數(shu)量成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本投入,能夠(gou)順(shun)利應對(dui)汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)內(nei)部一(yi)切(qie)不安狀(zhuang)況。
1 土(tu)質(zhi)圍堰套抓(zhua)成孔回填粘土(tu)心(xin)墻搭設原理以及(ji)適(shi)用狀況論述
粘(zhan)性(xing)土(tu)一(yi)旦進入水(shui)中(zhong)就會(hui)引發團粒膨脹現(xian)象(xiang),材質(zhi)內部(bu)相應地(di)承受(shou)不(bu)均(jun)勻應力(li)(li)(li)影響,使得(de)膠質(zhi)緩慢溶解(jie)并導致團粒水(shui)膜加(jia)厚,其間內部(bu)摩擦力(li)(li)(li)與凝聚力(li)(li)(li)同步減小,土(tu)質(zhi)團粒機理結構自然穩固。日后(hou)會(hui)憑借自身、土(tu)層填土(tu)重力(li)(li)(li)以及滲(shen)(shen)透壓力(li)(li)(li)綜合作用,令排水(shui)過(guo)(guo)渡成(cheng)(cheng)為單(dan)向(xiang)或者雙向(xiang)形態,并逐(zhu)漸(jian)固結成(cheng)(cheng)形;而架構整體(ti)(ti)防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)能力(li)(li)(li)也是在含水(shui)量逐(zhu)漸(jian)均(jun)勻前(qian)提下獲得(de)有(you)效提升(sheng)。為了真正令水(shui)下拋(pao)土(tu)覆蓋層貫徹前(qian)期防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)技術指標,就必須適(shi)當保(bao)留水(shui)下拋(pao)土(tu)體(ti)(ti)在施工前(qian)期呈(cheng)現(xian)的崩解(jie)、密實特性(xing),確保(bao)項目體(ti)(ti)系運行過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)不(bu)至于經(jing)受(shou)不(bu)住水(shui)流沖(chong)擊并衍生滲(shen)(shen)流性(xing)破壞(huai)危(wei)機。
1.1 拋投位(wei)置水深(shen)與流速特征
粘性土(tu)被拋(pao)(pao)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中后會隨著水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)沖擊擴(kuo)散(san),如(ru)果(guo)流(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)穩定在0.5m/s以內,流(liu)(liu)失量也就(jiu)不(bu)會超過(guo)15%;相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)度達(da)到1.2m/s時(shi)(shi),材質(zhi)內部機理(li)就(jiu)會遭受嚴重破壞(huai)并大(da)量流(liu)(liu)失,并且(qie)細粒過(guo)分消(xiao)耗會令水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)拋(pao)(pao)投量擴(kuo)充并降低覆(fu)蓋(gai)結構防滲(shen)性能。所以,技術(shu)人員有(you)必要(yao)(yao)盡量在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)拋(pao)(pao)投施工(gong)期內落實(shi)靜水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓調試(shi)職務(wu),將(jiang)流(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)縮(suo)小至0.5m/s以下(xia)。另一方面,在圍(wei)堰(yan)擋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)運用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,覆(fu)蓋(gai)界面上(shang)的(de)(de)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)度必須做出(chu)(chu)同(tong)步調整,就(jiu)是(shi)做出(chu)(chu)低于(yu)保護措施允(yun)許的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)控制策略,杜絕(jue)任何激(ji)烈沖刷反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),維持覆(fu)蓋(gai)結構完整性與防滲(shen)功效(xiao)。需要(yao)(yao)特別注意的(de)(de)是(shi),拋(pao)(pao)土(tu)工(gong)序中水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深極限值與材料(liao)特性關(guan)聯極深。當粘粒本身歸(gui)屬(shu)于(yu)含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量豐(feng)富的(de)(de)導體時(shi)(shi),在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中不(bu)會輕易(yi)崩解(jie)且(qie)沉降速(su)(su)度快,尤其(qi)在保留水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深適應(ying)(ying)(ying)條件,因此可以在深水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)內部實(shi)現拋(pao)(pao)填(tian);相(xiang)反(fan)如(ru)若內部粘粒含(han)量不(bu)足就(jiu)會導致重要(yao)(yao)土(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)瓦解(jie),下(xia)沉時(shi)(shi)間(jian)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深成(cheng)正比例關(guan)系(xi),也就(jiu)是(shi)說這類(lei)土(tu)相(xiang)對不(bu)適用(yong)于(yu)深水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)拋(pao)(pao)投工(gong)程(cheng)項目。依據過(guo)往水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中拋(pao)(pao)填(tian)實(shi)驗經驗分析(xi),涉及礫質(zhi)土(tu)不(bu)允(yun)許在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深高于(yu)12米條件下(xia)進(jin)行拋(pao)(pao)投,而粘粒含(han)量較豐(feng)富的(de)(de)次生黃土(tu)能夠在13m水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深位置(zhi)形成(cheng)1.46g/cm干密度凝結效(xiao)果(guo),其(qi)間(jian)覆(fu)蓋(gai)體系(xi)滲(shen)透系(xi)數(shu)也會達(da)到5cm/s。
1.2 覆(fu)蓋(gai)結構(gou)地基形態
實施(shi)此(ci)類(lei)施(shi)工項目需要(yao)確保(bao)拋(pao)(pao)投(tou)區(qu)地(di)形結(jie)構(gou)的平(ping)整前提下,適(shi)當(dang)向(xiang)堰體方向(xiang)傾斜,堰基如(ru)若高(gao)低不(bu)平(ping)會(hui)導(dao)致水下拋(pao)(pao)土覆(fu)(fu)蓋層厚度不(bu)均劣勢結(jie)果,情(qing)況嚴重(zhong)時令拋(pao)(pao)投(tou)量(liang)急劇增長并在覆(fu)(fu)蓋層輕薄位(wei)置產生集中滲流現象。但(dan)是主動(dong)向(xiang)堰體外(wai)部傾斜坡度不(bu)高(gao)于(yu)自(zi)然穩(wen)(wen)定邊坡時,覆(fu)(fu)蓋層相對就會(hui)完(wan)整一些。為了切實穩(wen)(wen)固邊坡基礎,需要(yao)拋(pao)(pao)投(tou)足(zu)夠(gou)數(shu)量(liang)的粘(zhan)土。而(er)(er)當(dang)地(di)形斜坡程度超過(guo)水下拋(pao)(pao)投(tou)自(zi)然邊坡時,覆(fu)(fu)蓋層自(zi)然難以(yi)完(wan)善。為了科學(xue)抑(yi)制此(ci)類(lei)隱患滋生,現場技(ji)術(shu)人員可以(yi)考慮(lv)應用石(shi)渣擋(dang)土堤予以(yi)防護,進而(er)(er)全面(mian)穩(wen)(wen)定水下拋(pao)(pao)土體。
2 粘土材質選用標(biao)準(zhun)研究
在水下(xia)(xia)進行粘(zhan)土覆蓋主要(yao)是為了強化堰基防(fang)滲性能,所以拋出的(de)土料需要(yao)在水下(xia)(xia)完成崩解與(yu)固結程序(xu),賦(fu)予(yu)管制面域(yu)特有(you)的(de)防(fang)滲功效,主動迎合邊坡穩定需求。
首(shou)先,土質(zhi)選(xuan)取上盡量確保天然含水量較高(gao)的可塑肥粘土,杜絕硬質(zhi)且粉粒(li)含量高(gao)且粘粒(li)含量低(di)于的17%的土質(zhi)。
其(qi)次,土料含水量檢(jian)測上(shang)需(xu)要(yao)透過(guo)科學實驗材料證明,須知一般粘土等對(dui)水下拋土體(ti)防滲性能會造成深度影響。
再次,拋土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊徑(jing)確(que)認過程中(zhong)由于粘(zhan)圭特殊材質(zhi)性能影響,包括塊徑(jing)過大會令(ling)水(shui)中(zhong)不易(yi)軟化等(deng)會衍生體系(xi)架空現(xian)象(xiang);過小會令(ling)粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)未沉(chen)入水(shui)底就瓦解完(wan)畢,后(hou)期土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體含水(shui)量(liang)充裕且難以固(gu)結,制約拋土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)覆蓋層穩定(ding)功(gong)效(xiao)。因(yin)此技術人員在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)塊徑(jing)控制上(shang)(shang)最(zui)好穩定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10~20cm之間,同時依照(zhao)塊徑(jing)不超過兩倍含水(shui)量(liang)變化規則進行深度精(jing)確(que)計(ji)算。例如:某類工(gong)程項目在(zai)(zai)(zai)設置(zhi)低水(shui)圍堰過程中(zhong),上(shang)(shang)游(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體塊徑(jing)控制在(zai)(zai)(zai)10~20cm內部(bu),僅(jin)僅(jin)少許達到30cm。發現(xian)部(bu)分(fen)超徑(jing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊已經被(bei)以崩解的小土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊所包裹并架空,因(yin)為大土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)塊在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)表層濕(shi)潤軟化現(xian)象(xiang)顯著,同時會在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)重(zhong)力引導下進行內部(bu)機理(li)因(yin)素相互積壓。使(shi)得拋土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)初(chu)期形成的架空區逐漸潰(kui)散。
最后,崩(beng)解(jie)速(su)度(du)調試(shi)上需(xu)要(yao)結合(he)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)化(hua)學性質(zhi)與顆粒組成規則(ze)進行同步確認。需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)是,鈣粘性土(tu)(tu)(tu)親水(shui)性能(neng)不(bu)穩且容(rong)易引發分(fen)解(jie)狀況;而鈉粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)親水(shui)性能(neng)較強且遇水(shui)容(rong)易分(fen)散。而肥粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)在實現浸(jin)水(shui)半小時后材質(zhi)崩(beng)解(jie)量也不(bu)會超出5%,后期崩(beng)解(jie)速(su)度(du)會隨(sui)著含水(shui)量減(jian)少而逐漸緩慢。按照(zhao)客觀(guan)視角審視,5cmx5cmx5cm土(tu)(tu)(tu)塊入水(shui)后能(neng)夠在15s內完全(quan)浸(jin)透,并且部分(fen)濕化(hua)崩(beng)解(jie)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料對于(yu)水(shui)下(xia)拋土(tu)(tu)(tu)模(mo)式適應能(neng)力更強。
3 施工其(qi)間(jian)相關(guan)工程力學性質解析
向水(shui)中(zhong)拋填的粘土(tu)材質需要(yao)保留適當的密度(du)與(yu)含水(shui)量特(te)征,尤其(qi)在坡腳(jiao)外延(yan)水(shui)平位置(zhi)結構工程(cheng)力學性(xing)(xing)質分布(bu)較為均勻,土(tu)體(ti)深度(du)方向土(tu)體(ti)密度(du)與(yu)防滲性(xing)(xing)能(neng)會緩緩增長。
3.1 水(shui)中拋土覆(fu)蓋(gai)結構(gou)外觀形(xing)態
壤(rang)土自(zi)身(shen)凝聚力(li)度(du)不足且在(zai)水中沉降期間崩解速度(du)飛快,因此(ci)施工人員(yuan)在(zai)進(jin)行此(ci)類拋填工序(xu)時會(hui)(hui)在(zai)覆蓋層(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面進(jin)行流動(dong)(dong)性細(xi)粒(li)沉積效果補充;而依靠粘土完(wan)成拋填動(dong)(dong)作的覆蓋層(ceng)(ceng)面僅僅在(zai)坡(po)肢位置就會(hui)(hui)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)形成保有流動(dong)(dong)性的細(xi)粒(li)沉積層(ceng)(ceng),坡(po)面由此(ci)變得平緩起來。
3.2 粘(zhan)土覆蓋層顆粒組成模(mo)式
結合(he)水(shui)下粘土(tu)(tu)覆(fu)蓋層(ceng)異質化厚度狀況進(jin)行(xing)取樣實驗分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析,發現處于水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的粘土(tu)(tu)材質在(zai)形成覆(fu)蓋層(ceng)過后,除了坡腳(jiao)位置一(yi)般(ban)不會(hui)(hui)因為粗細顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)而(er)同(tong)步滋生(sheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)沉積跡(ji)象。但現實中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)下如若(ruo)拋(pao)投礫質土(tu)(tu)時,會(hui)(hui)在(zai)粗細顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)激發分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)沉積特征,令粗顆(ke)粒(li)透過頂部向下逐漸堆積,粒(li)徑均勻粗顆(ke)粒(li)大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)便會(hui)(hui)在(zai)坡腳(jiao)底層(ceng)凝結。因此(ci)在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)水(shui)下拋(pao)投粘性土(tu)(tu)或者風(feng)化砂混合(he)物料階段中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),針對結構分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)流(liu)與防滲性能進(jin)行(xing)綜合(he)鑒定是十分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)必(bi)要的。
3.3 防滲性能
向水下(xia)拋投(tou)的粘(zhan)性(xing)土后期滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)基(ji)本(ben)都會(hui)(hui)達到10-4cm/s,并且(qie)會(hui)(hui)透(tou)(tou)(tou)過土料粉粒減小而(er)逐漸擴充(chong)。如若顆(ke)粒含量不(bu)能超(chao)(chao)過12%,拋投(tou)體(ti)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)自然就(jiu)大于(yu)上述標(biao)準值,既定覆蓋(gai)防滲(shen)(shen)(shen)指標(biao)就(jiu)難(nan)以充(chong)分落(luo)實。須知超(chao)(chao)過塑(su)限含水量的粘(zhan)土形成(cheng)的水下(xia)拋填體(ti),基(ji)本(ben)上呈現出團(tuan)粒與塊粒結構形態,架(jia)空(kong)現象廣布(bu),滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)高漲(zhang),但是(shi)個(ge)中情況(kuang)(kuang)會(hui)(hui)隨著時間推(tui)移產生變化。當滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)逐漸趨近(jin)并低于(yu)標(biao)準值時,特別是(shi)在(zai)垂直(zhi)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)狀況(kuang)(kuang)之下(xia),壤土崩(beng)解性(xing)能就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)提升,其(qi)間拋填體(ti)基(ji)本(ben)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)輕易形成(cheng)連續(xu)格式的滲(shen)(shen)(shen)流渠道,受(shou)到滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)壓密作(zuo)用特征相對明顯一些;而(er)粘(zhan)土卻(que)產生完全(quan)相反的結果。所以,在(zai)統一密實條件(jian)下(xia),壤土滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)超(chao)(chao)過粘(zhan)土;而(er)在(zai)水平滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)空(kong)間下(xia),壤土又(you)會(hui)(hui)容易受(shou)到沖(chong)擊力(li)度(du)影(ying)響而(er)潰散,令(ling)其(qi)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)破(po)壞性(xing)能不(bu)超(chao)(chao)過粘(zhan)土材(cai)質。
4 粘土心墻防滲(shen)施工技術(shu)措(cuo)施補充
造(zao)墻(qiang)具體采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)自(zi)凝(ning)灰漿、鉆(zhan)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)、常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)三(san)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)組合(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。自(zi)凝(ning)灰漿由水(shui)泥、膨(peng)潤土、緩凝(ning)劑(ji)、分(fen)散(san)劑(ji)與水(shui)配置而成(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)抓(zhua)斗、反鏟(chan)挖(wa)槽(cao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),將這(zhe)種漿液(ye)注入槽(cao)孔(kong)(kong)中(zhong),起固壁作用(yong)(yong),固化(hua)(hua)后為(wei)(wei)防滲墻(qiang)體。在(zai)(zai)(zai)我國(guo)雖有(you)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實例(li),但在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)型水(shui)電站土石(shi)圍堰(yan)防滲工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)尚(shang)未應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。據規(gui)模(mo)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前的(de)(de)現場試(shi)驗結(jie)論看(kan):墻(qiang)體強度低(di),墻(qiang)下第一(yi)段(duan)灌漿有(you)被(bei)掏(tao)空的(de)(de)可(ke)能,宜布置在(zai)(zai)(zai)堰(yan)體填筑(zhu)最早,造(zao)墻(qiang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)最長的(de)(de)部位,以便對(dui)墻(qiang)下帷幕(mu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行重(zhong)復灌漿。由于(yu)漿液(ye)固化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)雖然(ran)可(ke)通過(guo)配比調(diao)節,但調(diao)節范(fan)圍只限于(yu)24h內(nei),當槽(cao)深較大(da)難以在(zai)(zai)(zai)漿液(ye)固化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)前成(cheng)(cheng)槽(cao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不宜采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong),故布置在(zai)(zai)(zai)右側。鉆(zhan)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)實際是常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)鉆(zhan)、噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)合(he)一(yi)的(de)(de)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)鉆(zhan)、噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)分(fen)離,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序有(you):造(zao)孔(kong)(kong)移開鉆(zhan)機(ji)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)機(ji)就位孔(kong)(kong)口試(shi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)、下噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)管上提(ti)開噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)等。一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)簡化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei):鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)投球、上提(ti)開噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)二道,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)。常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)合(he)金(jin)鉆(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)或金(jin)剛石(shi)鉆(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)及其(qi)它沖擊等鉆(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong),一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)鉆(zhan)具采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)石(shi)油勘(kan)探牙輪鉆(zhan)頭(tou)(tou),其(qi)結(jie)構特(te)殊(shu)、壽命長、鉆(zhan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)速度快,能適應(ying)各種地層全斷面(mian)鉆(zhan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)。鑒于(yu)一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、新設(she)備、新機(ji)具,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)經驗不多,為(wei)(wei)確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布置時(shi)(shi)(shi)將其(qi)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)以備一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)設(she)備出現問(wen)題時(shi)(shi)(shi)常規(gui)高(gao)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)補救(jiu)。
5 結語
綜上所述(shu),實(shi)施粘(zhan)土覆蓋(gai)形(xing)式的心(xin)墻防(fang)滲工(gong)程并不(bu)如想象般困難,須知粘(zhan)土覆蓋(gai)柔(rou)性效(xiao)應強烈(lie)且需要與填土體、岸坡(po)以及現澆混凝(ning)土材質合成一體,才能全(quan)面適應心(xin)墻地基(ji)變形(xing)現象;隨著(zhu)泥沙不(bu)斷淤積,實(shi)際上墻體結構(gou)防(fang)滲功效(xiao)全(quan)面提(ti)升。由(you)此可(ke)見,此類(lei)技術手段是值得(de)在圍堰擋水建筑中大力推廣的透(tou)水地基(ji)防(fang)滲手段。
參考文獻:
[1]李(li)紅濤(tao).帷(wei)幕灌漿防滲技術在土石圍堰中的應(ying)用(yong)[J].科技信息,2011,20(19):85-103.
