導(dao)語：如何才(cai)能(neng)寫好一篇變(bian)更管理的重要(yao)性(xing)，這就需要(yao)搜(sou)集(ji)整理更多的資料和文(wen)獻，歡迎閱讀由公務員(yuan)之家整理的十篇范文(wen)，供你借鑒。

篇1

在工程項目施工的過程中，受到一些自然因素，或者是突發性人文因素的影響，需要對其進行一定的變更。如此一來，原定的施工方案、施工進度都會有所改變，所以必須對工程變更管理進行一定的探討，才有可能盡量降低其帶來的影響，促進工程項目的順利、高效建設。本文從工程項目變更管理的作(zuo)用與價值(zhi)入手，探討了這一變動(dong)對于(yu)工(gong)程項目建設的具體影(ying)響。然后在此(ci)基礎上(shang)，提出(chu)了一些有關工(gong)程變更管理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的注意事項。

關鍵詞：

建筑(zhu)工程管理(li)；工程變更(geng)管理(li)；注(zhu)意事項；探討(tao)

引言

現如(ru)今，在(zai)工程(cheng)項目的(de)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中，往(wang)往(wang)會遇到各種(zhong)各樣的(de)不確(que)定(ding)因(yin)素，包(bao)括數量眾(zhong)多的(de)承包(bao)商，復雜多樣的(de)自然環境等等，在(zai)這些(xie)因(yin)素的(de)共同作用(yong)下(xia)，工程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)更管(guan)理應運而生(sheng)。基于此，施(shi)工單位有必要就如(ru)何加強(qiang)工程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)更管(guan)理，進行一定(ding)的(de)探討，從而使其更好的(de)服(fu)務于工程(cheng)項目的(de)建(jian)設(she)，最終促進我國建(jian)筑(zhu)領域的(de)發展。

1為(wei)什么要開(kai)展建筑工(gong)程變更(geng)管(guan)理工(gong)作

近些年來(lai)，受到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)選址以(yi)及項目(mu)設計工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)建設的(de)(de)(de)不確定因素(su)愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)多，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)也(ye)被(bei)頻繁的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用于(yu)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中。但(dan)與此同時，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發商或承包商數量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，面臨著“牽一發而動全(quan)身”的(de)(de)(de)局面[1]。總而言之(zhi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是十分有必要(yao)開(kai)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)是開(kai)展(zhan)起來(lai)難度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大，需要(yao)參考(kao)各個影(ying)響因素(su)，并且考(kao)慮不同開(kai)發商、承包商的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)。基于(yu)以(yi)上種種原因，相關主體有必要(yao)加(jia)強對(dui)于(yu)這一部(bu)分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)，更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)發揮(hui)其作(zuo)(zuo)用與價值，促進工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)高質量(liang)、高效率建設，為我國建筑(zhu)行業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)奠定良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。

2工程變更對(dui)工程項目建(jian)設的影響

2.1不(bu)利(li)于開展質量控制工作(zuo)

針對(dui)(dui)這一點，我們(men)可(ke)以以對(dui)(dui)工程(cheng)項目內部(bu)(bu)(bu)設(she)計的(de)(de)變更為例。在(zai)房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中，如果將小開間換成了大開間，那么原有的(de)(de)水電系(xi)統、供暖系(xi)統以及網絡系(xi)統，都需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)出相應的(de)(de)調整。還(huan)有房(fang)間內部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)具體裝飾，也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)出相應的(de)(de)調整。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)是，對(dui)(dui)于外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)一些設(she)施(shi)，改造起來相對(dui)(dui)比(bi)較(jiao)容易，但是對(dui)(dui)于一些已經完工的(de)(de)系(xi)統，要(yao)(yao)(yao)想對(dui)(dui)其進行改造，不僅有著較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，有時還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)付(fu)出高(gao)(gao)昂(ang)的(de)(de)成本。這樣(yang)一來，即使在(zai)外(wai)的(de)(de)改造達(da)到(dao)了既定的(de)(de)標準，但是內部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)改造還(huan)差強人意(yi)，甚至有可(ke)能出現(xian)各種質量問題。

2.2增加了施工(gong)索賠事(shi)件發生的概率(lv)

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程變(bian)更，往往涉及對(dui)(dui)于(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造(zao)，所(suo)以(yi)不可避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)會出現對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)有(you)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)否定與，這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)就涉及到了工(gong)(gong)程索賠這(zhe)(zhe)一工(gong)(gong)作。我們以(yi)房屋裝修為(wei)例，如果業(ye)(ye)主對(dui)(dui)于(yu)衛生間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構造(zao)不滿意，希望(wang)可以(yi)擴大(da)其(qi)面(mian)積。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)，就需(xu)(xu)要施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)已經完(wan)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)進(jin)行(xing)拆(chai)除，在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎上，根(gen)據(ju)業(ye)(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)要求(qiu)，購進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)材(cai)料(liao)，引進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備，安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術人員(yuan)，最終(zhong)實(shi)現同業(ye)(ye)主實(shi)際(ji)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效對(dui)(dui)接(jie)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一過程中，需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣系統、水(shui)力系統進(jin)行(xing)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整，這(zhe)(zhe)就加(jia)大(da)了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作難度。與此(ci)同時(shi)，因為(wei)拆(chai)除原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)施(shi)(shi)，購進(jin)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)，不僅為(wei)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)加(jia)大(da)了其(qi)工(gong)(gong)作量(liang)，同時(shi)也(ye)加(jia)大(da)了其(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)成本，進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)索賠也(ye)顯得十(shi)分(fen)有(you)必(bi)要[1]。

3建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理中工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更的審查以及(ji)簽發原則

對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)來(lai)(lai)說，相(xiang)(xiang)關部門明確(que)規(gui)定，不論這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求是由(you)哪(na)個主體提出(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，業(ye)(ye)主或(huo)者是某一(yi)(yi)開發商，都需要交由(you)監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師審核，審核沒有問題之(zhi)后(hou)，再交由(you)業(ye)(ye)主批(pi)準(zhun)報案(an)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎上，將變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關文件下(xia)發到(dao)各個部門，然后(hou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目進行(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審查(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，要盡量(liang)做到(dao)高(gao)質量(liang)、高(gao)效率。如(ru)果(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)審批(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，任何(he)一(yi)(yi)個環節出(chu)(chu)現(xian)問題，都需要重新(xin)去考(kao)慮對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目進行(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)，盡可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避免一(yi)(yi)些(xie)不必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)。需要注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其進行(xing)(xing)審查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，如(ru)果(guo)不對(dui)(dui)(dui)權力進行(xing)(xing)約束，采用(yong)權力制約的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)作(zuo)方式(shi)，并且加大(da)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)權力運(yun)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)力度，就很可(ke)(ke)能造成權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濫用(yong)，出(chu)(chu)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)沒有必(bi)要，甚至是不科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)要求。而工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)發原則，具體來(lai)(lai)說有以(yi)下(xia)幾(ji)點：工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)以(yi)后(hou)，必(bi)須要保持(chi)原有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設質量(liang)，不能違反(fan)相(xiang)(xiang)關部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)必(bi)須是在(zai)(zai)(zai)技術(shu)允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍之(zhi)，不能對(dui)(dui)(dui)其進行(xing)(xing)強行(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)，以(yi)免對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)造成影響(xiang)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)(zai)既定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金范圍內進行(xing)(xing)，不能超出(chu)(chu)投(tou)資預案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)需要充分考(kao)慮工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)因素(su)，盡可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做到(dao)按時交工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

4工程變更的責任

4.1消費者(zhe)方面的責任

以下(xia)幾種情況，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)負工(gong)程變的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)責任(ren)：①根據(ju)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)的需(xu)求(qiu)，業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)對項目(mu)(mu)進(jin)行變更，或者(zhe)是受(shou)到外界(jie)因素的影響，原來(lai)的設計逐漸暴(bao)露出問(wen)題的情況；②由于一(yi)些(xie)突發(fa)性的自然災害，施(shi)工(gong)方必須對工(gong)程項目(mu)(mu)進(jin)行變更，才有可能實現項目(mu)(mu)建設工(gong)作的完(wan)成；③由于業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)自身的原因，導致施(shi)工(gong)的進(jin)度，或者(zhe)是一(yi)些(xie)具體設計，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)做出相應(ying)的調整(zheng)，這時也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)來(lai)負工(gong)程變更的責任(ren)。

4.2施工單位方面的責任

由(you)施工(gong)單(dan)位負工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更的(de)(de)(de)責任，主(zhu)要存在以(yi)下兩種(zhong)(zhong)情況：①由(you)于施工(gong)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)疏漏(lou)，造成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設中的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)問題，所(suo)以(yi)不得不對原定的(de)(de)(de)項目進(jin)行(xing)變(bian)更。②施工(gong)方的(de)(de)(de)技術水平以(yi)及設備，不足以(yi)支持原定的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)方案，也(ye)無(wu)法按照(zhao)原定的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)進(jin)度開展(zhan)，所(suo)以(yi)需要施工(gong)單(dan)位負主(zhu)要責任。

5工程變更價款的確定

對(dui)于工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更價(jia)款的(de)確定，一般采用(yong)的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)通過合(he)同中已(yi)經(jing)明確的(de)各種單價(jia)，這(zhe)種方式比較(jiao)透明也比較(jiao)公(gong)平，所以得(de)到了更為廣泛的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。具體來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)，其應(ying)(ying)用(yong)可以分(fen)(fen)為以下幾種情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)：①直接套用(yong)，即(ji)對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更的(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，依(yi)然采用(yong)原來(lai)(lai)的(de)定價(jia)方式與定價(jia)標準，這(zhe)一方法比較(jiao)簡單易行但(dan)(dan)是(shi)缺(que)乏對(dui)于實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)考慮；②部(bu)分(fen)(fen)套用(yong)，即(ji)變(bian)更的(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)參(can)照實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)，施工(gong)單位(wei)與業主(zhu)進行協商，從而(er)確定出相應(ying)(ying)的(de)定價(jia)方案。這(zhe)種方法較(jiao)第(di)一種來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)，稍顯繁(fan)瑣但(dan)(dan)是(shi)容易在施工(gong)單位(wei)與業主(zhu)之間(jian)達成(cheng)一致(zhi)[2]。

6工程變更的(de)注意(yi)事(shi)項

在現(xian)代化工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設過程(cheng)中(zhong)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是十分有必(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，同(tong)時也是十分復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)在對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目進行(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意以(yi)(yi)(yi)下幾點：①工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)交由專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)部門來負(fu)責，并且重視這(zhe)一過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務預算(suan)(suan)、決算(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格按(an)照程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。與(yu)此同(tong)時，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)設立專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)部門，對(dui)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作進行(xing)管理(li)(li)、控制以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)監督(du)，從而(er)使(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)高效、有序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)展。②在對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目進行(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)確(que)保施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)符合建(jian)設規律，并且施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)水(shui)平可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)滿(man)足其(qi)(qi)(qi)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)體(ti)現(xian)出其(qi)(qi)(qi)科(ke)學性(xing)與(yu)合理(li)(li)性(xing)，并且要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分告知給施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)隨之(zhi)調(diao)整自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)，更(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)滿(man)足項(xiang)(xiang)目變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)[3]。③工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)充分考慮各(ge)方需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，并且在論(lun)證(zheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)科(ke)學性(xing)與(yu)合理(li)(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下，才有可(ke)(ke)能付諸行(xing)動。必(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)召(zhao)開(kai)討(tao)論(lun)會(hui)，就其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)性(xing)進行(xing)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商討(tao)，確(que)保每個主(zhu)體(ti)都(dou)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)認同(tong)這(zhe)一工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。

7結束語

總而(er)言之，在(zai)現代化工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)設過程(cheng)中(zhong)，工(gong)程(cheng)變更工(gong)作是十(shi)分(fen)有必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)，同時也是十(shi)分(fen)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)一項(xiang)工(gong)作。所以要(yao)(yao)求相(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)作人員必須(xu)加(jia)大對(dui)于(yu)這一工(gong)作的(de)(de)重視力(li)度，并且加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)其的(de)(de)管理(li)。除此(ci)之外(wai)，還需要(yao)(yao)提高對(dui)一些注意事(shi)項(xiang)的(de)(de)重視力(li)度，推(tui)動工(gong)程(cheng)變更管理(li)工(gong)作高質、高效的(de)(de)開展，使其更好的(de)(de)服(fu)務于(yu)施工(gong)單位項(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設，最終促進我國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)行業的(de)(de)良(liang)性運轉以及可持續(xu)發展。

參考文獻

[1]王(wang)恒.建(jian)筑(zhu)工程管(guan)理中的工程變更管(guan)理[J].建(jian)材(cai)與裝飾(shi)，2016（50）：147~148.