篇3
關鍵詞:園林工程(cheng);新(xin)技(ji)術;新(xin)材料
引言
時代的(de)進步不(bu)斷的(de)提高人(ren)們(men)的(de)生活水平,園(yuan)林工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)給現代化城(cheng)市增加了無(wu)限(xian)光彩(cai)。科學技(ji)術水平不(bu)斷地上升,現代園(yuan)林工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術與新(xin)(xin)材料的(de)應(ying)用(yong)十分(fen)重要,如(ru)何在(zai)園(yuan)林施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)更好(hao)的(de)展現新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術與新(xin)(xin)材料的(de)應(ying)用(yong),成為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)探討的(de)重要話(hua)題(ti)。
1 園林土方工程中新(xin)技術新(xin)材料(liao)的應用
1.1 園林(lin)土方工程中新材料的應用
科技創新(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)滋生了多種新(xin)型材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研發和應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong),以下將(jiang)對目前園(yuan)林工程(cheng)中(zhong)三(san)種新(xin)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進行簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)分析:一是(shi)架(jia)(jia)空(kong)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。架(jia)(jia)空(kong)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)以其獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)特(te)性(xing)在生態建設施工中(zhong)得到了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和推(tui)廣,它也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)新(xin)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)代表之一。園(yuan)林工程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)架(jia)(jia)空(kong)磚(zhuan)(zhuan),可以更好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升土層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)能,同時本身存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)架(jia)(jia)空(kong)壓力(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)給滲(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)提(ti)供了便(bian)(bian)利(li);二是(shi)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)盲溝(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)盲溝(gou)具有(you)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)(hao)額入地(di)功能,且入地(di)之后變形(xing)能力(li)強(qiang),具有(you)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嵌入性(xing),再(zai)加上(shang)這(zhe)種材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)便(bian)(bian)于運輸且較為輕便(bian)(bian),所(suo)以施工過程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)比較方便(bian)(bian)。塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)盲溝(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)較好(hao)(hao)(hao),多項工程(cheng)施工都可以應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong),特(te)別是(shi)在排水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)最(zui)多;三(san)是(shi)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于路面(mian)(mian)鋪地(di),由(you)于這(zhe)種材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)具有(you)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)和保水(shui)(shui)性(xing)能,在施工中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可以將(jiang)表層(ceng)路面(mian)(mian)水(shui)(shui)直接滲(shen)(shen)入到地(di)表,部(bu)分還會(hui)存留于磚(zhuan)(zhuan)內揮(hui)發到空(kong)氣中(zhong)調節(jie)空(kong)氣濕(shi)度。
1.2 園林(lin)土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)程中新技(ji)術應用
園林工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)和(he)(he)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)一樣都是采用(yong)機械設備進(jin)行施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),在(zai)(zai)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)進(jin)行機械作(zuo)業的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中還需要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)以下幾方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術難點和(he)(he)問題:一是要(yao)(yao)(yao)充分了解土(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容,加強對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)底(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),使得(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)能夠在(zai)(zai)了解施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場情(qing)況和(he)(he)設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)點的(de)(de)(de)基礎上進(jin)行;二(er)是表(biao)土(tu)(tu)處理技(ji)(ji)術。土(tu)(tu)方(fang)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肯定會對(dui)表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)進(jin)行破壞和(he)(he)開挖(wa),但由于表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)很(hen)多(duo)有益于植被(bei)生長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)分,所以要(yao)(yao)(yao)做好表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)保護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)作(zuo)業時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)統一進(jin)行貯存(cun),結束后(hou)再努力(li)將(jiang)表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)恢復(fu)原(yuan)狀;三是要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)放(fang)線位(wei)置(zhi)進(jin)行多(duo)次(ci)檢查和(he)(he)校(xiao)準,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)很(hen)容易對(dui)放(fang)線位(wei)置(zhi)進(jin)行破壞,應該(gai)盡量避免(mian)并做好提示標志(zhi)。
2 園林筑(zhu)山工(gong)程中的(de)新(xin)材(cai)料新(xin)技術的(de)應(ying)用
建(jian)筑材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創新發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)也為園(yuan)林(lin)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筑山工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)提(ti)(ti)供了更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)空間,比如(ru)很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)制品在(zai)工(gong)藝(yi)創新之后產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)像(xiang)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)面磚(zhuan)、錦磚(zhuan)等新型(xing)材(cai)料(liao),再(zai)加(jia)上(shang)壁畫技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),二者的(de)(de)(de)(de)融合給人(ren)們創造(zao)了美好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)沖擊,將(jiang)(jiang)這些材(cai)料(liao)以(yi)(yi)及壁畫工(gong)藝(yi)應用(yong)在(zai)園(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筑山施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中,不僅(jin)(jin)可以(yi)(yi)給人(ren)們以(yi)(yi)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺體驗(yan),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)園(yuan)林(lin)景觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)性(xing)和吸引力。另(ling)外近(jin)年來隨著科技創新產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)透水磚(zhuan),將(jiang)(jiang)其鋪設(she)在(zai)園(yuan)林(lin)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)休閑區(qu)域,不僅(jin)(jin)可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)美觀程(cheng)(cheng)度(du),還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)滲水能力,符合環(huan)保(bao)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)思路和理念。同(tong)時對于筑山工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi),近(jin)年來塑(su)山施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)不斷應用(yong)和推(tui)廣(guang),不僅(jin)(jin)造(zao)價低,而且形(xing)象逼真(zhen),適合園(yuan)林(lin)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)加(jia)強應用(yong)和推(tui)廣(guang)。
3 施工(gong)新技術在園林工(gong)程中的(de)應用分析
施工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)創(chuang)新一直都是建設工(gong)程發(fa)展的(de)(de)重(zhong)點和難(nan)點,加(jia)強(qiang)施工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)創(chuang)新和應用可(ke)以大(da)大(da)提高施工(gong)質量水(shui)平,為企業發(fa)展創(chuang)造更多(duo)的(de)(de)競爭優勢。目前(qian)施工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)創(chuang)新主要依(yi)賴于科學技(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)新,以下(xia)將對(dui)兩種(zhong)園林工(gong)程施工(gong)新技(ji)術(shu)進行具體分析和介(jie)紹。
3.1 微(wei)灌(guan)溉技(ji)術的應(ying)用
園林工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)很多內(nei)容都和(he)綠色植(zhi)被的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)種移植(zhi)有關(guan),因(yin)此對(dui)于(yu)綠色植(zhi)被作物的(de)(de)(de)(de)灌溉(gai)(gai)也是常見施工作業之一(yi)(yi)。微(wei)(wei)灌溉(gai)(gai)技(ji)術是一(yi)(yi)種借(jie)助微(wei)(wei)灌溉(gai)(gai)設備對(dui)各(ge)種植(zhi)被進行(xing)(xing)灌溉(gai)(gai)和(he)澆水(shui)作業的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術,這種技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)可(ke)以對(dui)水(shui)資(zi)源進行(xing)(xing)更合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong),利用(yong)微(wei)(wei)型噴頭將(jiang)水(shui)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)噴灌在園林苗木中較小(xiao)流(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)能(neng)有效緩解苗木周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤部(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)濕潤,該技(ji)術具體(ti)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)(bu)性,能(neng)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)節約(yue)水(shui)資(zi)源,且節水(shui)效率高達(da)百分之九十之上。
3.2 液壓噴播(bo)技術(shu)的應(ying)用
液壓(ya)噴(pen)(pen)播(bo)技(ji)在園林植(zhi)(zhi)草(cao)(cao)護坡中(zhong)的應(ying)(ying)用(yong),主要(yao)是用(yong)肥料、土壤(rang)改良(liang)劑(ji)(ji)、草(cao)(cao)籽、保水劑(ji)(ji)、粘合劑(ji)(ji)以及染色劑(ji)(ji)等根(gen)據一定的配合比混合,再借(jie)助施工機(ji)械加(jia)大(da)噴(pen)(pen)射壓(ya)力將其噴(pen)(pen)射到需要(yao)植(zhi)(zhi)草(cao)(cao)護坡坡面的施工技(ji)術。該技(ji)術具(ju)(ju)有施工簡便、施工工期短,并能有效的提升施工效率,最(zui)重要(yao)的是確保草(cao)(cao)坪均勻的發(fa)芽,不僅具(ju)(ju)有巨大(da)的應(ying)(ying)用(yong)價(jia)值(zhi)且造價(jia)相對校對較低。液壓(ya)噴(pen)(pen)播(bo)技(ji)術作為(wei)一種新型(xing)的械化的技(ji)術,可以更好的促進邊(bian)坡生態植(zhi)(zhi)物的快生快長,因此在園林植(zhi)(zhi)草(cao)(cao)護坡中(zhong)具(ju)(ju)有很高(gao)的應(ying)(ying)用(yong)價(jia)值(zhi),值(zhi)得廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)和推廣(guang)。
4 結束語
園(yuan)林工(gong)程已經成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)城市建(jian)設工(gong)程的(de)重要組成(cheng)部分(fen),并(bing)(bing)逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)人們工(gong)作生活中(zhong)的(de)一部分(fen)。為(wei)(wei)了更好的(de)滿(man)足城市建(jian)設和人們生活的(de)需要,當前(qian)的(de)園(yuan)林工(gong)程施工(gong)必須(xu)吸收和學(xue)習國外工(gong)程的(de)建(jian)設經驗,并(bing)(bing)根據自身的(de)實際情況加(jia)強(qiang)施工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)創(chuang)新(xin)和新(xin)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)引入應用(yong),為(wei)(wei)園(yuan)林工(gong)程的(de)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)創(chuang)造(zao)良好的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)條件。本文(wen)雖然(ran)根據自身的(de)工(gong)程實踐總(zong)結了幾方(fang)面(mian)新(xin)材(cai)料(liao)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)具體應用(yong),但是(shi)這些并(bing)(bing)不是(shi)目前(qian)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)新(xin)材(cai)料(liao)應用(yong)的(de)止步(bu)和全部,在園(yuan)林工(gong)程的(de)進步(bu)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過程中(zhong),各(ge)方(fang)也(ye)應該加(jia)強(qiang)實踐經驗的(de)總(zong)結,努力在實踐中(zhong)創(chuang)新(xin)更多(duo)的(de)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。
參考文獻
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[2]湯輝,葉瑞盈(ying),陳錦濟(ji).基(ji)于視(shi)覺感知的城市(shi)兒童公園入(ru)口空間吸引力(li)研究――以廣州市(shi)區兒童公園為例[J].中(zhong)國園林,2016(07).
[3]唐(tang)嫵妍,唐(tang)莉英.公共(gong)景觀設計與(yu)公共(gong)藝術(shu)的比(bi)較研究[J].旅游縱覽(下(xia)半(ban)月),2016(07).
篇4
關鍵詞:地形、土(tu)方設計、清(qing)表(biao)、清(qing)淤(yu)、地下水、土(tu)方平衡
Abstract: the earthwork in actual construction process, the site of the whole of earth and the "s" shape design deployment table quality importance are often neglected. This article from the relevant regulations and relevant information, combined with the practical work, and puts forward some design and construction of ideas and Suggestions.