[2]歐貴紅.試論(lun)建筑工(gong)程管理(li)中的(de)工(gong)程變(bian)更(geng)管理(li)[J].建設科技，2016（12）：89~90.

篇2

[關鍵詞(ci)]合同 數(shu)據庫 臺(tai)賬 數(shu)據分析

中圖分類號(hao)：D922.21 文獻標識(shi)碼：A 文章編號(hao)：1009-914X（2016）01-0080-02

一、建設工程項目管理中(zhong)合(he)同管理的重要(yao)性

合(he)(he)同(tong)文件涉及(ji)的范圍廣(guang)泛，只要(yao)是和(he)建設工(gong)程項目實施(shi)過程中相關的所有合(he)(he)同(tong)協議或者是書面(mian)記錄都可以算作(zuo)是合(he)(he)同(tong)管(guan)理的對象。針對這種(zhong)廣(guang)泛性(xing)(xing)來(lai)說，合(he)(he)同(tong)管(guan)理的重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)(xing)顯得尤為突(tu)出，其重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)作(zuo)用主要(yao)體現在以下(xia)三個方(fang)面(mian)：

（1）做(zuo)(zuo)好合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理能為(wei)建(jian)設工(gong)程項目的(de)(de)順利實施(shi)(shi)提供必(bi)要的(de)(de)支持，起到(dao)重要的(de)(de)保駕護航作用。根據合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款中(zhong)規定的(de)(de)內容為(wei)建(jian)設工(gong)程項目實施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)準確性做(zuo)(zuo)好保障(zhang)措施(shi)(shi)，對于建(jian)設工(gong)程項目中(zhong)的(de)(de)難點問題很多都能從合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)件中(zhong)找到(dao)對應的(de)(de)解決辦法，避(bi)免了建(jian)設工(gong)程項目走錯路。

（2）做好合同管理(li)對與建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)相關的各個單位(wei)和部門發揮一定(ding)(ding)的約束(shu)作(zuo)用(yong)，這也(ye)是合同文件的一個本質屬(shu)性所在。通過合同文件中的相關約定(ding)(ding)來加強對于合同雙方(fang)的約束(shu)，在很大(da)程(cheng)度(du)上確保雙方(fang)能(neng)夠履約，為建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的順(shun)利實施(shi)掃清障礙，減少額外問題的出現(xian)。

（3）做好合同管理還具備一定的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)價值，這一點主要(yao)體現(xian)(xian)在(zai)合同文(wen)件(jian)中(zhong)對于相(xiang)關(guan)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)內容的(de)規定上。比如在(zai)建設工程項目(mu)最(zui)終的(de)竣工驗收環(huan)節中(zhong)，如果發(fa)生相(xiang)關(guan)問題，就可以(yi)按照合同文(wen)件(jian)中(zhong)的(de)返工與保修條款規定尋求相(xiang)關(guan)單位和部門(men)進(jin)行索賠，進(jin)而追回一些經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)損失(shi)，這也是合同管理重要(yao)性的(de)一個主要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)。

二、合同臺賬的建立

1 建立合同管(guan)理臺賬

施工(gong)合(he)(he)同是(shi)聯(lian)系施工(gong)單位(wei)與(yu)業主(zhu)和(he)監(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)唯一(yi)紐帶，施工(gong)合(he)(he)同的(de)(de)組成主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)招標(biao)文件(jian)、投標(biao)書以及在(zai)招標(biao)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中雙方認(ren)可的(de)(de)來(lai)往信函(han)等(deng)(deng)。合(he)(he)同管理(li)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)內容是(shi)對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)、設計(ji)補充、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)延期、費用索賠、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)分包轉讓、合(he)(he)同雙方的(de)(de)違(wei)約、爭(zheng)端與(yu)仲裁、保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)等(deng)(deng)進行管理(li)。一(yi)般而言，合(he)(he)同支(zhi)付(fu)項目的(de)(de)靈活性要(yao)比清(qing)單支(zhi)付(fu)項目大，也(ye)更(geng)難把握和(he)控制，其內容包括動員預(yu)付(fu)款、材料(liao)設備預(yu)付(fu)款、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)、索賠、價格調整、延遲付(fu)款利(li)息、拖期違(wei)約償(chang)金，保(bao)(bao)(bao)留金和(he)提前竣工(gong)獎(jiang)金等(deng)(deng)。合(he)(he)同管理(li)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是(shi)為了更(geng)有(you)(you)效地進行投資控制。因此，對于上(shang)述項目的(de)(de)計(ji)量與(yu)支(zhi)付(fu)，必須有(you)(you)詳細的(de)(de)證明(ming)材料(liao)及施工(gong)原始資料(liao)并(bing)按符合(he)(he)規定(ding)的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序逐級上(shang)報，這就要(yao)求我(wo)們(men)施工(gong)單位(wei)要(yao)有(you)(you)詳細準確的(de)(de)施工(gong)原始記錄并(bing)妥善保(bao)(bao)(bao)存。

相對(dui)于(yu)與(yu)業(ye)主簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)工(gong)程施工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，施工(gong)單位(wei)與(yu)外協單位(wei)、材料供應(ying)商(shang)等(deng)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雖然小如(ru)蟻雀(que)，但也不容忽視(shi)。這(zhe)些合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)主要(yao)(yao)包含了(le)(le)雙方(fang)的(de)(de)責(ze)任與(yu)權利、工(gong)作內(nei)容、價格、質(zhi)量(liang)、安全生(sheng)產(chan)、違約(yue)責(ze)任等(deng)內(nei)容，直接關(guan)系到合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)的(de)(de)根(gen)本利益，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)訂(ding)立(li)，確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)當(dang)事人雙方(fang)對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)責(ze)任和雙方(fang)的(de)(de)經濟法律關(guan)系，也是雙方(fang)實施合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)，享(xiang)有(you)權利和承擔義務的(de)(de)法律依據。合(he)(he)(he)法、有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)利于(yu)當(dang)事人認真履(lv)行，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時還可以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)地(di)預(yu)防糾(jiu)紛的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。即(ji)使發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)糾(jiu)紛，當(dang)事人也可請(qing)求(qiu)仲裁機構或人民法院(yuan)依據合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條款保護其合(he)(he)(he)法權益。在(zai)大(da)型(xing)建(jian)設工(gong)程中，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)目(mu)很(hen)多(duo)，如(ru)果沒有(you)一個行之有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)辦法將這(zhe)些合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)件管(guan)理(li)(li)歸檔，查閱起(qi)來會(hui)比較麻(ma)煩，甚至會(hui)造成(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)件的(de)(de)丟失，給單位(wei)造成(cheng)損失。因此(ci)，建(jian)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)臺賬就顯(xian)得尤為(wei)重要(yao)(yao)。每簽(qian)(qian)約(yue)一份合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，就要(yao)(yao)按合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類型(xing)錄入臺賬，以(yi)免有(you)遺(yi)漏(lou)。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)件管(guan)理(li)(li)臺賬格式(shi)見表(biao)1。

工(gong)程建設中，施(shi)工(gong)單位與業主(zhu)、監理的(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)往來性文(wen)(wen)件不可(ke)避免(mian)，建立文(wen)(wen)件收發(fa)文(wen)(wen)簽(qian)認記錄臺(tai)賬，不僅方(fang)便(bian)查閱文(wen)(wen)件及(ji)其相關內容(rong)、收發(fa)文(wen)(wen)單位、日期等，而(er)且因有些文(wen)(wen)件涉及(ji)工(gong)程設計變更，還會為(wei)以后的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程變更、索賠提供一部分依據。因此，一定要做(zuo)好文(wen)(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)歸檔和收發(fa)文(wen)(wen)簽(qian)認記錄臺(tai)賬工(gong)作。其臺(tai)賬格式見(jian)表2。

2 建立(li)工程數量(liang)明細(xi)表臺賬

“工程量(liang)(liang)(liang)清單(dan)”中工程數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)定(ding)招(zhao)標文(wen)件時，在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)標用圖紙(zhi)和規范的基礎(chu)上估算(suan)出來的，而(er)且(qie)目前工程量(liang)(liang)(liang)清單(dan)大多由設(she)計院或(huo)工程咨詢單(dan)位(wei)編制(zhi)，很(hen)少有第二單(dan)位(wei)復核，與“施工圖設(she)計”工程量(liang)(liang)(liang)相比(bi)存在(zai)(zai)或(huo)多或(huo)少甚(shen)至計算(suan)歸類錯誤。它(ta)只能(neng)作為投標報價的基礎(chu)，而(er)不能(neng)作為結算(suan)的依據。

每(mei)一個新(xin)的項目(mu)上場，第一步就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)審(shen)(shen)核(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙，復核(he)(he)清(qing)單(dan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)和(he)圖(tu)紙工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)之(zhi)間的差值。計劃合(he)同部的一項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作就(jiu)是(shi)審(shen)(shen)核(he)(he)中標清(qing)單(dan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)與圖(tu)紙工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)否(fou)有出入(ru)。這(zhe)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)(liang)大，并且對工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人員(yuan)的綜合(he)業務素(su)質(zhi)水平要(yao)求(qiu)也比較高(gao)。審(shen)(shen)核(he)(he)圖(tu)紙工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)準確無誤，這(zhe)將是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位進(jin)行初期成本核(he)(he)算的基礎和(he)依據。將核(he)(he)實后(hou)的清(qing)單(dan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)上報(bao)監理及業主(zhu)，經監理、業主(zhu)審(shen)(shen)核(he)(he)批復后(hou)作為計量(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)的控(kong)制數據，避免項目(mu)超計或漏計。

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數量明(ming)細表臺賬(zhang)(zhang)是(shi)依據單(dan)位、分(fen)(fen)部、分(fen)(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)劃分(fen)(fen)辦法(fa)逐(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)建立，如果只是(shi)要(yao)簡明(ming)扼要(yao)地對比(bi)出合同清(qing)單(dan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量和圖紙工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量之間的差異，我們只需(xu)按清(qing)單(dan)項(xiang)(xiang)將審核(he)圖紙工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量進行匯總，建立工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)核(he)實臺賬(zhang)(zhang)即可(ke)。

3 建立變更工程及計量支付合同臺賬

計量(liang)(liang)包括合同(tong)內計量(liang)(liang)和合同(tong)外計量(liang)(liang)。合同(tong)內計量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)合同(tong)清(qing)單(dan)工(gong)程數量(liang)(liang)的(de)計量(liang)(liang)，合同(tong)外計量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)變(bian)更(geng)工(gong)程的(de)計量(liang)(liang)。所以(yi)除工(gong)程數量(liang)(liang)明細表臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)賬(zhang)及(ji)工(gong)程計量(liang)(liang)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)賬(zhang)外，必須建(jian)立變(bian)更(geng)工(gong)程臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)賬(zhang)。工(gong)程變(bian)更(geng)在工(gong)程建(jian)設中(zhong)屬動態化管理，需及(ji)時(shi)更(geng)新。由于變(bian)更(geng)項目(mu)多，為(wei)避免遺漏，已經立項但(dan)尚未批復(fu)的(de)變(bian)更(geng)項目(mu)也需要在變(bian)更(geng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)賬(zhang)中(zhong)體現(xian)出(chu)來(lai)，只需在備注欄注明尚未批復(fu)即可。在建(jian)立變(bian)更(geng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)賬(zhang)的(de)同(tong)時(shi)輸(shu)入批準文號、批準日期等內容，方便(bian)查驗。

由于工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)大，計(ji)(ji)(ji)量項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)繁(fan)多，中期(qi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量也(ye)包含(han)了(le)變(bian)更(geng)工(gong)程量的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量。為了(le)準確(que)無誤地(di)完成各項(xiang)(xiang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量，將各項(xiang)(xiang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量分(fen)(fen)類、分(fen)(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)、分(fen)(fen)月，避(bi)免重復計(ji)(ji)(ji)量和錯誤計(ji)(ji)(ji)量，造(zao)成計(ji)(ji)(ji)量報表審(shen)核后(hou)返工(gong)重做，或者因錯誤計(ji)(ji)(ji)量給(gei)單位造(zao)成不必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)損失。同時，也(ye)可為計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃與進度控制提供準確(que)而明顯的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)。以監(jian)理、業主審(shen)核批(pi)復后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程數(shu)量明細表臺賬數(shu)據(ju)(ju)為基本依據(ju)(ju)，結合變(bian)更(geng)工(gong)程臺賬建(jian)立(li)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)臺賬。計(ji)(ji)(ji)量支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)臺賬自中期(qi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量第一期(qi)開始(shi)建(jian)立(li)，以后(hou)逐期(qi)進行。利(li)用EXCEL電子表格的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)藏功(gong)能(neng)，將前(qian)幾期(qi)完成工(gong)程量及完成投(tou)資隱(yin)藏，只(zhi)顯示(shi)本期(qi)和累(lei)計(ji)(ji)(ji)完成，需要(yao)前(qian)期(qi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量數(shu)據(ju)(ju)時可取(qu)消隱(yin)藏，進行查找(zhao)調(diao)用。如此建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)臺賬將會對(dui)以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)算工(gong)作起到事(shi)半功(gong)倍的(de)(de)(de)效果。在很大程度上避(bi)免了(le)工(gong)程竣工(gong)決(jue)算時由于數(shu)據(ju)(ju)凌亂而造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)被動局面。

以(yi)上各類臺賬表(biao)格(ge)均用EXCEL電子表(biao)格(ge)來繪制，利用其強大的(de)數(shu)據(ju)表(biao)格(ge)處理(li)功能及(ji)其強有力(li)的(de)數(shu)據(ju)庫管理(li)功能，根據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)進展及(ji)時更(geng)新，需要(yao)的(de)數(shu)據(ju)可隨時調用，為我們(men)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)帶來方便、快捷。通過(guo)建立各項臺賬，注重平時工(gong)程(cheng)統計數(shu)據(ju)的(de)積累，逐項劃分并及(ji)時更(geng)新各項臺賬，可有效避免數(shu)據(ju)的(de)遺漏(lou)，保證合(he)同統計工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)會有條(tiao)不紊地進行，大大提高工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效率。

三、結束語

實現建(jian)設項目(mu)中(zhong)合(he)同管(guan)(guan)理的計(ji)算機信息化，將以往多(duo)部們管(guan)(guan)理的、分散的、零(ling)亂的，很難動(dong)態統計(ji)的基(ji)建(jian)管(guan)(guan)理合(he)同，利(li)用局域網(wang)平臺構件集(ji)中(zhong)管(guan)(guan)理；可以在任何時(shi)點統計(ji)分析(xi)，為及時(shi)、準確獲(huo)取第一手管(guan)(guan)理信息，為建(jian)設者(zhe)科學(xue)決(jue)策提供全(quan)面、有力的支持。在信息充分溝通和共享的前(qian)提下，必將促(cu)進管(guan)(guan)理的規范化，極大提高(gao)管(guan)(guan)理的效率。

參考文獻

[1] 汪舒舒.建(jian)設工程合同(tong)法律風險的防控研(yan)究[D].武(wu)漢(han)：武(wu)漢(han)理工大學，2009.

篇3

[關鍵詞(ci)］建(jian)設(she)單位 工程造價 存(cun)在問題 控制(zhi)

工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)是一項技術性(xing)、專(zhuan)業(ye)性(xing)很強的(de)工(gong)作，它貫穿于招標投(tou)標、項目(mu)(mu)(mu)設(she)計、工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)和(he)竣工(gong)結(jie)算(suan)各個階(jie)段。建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)是建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位管(guan)理(li)的(de)核(he)心部分。要做好(hao)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作，必須從(cong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)投(tou)資決策(ce)階(jie)段開始，直(zhi)到項目(mu)(mu)(mu)竣工(gong)決算(suan)階(jie)段為止，切實抓好(hao)全(quan)過程(cheng)、全(quan)方(fang)位的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作。在科技迅猛發展的(de)今天(tian)，充分利用網絡資源創造(zao)有利條件，保(bao)證(zheng)實現對工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)各階(jie)段的(de)動(dong)態監督、管(guan)理(li)十分必要。

一(yi)、工程造價管理存在的(de)問題

工程造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理水平的(de)(de)高低，決定著(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)前途和命(ming)運。它(ta)在(zai)整(zheng)個管(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo)中占有(you)舉足(zu)輕重(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。加強工程造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理意義(yi)深(shen)遠(yuan)。但在(zai)實際工作(zuo)實踐中，建(jian)設工程造價(jia)無論(lun)是體(ti)制上(shang)還是思想觀念、人(ren)員素(su)質等方面還存在(zai)著(zhu)許多亟待解決的(de)(de)問題。

1、工程造價管理(li)觀念落后

目前(qian)，影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素很多，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)管理(li)缺乏科學(xue)、完善的(de)(de)(de)報價(jia)(jia)決(jue)策機(ji)制(zhi)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)計算(suan)模式仍然(ran)是以定額(e)計價(jia)(jia)為主，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)不是建立在(zai)科學(xue)測算(suan)、科學(xue)分(fen)析基礎上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)決(jue)策。由于受(shou)政府(fu)定額(e)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響“三(san)超”現象極(ji)為普遍。盡管定額(e)包羅萬象，期待追(zhui)求(qiu)全面，但由于科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)展，新(xin)(xin)產品新(xin)(xin)材料新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝不斷涌入建筑(zhu)市場，沖擊政府(fu)定額(e)。政府(fu)定額(e)在(zai)時間上(shang)滯后和在(zai)內容(rong)上(shang)呆板，很難(nan)達(da)到科學(xue)、合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)標準。

2、不規(gui)范的市場競爭，影響工程造價

市場(chang)經濟體(ti)制不(bu)(bu)斷深化的(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，在宏觀(guan)政策調(diao)控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，市場(chang)在資源配置(zhi)方面發揮主要作用，隨著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，我(wo)國建筑(zhu)企業(ye)市場(chang)前景可觀(guan)，從事建筑(zhu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍(wu)也在大幅度增(zeng)加(jia)，這種供求(qiu)關系(xi)使得(de)本己激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭更加(jia)慘烈。一些施工(gong)企業(ye)為了能承攬工(gong)程，采(cai)用不(bu)(bu)正當的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭手段，承包方往往采(cai)取“低價中標，索賠盈利”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式承攬工(gong)程，靠合(he)同漏洞(dong)和監控(kong)不(bu)(bu)力(li)來“賺錢”，不(bu)(bu)惜(xi)以(yi)損(sun)害國家和業(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)利益為代(dai)價，這種不(bu)(bu)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭，造(zao)成工(gong)程造(zao)價管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)動局面。

3、缺乏對工程全過程造價管理

所謂(wei)全過(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)管理就是(shi)要求工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)咨詢單位對可研(yan)立項階(jie)段(duan)、投資決策階(jie)段(duan)、設計階(jie)段(duan)、招投標階(jie)段(duan)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算階(jie)段(duan)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)進行全過(guo)程(cheng)監控。由于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)多數(shu)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)人員對招標文件研(yan)究(jiu)不(bu)透(tou)徹，現場調查(cha)不(bu)深(shen)人，對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)范了解(jie)不(bu)細致，基(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)作薄(bo)弱，致使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)數(shu)量(liang)漏(lou)列、錯列；直接導致報價(jia)(jia)(jia)結(jie)果缺(que)乏準(zhun)確性，甚至出(chu)入較(jiao)大(da)(da)。尤其是(shi)對設計中采用的(de)新(xin)技術、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)材料、新(xin)設備的(de)項目，造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)專業人員由于(yu)(yu)自身的(de)經驗積(ji)累(lei)不(bu)足，市場調研(yan)不(bu)夠，補充單價(jia)(jia)(jia)缺(que)乏科(ke)學(xue)分(fen)析、綜合(he)分(fen)析，導致偏差加(jia)大(da)(da)。

4、對造價機構管理力度不夠

近年(nian)來，為(wei)適(shi)應建筑市(shi)場(chang)快速發展的(de)需求，造(zao)價(jia)機(ji)構迅速崛起(qi)。他們直(zhi)接(jie)參與一些建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)初步設(she)計、概算審核(he)過(guo)程(cheng)。對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)影響很大。但(dan)由于目前我們國家建設(she)部(bu)門相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)管理制度還不夠完善(shan)，對(dui)(dui)從業(ye)人員資格認定門檻較低，素質良(liang)莠不齊。造(zao)價(jia)機(ji)構還沒有建立起(qi)與其他相(xiang)(xiang)關產業(ye)連接(jie)的(de)信息接(jie)口，不能充(chong)分發揮市(shi)場(chang)的(de)調節作用，結合市(shi)場(chang)變化對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)實行動態管理。同時因(yin)中介組(zu)織對(dui)(dui)承擔的(de)咨詢服務(wu)不負經濟(ji)責(ze)任，有些責(ze)任心(xin)不強的(de)從業(ye)人員，常常錯算、漏(lou)算，嚴重影響了工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)。