Keywords: terrain, turkmen design, clear watch, "s" shape, groundwater, turkmen balance
中圖(tu)分類號:U615.4 文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼:A文(wen)章編號:
某工程(cheng)(cheng)原(yuan)始地(di)(di)貌為殘(can)丘(qiu)坡地(di)(di),整(zheng)個建設范圍內,溝壑縱橫,植被(bei)茂密(mi),自然(ran)沖擊溝和(he)(he)(he)自然(ran)小型水塘眾(zhong)多(duo),地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)勢(shi)特(te)別復雜(za)。規劃要求對該地(di)(di)塊進(jin)行(xing)場地(di)(di)平整(zheng),并最終建設成一大規模的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術產業園區,規劃的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術產業園區內分布有眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)市(shi)政道路(lu)和(he)(he)(he)市(shi)政配套(tao)設施。道路(lu)和(he)(he)(he)場地(di)(di)建設既有高(gao)(gao)填方(fang),也有深挖(wa)方(fang),道路(lu)沿(yan)其走向所通過(guo)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質條件(jian)變化劇烈,工程(cheng)(cheng)設計和(he)(he)(he)建設難度(du)較(jiao)大。
總的設計施工順序為:土(tu)方平整設計測(ce)量放樣修筑施工便道清(qing)(qing)除(chu)(chu)綠化(hua)植被、清(qing)(qing)障、清(qing)(qing)除(chu)(chu)民宅及宅基、魚塘抽水清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)土(tu)石方開(kai)挖回填、余土(tu)外運。
本文對作(zuo)為前期(qi)重要工作(zuo)的(de)土(tu)方平整(zheng)設計(ji)以及清(qing)除綠化植被、清(qing)障、清(qing)除民宅(zhai)及宅(zhai)基、魚塘抽水清(qing)淤(yu)進行(xing)探(tan)討。
一、土方設計
地形(xing)是整個工程(cheng)(cheng)的骨(gu)架(jia),也是其(qi)他工程(cheng)(cheng)的基礎,地形(xing)處理的正確與否直接(jie)影響到其(qi)他工程(cheng)(cheng)的實施使用,直接(jie)影響到整個工程(cheng)(cheng)的景觀,而且地形(xing)一經定局,再要改變(bian)則牽涉面廣,困(kun)難大(da)。因此(ci)好的土方設計顯(xian)得尤為重要。
(一)計算方法
在施工(gong)(gong)過程中,地(di)形改造除挖湖堆山,還有(you)許多大大小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)各種用途的(de)(de)(de)地(di)坪、緩坡(po)(po)地(di)需要平(ping)(ping)(ping)整。平(ping)(ping)(ping)整場地(di)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作是(shi)將原來高低不平(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)、比(bi)較破碎的(de)(de)(de)地(di)形按(an)要求整理成為平(ping)(ping)(ping)坦的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)一定坡(po)(po)度的(de)(de)(de)場地(di),整理這類地(di)塊的(de)(de)(de)土方計算最適宜(yi)用方格網法。
方(fang)格(ge)(ge)網(wang)法是把平整場地(di)的(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)工(gong)作和土方(fang)量計(ji)(ji)算工(gong)作結合在一起(qi)進行的(de)(de)。此(ci)法容易掌(zhang)握且(qie)也是較(jiao)為行之有效的(de)(de),其計(ji)(ji)算精(jing)度(du)與準(zhun)確性,依賴于所參(can)照(zhao)地(di)形圖(tu)的(de)(de)比例精(jing)度(du)以及計(ji)(ji)算方(fang)格(ge)(ge)網(wang)的(de)(de)密(mi)度(du)(方(fang)格(ge)(ge)網(wang)采用(yong)的(de)(de)邊長越(yue)小(xiao)、越(yue)密(mi)集,所計(ji)(ji)算的(de)(de)土方(fang)量精(jing)度(du)越(yue)高)。
(二)設計控制
土(tu)方(fang)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)一(yi)般(ban)有兩種依據,一(yi)是土(tu)方(fang)地塊的(de)整(zheng)體規(gui)劃(hua),二是土(tu)地使用(yong)單位的(de)單體布(bu)局(ju)控制標高。在土(tu)方(fang)工程實(shi)際設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)過程中,由于規(gui)劃(hua)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與實(shi)際施工有先后,我們(men)往往會遇到以下幾(ji)個(ge)問題:
1、依賴規(gui)劃控制點標高進行設(she)計,未考慮(lv)周全細節(jie)
首先,規(gui)劃往往對整個規(gui)劃片區進(jin)(jin)行統一(yi)(yi)的(de)土(tu)方平衡,從總體來(lai)(lai)看是(shi)經濟有效(xiao)的(de)。而實際(ji)實施(shi)往往都是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個地塊(kuai)接一(yi)(yi)個地塊(kuai)的(de)進(jin)(jin)行單獨(du)設(she)計施(shi)工(gong),由于資金短缺、征地拆(chai)遷、青苗(miao)補償等因(yin)素其余未涉及的(de)地塊(kuai)不(bu)能同時施(shi)工(gong),導(dao)致(zhi)正在施(shi)工(gong)的(de)地塊(kuai)不(bu)能利用規(gui)劃設(she)計中(zhong)所預計的(de)取土(tu)、棄土(tu)點,增加了(le)場地土(tu)方處理的(de)投資,并對施(shi)工(gong)周期帶來(lai)(lai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)影響。
其次,如果(guo)嚴格按(an)照整體規劃(hua)控(kong)制標高進行設計,局部(bu)地(di)(di)塊高度、坡(po)降等(deng)等(deng)很可(ke)能(neng)不利(li)于地(di)(di)塊內(nei)部(bu)功(gong)能(neng)建筑安(an)排、排水(shui)排污等(deng)設施布置(zhi)。
2、依(yi)靠單體(ti)片區的設(she)計布局,脫(tuo)離整體(ti)規劃
首先,由于土方工程設計是(shi)為了一個(ge)地(di)(di)塊能夠具體投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)進行(xing)的(de)前期工作,往(wang)往(wang)每個(ge)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)單位只從自(zi)己的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)需(xu)求以及(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率考慮,脫離整個(ge)大(da)片(pian)區(qu)的(de)統一規劃,造成(cheng)周(zhou)邊(bian)地(di)(di)塊陸續(xu)建(jian)成(cheng)后片(pian)區(qu)的(de)整體性(xing)、協調性(xing)大(da)打(da)折扣;與周(zhou)邊(bian)市政道路、管網(wang)等(deng)接駁不暢,導致增加投資(zi)、影響周(zhou)邊(bian)建(jian)筑(zhu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
其次,單個地(di)塊的土(tu)方購(gou)入、堆砌(qi)脫離(li)規劃,造成有土(tu)不(bu)能用(yong)、有地(di)不(bu)能填,重復(fu)填埋(mai)挖除(chu)等(deng),導致極大(da)的浪(lang)費。以及無序的開(kai)挖與拋(pao)填,對相(xiang)關區域造成不(bu)良(liang)影響。
(三)結論
土(tu)(tu)方(fang)設(she)計(ji)關(guan)系(xi)到整個(ge)場地(di)(di)的(de)工程(cheng)量、土(tu)(tu)方(fang)填挖平衡以及總體(ti)投資,設(she)計(ji)前期應(ying)盡可(ke)能收集(ji)完(wan)善的(de)資料(高(gao)精度(du)地(di)(di)形圖,用(yong)地(di)(di)地(di)(di)塊所屬片區整體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)資料,勘(kan)察資料,用(yong)地(di)(di)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)使(shi)用(yong)布局資料)。并以區域(yu)性詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)為(wei)最基(ji)本依(yi)(yi)據(ju),在總體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)控制(zhi)標(biao)高(gao)的(de)前提下,根據(ju)單(dan)個(ge)地(di)(di)塊使(shi)用(yong)要求進行合理配置(zhi)(zhi),既(ji)不盲目依(yi)(yi)照規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)標(biao)高(gao)進行場地(di)(di)設(she)計(ji),也不完(wan)全脫離規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。在設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)中盡量與(yu)相關(guan)部門(土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、市政(zheng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)單(dan)位(wei)(wei))進行緊密溝通協調(diao),合理控制(zhi)標(biao)高(gao),布置(zhi)(zhi)取土(tu)(tu)點、棄(qi)土(tu)(tu)點。避免地(di)(di)塊間銜接不順(shun)、市政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路標(biao)高(gao)差異過(guo)大、管道(dao)(dao)設(she)施(shi)(shi)接駁不暢(chang)等(deng)問題(ti)的(de)出現。
二、場地清理
場地(di)清理(li)工作(zuo)包括(kuo)清理(li)、清除殘渣、去除表土、處理(li)規定范圍(wei)內的(de)所有(you)草木(mu)和(he)石(shi)礫、清除魚塘溝(gou)渠水澆(jiao)地(di)等(deng)存在(zai)(zai)淤泥等(deng)不(bu)(bu)良地(di)質,除非有(you)些物(wu)品是指定保(bao)留在(zai)(zai)原地(di)上的(de)或是按照(zhao)規范的(de)其它章節(jie)的(de)要求不(bu)(bu)清除的(de)。這項(xiang)工作(zuo)還(huan)包括(kuo)保(bao)護所有(you)指定留下的(de)草木(mu)和(he)物(wu)質不(bu)(bu)受損(sun)害和(he)毀(hui)壞。
(一)清表土
填方段(duan)(duan)一般(ban)清表(biao)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)15cm,在過水澆地段(duan)(duan),由于水澆地腐質(zhi)土(tu)厚(hou)(hou)度較厚(hou)(hou),清表(biao)厚(hou)(hou)度一般(ban)控制在30cm左右,對于個別段(duan)(duan)耕(geng)植土(tu)、腐質(zhi)土(tu)厚(hou)(hou)度較厚(hou)(hou),需要加深清表(biao)厚(hou)(hou)度,清表(biao)原(yuan)則為(wei)徹底清除填土(tu)范圍內的耕(geng)植土(tu)和腐質(zhi)土(tu)。
挖(wa)(wa)方段清(qing)表(biao)(biao)厚(hou)度為(wei)徹底清(qing)除(chu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)體坡面的草皮、耕植土(tu)、腐質土(tu)。路(lu)塹(qian)段清(qing)表(biao)(biao)在(zai)測量放樣邊(bian)線(xian)范(fan)圍(wei)內,采用挖(wa)(wa)掘(jue)機自上(shang)而下挖(wa)(wa)除(chu)清(qing)表(biao)(biao)。如山(shan)(shan)(shan)體坡面較陡,在(zai)清(qing)表(biao)(biao)前(qian)應先(xian)修(xiu)筑施工機械上(shang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)便(bian)道(dao)。在(zai)半(ban)填半(ban)挖(wa)(wa)段,清(qing)表(biao)(biao)至山(shan)(shan)(shan)腳(jiao)處(chu),由推土(tu)機橫向推土(tu)集堆。在(zai)全(quan)斷面挖(wa)(wa)方段,可(ke)視(shi)實(shi)際地形,自上(shang)而下用挖(wa)(wa)掘(jue)機清(qing)表(biao)(biao),在(zai)通往便(bian)道(dao)的地段,堆集土(tu)堆。如山(shan)(shan)(shan)體坡面較陡,修(xiu)筑施工便(bian)道(dao)困難,清(qing)表(biao)(biao)在(zai)路(lu)塹(qian)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)過程中,邊(bian)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)清(qing)表(biao)(biao)。
(二)魚塘、溝渠(qu)清淤
采用(yong)水泵對魚(yu)塘(tang)進(jin)行(xing)抽(chou)(chou)水,將(jiang)魚(yu)塘(tang)里的(de)水排(pai)到現(xian)狀溝渠或者臨時排(pai)水溝。抽(chou)(chou)水完成(cheng)后進(jin)行(xing)清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)開挖,清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)要將(jiang)全部淤(yu)泥(ni)徹底(di)清(qing)(qing)理干凈,直至(zhi)露出(chu)原狀土層為(wei)止。把淤(yu)泥(ni)徹底(di)清(qing)(qing)理干凈并(bing)用(yong)封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)運輸車拉至(zhi)指定的(de)地點丟棄。淤(yu)泥(ni)清(qing)(qing)除(chu)后,塘(tang)底(di)大致平整,不(bu)存在(zai)大面積(ji)凹(ao)凸不(bu)平現(xian)象,并(bing)做(zuo)出(chu)2%左右的(de)坡度,以(yi)便排(pai)水。魚(yu)塘(tang)堤(di)岸處(chu)挖成(cheng)寬度>30cm,高度為(wei)20cm,向內傾斜的(de)臺(tai)階(jie),在(zai)清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)處(chu)設置(zhi)積(ji)水槽(cao),用(yong)水泵進(jin)行(xing)排(pai)除(chu)積(ji)水,以(yi)保(bao)持基底(di)干燥。
如果(guo)魚(yu)塘(tang)中淤泥厚度(du)很深(shen),需要拋(pao)(pao)投片石:拋(pao)(pao)石料徑下大上小,原(yuan)則上大塊(kuai)的片石拋(pao)(pao)于塘(tang)底。拋(pao)(pao)石采用推土機(ji)(ji)和(he)挖掘機(ji)(ji)配合進行,方法為進占法。
1、將片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)運至拋(pao)投現場的魚塘(tang)邊緣,直接向魚塘(tang)中(zhong)傾倒(dao),片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)不能(neng)采用風(feng)化石(shi)(shi)(shi),尺寸(cun)不小于30cm,且不宜大(da)于80cm。先(xian)(xian)用挖掘機(ji)進(jin)行分選拋(pao)投,即由(you)挖掘機(ji)將大(da)粒徑(jing)(jing)的片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)均勻分層(ceng)拋(pao)投,然后(hou)由(you)推土機(ji)將小粒徑(jing)(jing)的片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)推平(ping)嵌縫,對表面局(ju)部有空(kong)隙的部位要填(tian)塞石(shi)(shi)(shi)屑、中(zhong)粗砂,搗實。逐層(ceng)填(tian)筑(zhu)時安(an)排(pai)好(hao)片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)運輸路線,專(zhuan)人(ren)指揮,按水平(ping)分層(ceng)填(tian)筑(zhu),先(xian)(xian)低后(hou)高(gao),先(xian)(xian)中(zhong)央后(hou)兩側卸(xie)料。片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)每層(ceng)填(tian)筑(zhu)后(hou),不得有松動顫(zhan)動現象。
2、碾壓(ya):首先由自(zi)重較大的(de)推(tui)土(tu)機和(he)挖掘機來回走動進(jin)行碾壓(ya),使(shi)片石(shi)(shi)沉入基本穩定。待(dai)作(zuo)業面展開以(yi)后,再(zai)用自(zi)重18T以(yi)上的(de)振動式壓(ya)路機進(jin)行碾壓(ya),振動碾壓(ya)4~5遍,碾壓(ya)過程中,用人工將片石(shi)(shi)空(kong)隙以(yi)小石(shi)(shi)或石(shi)(shi)屑填滿鋪(pu)平,直至(zhi)拋石(shi)(shi)層頂面平整(zheng)無明顯空(kong)隙。
(三)砍灌木、挖(wa)樹根、拆除(chu)構造(zao)物
砍灌木(mu)盡量(liang)結合地塊設計,以(yi)環保(bao)為原則避(bi)免能夠(gou)保(bao)留的(de)樹(shu)種受到(dao)破壞,多(duo)余灌木(mu)能夠(gou)利用(yong)移栽的(de)盡可能完好的(de)挖(wa)出,從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)節省投資的(de)目的(de)。
挖(wa)樹根采用挖(wa)掘(jue)面挖(wa)除(chu),要求徹底挖(wa)除(chu)其根系范圍(wei)內的所有枝節(jie)。并集中堆(dui)放經監理工程師確認挖(wa)除(chu)數(shu)量后,挖(wa)掘(jue)機裝自卸車,運至(zhi)棄土(tu)場。
拆除構造物采(cai)用挖掘機徹底拆除包括其地下基礎,拆除后裝自卸車運至棄土場。
(四)結論
根(gen)據多年來(lai)的設計經驗與現場(chang)協調經驗,結合具體的土(tu)方(fang)工作,我們(men)應當重視以下(xia)幾點:
1、質量
場地(di)(di)清(qing)表、魚塘(tang)溝(gou)渠清(qing)淤方面是整個土(tu)方工程的前期步驟,也(ye)是其(qi)它后續步驟的前提。做好(hao)了場地(di)(di)清(qing)表、魚塘(tang)溝(gou)渠清(qing)淤可以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)的控制(zhi)地(di)(di)下水位,避免平整后的場地(di)(di)出(chu)現(xian)不均勻沉降(jiang)、開裂、塌方等不良情況。
2、環保
堅(jian)決不允許亂(luan)棄(qi)(qi)亂(luan)倒,堅(jian)決不允許破壞紅(hong)線范圍(wei)外的(de)地表(biao)。在(zai)(zai)清表(biao)的(de)過程(cheng)中不許破壞當地水(shui)系(xi)(xi)路系(xi)(xi),如確要(yao)破壞,對于即時(shi)(shi)要(yao)用的(de)水(shui)系(xi)(xi)路系(xi)(xi),要(yao)提(ti)出處理措施。對于暫時(shi)(shi)不用的(de)水(shui)系(xi)(xi)路系(xi)(xi),在(zai)(zai)清表(biao)棄(qi)(qi)土(tu)結束后,要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)的(de)恢復原功能。在(zai)(zai)棄(qi)(qi)土(tu)的(de)運(yun)(yun)輸過程(cheng)中,要(yao)對運(yun)(yun)輸便道(dao)及時(shi)(shi)灑水(shui),避(bi)免揚塵,運(yun)(yun)輸較軟弱(ruo)表(biao)土(tu)時(shi)(shi),裝車不得太滿,避(bi)免在(zai)(zai)運(yun)(yun)輸過程(cheng)中沿(yan)途(tu)灑落,污染便道(dao)和環(huan)境。
3、安全
在(zai)(zai)挖方段清(qing)表過程中,一定要(yao)注意(yi)安全。施工機械工作過程中,要(yao)確(que)保其(qi)自身(shen)站穩。在(zai)(zai)坡頂清(qing)表時,嚴禁坡底有人。在(zai)(zai)運輸和卸土過程中要(yao)注意(yi)交通安全。
最(zui)后土方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程根據其使用期(qi)限和(he)(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),可分為永久(jiu)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)臨(lin)時(shi)性(xing)兩種,但是不論是永久(jiu)性(xing)還(huan)是臨(lin)時(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)土方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程,都(dou)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)具(ju)有(you)(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)密實度(du),使工(gong)(gong)程質量和(he)(he)(he)藝術(shu)造型都(dou)符合原設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。同時(shi)在施工(gong)(gong)中還(huan)要(yao)遵守有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)規范和(he)(he)(he)原設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),以(yi)保證工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)穩定和(he)(he)(he)持久(jiu)。同時(shi),做好(hao)周圍環境的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)、水土的(de)(de)(de)保持,也是土方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項重要(yao)任務(wu)。
參考文獻
[1]JTJ 017-96,公路(lu)軟土地基路(lu)堤設計與施工技術規范[S]
篇5
【關鍵詞】水(shui)利工(gong)程;施(shi)工(gong)技術;設計原則(ze)
水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)符合我國國情發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本要(yao)(yao)求,是(shi)關乎(hu)我國民(min)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。由于我國特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理環(huan)境(jing),較為復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)境(jing),使得(de)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必(bi)須(xu)研(yan)究出合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術。水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)地基的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求較為嚴(yan)格,水(shui)(shui)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接(jie)接(jie)觸點(dian),地基的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鞏固才(cai)能保證水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堅固,其次,水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建筑物必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)具有抗(kang)裂性(xing)、防滲(shen)性(xing)等。水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格遵(zun)守施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范,保質保量,避免事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳時期為枯水(shui)(shui)期,在枯水(shui)(shui)期進行施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),將會有利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)于增快施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進度,減少(shao)一些(xie)不利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素。水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術是(shi)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保障,因此,在水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和設計原則上(shang)都(dou)很(hen)值得(de)深入研(yan)究。
1、水利工程(cheng)的施工技術(shu)
1.1 土方(fang)工程施工技術
土方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)基礎施工(gong),是(shi)(shi)其(qi)穩定(ding)性(xing)的(de)基礎。根據水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)技術(shu)的(de)不同,土方施工(gong)的(de)類型是(shi)(shi)多樣(yang)的(de),常見的(de)有水(shui)中填土式土方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、干填碾壓(ya)式土方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)等。從目前(qian)我(wo)國在(zai)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)技術(shu)上的(de)發展及應用上,干填碾壓(ya)式土方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)利(li)(li)用范圍最廣。