二、各階段工程造價管理的重(zhong)要意義

完(wan)善工(gong)程(cheng)造價管理(li)，提高(gao)成本核算水平，降低成本，提高(gao)效(xiao)益(yi)是(shi)一項綜(zong)合性管理(li)工(gong)作。加強(qiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造價管理(li)是(shi)施工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業積(ji)蓄財(cai)力，增(zeng)強(qiang)企(qi)(qi)業競爭力的必然選(xuan)擇。

1、工程造(zao)價管理全過程控制(zhi)的必要性

工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)從投(tou)資(zi)決策到竣工(gong)決算的(de)(de)過程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)，任何一(yi)個(ge)(ge)環節出現差錯(cuo)，都(dou)直接(jie)影響整個(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)造價。以(yi)最小的(de)(de)投(tou)入獲得最大(da)的(de)(de)產(chan)出，這(zhe)是(shi)建(jian)設單位夢(meng)寐以(yi)求(qiu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標。這(zhe)就要求(qiu)相關部門(men)必須建(jian)立科學、合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理(li)(li)制度，以(yi)保證項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)目(mu)標的(de)(de)實現，提高工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)，取得較好的(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)效益和社(she)會效益。以(yi)適應建(jian)筑企業與國(guo)際接(jie)軌的(de)(de)需(xu)要

2、投資決策階(jie)段工程(cheng)造價(jia)控制的重要性(xing)

工(gong)程投(tou)資(zi)(zi)決策階段(duan)造價(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)估(gu)算(suan)為(wei)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)可行性研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提供參考(kao)。對建設(she)(she)工(gong)程造價(jia)以及項目建成(cheng)投(tou)產后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)，有著決定性的(de)(de)(de)影響，是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)建設(she)(she)工(gong)程造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)開始。這一階段(duan)造價(jia)管理人(ren)員(yuan)編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)建立可行性研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、經濟評價(jia)、技術分析基礎上編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)高質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)項目投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)能起(qi)到(dao)(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)項目總投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。一個建設(she)(she)項目若出現前期投(tou)資(zi)(zi)決策失(shi)誤(wu)，則不管后(hou)期建設(she)(she)實施階段(duan)造價(jia)管理如何努力，也無法(fa)彌補其(qi)損(sun)失(shi)。要(yao)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)建設(she)(she)工(gong)程造價(jia)，就要(yao)堅決把控(kong)制(zhi)重點(dian)轉移到(dao)(dao)前期階段(duan)來，切實發揮(hui)其(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)建設(she)(she)項目總造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。

3、設計(ji)階段工(gong)程造價控制的重要性

概(gai)預算工(gong)作不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)反映設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，更要(yao)能動地影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)。設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階段是(shi)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。造價(jia)(jia)人員(yuan)(yuan)對工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)理解、工(gong)程(cheng)經驗的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累(lei)、造價(jia)(jia)理念是(shi)否市(shi)場化直接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)估算。有人分(fen)析過(guo)(guo)：只相當于(yu)建設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)全(quan)壽命費用的(de)(de)(de)1%以下的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費用，對工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)度占75%以上。同(tong)一建設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目，可以有不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案，從而(er)有不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)，因(yin)此有必要(yao)建立設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)競爭機制(zhi)，選擇有優勢的(de)(de)(de)單位和人員(yuan)(yuan)來承擔造價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作。他們對各專(zhuan)業(ye)指(zhi)標(biao)、經濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)、含(han)量(liang)指(zhi)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)、造價(jia)(jia)進行(xing)科學分(fen)析，并做出分(fen)析意見報告，這(zhe)個(ge)分(fen)析報告對投資者(zhe)調整計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃起著重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)參考作用，是(shi)施工(gong)圖設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)依據。

4、工(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)階段工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價控制的重要性

預算造價(jia)(jia)的準(zhun)確(que)(que)性，是(shi)(shi)成本控制的一項重要措(cuo)施。是(shi)(shi)編制預算和結(jie)算的依(yi)據，是(shi)(shi)施工單位評定(ding)勞(lao)動(dong)生產(chan)率進行經濟(ji)核算的依(yi)據，是(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)方與(yu)施工方簽定(ding)承包合同造價(jia)(jia)的依(yi)據。因此，預算工作要求細致(zhi)、準(zhun)確(que)(que)。這就要求造價(jia)(jia)人員根據施工圖紙計算出(chu)準(zhun)確(que)(que)的工程量，參照相關文件，材(cai)料指導價(jia)(jia)計算費用。

5、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)控制的重要性

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)由(you)于現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環境的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術的(de)(de)(de)革新而(er)(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，進(jin)而(er)(er)引(yin)起工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化，這就帶來(lai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化，處理不好會帶來(lai)許多糾紛，直接影響建筑(zhu)企業的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)和社會形象。因此(ci)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴格遵守設計(ji)規范，如出現了必(bi)須變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，應當(dang)盡快變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，避(bi)免因返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造成不必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)浪費。落實(shi)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)后(hou)應盡快對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)影響作進(jin)一步分析(xi)并形成報告，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)控(kong)制在合理的(de)(de)(de)范圍內。另(ling)外，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，造價(jia)控(kong)制人(ren)員要(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)常深入施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)，當(dang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)設計(ji)時，科學變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)設計(ji)方(fang)案。盡量避(bi)免因方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)而(er)(er)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)失(shi)控(kong)。

6、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)結算階(jie)段工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價管(guan)理的(de)重要性(xing)

工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)是(shi)以施工(gong)(gong)圖預算(suan)為基礎，根據實際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)情況由(you)施工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)編制。全面匯集在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中花費(fei)的(de)(de)費(fei)用。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)，實際(ji)上是(shi)因實際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)改變對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)的(de)(de)調整。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)是(shi)對(dui)整個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實際(ji)造價進(jin)行最后(hou)確定(ding)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)直接關系到建(jian)設(she)單位(wei)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益。

結束語

工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理是(shi)一項系統(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)，需(xu)要進(jin)行全過程(cheng)、全方(fang)位的(de)(de)管(guan)理。我們只有加強對每(mei)個環節的(de)(de)造價控制和審查，克服管(guan)理上存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)問(wen)題和薄(bo)弱環節，通過管(guan)理提(ti)高投資(zi)效果，節省大量(liang)的(de)(de)建(jian)設資(zi)金，推進(jin)我國(guo)現代化建(jian)設的(de)(de)進(jin)程(cheng)。

參考文獻：

[1] 傅先(xian)斌. 試論建(jian)筑工程造價管理的重要性[J]. 黑龍(long)江科(ke)技(ji)信息, 2009,(18) .

[2] 崔思(si)楠,王璐洋. 淺談工程造價管理(li)(li)重要性[J]. 中小(xiao)企(qi)業管理(li)(li)與科技(ji)(上旬刊), 2009,(06) .

篇4

1.1工程(cheng)合同的(de)特殊性決(jue)定(ding)了合同管理的(de)重要(yao)性

建設工程(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同是(shi)一(yi)個很特殊的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同。目前，在合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中對于(yu)當事人的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)向(xiang)關(guan)注度越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)高，也正是(shi)因(yin)為這一(yi)原因(yin)導(dao)致合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)隨意(yi)性(xing)越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)大。但是(shi)國家(jia)對于(yu)建筑工程(cheng)施工合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)管理并(bing)沒(mei)有絲毫的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)松，反而對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)計劃性(xing)和程(cheng)序性(xing)更為重視，提高了對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)主體資格要(yao)求，并(bing)對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)復雜性(xing)進(jin)行了嚴格的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。所以必(bi)須要(yao)有完整的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同管理方案(an)來應對復雜的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同，而這也恰(qia)恰(qia)體現了合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同管理的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)。

1.2工程合(he)同的(de)內容結構決(jue)定了合(he)同管理(li)的(de)必要性

建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程合(he)同(tong)管理(li)貫穿于工(gong)(gong)程勘驗、設(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)、檢(jian)驗的(de)全過程，是一個動態的(de)管理(li)過程，構成了(le)一個完整的(de)體(ti)系。建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程合(he)同(tong)作為(wei)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)的(de)指(zhi)南，對(dui)整個項目的(de)實施起總(zong)控制和總(zong)保障的(de)作用，任(ren)何一個方面(mian)的(de)疏漏(lou)都會導致企(qi)業效益的(de)重大損(sun)失，所以進行合(he)同(tong)管理(li)是非常必要的(de)。

1.3市(shi)場經濟(ji)和法制(zhi)社會的發展決定了企業對(dui)合(he)同管(guan)理的迫(po)切需要

建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)管理必須(xu)按照市(shi)場經(jing)濟的(de)規則進行(xing)，在合(he)同(tong)簽訂的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)必須(xu)依法辦事，也必須(xu)依法來維護自身(shen)的(de)權利(li)。在實際的(de)經(jing)營過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，一些建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)公司(si)因為忽(hu)視對建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)的(de)管理而喪失市(shi)場，導致利(li)益(yi)受損，經(jing)營走入困境。

2、做好合(he)同項(xiang)目的科學統(tong)計分析工作

要同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步收集施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)第一手資料數據(ju)，認真結合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進展情(qing)況編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)監(jian)(jian)理(li)月(yue)報。對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已完和(he)擬完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、投(tou)資額(e)與(yu)投(tou)標(biao)內(nei)容進行(xing)比較分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)，并(bing)及時反饋給總(zong)監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師。再(zai)由總(zong)監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更進行(xing)評價(jia)，報告(gao)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)并(bing)提出(chu)(chu)建(jian)議。如(ru)果評價(jia)結果將直接影響到合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)實(shi)現，總(zong)監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師應當(dang)及時通過監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)聯系單(dan)或(huo)監(jian)(jian)理(li)報告(gao)單(dan)，以(yi)書面文字(zi)方式向建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)提出(chu)(chu)建(jian)議。監(jian)(jian)理(li)部制(zhi)作(zuo)了投(tou)資控制(zhi)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)格（按周、月(yue)進行(xing)控制(zhi)），包括(kuo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管理(li)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)、現場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)簽(qian)證(zheng)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)（作(zuo)為合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管理(li)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)附表(biao)(biao)）。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)包含的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)編(bian)(bian)號、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)單(dan)價(jia)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)、已完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、已完合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)、完成合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)比例、是否(fou)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、是否(fou)可能超(chao)出(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、原因分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)包含的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)編(bian)(bian)號、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)單(dan)價(jia)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)、變(bian)更項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱、變(bian)更后項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、變(bian)更后項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)、超(chao)出(chu)(chu)或(huo)減少合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)、原因分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管理(li)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)包含的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有：編(bian)(bian)號、新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱、新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)單(dan)價(jia)、新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)、超(chao)出(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)、累(lei)計(ji)(ji)(ji)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)、原因分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。現場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)簽(qian)證(zheng)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)包含的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有：簽(qian)證(zheng)編(bian)(bian)號、簽(qian)證(zheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本身約定的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范圍之外的(de)(de)、簽(qian)證(zheng)依(yi)據(ju)、簽(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)、計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)依(yi)據(ju)、估算(suan)簽(qian)證(zheng)額(e)、累(lei)計(ji)(ji)(ji)估算(suan)簽(qian)證(zheng)額(e)。

3、工程(cheng)項(xiang)目合同管理的主要(yao)內容(rong)

3.1建立(li)健全合(he)同(tong)管理體(ti)系及管理制度，建立(li)合(he)同(tong)管理檔(dang)案

包括建立(li)項目合(he)同歸口管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、考核(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、合(he)同用章(zhang)(zhang)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、歸檔制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，每一個項目應(ying)有專門(men)的管(guan)理部門(men)，將這(zhe)些合(he)同分類存放(fang)，在收取(qu)和發放(fang)合(he)同文件時，應(ying)由負(fu)責人(ren)對其備(bei)案，負(fu)責人(ren)和當事人(ren)簽字(zi)蓋(gai)章(zhang)(zhang)確認。

3.2提高合同管理人員的法律意(yi)識

在簽(qian)訂工程(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)時，有的承(cheng)包商由(you)于缺乏法(fa)律和合(he)(he)同(tong)意識，往往沒有仔細地(di)研讀合(he)(he)同(tong)條款就(jiu)草率簽(qian)訂，導致自己在合(he)(he)同(tong)履行過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)處于不利地(di)位。所以承(cheng)包商必(bi)須要(yao)有較高的法(fa)律意識，在合(he)(he)同(tong)的簽(qian)訂過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)要(yao)對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)的合(he)(he)法(fa)性、嚴密性進行認真審查，盡量避免合(he)(he)同(tong)問題帶來(lai)的糾(jiu)紛，確保(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)能夠全面履行。

3.3項(xiang)目中的(de)合同(tong)管理

在(zai)(zai)項目前(qian)期(qi)，要認(ren)真做(zuo)好市場預測(ce)、資(zi)信調查(cha)等合(he)同(tong)(tong)訂(ding)立前(qian)的(de)(de)準備工作。在(zai)(zai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)時雙方要以嚴謹的(de)(de)態(tai)度，本(ben)著誠(cheng)信的(de)(de)原則擬定合(he)同(tong)(tong)條款，做(zuo)到合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)、公(gong)正、公(gong)平和(he)有(you)(you)效。在(zai)(zai)項目實(shi)施過程中，應認(ren)真分析和(he)跟蹤管(guan)理合(he)同(tong)(tong)執行情況(kuang)，及(ji)時處理有(you)(you)關工程索賠事宜(yi)和(he)合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾紛(fen)事宜(yi)，對合(he)同(tong)(tong)履行情況(kuang)進行統計分析，包括工程合(he)同(tong)(tong)份(fen)數、造(zao)價、變更次數及(ji)原因(yin)等。

3.4項目(mu)后的合同(tong)管理

項目后的(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)即索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)管(guan)理(li)(li)。工(gong)(gong)程合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)實(shi)施過程中不可(ke)避(bi)免(mian)會遇(yu)到索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)問題(ti)，因(yin)此要建立工(gong)(gong)程索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)。承包商(shang)應使用有效、科(ke)學的(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)策略，結合(he)(he)相應法律法規，始終以(yi)工(gong)(gong)程合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)為依據，認真分(fen)析和(he)研究各項合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款，充分(fen)考慮各方面的(de)不利因(yin)素及(ji)施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)具體(ti)情況(kuang)，尋找索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)證據，最終分(fen)析合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)可(ke)能性(xing)和(he)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)，繼而進行索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)。

4、結語

篇5

關鍵詞：建設工程；造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理；全過程；重要性

談及工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價管(guan)理(li)，我們(men)通常會聯想到(dao)工(gong)(gong)程預決算(suan)，而現行(xing)(xing)體制下，預決算(suan)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)編審(shen)工(gong)(gong)作只是事后算(suan)帳，只能(neng)消(xiao)極的(de)(de)反(fan)映已(yi)完成工(gong)(gong)程量，只能(neng)被動的(de)(de)反(fan)映設計(ji)和施工(gong)(gong),這(zhe)顯(xian)然(ran)是片面和不(bu)夠的(de)(de)。以下，本文針對造(zao)價管(guan)理(li)在(zai)項目實施各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性進行(xing)(xing)分析(xi)，同(tong)時簡要(yao)闡述(shu)相應(ying)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)內容與重(zhong)點。

一(yi)、建(jian)設工(gong)程各階(jie)段造價管理的重要性

（一）投資(zi)決策階(jie)段

工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)管理與(yu)控(kong)制貫(guan)穿(chuan)項目始終，項目建設全過程(cheng)都對(dui)施工(gong)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)具有一(yi)定(ding)(ding)影(ying)響(xiang)，項目決(jue)(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段(duan)各(ge)項技術經(jing)濟決(jue)(jue)(jue)策的(de)(de)制定(ding)(ding)，對(dui)項目工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)影(ying)響(xiang)巨大。建設項目決(jue)(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段(duan)對(dui)項目工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)影(ying)響(xiang)程(cheng)度高達80%—90%，是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)最(zui)為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)階(jie)段(duan)。其中，各(ge)項決(jue)(jue)(jue)策內容是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)因(yin)素，關(guan)(guan)系(xi)到項目各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)科(ke)學性(xing)(xing)及(ji)合理性(xing)(xing)。因(yin)此(ci)，項目決(jue)(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)技術經(jing)濟決(jue)(jue)(jue)策，從(cong)根本上決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)了項目工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)及(ji)企業(ye)經(jing)濟效益，是(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵性(xing)(xing)階(jie)段(duan)。建設項目可行性(xing)(xing)研究報(bao)告的(de)(de)編制，其項目建設的(de)(de)建設區域、技術工(gong)藝的(de)(de)選擇，都是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素，也從(cong)根本上決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)了施工(gong)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)水平。

（二）工程設計階段

隨著項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投資決策的(de)(de)(de)實施，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進入設(she)計(ji)(ji)階段(duan)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)是實現工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制關鍵。是在(zai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)及經(jing)濟層面(mian)上(shang)對(dui)(dui)擬建(jian)(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施全面(mian)安排，對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)合(he)(he)理規劃的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)及項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)收益具有重要影響。經(jing)濟合(he)(he)理、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)具有全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)推動作用(yong)，在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)，能夠有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)縮短項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)期，實現投資的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)節約(yue)，并(bing)全面(mian)提(ti)升投資效(xiao)(xiao)益。一(yi)般(ban)來說，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)費用(yong)是建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)1%，雖然所占(zhan)比例較小，但對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)影響卻高達75%。由此可見，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)質量對(dui)(dui)于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)重要性。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，應在(zai)全面(mian)滿足(zu)功能性需求的(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)，有效(xiao)(xiao)制定多(duo)個設(she)計(ji)(ji)方案，從技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、經(jing)濟、效(xiao)(xiao)益三方面(mian)進行全面(mian)分析，實現設(she)計(ji)(ji)方案的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)優化，進而(er)選擇合(he)(he)理、先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)方案指(zhi)導項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，在(zai)設(she)計(ji)(ji)階段(duan)要注重技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)相互協調，有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投資。

（三）施工階段

項目(mu)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，業主及設計(ji)單位要求(qiu)(qiu)項目(mu)進行修改，施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場環(huan)境及施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術要求(qiu)(qiu)都會(hui)(hui)產生設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，這(zhe)些變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)都在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)影(ying)響了項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價及項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)期。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)關(guan)系到項目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)者(zhe)及承包商的(de)(de)利益，如果(guo)不能有(you)(you)效處理(li)，容易引起雙(shuang)方糾(jiu)紛(fen)，這(zhe)對(dui)目(mu)標控(kong)制有(you)(you)較為不利的(de)(de)影(ying)響，會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)造(zao)成投(tou)資(zi)失控(kong)。由于建筑(zhu)市場競爭激烈，為更(geng)(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)贏得市場，承包方會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)招投(tou)標過程(cheng)中(zhong)做出(chu)(chu)讓步，在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)通(tong)過索(suo)賠的(de)(de)形式獲取(qu)利益補(bu)償。項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)引起工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，也會(hui)(hui)引起承包方進行索(suo)賠，這(zhe)就不能有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)進行投(tou)資(zi)控(kong)制，嚴重超出(chu)(chu)投(tou)資(zi)計(ji)劃。因此，項目(mu)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)應加強工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)管理(li)并有(you)(you)效控(kong)制，實(shi)現(xian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)(de)合理(li)控(kong)制。

二、項目實(shi)施全(quan)過程造價管(guan)理的內(nei)容及重點

（一）加強規范(fan)工程招標

項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)是建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位實(shi)現工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)效途徑。建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位通過招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)的(de)(de)方(fang)式選擇施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業，能(neng)夠有(you)效保(bao)證項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量及工(gong)期，也能(neng)夠保(bao)證合理的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)并(bing)實(shi)現各方(fang)利益均(jun)衡(heng)。現階段，施(shi)工(gong)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)主要采用工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)方(fang)式，對(dui)比以往(wang)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)方(fang)式，這(zhe)種招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)方(fang)式能(neng)夠有(you)效引入市(shi)場競爭機(ji)制(zhi)，順應(ying)市(shi)場發展趨勢(shi)，并(bing)有(you)效的(de)(de)與(yu)國(guo)際市(shi)場接軌。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)文件編制(zhi)不僅(jin)要具(ju)備一(yi)般招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)內容，還應(ying)包(bao)含(han)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)，以便投(tou)標(biao)人以此為參考進行(xing)投(tou)標(biao)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投(tou)標(biao)人往(wang)往(wang)在維持總造(zao)價(jia)(jia)穩定的(de)(de)前提(ti)下，提(ti)升工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量可能(neng)變大的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)，相應(ying)降低不能(neng)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)或可能(neng)變小的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)，通過竣(jun)工(gong)結(jie)算時追加(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款的(de)(de)方(fang)式實(shi)現企(qi)業利潤增加(jia)。因此，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)評標(biao)定標(biao)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，應(ying)從(cong)總報(bao)價(jia)(jia)及單(dan)(dan)(dan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)兩(liang)方(fang)面(mian)進行(xing)評審。重(zhong)點分(fen)析(xi)數量大的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)，并(bing)結(jie)合工(gong)作內容、施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案及技(ji)術工(gong)藝進行(xing)全面(mian)、綜合的(de)(de)評審，從(cong)而選擇較為適合項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位，并(bing)有(you)效進行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)。

（二）加強項目施工(gong)管理(li)，全面控制工(gong)程造(zao)價

首(shou)先，要(yao)加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理。項目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理是(shi)造價(jia)控制(zhi)的基礎，嚴(yan)謹的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)承包合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)及(ji)(ji)完善的合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理，是(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)造價(jia)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理性(xing)(xing)及(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法性(xing)(xing)的根本保(bao)障。能夠(gou)有效的緩解雙(shuang)方矛盾，實現工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理控制(zhi)。要(yao)以(yi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)為依據(ju)及(ji)(ji)時解決造假糾紛，保(bao)證雙(shuang)方全面履(lv)約(yue)，不免索賠造成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)上(shang)升，如出現索賠情(qing)況，要(yao)及(ji)(ji)時應對并提出反(fan)索賠，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理性(xing)(xing)。