對(dui)于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),其質量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)很嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)要(yao)(yao)達到國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding),堤壩的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性要(yao)(yao)高、抗滲(shen)性要(yao)(yao)強(qiang)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)首先(xian)是(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze),在實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中,很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)劣質土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)出現(xian),例如膨脹土(tu)(tu)(tu)、碎石(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)等,這些都嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響著土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。優質的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)符合施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),適合機(ji)械的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),并且其壓(ya)實(shi)參數具有合理性。在土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)把控好鋪土(tu)(tu)(tu)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)平整(zheng)、灑水、壓(ya)實(shi)等基礎(chu)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。在土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中,防(fang)滲(shen)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)在基礎(chu)修筑時的(de)(de)(de)(de)得到廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)和(he)使用。造墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)多采用沖擊或者反循環鉆機(ji),抓斗(dou)挖掘等,這些新技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用逐漸的(de)(de)(de)(de)完善著水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu),從而保證著施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性。
土(tu)方(fang)工程施工的(de)(de)質量(liang)需要各個環節的(de)(de)相互配合,高質量(liang)的(de)(de)土(tu)料、高性能的(de)(de)機械設(she)備、高技術等都是水利(li)工程修筑物(wu)堅固的(de)(de)重要保(bao)障,嚴(yan)格控制好每個工序,保(bao)證水利(li)工程修筑物(wu)的(de)(de)質量(liang)。
1.2 混(hun)凝土壩工(gong)程施工(gong)技術(shu)
混凝(ning)土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)現在(zai)(zai)也是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)水利工(gong)程(cheng)中常見的(de)(de)一種施工(gong)方式(shi),主(zhu)要的(de)(de)是(shi)應用(yong)于水容量(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)水利工(gong)程(cheng)。混凝(ning)土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)工(gong)程(cheng)主(zhu)要是(shi)方式(shi)包括混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)澆筑、混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)碾壓及其混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)裝配等。近幾(ji)年(nian),我(wo)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)混凝(ning)土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)上有(you)著較(jiao)大的(de)(de)突(tu)破和發(fa)展,最主(zhu)要的(de)(de)是(shi)凸顯(xian)在(zai)(zai)高拱壩(ba)(ba)上。我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)混凝(ning)土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)工(gong)程(cheng)所需(xu)的(de)(de)混凝(ning)土(tu)骨料的(de)(de)人工(gong)生產(chan)系(xi)統已經發(fa)展到(dao)國(guo)際水平,人工(gong)生產(chan)系(xi)統上額配備(bei)較(jiao)為(wei)先(xian)進的(de)(de)破碎(sui)軋(ya)制系(xi)統。
我國混(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸(shu)水平(ping)也得到快速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在混(hun)凝(ning)土運(yun)輸(shu)上使用更加(jia)便捷(jie)、高速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械設備,例如,纜式起重機(ji)、塔帶(dai)機(ji)等。為滿足(zu)大壩混(hun)凝(ning)土澆(jiao)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高強度需(xu)求(qiu),在混(hun)凝(ning)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本工(gong)(gong)(gong)序上逐漸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高,比(bi)如,混(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攪拌(ban)、倉面作業等都(dou)配備高效(xiao)率、高技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械設備。混(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確溫度控(kong)制也是保證混(hun)凝(ning)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)堅固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),現在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型混(hun)凝(ning)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),主要(yao)應用于溫度控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法是風冷骨料技(ji)術(shu),針(zhen)對不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水利施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目,要(yao)選(xuan)取合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度控(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)。
在混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)工程完成(cheng)以后,還需(xu)要(yao)關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)是混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)裂(lie)縫的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti),是現(xian)代(dai)我國混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)修筑(zhu)應大力(li)探究的(de)(de)(de)方面(mian)。混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)縫問(wen)題(ti)(ti)出(chu)現(xian)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)根源的(de)(de)(de)地(di)基的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工。地(di)基的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工不(bu)能滿足(zu)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,就會造(zao)成(cheng)修筑(zhu)物沉降不(bu)均勻,結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)設計不(bu)合(he)理(li)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)(ti),混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)地(di)形(xing)約束(shu)也會造(zao)成(cheng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)縫出(chu)現(xian)。為減少混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)縫現(xian)象,現(xian)在我國采用最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是補償收縮(suo)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu),針對于(yu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工環境,就要(yao)運用不(bu)同給的(de)(de)(de)補償收縮(suo)方法(fa),例如外摻氧化鎂進行溫(wen)度變形(xing)補償、低熱微膨脹混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)筑(zhu)壩(ba)技術等(deng)。
根據混凝(ning)土裂(lie)縫的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)類型特(te)點及(ji)其產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)相關原理,運用不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)方法進行改進,做好混凝(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)攪拌、運輸(shu)、澆(jiao)筑等工序(xu),降(jiang)低混凝(ning)土的(de)(de)(de)存儲溫(wen)度和水化熱溫(wen)度升高,減少混凝(ning)土出現裂(lie)縫的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)率,有效的(de)(de)(de)保障(zhang)混凝(ning)土壩(ba)施(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)穩定性。
1.3 基(ji)坑排水的工程施(shi)工技術(shu)
水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)在很多(duo)情況(kuang)下是(shi)會受到雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)多(duo)種因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。因此,基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后期(qi)保(bao)障(zhang),是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序。在現實的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中,任何一(yi)(yi)個(ge)修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)都(dou)是(shi)離不開(kai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de),做(zuo)好施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui),有利(li)于增(zeng)強地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗承載能力,有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)避免地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遭到嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作不到位,將會給工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶來(lai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)難題(ti),同時也會降低修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量,從而產生各(ge)種安(an)全(quan)隱患問題(ti)。在水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時要(yao)密切的(de)(de)(de)(de)注意一(yi)(yi)些相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti),比如(ru),地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)、地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境等(deng)問題(ti),這些都(dou)會對基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效果造(zao)成影響。
2、水(shui)利工程設計的(de)原則
水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊作(zuo)業要求(qiu)表明(ming)其設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要性。水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)則是(shi)在(zai)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)之前(qian)建立的(de)(de)(de)(de),其建立的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提是(shi)在(zai)專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)人員(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)實地(di)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)后,根據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)環境(jing),地(di)形特點,水(shui)流量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小以及(ji)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要目的(de)(de)(de)(de),綜合(he)各個因素建立水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)則。對水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計(ji)(ji),主(zhu)要是(shi)從設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風格以及(ji)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則進(jin)行(xing)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)衡量(liang),設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則為主(zhu),但(dan)是(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風格也(ye)是(shi)后期修筑物堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)則,既要考(kao)(kao)(kao)慮細節(jie)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,也(ye)要注重宏觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,要實現(xian)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)完美結合(he),在(zai)細節(jie)方(fang)面,要加大原(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制,在(zai)宏觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面,要盡量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貼(tie)合(he)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則。
3、結論
水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程是現(xian)在(zai)我國重點發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)基礎施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),首(shou)先應(ying)當加強對水利施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),在(zai)其合(he)理(li)、科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)下,實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到具體的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目中,在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中逐漸的(de)(de)(de)把握水利施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)路徑,兩者相互結合(he),使我國的(de)(de)(de)水利施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術更加完善。水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)根據(ju)我國地理(li)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性進行(xing)(xing)具體的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)計,制定不同的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案,設(she)計不同的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)原則,并嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing),只有這樣,才能保障我國水利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)快速、穩(wen)定發(fa)展。
【參考文獻】
[1]袁(yuan)忠(zhong)于.淺議頂管(guan)施工技(ji)術(shu)在水(shui)利建設工程中的應用(yong)[J].水(shui)利建設與管(guan)理,2012,11(4):34-36.
[2]劉(liu)學振,張麗華,馬(ma)軍棟.水利工程施(shi)工技術與原則分析[J].世界家苑,2012,12(4):32-34.
篇6
關鍵詞:市政道路施工(gong);質量控(kong)制;土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)程控(kong)制
中圖分類號:U4 文(wen)(wen)獻標識碼:A 文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)編號:
0、前言
隨(sui)著(zhu)我國社會經濟發(fa)展以(yi)及城(cheng)市化腳步(bu)的加快,市政道(dao)路(lu)建設發(fa)展迅速,對道(dao)路(lu)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術和工(gong)藝的要求也越(yue)來越(yue)高。同時國家對市政道(dao)路(lu)建設的投入不(bu)斷加大,工(gong)程數量也隨(sui)之不(bu)斷增加,參與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)的企業和人(ren)數越(yue)來越(yue)多,但(dan)是其施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量監管(guan)體(ti)系不(bu)健全,施(shi)工(gong)的水(shui)平(ping)參差不(bu)齊,施(shi)工(gong)操(cao)作不(bu)很規(gui)范,就容易造成(cheng)了一些質(zhi)量缺陷,嚴重(zhong)威脅了人(ren)民(min)的生命財產安全,因此做好(hao)市政道(dao)路(lu)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量的管(guan)理就顯得十分重(zhong)要。
1、市政道路施工質量(liang)控制難點及存在的問題(ti)
(1)通(tong)常市政道(dao)(dao)路工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)場地很(hen)難實現交(jiao)通(tong)封閉(bi),因此供其施(shi)工(gong)作業(ye)面(mian)(mian)狹窄(zhai),使(shi)得(de)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作比其他工(gong)程(cheng)項目更為零散、量(liang)大(da)、連續性差。加(jia)上諸如電力、電信、有線(xian)電視、供熱、煤(mei)氣、給(gei)水(shui)、排污管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)等各(ge)種(zhong)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)相互交(jiao)織、彼(bi)此干擾,使(shi)得(de)原(yuan)本狹窄(zhai)的(de)(de)場地顯得(de)更為擁(yong)擠,一(yi)旦某些管(guan)(guan)線(xian)的(de)(de)位置不清楚,施(shi)工(gong)時及(ji)有可能將(jiang)其挖斷,造成重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟損失,并(bing)可能威脅(xie)到人民(min)群眾的(de)(de)生命健康,不僅會給(gei)道(dao)(dao)路工(gong)程(cheng)進度帶來(lai)負面(mian)(mian)影響,同時也會增(zeng)加(jia)額外(wai)的(de)(de)投資費用(yong),增(zeng)大(da)了市政道(dao)(dao)路施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)難度。
(2)市政道路(lu)工程(cheng)容(rong)易受施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)地(di)質條件的影響(xiang),如遇施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)地(di)下水位高,土(tu)質差,就(jiu)需(xu)要采(cai)取(qu)井點(dian)或深井降(jiang)水措施,待水位降(jiang)至符(fu)合(he)施工條件,才能組織溝槽(cao)的開挖,方能保證正常施工,增加(jia)了質量控制難度。
(3)從一定(ding)意義上來(lai)說,人是決定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成敗的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。市政(zheng)道路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)的(de)(de)對(dui)象,大(da)部分都是農民工(gong)(gong)(gong)。他們能吃苦耐勞(lao),要求也不高(gao),但是他們缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)專(zhuan)業(ye)素質(zhi)訓練、專(zhuan)業(ye)技能培訓、缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)質(zhi)量(liang)安全意識、缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)對(dui)自身權利的(de)(de)保護意識,也缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)對(dui)市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)掌握(wo),增大(da)了市政(zheng)道路(lu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)的(de)(de)難度。
2、市政道(dao)路(lu)施工中的質量通病
(1)路基及(ji)土方工程(cheng)
路基(ji)及土(tu)方(fang)工程施工中常見的質量通(tong)病(bing)有:路基(ji)局部沉陷、邊坡滑塌、路提失穩、基(ji)底壓(ya)實度(du)達不到標(biao)準、路基(ji)彈簧、路床積水(shui)。挖方(fang)工程中出現土(tu)方(fang)坍塌、側移、下(xia)陷、超(chao)挖、擾動、放坡不到位(wei)。回(hui)填工程中回(hui)填土(tu)標(biao)高厚度(du)不控(kong)制、不密(mi)實、表層不平整、不均勻下(xia)沉、土(tu)的含水(shui)率不控(kong)制。