其次，嚴格(ge)控制設計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更及(ji)預算外(wai)的費用支出。項目(mu)施工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，地(di)(di)下水排水方(fang)案變(bian)化(hua)(hua)、現場開(kai)發出現障礙、土石方(fang)運輸(shu)形式變(bian)化(hua)(hua)、工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)質資(zi)料變(bian)化(hua)(hua)、材料二次轉堆(dui)及(ji)設備構(gou)建場外(wai)運輸(shu)等(deng)情況(kuang)都會在一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上引起設計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更的發生。在施工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，應嚴格(ge)加強變(bian)更管理，不能(neng)以(yi)設計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更為由進(jin)行(xing)項目(mu)規(gui)模擴大、設計(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)提升等(deng)，必須發生的設計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更應經過(guo)設計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位、建設單(dan)位及(ji)建立工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師全面確(que)認后方(fang)可(ke)進(jin)行(xing)，從而(er)實(shi)現項目(mu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價的合理控制。

再次，加強施工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制。項目(mu)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制應以(yi)材(cai)料(liao)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制為(wei)主，材(cai)料(liao)費用占工(gong)程(cheng)直接費55%—68%，是其重要的組成(cheng)部分。因此，應全(quan)面(mian)加強材(cai)料(liao)管理(li)，以(yi)合(he)(he)同(tong)用量為(wei)依據進(jin)行全(quan)面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制，合(he)(he)理(li)確定(ding)及編制材(cai)料(liao)預算(suan)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)，保(bao)證公正造價(jia)(jia)的合(he)(he)理(li)性。同(tong)時關注市場動(dong)態，隨時了(le)解項目(mu)情況，為(wei)項目(mu)竣工(gong)決算(suan)提供依據。

最(zui)后(hou)，全面加強施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理。以施工(gong)圖(tu)紙為依據，監(jian)督檢查施工(gong)單位(wei)施工(gong)情況(kuang)，對材料代用、項目變更、現(xian)場(chang)簽證、額外用工(gong)及各(ge)類預算(suan)(suan)外支出(chu)進行審核管(guan)理，有效分析工(gong)程(cheng)量增減情況(kuang)，會同(tong)設(she)計單位(wei)共同(tong)確認后(hou)方能進行設(she)計變更，如果設(she)計變更導致工(gong)程(cheng)造價突破總概(gai)算(suan)(suan)，應爭得相關部門(men)同(tong)意(yi)后(hou)進行變更。全面完善施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)記錄，防止項目結算(suan)(suan)時出(chu)現(xian)相互推諉的(de)情況(kuang)。

（三(san)）科學實施竣工結算

在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)竣(jun)工結(jie)(jie)算(suan)時，工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)合(he)(he)同作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)固定(ding)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)合(he)(he)同，要按照符合(he)(he)設計要求(qiu)的(de)實(shi)(shi)際發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)。工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)漏項(xiang)(xiang)或設計變(bian)(bian)更引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)在結(jie)(jie)算(suan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，應計入實(shi)(shi)際發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)量(liang)中，統一進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)。超出(chu)招標(biao)圖紙(zhi)或由(you)(you)(you)建(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)漏項(xiang)(xiang)或計算(suan)誤差應以合(he)(he)同規(gui)定(ding)為(wei)標(biao)準，要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)理調整。由(you)(you)(you)于綜(zong)合(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)兇工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)更引(yin)(yin)起(qi)實(shi)(shi)際發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)化，如沒(mei)有(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)另外約(yue)定(ding)，應由(you)(you)(you)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提出(chu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)漏項(xiang)(xiang)或設計變(bian)(bian)更引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，經(jing)過(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)確(que)(que)認后，才能作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)依據，如由(you)(you)(you)于以上原因引(yin)(yin)起(qi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)增(zeng)減，并(bing)(bing)在合(he)(he)約(yue)范圍內，綜(zong)合(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)按原有(you)(you)標(biao)準執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如超出(chu)合(he)(he)約(yue)范圍，增(zeng)加部分或減少剩(sheng)余部分的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)應通過(guo)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提出(chu)、監(jian)理審核及發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)確(que)(que)認后，方(fang)能進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)竣(jun)工結(jie)(jie)算(suan)是(shi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)忠實(shi)(shi)反(fan)映，也體現(xian)出(chu)了發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)及承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)管理水平，結(jie)(jie)算(suan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中應加強材料收集(ji)及取證(zheng)工作(zuo)(zuo)，并(bing)(bing)保證(zheng)有(you)(you)效性。建(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)審核工作(zuo)(zuo)應嚴格執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，嚴格控(kong)制預(yu)算(suan)外費用(yong)，做好費用(yong)核減工作(zuo)(zuo)，全面控(kong)制項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。

結束語：

綜上所(suo)述(shu)，在市場經(jing)濟環境(jing)中，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)是各建(jian)單位在日常經(jing)營、長期(qi)發(fa)展中，不可(ke)或缺的一(yi)項管(guan)理(li)內容、成本控制手段，而(er)如要充分發(fa)揮造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)的作用，就(jiu)必須將具體措施落實到設計、施工(gong)(gong)、驗收全過程(cheng)中，從根(gen)本上減少浪費、虛報等現象(xiang)的發(fa)生，從而(er)將造價(jia)控制在合理(li)范圍(wei)內。

參考文獻：

[1] 魏光輝,郝宏(hong)亮(liang),王漢中. 淺談水利(li)工(gong)程合同管理在控制(zhi)工(gong)程造(zao)價中的作用[J]. 水利(li)水電工(gong)程造(zao)價, 2006,(01) .

篇6

關鍵詞：施工(gong)企業(ye)；工(gong)程造價；管理措施

一、施工階段工程造價管(guan)理(li)的重要性及其(qi)內容(rong)

施工階(jie)段把設計圖紙和原材料(liao)、半成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品、設備等變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)體的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)建(jian)設項目(mu)價(jia)值和使用價(jia)值實(shi)現的(de)主(zhu)要階(jie)段。施工階(jie)段的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控制(zhi)，是(shi)實(shi)施建(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管理的(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分。

1.加(jia)強(qiang)施工(gong)(gong)階段工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)重要性(xing)。在(zai)設計(ji)方案已(yi)經(jing)敲定的(de)前(qian)提下，施工(gong)(gong)階段造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)好(hao)壞(huai)，將(jiang)直接影響到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預算及竣工(gong)(gong)結算。一是加(jia)強(qiang)施工(gong)(gong)階段的(de)造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)，確保概(gai)預算符合實(shi)際。在(zai)實(shi)際工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，由于(yu)建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可變因素大(da)，因此有變更就簽證，獲(huo)得(de)第一手資料，同時，應該(gai)加(jia)強(qiang)各單項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、單位工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、分(fen)部工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、分(fen)項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)階段造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)。

二是(shi)(shi)施工(gong)(gong)階段(duan)的(de)造價管理(li)是(shi)(shi)辦理(li)竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)據(ju)。竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)驗收、交付使用(yong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)據(ju)，竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)往往都會高于施工(gong)(gong)預算(suan)(suan)，這就要(yao)求(qiu)把在施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中發(fa)生的(de)各(ge)種變更(geng)及時(shi)提供給業主(zhu)監理(li)代表簽字認(ren)可，以及其(qi)他在施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中發(fa)生的(de)原始記(ji)錄及簽證(zheng)憑據(ju)，為(wei)今后的(de)竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)鋪(pu)平道(dao)路(lu)。

2.施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價管理的(de)(de)(de)內容。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)造價管理涉(she)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)知識較深(shen)，包括的(de)(de)(de)內容很(hen)廣，在實際的(de)(de)(de)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中，一定要(yao)抓(zhua)重點，重點要(yao)突破。一是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)快工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程進度。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期越(yue)(yue)長，花(hua)銷(xiao)越(yue)(yue)大(da)，主要(yao)是(shi)間接(jie)費用(yong)隨時間的(de)(de)(de)延長而增加(jia)(jia)(jia)，建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程所需的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力、物力、財(cai)力越(yue)(yue)集中，代價也(ye)越(yue)(yue)大(da)，這就(jiu)需要(yao)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)核算，盡量(liang)做(zuo)到花(hua)最少的(de)(de)(de)錢辦最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)事。二(er)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)強施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)管理。一個建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程沒有過硬的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證，留(liu)下許(xu)多后遺癥，返(fan)修工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程越(yue)(yue)多，勢必費用(yong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)，因此(ci)，只有質(zhi)量(liang)跟(gen)得上，才(cai)能保(bao)證施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)順利進行，才(cai)能搞好施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)造價管理。

二、加強施工階段(duan)工程造價管理的措(cuo)施

1.加強對材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、設備的(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)和(he)管理。材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)在建筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有很大比重(zhong)，一(yi)般占(zhan)預(yu)算價值70％，占(zhan)直接(jie)費(fei)的(de)80％左(zuo)右(you)。因此材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)用(yong)(yong)量、材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價格(ge)對施(shi)工(gong)階段的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價影(ying)響很大，只有嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)合(he)同中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)用(yong)(yong)量控制，合(he)理確定材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價格(ge)，才能有效地控制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價。必(bi)須加強材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)在預(yu)算一(yi)計(ji)劃一(yi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)一(yi)簽(qian)收(shou)一(yi)領(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)使用(yong)(yong)一(yi)監督一(yi)回收(shou)等各個環節的(de)責任制，落實到人。采(cai)購(gou)(gou)前應掌握材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，設備的(de)投標報價和(he)用(yong)(yong)量，采(cai)購(gou)(gou)時要(yao)(yao)及時認(ren)真地分析材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)市場的(de)價格(ge)走(zou)勢，對商(shang)品混凝土、鋼材(cai)(cai)(cai)、砂石(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)等大宗材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)應多(duo)家比選，大型的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)也可(ke)以組(zu)織供應商(shang)進行(xing)招標，在質量、服務、價格(ge)方面反(fan)復(fu)比較，從中(zhong)(zhong)選優；材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設備進入施(shi)工(gong)現場要(yao)(yao)有嚴格(ge)的(de)驗收(shou)制度，對其數(shu)量和(he)質量進行(xing)簽(qian)收(shou)，不(bu)符合(he)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)，堅決拒(ju)簽(qian)；材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)在使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)消耗定額(e)和(he)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度安排用(yong)(yong)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，限(xian)額(e)領(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)，并對材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)使用(yong)(yong)量上(shang)進行(xing)監督防止浪(lang)費(fei)，合(he)理使用(yong)(yong)資源。

2.優化施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員的配備。一(yi)般說(shuo)來(lai)(lai)，人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費約占工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的12％左右(you)，人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費主(zhu)(zhu)要根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目所需(xu)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量以(yi)及人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單價(jia)而確定。由于目前農村(cun)剩余勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力的不斷增加，城市建筑勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力的主(zhu)(zhu)要來(lai)(lai)源是外來(lai)(lai)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)中以(yi)班(ban)(ban)組(zu)承(cheng)包的方式較多(duo)。由于勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力來(lai)(lai)源不同，技(ji)術水平也存在較大(da)差異，有必要對(dui)各個(ge)班(ban)(ban)組(zu)進(jin)行篩選，選用(yong)技(ji)術熟練(lian)的班(ban)(ban)組(zu)承(cheng)包各工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業，這樣能(neng)從現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業這第一(yi)道環(huan)節控(kong)制施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量、減少(shao)浪費、縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，降低成本和造(zao)價(jia)。