(2)混凝土板塊裂縫
由于(yu)養護不夠,表層風干收縮,產生網狀、淺而細的發(fa)絲裂紋;由于(yu)角隅處基層接觸面積(ji)較小,單位(wei)面積(ji)所承(cheng)受的壓力大,基層相對(dui)沉降就大,造成板下落(luo)空,失去支撐,角隅處便(bian)產生局部裂紋;切縫(feng)(feng)時間過(guo)遲,造成收縮裂縫(feng)(feng)和開(kai)放交通(tong)后路面基層有下沉致使板塊(kuai)折裂;由于(yu)施(shi)工操作(zuo)失誤或原材料問題(ti)產生裂縫(feng)(feng)。有荷載(zai)型裂縫(feng)(feng);溫度裂縫(feng)(feng);反射裂縫(feng)(feng);沉降裂縫(feng)(feng)。
3、市政道路施(shi)工質量(liang)控(kong)制措施(shi)
(1)做好施工設計方案
設計(ji)本身(shen)要規(gui)范(fan),符(fu)合標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)范(fan)的(de)規(gui)定、結構(gou)方案要合理、計(ji)算準(zhun)確。設計(ji)時要綜(zong)合考慮與給排水、熱力、電(dian)力、燃氣、通信(xin)等管(guan)線(xian)的(de)平面布置和互相(xiang)交叉。避免施工過程中發生大幅調整路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)、管(guan)線(xian)布置沖突、道路(lu)(lu)(lu)剛竣工就破(po)路(lu)(lu)(lu)埋管(guan)等現象。
(2)提高人員素質
應健(jian)全崗位責任制(zhi),改善勞動條件,公平(ping)(ping)合理(li)地激勵勞動熱情。提(ti)高人(ren)的(de)質(zhi)量意(yi)識,形(xing)成人(ren)人(ren)重視質(zhi)量的(de)良好氛圍,培養其良好的(de)職業(ye)(ye)道德和心(xin)理(li)狀態。加強(qiang)專業(ye)(ye)培訓與考核,進行必(bi)要的(de)人(ren)員資格、技術水平(ping)(ping)認證。
(3)建(jian)立健全(quan)的質量管(guan)理體系
建立(li)相(xiang)應的(de)規章(zhang)制度,使市(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)制度化(hua)、規范(fan)化(hua)、科學(xue)(xue)化(hua),有效地(di)搞好質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。首先依據(ju)國家(jia)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)相(xiang)關法律、法規、規范(fan)、標(biao)準、文件和本合同內容(rong),制定嚴密的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)細則,從而使施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有章(zhang)可(ke)循,使市(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)逐步(bu)走向(xiang)制度化(hua)、規范(fan)化(hua)、科學(xue)(xue)化(hua)的(de)軌道(dao)(dao)。其次嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)辦事,對(dui)每(mei)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu),每(mei)個(ge)結(jie)構層(ceng)次,每(mei)一關鍵部位進行(xing)全(quan)方位監控。堅持科學(xue)(xue)儀器檢(jian)(jian)測(ce),嚴格(ge)以數據(ju)說話,不(bu)憑經驗(yan)(yan)辦事。在(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中,在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)必須(xu)設立(li)試驗(yan)(yan)室,進行(xing)獨立(li)試驗(yan)(yan)、檢(jian)(jian)測(ce),對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)按核定頻(pin)率(lv)進行(xing)抽檢(jian)(jian)、復檢(jian)(jian),為提高(gao)效率(lv),節省費用,有時也(ye)可(ke)派施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)人員對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)試驗(yan)(yan)和檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)過(guo)程(cheng)進行(xing)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)旁(pang)站監督(du)。
(4)路基及土方工(gong)程控制(zhi)措施(shi)
路(lu)基(ji)及(ji)溝(gou)(gou)槽的(de)中(zhong)線、邊線必須經復測(ce)(ce)合(he)格(ge),水準標(biao)高放到現(xian)場(chang)并經復驗,方準予(yu)施工(gong)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)。挖(wa)(wa)(wa)土(tu)(tu)(tu)過程(cheng)中(zhong),嚴(yan)禁挖(wa)(wa)(wa)土(tu)(tu)(tu)機械在溝(gou)(gou)槽邊、支撐上行走(zou)、碾壓(ya)。挖(wa)(wa)(wa)出的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時裝車運走(zou)。控(kong)(kong)制基(ji)底(di)(di)超(chao)(chao)挖(wa)(wa)(wa),特(te)別防止(zhi)超(chao)(chao)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)土(tu)(tu)(tu)處的(de)回(hui)(hui)填土(tu)(tu)(tu)。填筑(zhu)(zhu)前必須對基(ji)底(di)(di)進行清理(li)。挖(wa)(wa)(wa)除(chu)雜草、樹根,清除(chu)表面(mian)有機土(tu)(tu)(tu)、種(zhong)植(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和垃圾(ji),并對原基(ji)底(di)(di)進行壓(ya)實(shi)處理(li)。填筑(zhu)(zhu)使應(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用級配較好的(de)粗粒土(tu)(tu)(tu)作為填筑(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料(liao),嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)含水量。土(tu)(tu)(tu)方路(lu)基(ji)及(ji)溝(gou)(gou)槽應(ying)(ying)分(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)填筑(zhu)(zhu)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)壓(ya)實(shi)的(de)壓(ya)實(shi)厚度每層(ceng)不應(ying)(ying)超(chao)(chao)過20cm。同(tong)一(yi)水平層(ceng)應(ying)(ying)采用同(tong)類(lei)材(cai)料(liao),不得混填。出現(xian)路(lu)基(ji)彈(dan)簧(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)時,應(ying)(ying)將彈(dan)簧(huang)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)出曬干(gan)后再回(hui)(hui)填。路(lu)基(ji)邊坡應(ying)(ying)同(tong)路(lu)基(ji)一(yi)起全斷(duan)面(mian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)填筑(zhu)(zhu)壓(ya)實(shi)。邊坡的(de)銜接處應(ying)(ying)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)臺(tai)階,坡頂、坡腳要(yao)開好排水措(cuo)施。路(lu)基(ji)在填筑(zhu)(zhu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)不能太快,要(yao)控(kong)(kong)制填筑(zhu)(zhu)速度。回(hui)(hui)填土(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)嚴(yan)禁夾(jia)雜大塊干(gan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(>50mm)和建筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾(ji)等雜物,并嚴(yan)格(ge)按設計要(yao)求和施工(gong)程(cheng)序分(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)壓(ya)實(shi)。經檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)合(he)格(ge)后才能回(hui)(hui)填下一(yi)層(ceng)土(tu)(tu)(tu),嚴(yan)禁一(yi)次(ci)堆填表面(mian)振壓(ya)。
(5)混凝土路面質量控制的措施(shi)
混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)攪拌之前,必須(xu)按設計(ji)配比(bi)各(ge)種材料(liao)的際用量(liang),加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)原材料(liao)和(he)混(hun)(hun)合料(liao)的質量(liang)檢(jian)測與控制。根據施(shi)工條件的變化,在施(shi)工中對混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的水灰比(bi)及坍(tan)落(luo)度應進(jin)行適(shi)當(dang)調節。拌制混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)時(shi),要嚴格遵守操作規程,加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)質量(liang)監督與抽檢(jian),保證混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度的穩定性(xing)和(he)均勻性(xing)。
4、結語
市政道(dao)路(lu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段質量控制是―項重要的(de)工(gong)(gong)作,需要各方(fang)面的(de)配合,工(gong)(gong)程技術、管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)要有足夠的(de)責任(ren)心、豐富的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)知識。嚴格按(an)照(zhao)設計要求完成每一(yi)步施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)序(xu),做到(dao)安全施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、文明施(shi)工(gong)(gong),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)道(dao)路(lu)必然能(neng)夠達到(dao)優質工(gong)(gong)程。
參考文獻:
[1]張貴祥(xiang).淺談市政工程道路(lu)施工的質量控制與管理(li)[J].中國新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)新(xin)(xin)產品(pin),2011,(16).
篇7
關(guan)鍵詞:土(tu)木工程;基礎;關(guan)鍵點;研究
中圖(tu)分類號(hao)(hao): TU74 文獻標識碼: A 文章編號(hao)(hao):
土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)礎施工(gong)(gong)(gong),主要是指土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong),常見的(de)(de)內容(rong)有:場地平整、基(ji)坑(keng)開挖(wa)和支護、排水(shui)降(jiang)水(shui)以及(ji)填土(tu)壓實等(deng)。通常情況下,土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)不僅工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)大,而(er)且(qie)勞動強度大,另外,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)也較為復雜。所(suo)以,應該(gai)對土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)各個施工(gong)(gong)(gong)關鍵點進行深入的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。
1.土方工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)的(de)關鍵點
1.1穩定土壁
基坑土壁(bi)之所以能(neng)夠(gou)實現穩定(ding),是因為土體內部摩擦阻力與粘結力存(cun)在一(yi)種(zhong)相對(dui)平衡的(de)關系。這(zhe)種(zhong)平衡一(yi)旦被(bei)破壞,則會立刻導致塌(ta)方(fang),拖累進(jin)度(du),對(dui)周邊建(jian)筑物造成損害,還有可能(neng)引發(fa)人員(yuan)傷亡的(de)安(an)全事故(gu)。放足邊坡和設置支撐是兩(liang)種(zhong)最主要的(de)穩定(ding)土壁(bi)的(de)方(fang)式。[1]
1.1.1放足邊坡
留設(she)(she)邊坡(po)時,一方(fang)面要(yao)考慮相關規范的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,另一方(fang)面要(yao)根據實際情況(土(tu)質、水文、施工(gong)方(fang)法以(yi)及開挖深度(du)等(deng))進(jin)行(xing)確定。如(ru)(ru)果是粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)性土(tu)質,那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)邊坡(po)可(ke)以(yi)適(shi)當(dang)陡些(xie);如(ru)(ru)果人工(gong)挖土(tu)或(huo)者機械在坑(keng)上(shang)邊挖土(tu),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)邊坡(po)應(ying)適(shi)當(dang)平緩一些(xie);如(ru)(ru)果基坑(keng)周邊有主要(yao)建筑物時,那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)邊坡(po)坡(po)度(du)可(ke)取1/1.0-1/1.5;如(ru)(ru)果工(gong)期短(duan)且無地(di)下(xia)水,那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)可(ke)以(yi)留設(she)(she)直槽。該種情況下(xia),各土(tu)質對應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)最大開挖深度(du)如(ru)(ru)下(xia)所(suo)示:密實、中密實的(de)(de)(de)砂土(tu)以(yi)及碎(sui)石(shi)類土(tu)―1m、硬(ying)(ying)塑、可(ke)塑的(de)(de)(de)輕亞粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)及亞粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)―1.25m、硬(ying)(ying)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、可(ke)塑的(de)(de)(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)和碎(sui)石(shi)類土(tu)―1.5m、堅(jian)硬(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)―2m。
1.1.2設置支撐
為了縮小施工面,或者減(jian)少土(tu)(tu)方量,又或者場地限制(zhi)無法放坡(po)時(shi),可利用設置支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)的(de)辦法實(shi)(shi)(shi)現土(tu)(tu)壁(bi)的(de)穩定。淺基坑的(de)土(tu)(tu)壁(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)技術通常有灌(guan)注樁(zhuang)、板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)、橫撐(cheng)、深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)攪拌樁(zhuang)以(yi)及(ji)地下連續(xu)墻等。深(shen)基坑的(de)土(tu)(tu)壁(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)分為以(yi)下幾種情(qing)況:1)透(tou)水擋土(tu)(tu)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)結構,一般(ban)(ban)(ban)利用工字鋼(gang)(gang)樁(zhuang)加橫擋板(ban)(ban)、預制(zhi)樁(zhuang)以(yi)及(ji)雙排(pai)灌(guan)注樁(zhuang)等實(shi)(shi)(shi)現擋土(tu)(tu)功能(neng);2)止水擋土(tu)(tu)結構,一般(ban)(ban)(ban)利用鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)、地下連續(xu)墻、化學注漿樁(zhuang)以(yi)及(ji)深(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)攪拌水泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)墻等實(shi)(shi)(shi)現擋土(tu)(tu)功能(neng);3)部分支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)結構,一般(ban)(ban)(ban)利用懸臂、錨(mao)拉式支(zhi)(zhi)護、土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)錨(mao)桿以(yi)及(ji)型鋼(gang)(gang)水平支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)等實(shi)(shi)(shi)現擋土(tu)(tu)功能(neng)。[2]
與此同時(shi),還應注意(yi)以下幾點:1)基(ji)(ji)坑邊緣原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)(shang)不(bu)允許堆放大量(liang)的(de)(de)土(tu)方、材料或者設施設備;2)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)挖(wa)完成之后,不(bu)可長時(shi)間暴露,應馬上(shang)(shang)開(kai)始后續的(de)(de)施工;3)在滑坡(po)地段進行(xing)(xing)挖(wa)方時(shi),要(yao)(yao)避(bi)開(kai)雨期施工,要(yao)(yao)堅持先治理后開(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)和從上(shang)(shang)到下的(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)流程,還要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)禁止先行(xing)(xing)切除坡(po)腳(jiao)的(de)(de)施工以及(ji)在滑坡(po)體上(shang)(shang)棄土(tu)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei);4)如果發現危巖(yan)、孤石以及(ji)崩塌(ta)體等不(bu)穩定的(de)(de)情況,則(ze)需要(yao)(yao)先行(xing)(xing)妥善處理。
1.2施工排水
在土(tu)方(fang)(fang)施(shi)工(gong)過程中,處理好施(shi)工(gong)排水(shui)問題是至關重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),其關鍵之處在于保持(chi)土(tu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)干燥(zao)。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)排水(shui)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)有兩種(zhong)(zhong):1)明(ming)排水(shui)法(fa)。所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)排水(shui)法(fa)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是將(jiang)截(jie)、疏、抽三種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)綜合利用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。截(jie)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)截(jie)住(zhu)水(shui)流,疏是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)盡積(ji)水(shui),抽是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)環(huan)節,在基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)底部設(she)置一(yi)(yi)(yi)集水(shui)井(jing),且沿著(zhu)坑(keng)(keng)底周邊開(kai)挖(wa)排水(shui)溝(gou),從而使水(shui)流在集水(shui)井(jing)中匯(hui)集,最后(hou)使用水(shui)泵將(jiang)水(shui)排出(chu)坑(keng)(keng)外(wai);2)人工(gong)降(jiang)低(di)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位(wei)。所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)降(jiang)低(di)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是在基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)施(shi)工(gong)之前,選擇一(yi)(yi)(yi)定數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濾水(shui)管并埋設(she)在基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)周邊,然后(hou)在抽水(shui)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配合下(xia)(xia)將(jiang)水(shui)抽走,從而實現(xian)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位(wei)低(di)于坑(keng)(keng)底的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并將(jiang)之保持(chi)到基(ji)礎工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)結(jie)束(shu)。利用該種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)可將(jiang)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)保持(chi)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)個長期(qi)相對(dui)干燥(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態,一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)避(bi)免了(le)流砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)極大地(di)(di)改善(shan)了(le)工(gong)作環(huan)境(jing)。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是,降(jiang)水(shui)處理之前,應(ying)(ying)充(chong)分考(kao)慮其對(dui)原(yuan)有建筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,如(ru)附加沉降(jiang)以(yi)及(ji)位(wei)移。這些可能導致建筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)裂、傾(qing)斜、倒(dao)塌以(yi)及(ji)地(di)(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塌陷。所以(yi),應(ying)(ying)做好事前準備(bei)工(gong)作,采(cai)取必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防護措(cuo)施(shi)。[3]
1.3填土壓實
填土(tu)通常(chang)需要(yao)滿足兩個主要(yao)條(tiao)件,一是(shi)強度,二是(shi)水(shui)(shui)穩定性。所以,應該正確選擇土(tu)料以及填筑(zhu)方法。以下(xia)(xia)幾類土(tu)壤(rang)通常(chang)情況下(xia)(xia)不被用(yong)作填土(tu):1)有機物(wu)含量(liang)較大的土(tu)壤(rang);2)水(shui)(shui)溶(rong)性硫(liu)酸鹽含量(liang)超過2%的土(tu)壤(rang);3)凍結或(huo)者(zhe)液(ye)化狀態(tai)下(xia)(xia)的泥炭、粘土(tu),又(you)或(huo)者(zhe)粉(fen)狀砂質粘土(tu)。
填(tian)方施工最好(hao)選(xuan)用同(tong)類土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),且做到分(fen)層壓實。如果無(wu)法避免選(xuan)用不(bu)同(tong)類土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)情況,那么下層應(ying)為透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)較小的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),上(shang)層應(ying)為透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)較大的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。將不(bu)同(tong)類土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)以不(bu)均勻混雜的(de)(de)方式(shi)使用是(shi)被禁(jin)止(zhi)的(de)(de),因(yin)為這樣極容易在填(tian)方內部出現水(shui)(shui)囊的(de)(de)問題。
2.實例分析
2.1工程概況
某(mou)大(da)橋(qiao)設計長度(du)為(wei)690m,為(wei)1―24m加20―32m預應力混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)大(da)橋(qiao)。大(da)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)地(di)層是第(di)四系沖積土(tu)(tu),細、中、粗(cu)及礫(li)砂(sha),圓粒及卵石土(tu)(tu)、洪積粉砂(sha)、圓粒及碎(sui)石土(tu)(tu),下伏石灰(hui)巖(yan),當(dang)地(di)氣候嚴寒且干燥多風(feng),對工(gong)程的施(shi)工(gong)有一定(ding)的影響,凍結(jie)深度(du)最(zui)大(da)為(wei)2.2m,其(qi)地(di)震強度(du)為(wei)8度(du)。[4]
2.2施工準備
平整(zheng)場地,使(shi)其成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)便于施工(gong)的工(gong)作面。對河(he)道基礎進(jin)行施工(gong)時,不僅要準備好(hao)施工(gong)平臺,還要做(zuo)好(hao)相(xiang)應的防排(pai)水(shui)設計(ji)。
2.3挖井基礎施工技術關鍵(jian)點
大橋1、2、19以(yi)及20號橋墩(dun)全(quan)部為挖(wa)井(jing)基(ji)礎,相(xiang)(xiang)關施(shi)工(gong)流程如(ru)下所(suo)示:1)施(shi)工(gong)準備;2)基(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)。基(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)利(li)用的(de)(de)是(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土護(hu)壁(bi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術。基(ji)礎直徑的(de)(de)最大值(zhi)(zhi)為9.3m,最小值(zhi)(zhi)為6.1m。井(jing)孔核心部分的(de)(de)土壤是(shi)利(li)用長臂挖(wa)掘機展開(kai)(kai)施(shi)工(gong)。邊(bian)壁(bi)預留應在50cm以(yi)上,還要(yao)使(shi)用人工(gong)的(de)(de)方式進(jin)行必要(yao)的(de)(de)清楚;3)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土護(hu)壁(bi)。護(hu)壁(bi)材料通常選用C20混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土,同時要(yao)求配置相(xiang)(xiang)應數(shu)量的(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋;4)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)和(he)(he)護(hu)壁(bi)的(de)(de)循環(huan)進(jin)行。如(ru)果井(jing)內出現(xian)涌(yong)水(shui),又或者發生地表(biao)水(shui)深入的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang),應利(li)用集水(shui)井(jing)和(he)(he)水(shui)泵(beng)將對其進(jin)行及時的(de)(de)排(pai)除(chu);5)基(ji)坑的(de)(de)檢查和(he)(he)處理(li);6)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)澆(jiao)筑。集中(zhong)攪拌、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土輸送(song)泵(beng)以(yi)及混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土車運輸等是(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土澆(jiao)筑過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)幾(ji)種主(zhu)要(yao)方式。如(ru)果澆(jiao)筑的(de)(de)傾落高度(du)在2m以(yi)上時,為了防止混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土發生離(li)析現(xian)象(xiang),需要(yao)有滑槽的(de)(de)設置。澆(jiao)筑結束后,還需要(yao)進(jin)行灑水(shui)養護(hu)。
2.4鉆孔灌注樁基(ji)礎(chu)施工技術關鍵點
2.4.1施工準備
對場(chang)地進行(xing)平整。如(ru)果(guo)場(chang)地所(suo)處位(wei)置為(wei)陡坡時,應將其平坡化,以滿足工作臺的要求;如(ru)果(guo)場(chang)地所(suo)處位(wei)置為(wei)河中淺水時,可利用筑島圍堰法進行(xing)處理,并保證島頂和水位(wei)相比高(gao)出1m左右。
2.4.2護筒埋設技術關鍵點
護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)埋(mai)(mai)設過(guo)程中(zhong),如果地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位較(jiao)低(地面(mian)1m之下(xia)(xia))時,一(yi)般采用挖孔埋(mai)(mai)設的(de)方法(fa),如果地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位較(jiao)高時,一(yi)般采用填筑埋(mai)(mai)設的(de)方法(fa)。下(xia)(xia)沉護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)時,應保證它的(de)順(shun)直,這樣(yang)是為(wei)了防止護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)因傾斜度(du)較(jiao)大而被鉆頭(tou)損傷(shang),從(cong)而發(fa)生漏漿(jiang)的(de)問題。如果鋼筋骨架發(fa)生嚴重偏斜,那么(me)將(jiang)造成樁的(de)混凝土保護(hu)(hu)層無法(fa)滿足設計的(de)標準。所以(yi),護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)頂面(mian)中(zhong)心同樁位的(de)設計偏差應控制在5cm以(yi)內(nei),另(ling)外,斜度(du)應控制在1%以(yi)內(nei)。[5]
2.4.3鉆孔(kong)技術關鍵點
鉆孔(kong)過程中(zhong),應將粘(zhan)土泥(ni)漿和適量(liang)片(pian)石輸入護筒中(zhong)。如果(guo)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)失水問題,則(ze)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)及時適當補水。如果(guo)泥(ni)漿太過稠密不利于進(jin)尺,則(ze)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)抽碴(cha)換(huan)漿。鉆大(da)孔(kong)的(de)過程中(zhong),應分(fen)級進(jin)行直至(zhi)設(she)計孔(kong)徑,孔(kong)底一般(ban)控制在(zai)(zai)1.4―1.6的(de)泥(ni)漿比重,抽碴(cha)之后,應展開(kai)復測以及碎粘(zhan)土的(de)分(fen)批投入,直至(zhi)泥(ni)漿比重恢復正常。
2.4.4清孔技術關鍵點
清(qing)孔(kong)是(shi)為了減(jian)薄沉淀層(ceng)的(de)(de)厚度,從(cong)而提高(gao)孔(kong)底(di)的(de)(de)承載力。清(qing)孔(kong)過程中,應做好(hao)清(qing)水(shui)和純泥漿(jiang)的(de)(de)適時補(bu)入(ru),有效避免(mian)坍孔(kong)現象。第一(yi)次做沉碴(cha)處理(li)時,需將(jiang)清(qing)水(shui)注入(ru)孔(kong)內,直(zhi)至(zhi)符(fu)合要(yao)求(qiu)為止,此時才可進(jin)行下步工序。鋼筋籠的(de)(de)施(shi)工結(jie)束之后,檢查孔(kong)底(di)的(de)(de)沉碴(cha)厚度,符(fu)合要(yao)求(qiu)則(ze)繼續下部混凝土(tu)的(de)(de)灌注施(shi)工,不符(fu)合要(yao)求(qiu)則(ze)對(dui)其二(er)次清(qing)碴(cha)。
2.4.5混凝土灌注施工(gong)技術(shu)關(guan)鍵點
加工鋼筋籠(long)的(de)過(guo)程中,全部的(de)鋼筋都應(ying)該經過(guo)實驗(yan)室(shi)試驗(yan),另外,還(huan)(huan)應(ying)在現(xian)(xian)場(chang)進行(xing)質量或者外觀等常(chang)規性檢查。低溫(wen)焊(han)接(jie)鋼筋時,需(xu)要(yao)室(shi)內操(cao)作,冷卻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)才允許離開室(shi)內。鋼筋籠(long)集中下(xia)料(liao)過(guo)程中,需(xu)要(yao)利用吊車實現(xian)(xian)整節的(de)吊裝。混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)需(xu)要(yao)在清孔后(hou)的(de)一小時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內進行(xing),一般利用導管法(fa)展開施工,利用剪球法(fa)實現(xian)(xian)灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)封底。應(ying)做好混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)存儲量控制(zhi)(zhi),保證(zheng)首(shou)批混凝土(tu)(tu)入(ru)孔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),導管的(de)埋深為(wei)1.5―2.0m之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,不可(ke)超(chao)過(guo)3.0m。為(wei)了(le)防止灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)環節鋼筋籠(long)出現(xian)(xian)上浮的(de)問題,通常(chang)需(xu)加設撐桿對其固(gu)定,還(huan)(huan)要(yao)適當(dang)控制(zhi)(zhi)混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)灌入(ru)速度(du)。當(dang)灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)操(cao)作即將結束時,可(ke)以提高漏(lou)斗的(de)高度(du),從(cong)而繼(ji)續灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)操(cao)作。[6]
3.結語
就實際情況(kuang)而(er)(er)言,土木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)不僅工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量較大,而(er)(er)且需要(yao)(yao)在其他分部分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前完成(cheng),所以,土木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),一(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)(yao)選擇適當的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機械(xie)以及(ji)科學(xue)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法,另一(yi)方面(mian)尤其要(yao)(yao)重(zhong)視施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中的幾個關鍵點(dian),只有這樣(yang)才能做(zuo)到(dao)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的調配(pei)平衡(heng),從而(er)(er)降(jiang)低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本,使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期達(da)到(dao)預定(ding)目標。
參考文獻:
[1] 周俱有. 關于土(tu)木工程(cheng)基礎施工技(ji)術要點的探討[J].科技(ji)風, 2012,(20) .
[2] 耿曉陽. 土木(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)基(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)工(gong)的關鍵(jian)點研究[J].中國(guo)新技術新產品(pin), 2012,(07) .
[3] 謝文利. 土木工程(cheng)混凝土施工技(ji)術探討(tao)[J].產業與科技(ji)論壇, 2012,(01) .
[4] 吳磊,沈建強,李俊. 土木(mu)工程施工技術(shu)及(ji)創新[J].科技資(zi)訊, 2012,(08) .
篇8
關鍵詞(ci):公路(lu);路(lu)基;土方開(kai)挖;施工(gong)質量(liang)
中圖分類號:U416.1文(wen)獻(xian)標(biao)識碼:A
在公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工建(jian)造(zao)過程(cheng)中,路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)是一種帶(dai)狀結構,它(ta)是依據(ju)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)線的(de)方位(wei)和(he)既定技(ji)術需求建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de),其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)功(gong)能(neng)是承擔路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)行駛帶(dai)來的(de)負載,以(yi)及冰、水等其(qi)(qi)他自然因素的(de)影響。路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)是公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)構成部分,其(qi)(qi)覆(fu)蓋范圍橫(heng)貫公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)全程(cheng),并(bing)和(he)地(di)面(mian)同(tong)時承擔行駛的(de)壓力。所以(yi),路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)的(de)好(hao)壞(huai)對公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)質(zhi)量(liang)起(qi)著決(jue)定性(xing)的(de)作用(yong),要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)工,就要(yao)(yao)研究并(bing)發(fa)展路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)土方開挖技(ji)術。
1公路施工中路基(ji)土(tu)方(fang)開挖的(de)技術方(fang)法
1.1橫挖技術法
在對(dui)地面(mian)進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)考量(liang)路塹的(de)(de)(de)橫切深度(du)(du)(du)或是(shi)寬(kuan)度(du)(du)(du),從它的(de)(de)(de)一邊(bian)或兩(liang)邊(bian)連續朝前方(fang)(fang)開挖(wa),這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法叫做(zuo)橫挖(wa)法。橫挖(wa)法也(ye)包(bao)含兩(liang)大種(zhong)類(lei),其中一類(lei)叫單層橫向(xiang)挖(wa)掘法,這(zhe)類(lei)方(fang)(fang)法可(ke)以(yi)運用(yong)(yong)于開挖(wa)深度(du)(du)(du)較淺并且線路不長的(de)(de)(de)路塹。還(huan)(huan)有(you)一類(lei)叫做(zuo)多(duo)層橫向(xiang)挖(wa)掘法。這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)在開挖(wa)深度(du)(du)(du)較深并且路線短的(de)(de)(de)路塹。然而在實際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)碰到(dao)土方(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)過(guo)大的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。針對(dui)這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況通常可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)縱向(xiang)拉開法,分出每個層次(ci),并按照“多(duo)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)、多(duo)層次(ci)”的(de)(de)(de)準則,適度(du)(du)(du)地增加(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)器(qi)材設施(shi)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)目,不僅要提高土方(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)開挖(wa)效率和速(su)度(du)(du)(du),還(huan)(huan)要保(bao)障施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)。此外,在公路施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)利用(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)力量(liang)開挖(wa),通常要把深度(du)(du)(du)掌握在1.5m~2.0m的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)內,這(zhe)樣才(cai)能(neng)保(bao)證路基(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擁有(you)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)土質基(ji)礎。
1.2縱挖技術法
路(lu)(lu)基(ji)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)縱挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)技術法可(ke)(ke)以(yi)總結為以(yi)下三大(da)類(lei)別:第一(yi)(yi)(yi),分層(ceng)縱挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)法。即工(gong)(gong)程開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)時跟(gen)隨路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)的(de)覆蓋(gai)范(fan)圍,采(cai)用(yong)分層(ceng)次縱向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)行(xing)的(de)方(fang)(fang)式進行(xing)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)方(fang)(fang)法通(tong)(tong)常用(yong)在(zai)路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)較長的(de)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)中。如(ru)果(guo)路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)長度(du)為100m,則開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)深度(du)就(jiu)要掌握(wo)在(zai)3m之(zhi)內。如(ru)果(guo)遇到地面不平(ping)整現(xian)象(xiang),就(jiu)需要利用(yong)推土(tu)機(ji)進行(xing)作業,而(er)且(qie)要保(bao)證其(qi)運(yun)(yun)送距離不能超過(guo)100m。如(ru)果(guo)地面坡度(du)較為平(ping)緩(huan),就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)利用(yong)橫(heng)向(xiang)鏟土(tu)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法,對于下層(ceng)土(tu)壤則采(cai)用(yong)縱向(xiang)推動運(yun)(yun)輸法繼(ji)續前(qian)(qian)行(xing)。第二,分段縱挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)法。就(jiu)是(shi)把路(lu)(lu)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)程分為幾段,然后(hou)(hou)跟(gen)著路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)的(de)走向(xiang),縱向(xiang)挑選一(yi)(yi)(yi)點或幾點開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)。對于路(lu)(lu)基(ji)較為脆弱的(de)路(lu)(lu)塹(qian),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)先采(cai)取橫(heng)向(xiang)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)穿(chuan)法,再朝縱向(xiang)前(qian)(qian)行(xing)。這里要特(te)別注(zhu)意的(de)是(shi),施工(gong)(gong)范(fan)圍內一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要有經過(guo)審批的(de)棄(qi)土(tu)場,設(she)置(zhi)好科學合(he)理的(de)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)計劃,配(pei)合(he)剩余(yu)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)方(fang)(fang)廢棄(qi)的(de)需求。第三,通(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)縱挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)法。這類(lei)方(fang)(fang)法也是(shi)跟(gen)隨路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)的(de)走向(xiang),挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)渠(qu)道(dao)(dao)(dao),再對其(qi)進行(xing)擴展,把上(shang)層(ceng)渠(qu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)加寬(kuan)至路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)的(de)邊緣部位,然后(hou)(hou)對下層(ceng)渠(qu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)繼(ji)續開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)優勢是(shi)操作簡便(bian),工(gong)(gong)藝簡單,而(er)且(qie)在(zai)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)同時土(tu)方(fang)(fang)運(yun)(yun)送車輛還(huan)能夠順(shun)利通(tong)(tong)行(xing),因此不會延誤工(gong)(gong)期。
1.3混合式開挖技術法
這一方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的操作模式(shi)(shi)是(shi)把橫向(xiang)開(kai)挖法(fa)(fa)和縱向(xiang)開(kai)挖法(fa)(fa)融合(he)起來,吸收了二(er)者的優(you)點。這類方(fang)法(fa)(fa)通常(chang)用于路塹縱向(xiang)長(chang)度(du)(du)過長(chang),或是(shi)開(kai)挖難度(du)(du)較高(gao)等情況,混合(he)式(shi)(shi)開(kai)挖技(ji)術法(fa)(fa)是(shi)從(cong)縱向(xiang)角度(du)(du)把路塹打通,然后再(zai)進行橫向(xiang)的繼續(xu)深挖,以便(bian)擴大開(kai)挖土坡(po)的面積(ji)。混合(he)式(shi)(shi)開(kai)挖技(ji)術法(fa)(fa)不僅能使施工進度(du)(du)加快(kuai),還(huan)能保證整個路基(ji)土方(fang)的工程質(zhi)量。
2公路施工(gong)中路基土(tu)方(fang)開挖(wa)工(gong)藝(yi)
2.1路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡施工
工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)挖(wa)之(zhi)前,要(yao)根據預定邊(bian)樁方(fang)(fang)位的(de)測量結(jie)果,實(shi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)工(gong)修(xiu)坡(po)。如(ru)果碰到沒有(you)防護措施(shi)的(de)邊(bian)坡(po),就要(yao)每隔10m對邊(bian)坡(po)進行(xing)(xing)插(cha)桿和掛(gua)線。此外,一些邊(bian)坡(po)中還有(you)凹槽(cao)或遺(yi)留石(shi)塊(kuai),針對這種(zhong)情(qing)況可以采用漿砌石(shi)片進行(xing)(xing)鑲嵌修(xiu)補處理,并在(zai)土方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)前展開(kai)放線測量工(gong)作,以保證施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)有(you)標(biao)準化的(de)指導(dao)。測量放線通常是利用全(quan)站儀(yi)坐標(biao)法進行(xing)(xing)放樣,并依據實(shi)測地面本來的(de)標(biao)高進行(xing)(xing)精確計(ji)算,最后(hou)確認路基(ji)中線到邊(bian)坡(po)緣(yuan)的(de)寬(kuan)度(du)。在(zai)每一層開(kai)挖(wa)結(jie)束(shu)后(hou),工(gong)作人(ren)員都要(yao)仔細檢查其截面的(de)具體尺寸。