3.嚴(yan)把變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)關，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預算(suan)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)概算(suan)內(nei)。在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)引起變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)原因很多，如(ru)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)粗糙，使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際與發(fa)包時提供的(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)紙不符(fu)；當前(qian)市場(chang)供應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)材料規格(ge)標準(zhun)不符(fu)合設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)要求等，這些問題的(de)(de)(de)產生給工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)留(liu)下(xia)活口因素(su)。所以在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，必須嚴(yan)把變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)關，嚴(yan)禁通過設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)擴大建(jian)設(she)規模，提高設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)，增加建(jian)設(she)內(nei)容等，最好實(shi)(shi)行“分級控(kong)制(zhi)、限額簽證”的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度。對必須發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，尤其(qi)是涉及(ji)到費用(yong)增減的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，必須經設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)代(dai)表、建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)現(xian)場(chang)代(dai)表、監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師共同簽字，而且應(ying)(ying)盡量提前(qian)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)這類型變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，減少(shao)損(sun)失，因為已完(wan)成(cheng)或部分完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)容還需(xu)拆除，勢必造成(cheng)重大變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)損(sun)失：為此，建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)應(ying)(ying)指(zhi)派工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管理專業人(ren)員(yuan)常駐施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)，隨(sui)時掌握、控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化情況。

4.嚴(yan)(yan)格現(xian)(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)管理，隨時(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)變化。在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，建設單位(wei)要加強現(xian)(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管理，督促施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方按圖施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，嚴(yan)(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)變更(geng)洽商(shang)、材料代用、現(xian)(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)、額(e)外用工(gong)(gong)及各(ge)種(zhong)預(yu)算(suan)外費用，對必要的變更(geng)，應做到先算(suan)賬，后花錢(qian)，變更(geng)一旦發(fa)生就(jiu)及時(shi)(shi)計算(suan)因(yin)工(gong)(gong)作量變更(geng)而發(fa)生增減(jian)的費用，隨時(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握項目(mu)費用額(e)度，避(bi)免事情積壓成堆，對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)心中(zhong)(zhong)無數。建設單位(wei)的現(xian)(xian)場代表(biao)要督促施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方做好各(ge)種(zhong)記(ji)(ji)錄，特別是(shi)隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)記(ji)(ji)錄和(he)簽證(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作。減(jian)少(shao)結算(suan)時(shi)(shi)的扯皮現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。許多工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)是(shi)由于現(xian)(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)嚴(yan)(yan)肅，給工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結算(suan)帶來非常(chang)大的麻煩(fan)，導致(zhi)相當大的經濟損失，因(yin)此嚴(yan)(yan)格現(xian)(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)管理，是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的關鍵。

5.推行(xing)(xing)單項(xiang)或(huo)單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目責任制(zhi)，加強投資(zi)控制(zhi)。為有效地控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價，從組織、技術、經濟、合(he)(he)同與(yu)信息管理等(deng)多(duo)方面采取措施，在建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的建(jian)設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，要實行(xing)(xing)單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)按單項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)專(zhuan)業項(xiang)目化(hua)分，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)號與(yu)技經工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)號相結合(he)(he)從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)標、合(he)(he)同談判、造價預算、簽付進度(du)款到竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決算、造價分析等(deng)，實行(xing)(xing)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理，嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)各(ge)個單項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)號從技術上采取措施。

篇7

關鍵詞：軟件項(xiang)目管理；需求管理

中圖分類(lei)號：TP311 文獻標識碼(ma)：A文章編號：1007-9599 (2011) 17-0000-01

 Demands Management in Software Project Management

Yuan Jue,Hu Jun

(Shanghai Asia&Pacific Computer Information System co.,Ltd,Shanghai200040,China)

Abstract:Demand management is the foundation in whole software engineering management,also is to determine key of success or failure.This paper discusses the importance of demand management,the existing problems.In the light of these problems,puts forward relevant solutions.

Keywords:Software project management;Demands management

何謂(wei)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)？理(li)解需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)第一步就是(shi)(shi)對(dui)什么是(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)達成共(gong)識。需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)(shi)正在(zai)構(gou)建的(de)系統必須符合(he)(he)的(de)條(tiao)件或(huo)功能，符合(he)(he)某些需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)決定(ding)了項目的(de)成功或(huo)失敗，因(yin)此找(zhao)到這些需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、記錄它們、追蹤它們的(de)變化，都是(shi)(shi)很有意義的(de)活動。換(huan)句話(hua)說，需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)就是(shi)(shi)：一種獲(huo)取、組織并記錄系統需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)系統化方案，以及一個使客戶(hu)與(yu)項目團隊對(dui)不斷變更(geng)的(de)系統需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)達成并保(bao)持一致的(de)過程。

一、需求管理的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性

系統開發團隊之所以(yi)管理需求(qiu)，是(shi)為(wei)了讓項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)獲得(de)成功。滿(man)足(zu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)需求(qiu)即為(wei)成功打下(xia)了基礎。2001年(nian)，Standish Group的CHAOS Reports報導(dao)了該(gai)公司的一項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)研究，該(gai)公司對多(duo)個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)作調查(cha)后(hou)發現，百分(fen)之七十四的項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)失敗的，即這(zhe)些項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)不能按時按預算完成，其中提(ti)到最多(duo)的導(dao)致項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)失敗的原(yuan)因(yin)就是(shi)“用(yong)戶需求(qiu)變更”。

軟(ruan)件(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)開發過程(cheng)中，需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)變更(geng)貫穿(chuan)了軟(ruan)件(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)整個生(sheng)命(ming)周期(qi)，是軟(ruan)件(jian)開發的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步，關(guan)鍵(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)步，也是最難把握的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)步。項(xiang)目(mu)管理過程(cheng)中，項(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)理經(jing)常面對用戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)變更(geng)，如果不能有效處理這(zhe)些需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)變更(geng)，項(xiang)目(mu)計(ji)劃(hua)會(hui)一(yi)再調(diao)整，軟(ruan)件(jian)交付(fu)日期(qi)一(yi)再拖(tuo)延(yan)，項(xiang)目(mu)研發人員的(de)(de)(de)士氣越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)低(di)落，直接(jie)導(dao)致項(xiang)目(mu)成本增加、質量下降及項(xiang)目(mu)交付(fu)日期(qi)推(tui)后(hou)。這(zhe)些都決定了項(xiang)目(mu)組(zu)必須擁有需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)管理策(ce)略。

二、存(cun)在的(de)問(wen)題及解(jie)決策略

（一）項目干系人的確(que)立(li)

項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)用(yong)戶(hu)方干系人(ren)，指所有可(ke)能受到(dao)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)結果重大影響的人(ren)，即可(ke)能是項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的受益(yi)者，也可(ke)能是項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的受害者。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)用(yong)戶(hu)干系人(ren)往往涉及到(dao)多個層(ceng)面(mian)、多個部門(men)的用(yong)戶(hu)，其中的關系錯綜復雜(za)，對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的需(xu)求(qiu)也不盡相同，甚至是相互矛盾沖突(tu)的，這些(xie)大大增(zeng)加了需(xu)求(qiu)調(diao)研(yan)工作的難度和不確定性。

因此，從(cong)項(xiang)(xiang)目啟動初期，就要分清(qing)項(xiang)(xiang)目用戶方(fang)干(gan)(gan)系(xi)人(ren)包(bao)含哪(na)些人(ren)和組織，在組織結構(gou)圖基礎上，勾畫出全體項(xiang)(xiang)目用戶干(gan)(gan)系(xi)人(ren)結構(gou)圖，明確(que)(que)(que)項(xiang)(xiang)目干(gan)(gan)系(xi)人(ren)之間(jian)的關(guan)系(xi)，通(tong)過溝通(tong)協調(diao)對他(ta)們施(shi)加(jia)影響，驅動他(ta)們對項(xiang)(xiang)目的支持(chi)，調(diao)查并明確(que)(que)(que)他(ta)們的需求(qiu)和愿望，減(jian)小(xiao)其對項(xiang)(xiang)目的阻力，以確(que)(que)(que)保項(xiang)(xiang)目獲得(de)成(cheng)功。

同時，不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)方干系人(ren)其(qi)愿(yuan)望(wang)和追(zhui)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)往往相差甚(shen)遠，因此對(dui)項(xiang)目用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)方干系人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愿(yuan)望(wang)進(jin)行平衡是(shi)一(yi)件非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)而(er)又相當(dang)(dang)困難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。當(dang)(dang)不同用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)方干系人(ren)有不一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)時，必須(xu)決策出滿足(zu)哪一(yi)類(lei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)方干系人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)更為重(zhong)要(yao)。了(le)解可能使用(yong)(yong)(yong)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)種(zhong)類(lei)、各類(lei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)對(dui)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)法、以及與系統業務(wu)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，將有助于決定哪一(yi)個用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)類(lei)所占份額更大。當(dang)(dang)開發者想(xiang)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)與客(ke)戶(hu)需求(qiu)沖突時，通常應該由客(ke)戶(hu)做出決策；然而(er)，不要(yao)陷(xian)人(ren)“客(ke)戶(hu)總是(shi)對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陷(xian)阱中(zhong)去，現(xian)實(shi)中(zhong)，客(ke)戶(hu)并不總是(shi)對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（二）需(xu)求描述的(de)細致性(xing)、準確性(xing)、完備性(xing)

一般來說，需(xu)求描(miao)(miao)述(shu)越(yue)詳(xiang)細越(yue)好，但(dan)系統的(de)需(xu)求是層出不(bu)窮的(de)，并且隨著(zhu)時間的(de)推進(jin)，用戶的(de)需(xu)求也會(hui)越(yue)來越(yue)多，要在(zai)需(xu)求分析階段做到(dao)窮舉需(xu)求是不(bu)可能的(de)。因此在(zai)需(xu)求描(miao)(miao)述(shu)的(de)問題上(shang)，如(ru)何(he)把(ba)握需(xu)求階段投入的(de)人(ren)力(li)、時間、需(xu)求描(miao)(miao)述(shu)的(de)細致(zhi)程度，是沒有統一的(de)界定，需(xu)要需(xu)求分析人(ren)員(yuan)學會(hui)適當的(de)把(ba)握，采取(qu)恰當的(de)需(xu)求獲取(qu)方法，盡(jin)(jin)可能詳(xiang)盡(jin)(jin)到(dao)位的(de)挖(wa)掘用戶需(xu)求。

首先，項目(mu)(mu)需(xu)(xu)求包含明確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和隱含的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也可(ke)以(yi)分為NEED，WANT，WISH等不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)層次。為了獲取最貼近用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求，應對(dui)項目(mu)(mu)所有用(yong)戶方干(gan)系人進行(xing)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)，使其盡(jin)可(ke)能地參與項目(mu)(mu)，盡(jin)可(ke)能避免出現用(yong)戶相關責任人不(bu)明確(que)(que)、提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求具有太多的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)意性、項目(mu)(mu)前期對(dui)需(xu)(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)(que)認(ren)不(bu)夠積極(ji)、項目(mu)(mu)后期需(xu)(xu)求變(bian)化(hua)隨(sui)意等極(ji)可(ke)能造(zao)成項目(mu)(mu)范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)蔓延，進度的(de)(de)(de)(de)拖(tuo)延，成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴大，甚(shen)至(zhi)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完全失敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)發生。