2.2清理路基施工場地
路(lu)(lu)基(ji)土方(fang)開(kai)挖前,工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)依據圖(tu)紙對場地(di)進行檢查,如果發現(xian)異常(chang)情(qing)況(kuang),要(yao)立刻上(shang)報(bao),并讓監管(guan)人(ren)(ren)員作(zuo)出(chu)相應的方(fang)案調整。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)適(shi)時打掃(sao)場地(di)內的垃(la)圾雜物,將其堆放(fang)到固定(ding)地(di)點,并用(yong)(yong)密目網蓋(gai)上(shang),以免遇(yu)到大風天氣,各類垃(la)圾雜物四處亂(luan)飛,打亂(luan)正常(chang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)秩序。場內垃(la)圾清理(li)干凈之(zhi)后,可以利用(yong)(yong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)條(tiao)例批(pi)準的原料對整個(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)的坑洞進行埋填,保證路(lu)(lu)基(ji)扎(zha)實穩固。
2.3路基(ji)土方的(de)開挖環節
工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員要(yao)在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)口(kou)安置好臨(lin)時排(pai)水(shui)溝等(deng)設(she)施(shi),防止汛期地面水(shui)量(liang)(liang)過多引(yin)起路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基滑坡(po)(po)。路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)環節(jie)遵循(xun)從(cong)上到下的分層(ceng)(ceng)法(fa),用挖(wa)土(tu)(tu)(tu)機從(cong)中(zhong)間挖(wa)出一(yi)條縱向(xiang)渠道(dao),便(bian)(bian)于(yu)渣土(tu)(tu)(tu)車和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)運送車經過。路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)要(yao)依據規定對兩側邊(bian)坡(po)(po)進行(xing)處理。若(ruo)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)塹深度(du)低于(yu)4m,可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)全截(jie)面開(kai)挖(wa)成型法(fa);若(ruo)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)塹深度(du)高于(yu)3m,則可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)分層(ceng)(ceng)開(kai)挖(wa)法(fa),并將每(mei)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)的深度(du)都控制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)3m內,以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證挖(wa)掘機能正常運作(zuo)。此外,在(zai)(zai)碰(peng)到路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基和(he)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)相接的地域時,要(yao)提前保(bao)留出50cm土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang),以(yi)(yi)便(bian)(bian)穩固邊(bian)坡(po)(po)。等(deng)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基開(kai)挖(wa)基本成形(xing),就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)人工(gong)(gong)開(kai)挖(wa)的形(xing)式繼續工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),以(yi)(yi)免(mian)產生超挖(wa)或土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)損壞等(deng)情(qing)況,同時使(shi)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的質量(liang)(liang)和(he)工(gong)(gong)藝技術得到一(yi)定保(bao)障(zhang)。最后,還(huan)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)留出2%~4%的坡(po)(po)度(du),并安置好排(pai)水(shui)系統(tong),以(yi)(yi)免(mian)遇到大雨(yu)或冰層(ceng)(ceng)融解,引(yin)發路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面積(ji)水(shui)甚至被浸泡。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員也(ye)要(yao)對防線進行(xing)仔細測量(liang)(liang),掌握(wo)好土(tu)(tu)(tu)方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)量(liang)(liang)和(he)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)基高程(cheng),盡量(liang)(liang)避免(mian)浪費,為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)節(jie)省一(yi)定成本,也(ye)能確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的穩定和(he)安全。
2.4棄方處理
開(kai)挖(wa)完(wan)成后(hou),工作(zuo)人員要依據場地施工詳情(qing)計(ji)算(suan)土方(fang)回填消耗量(liang),并(bing)預(yu)留好足夠的土方(fang),適時把廢棄土方(fang)運送到(dao)指定(ding)范圍,再用推(tui)土機把廢土存(cun)放區推(tui)平。最后(hou)用壓路(lu)機對(dui)全(quan)部場地覆蓋范圍進行碾(nian)壓,從而(er)確保廢棄土方(fang)邊坡的穩定(ding)與安全(quan)。
3加強路基土方開(kai)挖技術質量(liang)的措(cuo)施
3.1完善土方施工(gong)的質(zhi)量監管制度
完善施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監管(guan)(guan)制度(du),就要(yao)建(jian)立和完善相關(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統。監督制度(du)要(yao)由施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)和項目(mu)方(fang)一同制訂(ding)并執行(xing),工(gong)(gong)作人員要(yao)隨時掌控好施工(gong)(gong)場地(di)土方(fang)開挖的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang),注意工(gong)(gong)程設備開挖的(de)深度(du)和寬(kuan)度(du),樹立起“橫向到邊(bian)、縱(zong)向到底、高效管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)”的(de)檢(jian)測理(li)(li)念,一絲不(bu)茍地(di)把握好自(zi)我檢(jian)查和交接(jie)檢(jian)查的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制度(du),推動整個施工(gong)(gong)過程順利進行(xing)。
3.2嚴格把握施工(gong)質量
工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人員(yuan)要依據(ju)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設計(ji)圖紙,認(ren)真(zhen)負責地將土方開(kai)(kai)挖施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)落到(dao)實處,嚴格按(an)照土方施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)相關管理規(gui)范與(yu)技術(shu)指標,保證開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)具(ju)有較高的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量。另外(wai),要在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前(qian)對每(mei)一位工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人員(yuan)進行專業的(de)技術(shu)培訓,從而使(shi)其更好地發(fa)揮自己(ji)的(de)能力,把握住每(mei)個(ge)環節的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量,使(shi)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設穩固牢(lao)靠。
3.3強化路基(ji)土方開挖施工(gong)過程的管控
路基土方開(kai)挖過(guo)程中(zhong),要注意掌控好施(shi)工地面路基的頂層標(biao)高和邊坡位置,保證路基外層平穩(wen)光滑,以滿足施(shi)工需求。在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)土方分層次開(kai)挖時,工作人員要對所(suo)有土方層進(jin)(jin)行(xing)仔細比(bi)對,計算(suan)核(he)實路基的頂層標(biao)高以及(ji)寬度(du)。開(kai)挖完(wan)成后,還要對所(suo)有的邊坡進(jin)(jin)行(xing)坡度(du)修補(bu)整改,保證實際工程建造符(fu)合設計圖紙的標(biao)準。
4結語
公(gong)路施(shi)工(gong)中,路基土方(fang)開挖技術存在較(jiao)強的復(fu)雜性(xing)與系統性(xing),因(yin)此(ci)要(yao)依(yi)據施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的實際情況,靈活(huo)應對(dui),采用科學合理的開挖方(fang)法,嚴(yan)格(ge)監(jian)督把握施(shi)工(gong)過程和質(zhi)量(liang)。有關人員(yuan)要(yao)因(yin)地(di)制宜,不斷引進新型技術方(fang)法,積極推(tui)動我(wo)國交通運輸行業(ye)以及社(she)會(hui)經(jing)濟的迅速發展。
參考文獻:
[1]劉茶艷.淺(qian)談(tan)高(gao)速公路施工中路基(ji)土方(fang)開(kai)挖技術(shu)[J].江(jiang)西建材,2013(5):218-219.
[2]張立偉.高速公(gong)路(lu)施工中路(lu)基土方開挖技(ji)術應用(yong)分析[J].江(jiang)西建材,2013(1):164-165.
篇9
【關鍵(jian)詞(ci)】土方;填筑(zhu);壓實(shi)
在(zai)當下的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程中,土方工(gong)程是(shi)一(yi)項極其重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)程,因(yin)其受土質(zhi)因(yin)素、地質(zhi)結構、環境(jing)條件等的(de)(de)(de)影響較大,且直接關(guan)系到整個(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性,故對土方填筑(zhu)(zhu)與壓實施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)要求越(yue)來越(yue)高,因(yin)此我們(men)必須基(ji)于地理條件和工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設標準制定(ding)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)方案,選擇先(xian)進(jin)、經濟的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)工(gong)藝,以此提高土方工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量。
一(yi)、土(tu)方填筑(zhu)與壓實(shi)概(gai)述
土體(ti)是(shi)一個綜合(he)(he)、復雜(za)的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)結構,主(zhu)要由(you)水溶液、礦物(wu)顆粒、氣體(ti)構成(cheng),具(ju)有一定的(de)塑性、彈(dan)性和粘滯性,因(yin)顆粒間連接不緊密,易在自然條(tiao)件和外力影(ying)響(xiang)下因(yin)凍融或浸水而出現變(bian)形或開裂,若(ruo)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程的(de)地(di)基持力層是(shi)借助(zhu)壓實(shi)(shi)(shi)填(tian)土完成(cheng)的(de),那么就會影(ying)響(xiang)上(shang)層建(jian)筑(zhu)結構的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性與(yu)(yu)穩定性,由(you)此引發(fa)重大安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故也不是(shi)沒有可能(neng)的(de)。顯而易見,土方(fang)填(tian)筑(zhu)和壓實(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程安(an)全(quan)(quan)息(xi)息(xi)相關,因(yin)此我們必(bi)須強化土方(fang)填(tian)筑(zhu)與(yu)(yu)壓實(shi)(shi)(shi)施工技術管理,以(yi)此提高填(tian)土的(de)強度和密實(shi)(shi)(shi)度,使其承載力和整體(ti)性符合(he)(he)相關要求(qiu),進(jin)而促(cu)進(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程安(an)全(quan)(quan)、順利進(jin)行(xing)。
二、土方填筑與(yu)壓(ya)實的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因素
1.土含水率
土(tu)(tu)含水(shui)率(lv)對土(tu)(tu)方(fang)填筑(zhu)與(yu)壓(ya)(ya)實實效(xiao)的(de)影響較為突出,若在土(tu)(tu)方(fang)壓(ya)(ya)實過程(cheng)中對其施加的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力相(xiang)同(tong),含水(shui)率(lv)低(di)的(de)土(tu)(tu)粒以難(nan)以發生(sheng)相(xiang)對位移而(er)造(zao)成壓(ya)(ya)實效(xiao)果差,而(er)含水(shui)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)的(de)土(tu)(tu)粒則容易移動會增強壓(ya)(ya)實效(xiao)果,但(dan)含水(shui)率(lv)過高(gao)(gao)的(de)土(tu)(tu)粒又會因自由水(shui)抵消部(bu)分有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)力使(shi)壓(ya)(ya)實效(xiao)果有所降低(di),可(ke)見必須基于工程(cheng)實際選擇最佳的(de)土(tu)(tu)含水(shui)率(lv)。
2.土質特點
在同一壓(ya)實(shi)功率下,不(bu)同土質的干(gan)密度(du)、含水量有所差異,通常粗粒(li)越多,其干(gan)容(rong)重越大(da),含水量也就隨之增(zeng)大(da),加(jia)之受膠體(ti)物質影響(xiang),致使其壓(ya)實(shi)效果不(bu)盡相同。如(ru)砂土為松散(san)的粗粒(li),其水分較(jiao)易(yi)流失,此時(shi)的含水率的實(shi)際意(yi)義(yi)并不(bu)大(da),因而(er)壓(ya)實(shi)效果較(jiao)差。
3.壓實功率
壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)功率主要是指(zhi)對土(tu)質(zhi)施加(jia)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)的(de)大小,通常與其壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)器具的(de)自(zi)重、夯板或錘的(de)自(zi)重和落差、碾壓(ya)(ya)次數等有關。若(ruo)設(she)定的(de)土(tu)含水率相同,那么壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)率越大,其密實(shi)(shi)度也會隨之增大,但在土(tu)含水率超過一定的(de)范圍后繼續增加(jia)壓(ya)(ya)力(li),反而會降(jiang)低壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)度。
4.鋪土厚度
鋪(pu)土厚(hou)(hou)度在壓力的(de)作用下會逐漸縮小(xiao),若(ruo)厚(hou)(hou)度過(guo)薄(bo),則需(xu)要增加壓實(shi)次數;若(ruo)厚(hou)(hou)度過(guo)厚(hou)(hou),其(qi)密(mi)實(shi)度又難以符合要求,但其(qi)與(yu)土質特點(dian)、土含水率(lv)、壓實(shi)大小(xiao)等均有關,因此需(xu)要綜合權衡,
三、土方填筑與壓實(shi)施工技術探討(tao)
1.慎(shen)重選(xuan)用土方(fang)材料
土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)自身性(xing)(xing)能和(he)質量(liang)是提高(gao)土(tu)方(fang)填筑和(he)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎保(bao)障,這就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)我們應(ying)(ying)以(yi)建筑工程建設(she)標準和(he)地(di)質條(tiao)件為重要(yao)(yao)依據,選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)水穩性(xing)(xing)好、抗滲性(xing)(xing)強、壓(ya)(ya)縮性(xing)(xing)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao),并(bing)基(ji)于相關規定和(he)試驗操作,確定其(qi)最佳含(han)水率(lv),若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)無明(ming)確要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),應(ying)(ying)具(ju)體情況具(ju)體分析(xi)。若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)以(yi)砂(sha)土(tu)、碎石(shi)類(lei)土(tu)、爆破石(shi)渣用(yong)(yong)于填筑建筑表層時,應(ying)(ying)將其(qi)最大(da)(da)粒徑(jing)控制在每層鋪土(tu)厚(hou)度的(de)(de)(de)2/3以(yi)內;若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是黏(nian)土(tu),應(ying)(ying)充分考慮其(qi)含(han)水率(lv)與(yu)壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),盡量(liang)在填土(tu)時避免使用(yong)(yong)含(han)水率(lv)過大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)土(tu);若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中含(han)有碎草(cao)皮或其(qi)他雜(za)物,應(ying)(ying)將雜(za)物量(liang)控制在土(tu)壤總量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)8%以(yi)內;若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)施工區域(yu)含(han)有淤(yu)泥(ni)類(lei)土(tu)質,應(ying)(ying)在翻土(tu)壤處理(li)其(qi)含(han)水率(lv)之后再實(shi)(shi)施填土(tu)操作;若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是礫石(shi)、塊石(shi)、卵石(shi)等(deng)材料(liao)(liao)(liao),應(ying)(ying)保(bao)證(zheng)其(qi)最大(da)(da)粒徑(jing)低(di)于40㎝,且分層壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)粒徑(jing)應(ying)(ying)低(di)于20㎝;此外還(huan)應(ying)(ying)杜絕(jue)使用(yong)(yong)含(han)水溶性(xing)(xing)硫酸鹽(yan)超過5%的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)和(he)含(han)有機(ji)物超過8%的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao),以(yi)免降低(di)土(tu)方(fang)承載力,引發(fa)基(ji)礎位移、造成地(di)面開裂等(deng)。概括的(de)(de)(de)講,就(jiu)是在土(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)符合設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)最佳含(han)水率(lv),以(yi)此獲取最大(da)(da)干密度和(he)最小(xiao)剩(sheng)余空隙,從而(er)提高(gao)土(tu)方(fang)穩定性(xing)(xing)。
2.合理確定填筑方法
一是(shi)在土(tu)(tu)(tu)方填筑過程中,應首先將基(ji)(ji)底的(de)(de)積水、樹根、有機碎片等雜物清除,針對(dui)其中的(de)(de)淤泥、軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)等,必須予(yu)以(yi)及時(shi)的(de)(de)換土(tu)(tu)(tu)回填,并盡(jin)量使(shi)用同(tong)類土(tu)(tu)(tu)料予(yu)以(yi)分層(ceng)填筑,如果實際填筑的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料有所(suo)不同(tong),適宜(yi)將抗滲性較差的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料置(zhi)于抗滲性好的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)之上,并禁止混雜使(shi)用多種土(tu)(tu)(tu)料,以(yi)免造成水囊。在施(shi)工地基(ji)(ji)表面土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)時(shi),最好為(wei)其增(zeng)設合理的(de)(de)排(pai)水坡,在回填管溝和基(ji)(ji)坑時(shi),應從(cong)兩側或四周(zhou)予(yu)以(yi)均勻(yun)、分層(ceng)進行,以(yi)此防止其因土(tu)(tu)(tu)壓力(li)出現相對(dui)位(wei)移(yi)或變(bian)形(xing)。
二(er)是(shi)(shi)在土(tu)(tu)方壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)中,應基于建筑工程(cheng)特(te)點、土(tu)(tu)料(liao)類(lei)別、施工條件、壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)要求(qiu)等(deng)選擇可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)和機(ji)具(ju),而用(yong)(yong)于土(tu)(tu)方壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)般涉及三(san)種:夯實(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa),主要是(shi)(shi)借助(zhu)夯錘(chui)自由下落產生的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)力用(yong)(yong)于夯實(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)固土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),具(ju)有(you)構造簡單、操(cao)作靈活、效(xiao)率較高的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,通常(chang)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于工程(cheng)量(liang)小、場地(di)復雜的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況,對(dui)較厚的(de)(de)(de)黏性(xing)和非黏性(xing)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)夯實(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果較好;碾(nian)壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)(fa),主要是(shi)(shi)借助(zhu)機(ji)械滾輪在土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)滾動完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de),適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于路(lu)基、場地(di)平(ping)整、大型車間等(deng)面(mian)(mian)積較大的(de)(de)(de)填(tian)土(tu)(tu)碾(nian)壓(ya),其(qi)中羊足碾(nian)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于黏性(xing)土(tu)(tu)質,平(ping)碾(nian)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于黏性(xing)和非黏性(xing)土(tu)(tu)質;強夯法(fa)(fa)(fa)也是(shi)(shi)較為常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa),主要是(shi)(shi)通過機(ji)械起吊(diao)吊(diao)錘(chui)產生強大的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)力用(yong)(yong)于固結深層(ceng)土(tu)(tu)體(ti),增加(jia)其(qi)密實(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du),適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于路(lu)基、地(di)基的(de)(de)(de)深層(ceng)加(jia)固。因土(tu)(tu)方壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)各有(you)優勢,因此應基于施工要求(qiu)確定壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)和機(ji)具(ju)。
3.嚴格控制壓(ya)實質(zhi)量(liang)
在保證壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)實方法合理后,還應(ying)綜合考慮相(xiang)關因素確定鋪土厚度、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)實次(ci)數、施(shi)工(gong)要點等,并(bing)嚴格(ge)對填(tian)土壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)實質量進(jin)行檢驗。如在碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)松土時,其(qi)鋪土厚度適宜設為(wei)20-30㎝之間(jian),并(bing)以(yi)填(tian)土區域為(wei)中心,先輕后重,從兩側(ce)逐漸向(xiang)中央壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)實,其(qi)中羊足(zu)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)的碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)速度應(ying)在3km/h以(yi)內,平碾(nian)(nian)(nian)的碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)速度應(ying)在2km/h以(yi)內,并(bing)留有20㎝左右(you)的輪跡重疊(die),且以(yi)6-8次(ci)為(wei)宜;再如通過人工(gong)打(da)夯時,填(tian)土的分層厚度應(ying)低(di)于20㎝,并(bing)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)實3-4次(ci),針對砂土可(ke)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2-3次(ci);若施(shi)用(yong)的強夯法,其(qi)夯錘起(qi)重應(ying)處于8-30t之間(jian),落差為(wei)6-25m之間(jian)等。
為(wei)保證填土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)密(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)度(du)符合設(she)(she)計(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu),避(bi)免建筑(zhu)工程出(chu)現(xian)不均勻塌陷,應(ying)注重填土(tu)(tu)(tu)壓實(shi)(shi)效果的(de)取樣(yang)(yang)和(he)檢驗。此(ci)時(shi)可以壓實(shi)(shi)后(hou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)的(de)干(gan)密(mi)(mi)度(du)為(wei)重要指標(biao)用于衡(heng)量填土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)密(mi)(mi)實(shi)(shi)度(du),而在取樣(yang)(yang)時(shi),可借助(zhu)環刀(dao)法來(lai)實(shi)(shi)現(xian),通常(chang)以每層400-900屏風馬為(wei)一(yi)組用于場地平整填土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)取樣(yang)(yang),以20-50㎝長度(du)為(wei)一(yi)組用于管溝(gou)或基槽的(de)填土(tu)(tu)(tu)取樣(yang)(yang),以20-50m?為(wei)一(yi)組用于基坑填土(tu)(tu)(tu)取樣(yang)(yang),但都應(ying)在土(tu)(tu)(tu)層壓實(shi)(shi)的(de)下半部進行(xing)(xing)分散取樣(yang)(yang)。最后(hou)應(ying)保證土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)干(gan)密(mi)(mi)度(du)的(de)90%符合相關設(she)(she)計(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu),而剩下的(de)10%的(de)最低數值(zhi)(zhi)與設(she)(she)計(ji)數值(zhi)(zhi)偏差應(ying)低于0.08kg/cm3,此(ci)外還應(ying)借助(zhu)水(shui)準(zhun)儀(yi)、鋼(gang)尺、坡(po)度(du)尺、楔(xie)形塞(sai)尺等(deng)對其土(tu)(tu)(tu)方的(de)平整度(du)、標(biao)高(gao)、壓實(shi)(shi)度(du)、邊坡(po)高(gao)度(du)等(deng)進行(xing)(xing)檢驗。
4.有效預防常見問題
針對(dui)土(tu)方(fang)填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)與回填(tian)(tian)施工中的(de)一些常見問題,應及時做好預防和處理(li)措施,以(yi)此減少不利因素(su)對(dui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)密實度的(de)影響(xiang),如因橡皮土(tu)造成的(de)基(ji)土(tu)顫動和不穩,應保證(zheng)在基(ji)坑(keng)回填(tian)(tian)前(qian)徹底清除殘留的(de)淤泥和積(ji)水(shui),并要求用(yong)于回填(tian)(tian)的(de)土(tu)料落地(di)開花、手握成團;針對(dui)場地(di)局部或大量積(ji)水(shui),應保證(zheng)為其設置(zhi)的(de)排水(shui)溝、排水(shui)坡(po)等科學(xue)合理(li);若填(tian)(tian)土(tu)密實度與設計規范存(cun)在偏(pian)差(cha),應根據實際(ji)情(qing)況填(tian)(tian)入(ru)吸水(shui)材料或者(zhe)換土(tu)回填(tian)(tian)。
結束語:
總(zong)之(zhi),土方(fang)填(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與壓(ya)實(shi)與整(zheng)個(ge)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程的安全性與穩(wen)定性密切相(xiang)關(guan),但影響因(yin)素眾多(duo),施工(gong)較為復(fu)雜,因(yin)此(ci)我們必須強化(hua)土方(fang)填(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與壓(ya)實(shi)施工(gong)技術管(guan)理與施工(gong)質量檢(jian)驗(yan),以此(ci)提高其(qi)承載力與壓(ya)實(shi)度,進而保證建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程質量,延長其(qi)使(shi)用壽命,使(shi)其(qi)創造更多(duo)的效益。
參考文獻:
[1]李(li)欣馨.淺析土方的填筑與壓(ya)實[J].工程(cheng)科技,2013(15).
[2]吳萍.土方填(tian)筑(zhu)施工中壓實(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的應用[J].中國高新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)企業,2010(09).
篇10
基于此點,國家對水利工程(cheng)的(de)(de)投入大大增(zeng)加,不但在資金方面(mian)(mian)充分給予,還在政策上進行傾斜,重(zhong)視程(cheng)度不斷加大。但是我(wo)們必(bi)須(xu)看到,水利工程(cheng)是長期的(de)(de)、復雜的(de)(de),其中涉及(ji)到許多(duo)方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)問(wen)題,所以在實(shi)際的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)過程(cheng)中需要處理好各(ge)方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)問(wen)題,運用科(ke)學(xue)合理的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工方法提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)工效(xiao)率(lv)水平,加強施(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)安(an)全質(zhi)量(liang)水準,保證水利工程(cheng)能夠正常運作(zuo)。
2水利(li)工程施工技術要求
2.1有效控制工程所在地的水(shui)流
水利工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)現場是在(zai)(zai)河流(liu)或者(zhe)是湖(hu)泊(bo)等處,所以在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中要對(dui)當地(di)的(de)水流(liu)情況(kuang)進行正確的(de)認知,采取科學的(de)方法進行水流(liu)的(de)有效(xiao)控(kong)(kong)制,杜絕在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中出現質量安(an)全問(wen)題。另外,對(dui)水流(liu)進行控(kong)(kong)制還可以避免(mian)工(gong)程(cheng)完工(gong)后水流(liu)對(dui)水利工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)沖刷。
2.2采取相應(ying)措施應(ying)對工期內氣候變化
水利工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)現場(chang)是河流湖泊(bo)等地,所以大(da)多數情況(kuang)下(xia)是露天(tian)操(cao)作,天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)因素在(zai)很大(da)程(cheng)度(du)上影響著施工(gong)的(de)進(jin)度(du)和質量安(an)全(quan),所以在(zai)施工(gong)時必(bi)須關注(zhu)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)狀況(kuang),對(dui)于不同的(de)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)要(yao)采取不同的(de)應對(dui)方案。
2.3嚴格控制(zhi)工(gong)程施工(gong)質量
對水利工程的(de)施(shi)工操(cao)作要(yao)嚴格按照預先制定的(de)標(biao)準規(gui)范,一些工程對于性(xing)能方面有(you)著極為嚴格的(de)要(yao)求,如(ru)果(guo)在滲水性(xing)、穩(wen)定性(xing)、耐磨性(xing)、抗壓性(xing)等方面沒有(you)達(da)到標(biao)準的(de)話,就可(ke)能導(dao)致水利工程整體出(chu)現質(zhi)量安全問題。
2.4做好施工階段(duan)的技術(shu)管理
在(zai)水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中,要按(an)照(zhao)科(ke)學合理(li)(li)的(de)方(fang)法選擇(ze)最恰當的(de)技(ji)術管(guan)理(li)(li)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng),一些新(xin)技(ji)術和工(gong)(gong)藝在(zai)可能情況下也可以(yi)使用,這樣可以(yi)大大縮減成本(ben)支出。企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)中,應該從企(qi)業(ye)制度出發,落(luo)實企(qi)業(ye)監管(guan)力度,保證施工(gong)(gong)每個環(huan)節都能按(an)照(zhao)標準(zhun)進行。
3水利(li)工(gong)程主要施工(gong)方法
3.1土方工程
水(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)模塊就是土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng),作為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)層(ceng)次(ci),土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)也要(yao)按照科學的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)進行,當前最(zui)常見的(de)(de)幾種方(fang)法(fa)是干填(tian)碾壓(ya)式(shi)、定(ding)向爆破(po)式(shi)、水(shui)力沖填(tian)式(shi)和水(shui)中(zhong)填(tian)土(tu)式(shi)。在我國進行水(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)經常使用的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)是干填(tian)碾壓(ya)式(shi)堤(di)壩。
3.2水墜壩工程
通過水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力的(de)(de)(de)沖刷進行土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)修筑而成的(de)(de)(de)是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)墜(zhui)壩(ba)(ba),它不同于傳統意(yi)義上的(de)(de)(de)使用碾壓方(fang)(fang)式修筑的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壩(ba)(ba),它在施工(gong)過程(cheng)中更為簡單快捷,價格(ge)也比較低(di),所以(yi)(yi)在出現嚴重水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)流失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)使用此方(fang)(fang)法可以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)治理當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利問題。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)墜(zhui)壩(ba)(ba)是通過水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力沖刷而成,所以(yi)(yi)在施工(gong)之(zhi)前需要(yao)對當地(di)能(neng)夠(gou)形(xing)成沖刷的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力進行勘察,達到標準(zhun)(zhun)才可以(yi)(yi)使用此方(fang)(fang)法進行。從實踐結論來看,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)墜(zhui)壩(ba)(ba)在填(tian)(tian)(tian)充的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)和需要(yao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量二者之(zhi)間大致(zhi)是1∶1的(de)(de)(de)關系,而工(gong)程(cheng)整體(ti)需要(yao)準(zhun)(zhun)備的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)則應(ying)該是土(tu)方(fang)(fang)量的(de)(de)(de)1.5倍左右。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)墜(zhui)壩(ba)(ba)在充填(tian)(tian)(tian)過程(cheng)中主要(yao)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法是畦沖填(tian)(tian)(tian)、多畦間歇沖填(tian)(tian)(tian)、一岸沖填(tian)(tian)(tian)、兩(liang)岸交替沖填(tian)(tian)(tian),不管哪種方(fang)(fang)法在實際操作過程(cheng)中必須堅持早、稠、堅、排、勻的(de)(de)(de)沖填(tian)(tian)(tian)要(yao)點(dian)。排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)作在填(tian)(tian)(tian)充結束以(yi)(yi)后,排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主要(yao)有(you)(you)表層(ceng)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和深層(ceng)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)兩(liang)種方(fang)(fang)式,表層(ceng)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)具(ju)有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、虹吸排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、埋(mai)管自(zi)流排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)三種形(xing)式,深層(ceng)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)具(ju)有(you)(you)和砂(sha)井砂(sha)溝、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)褥墊和排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)棱體(ti)三種形(xing)式。
3.3混凝土壩工程
利(li)用(yong)(yong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)進行澆筑碾壓或者是(shi)構建而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)堤壩(ba)就(jiu)是(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壩(ba),它(ta)通常是(shi)針對那些庫(ku)存量(liang)比較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水利(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序分(fen)為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)準備、控制(zhi)水流(liu)、挖掘與處(chu)理地基、修筑混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)大(da)(da)壩(ba)、安裝(zhuang)配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬結構,而(er)在(zai)(zai)這些工(gong)(gong)序中,混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)大(da)(da)壩(ba)修筑包括四(si)個部分(fen),即砂石料的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)攪拌(ban)(ban)、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸和(he)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)澆筑。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)大(da)(da)壩(ba)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)結束(shu)以(yi)后,在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)壩(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)部我們(men)經常可以(yi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一些細小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縫隙,這些縫隙的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)是(shi)因為在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足,導致大(da)(da)壩(ba)底(di)部產生了不(bu)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉降(jiang)現(xian)(xian)象,也可能是(shi)因為大(da)(da)壩(ba)在(zai)(zai)結構設計階段就(jiu)有(you)不(bu)合理之處(chu),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)攪拌(ban)(ban)過程(cheng)(cheng)沒有(you)達標,周圍(wei)環境出(chu)現(xian)(xian)變化等都可能導致大(da)(da)壩(ba)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)此類問題。總體來看(kan),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)變形對大(da)(da)壩(ba)造成了過度(du)(du)(du)約束(shu)才使得大(da)(da)壩(ba)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)裂(lie)(lie)縫現(xian)(xian)象。按(an)照裂(lie)(lie)縫出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置和(he)深度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)同,可以(yi)將混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)大(da)(da)壩(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫分(fen)為表面裂(lie)(lie)縫、貫穿裂(lie)(lie)縫和(he)深層內部裂(lie)(lie)縫三(san)種類型,導致這三(san)種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因分(fen)別為混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)干縮速(su)度(du)(du)(du)太(tai)快(kuai)、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)塑(su)性(xing)因素(su)、水泥(ni)(ni)水化熱現(xian)(xian)象。為了減少裂(lie)(lie)縫出(chu)現(xian)(xian),應做到以(yi)下(xia)三(san)點:加快(kuai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)散熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)(du)(du),降(jiang)低混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)存儲階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du),降(jiang)低水泥(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水化熱溫度(du)(du)(du)。
3.4灌漿工程
為了提高灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)的密實(shi)度,在(zai)鉆孔灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)時往(wang)往(wang)采取(qu)先進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)固(gu)結再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)帷幕的順序(xu),按照(zhao)分序(xu)加(jia)密的方(fang)法(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。當(dang)前灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)采用(yong)的方(fang)法(fa)(fa)包括(kuo)純(chun)壓(ya)(ya)式(shi)和循(xun)環式(shi),純(chun)壓(ya)(ya)式(shi)主要(yao)是針對那(nei)些施工(gong)現場地質水平是巖石(shi)且具有微小縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隙的水利(li)工(gong)程,通(tong)過機械(xie)設(she)備(bei)將灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)孔中,再次(ci)(ci)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)增壓(ya)(ya)將灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)注入(ru)(ru)每(mei)個縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隙;而循(xun)環式(shi)灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)針對那(nei)些具有較大巖石(shi)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隙的水利(li)工(gong)程,主要(yao)通(tong)過重力將灌(guan)漿(jiang)(jiang)滲(shen)透到大縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隙中去,沒有滲(shen)透的漿(jiang)(jiang)液可以被抽回再次(ci)(ci)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)壓(ya)(ya)漿(jiang)(jiang)。此方(fang)法(fa)(fa)應該按照(zhao)先稀后稠(chou)的方(fang)法(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),逐次(ci)(ci)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)轉變。
4結束語