其次(ci)，各種(zhong)用(yong)戶對系統(tong)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)(bu)盡相同(tong)，比如一(yi)(yi)個沒有經(jing)驗的(de)(de)用(yong)戶更關(guan)心(xin)系統(tong)是否簡單易(yi)用(yong)，對于高級(ji)用(yong)戶則(ze)關(guan)心(xin)系統(tong)的(de)(de)易(yi)用(yong)性和高效性。因而(er)需要(yao)(yao)對用(yong)戶進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)類(lei)，每一(yi)(yi)個用(yong)戶群(qun)將有自己的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)系列功能和非功能要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。在項(xiang)目中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)盡早(zao)為系統(tong)確定并(bing)描述不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)用(yong)戶群(qun)，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)能從每一(yi)(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)用(yong)戶群(qun)中(zhong)獲取不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)。

最后(hou)，當面對缺乏計算機知識，無法(fa)提出完整準確、隱含(han)或潛在需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)的(de)用戶(hu)，可以利用各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)可視化需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)調研(yan)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)啟發引導用戶(hu)清楚地敘(xu)述需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，使需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)更加(jia)全面完善。需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)人員應善于(yu)想用戶(hu)所想，用啟發的(de)方(fang)式與用戶(hu)探討隱含(han)的(de)或潛在的(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，并結合(he)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)調研(yan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)技(ji)術挖掘超出客戶(hu)期望的(de)令人興奮的(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。

（三）需求變更的控制

需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)問題(ti)是每個(ge)開發人員、每個(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)理都遇(yu)到的(de)問題(ti)，也是最(zui)頭痛(tong)的(de)問題(ti)，一旦發生(sheng)了需(xu)求(qiu)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，你不得不修改設(she)計(ji)、重寫代碼、修改測試用例、調整項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)計(ji)劃等等，需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)好比(bi)是萬(wan)惡之(zhi)源，為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)進(jin)展帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)不盡的(de)麻(ma)煩，怎(zen)么(me)辦(ban)？管(guan)理它！使(shi)需(xu)求(qiu)在受控的(de)狀態下發生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，而不是隨意變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，需(xu)求(qiu)管(guan)理就是要按(an)照標(biao)準的(de)流程來(lai)(lai)控制(zhi)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。

軟(ruan)件(jian)開發過(guo)程中有這樣一(yi)條真理：需求(qiu)的(de)變(bian)化是(shi)(shi)(shi)永恒(heng)的(de)，需求(qiu)不可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)備(bei)的(de)。因此軟(ruan)件(jian)開發的(de)過(guo)程實際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個變(bian)化的(de)過(guo)程，需求(qiu)變(bian)更貫穿軟(ruan)件(jian)項目的(de)整個生命周期(qi)，通過(guo)建立(li)規范的(de)變(bian)更控制流程，改進(jin)軟(ruan)件(jian)分析與(yu)設(she)計，把(ba)變(bian)化納入(ru)計劃(hua)之中是(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)全必要的(de)。

實現需求(qiu)文檔的(de)(de)(de)版本控制是最基本的(de)(de)(de)。變更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)之(zhi)所以(yi)變得難以(yi)管(guan)理(li)，不僅是因(yin)為一(yi)個(ge)變更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)意味著要花費或(huo)多或(huo)少的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)來實現某一(yi)個(ge)新(xin)特性(xing)(xing)，而且(qie)也因(yin)為對某個(ge)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)變更(geng)很可(ke)能影(ying)響到(dao)其他(ta)(ta)需求(qiu)。應確保賦予需求(qiu)一(yi)個(ge)有彈性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)結構，使它能適應變更(geng)，并且(qie)確保使用(yong)可(ke)追蹤(zong)性(xing)(xing)鏈接表達需求(qiu)與開發生命周期的(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)工(gong)件之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)依賴關系。

三、結束語

需求(qiu)管理(li)是(shi)一個(ge)持續的(de)(de)(de)不斷完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，軟(ruan)件項目(mu)開發過(guo)程中需求(qiu)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)有(you)很多，隨時(shi)都有(you)用戶提出需求(qiu)變(bian)更，需求(qiu)分析的(de)(de)(de)錯誤也時(shi)常(chang)發生(sheng)，需求(qiu)質(zhi)量難以保(bao)證，針對這些問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，如何(he)采取有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)措施盡可能減少這些問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)可能給項目(mu)造成的(de)(de)(de)影響顯(xian)得尤其(qi)重要。另外(wai)關于需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，怎樣結(jie)合(he)CMMI標準進行(xing)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量管理(li)，有(you)效提高(gao)軟(ruan)件的(de)(de)(de)總體(ti)質(zhi)量水(shui)平也是(shi)值得我們關注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

參考文獻：

[1]毋國慶等編著(zhu).軟件(jian)需求工程(cheng)[M].機械(xie)工業出(chu)版社,2008,8:1

篇8

[關鍵詞]工程(cheng)造價(jia) 過程(cheng)管理 有效控(kong)制 重要性 措施

中圖分類號：U265 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編(bian)號：1009-914X（2015）10-0136-01

1、工程(cheng)造價過程(cheng)管理與(yu)控制的重要性及現狀

雖然(ran)許多(duo)業內(nei)人士都(dou)是(shi)追(zhui)求(qiu)企業的(de)經濟(ji)效益(yi)，追(zhui)求(qiu)在(zai)保證工程(cheng)質量的(de)同時，實現工程(cheng)造價(jia)最低，但是(shi)在(zai)國內(nei)仍然(ran)存在(zai)工程(cheng)項目過程(cheng)造價(jia)成本(ben)管理控制不利的(de)狀(zhuang)況。而同時這(zhe)種狀(zhuang)況再一次證明(ming)了(le)工程(cheng)造價(jia)過程(cheng)管理與控制的(de)必(bi)然(ran)性。

1.1工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管理與控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)重要性。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價，顧名思(si)義就(jiu)是建(jian)設一(yi)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預期(qi)開支(zhi)或(huo)實際開支(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)全部固(gu)定(ding)資(zi)產投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)費用，也(ye)就(jiu)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)建(jian)設中形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)相應的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)資(zi)產和(he)無形資(zi)產的(de)(de)(de)總和(he)。而(er)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)具有投資(zi)數額大、工(gong)(gong)序(xu)復雜(za)、周期(qi)長等特點，又(you)切實的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系到(dao)企業的(de)(de)(de)經濟效益，所以有效的(de)(de)(de)造價過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管理與控制(zhi)勢在(zai)必行。

1.2工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀及存在問題(ti)。雖然許多(duo)業內(nei)人士都是(shi)追(zhui)求企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益，追(zhui)求在保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，實(shi)現工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)最低，但(dan)是(shi)國(guo)內(nei)仍(reng)然存在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)成本(ben)管理(li)與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)。雖然我國(guo)在1985年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，就成立了(le)(le)“中國(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設概預(yu)算定(ding)額委員會”，經(jing)過二(er)十多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)已經(jing)取得(de)了(le)(le)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成績(ji)，但(dan)是(shi)相對(dui)于(yu)西方發達國(guo)家來說，仍(reng)然存在著不(bu)(bu)足。目前我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理(li)與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)側重(zhong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)決算，忽略了(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，而工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)決算會因工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性影響到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。因此，要實(shi)現工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)管理(li)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)但(dan)要注重(zhong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)決算，而且要更(geng)加側重(zhong)于(yu)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

2、工程造(zao)價過(guo)程管理與控制(zhi)的有效(xiao)措施

工程造(zao)價過程的(de)(de)管理(li)與控制(zhi)(zhi)一般(ban)從項目決策階(jie)段(duan)、設計階(jie)段(duan)、施(shi)工階(jie)段(duan)和竣(jun)工驗收階(jie)段(duan)四(si)個時(shi)(shi)期進(jin)行抓起，并且根(gen)據不(bu)同時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)具體情況和特點制(zhi)(zhi)定有效(xiao)地措施(shi)，來實現保證工程質量的(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)企業(ye)經濟效(xiao)益的(de)(de)最大化。

2.1在項目決策階(jie)段的造價管理與控(kong)制(zhi)。

項(xiang)(xiang)目決(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段的(de)(de)造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)是整個工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)前(qian)提，并且(qie)起(qi)著(zhu)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)性性影響(xiang)，因此做好工(gong)程(cheng)造價過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)與控制必(bi)須被重視起(qi)來。作為工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)應該做的(de)(de)就是，在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目決(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段正確(que)合理(li)的(de)(de)編制項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)議書(shu)，并且(qie)對擬建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)做可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性評(ping)估(gu)報告。同時(shi)在(zai)優化方案的(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)(xia)，選擇(ze)在(zai)技術上可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)、有(you)利于(yu)經濟效益(yi)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)方案，編制出高(gao)質量的(de)(de)投資計劃(hua)，從而(er)使其在(zai)整個工(gong)程(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)造價中發揮(hui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和控制作用(yong)。項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)策階(jie)段包括項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)規模地(di)點的(de)(de)選擇(ze)以(yi)及可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性評(ping)估(gu)，以(yi)下(xia)(xia)將分別對項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)規模地(di)點和可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性評(ping)估(gu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)說(shuo)明：

2.1.1 項目(mu)的建設規模(mo)和地點選(xuan)擇(ze)的造價(jia)管理。

選(xuan)擇合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)地點能(neng)夠(gou)對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)過程(cheng)(cheng)進行有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)管理(li)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)。無論(lun)何種(zhong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，規(gui)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)確定都十(shi)分重要，如果(guo)(guo)選(xuan)擇規(gui)模(mo)(mo)過大就會造成(cheng)供大于求、資金(jin)回籠慢的(de)(de)后果(guo)(guo)；如果(guo)(guo)選(xuan)擇規(gui)模(mo)(mo)過小，就會導(dao)致有(you)效(xiao)資源的(de)(de)浪費，兩種(zhong)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)都會導(dao)致企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益下降(jiang)。另(ling)外對(dui)于建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)地點的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇也不(bu)容(rong)忽(hu)視，地點的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇要根據當地的(de)(de)經(jing)濟發(fa)展情況，充分考(kao)慮人力、物(wu)力以(yi)及運輸等的(de)(de)方便性，來減少(shao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)。

2.1.2 項目(mu)建設的可平行評(ping)估(gu)的造價管(guan)理。

項目建(jian)設的(de)(de)可行性評估要根據(ju)當(dang)時的(de)(de)政(zheng)府政(zheng)策以及當(dang)地具體情(qing)況，以科學為(wei)依(yi)據(ju)、以優化方案為(wei)前提，對技(ji)術、經濟以及效(xiao)益(yi)進(jin)行可行性評估，從而(er)避免(mian)因為(wei)決(jue)策的(de)(de)失誤(wu)而(er)影響工(gong)程整體的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。充分發(fa)揮可行性評估在(zai)施工(gong)過程中的(de)(de)指導作用，從而(er)在(zai)項目決(jue)策階(jie)段能夠(gou)對造價進(jin)行有效(xiao)管(guan)理和控制(zhi)。

2.2在設計(ji)階段的造價管(guan)理與控(kong)制的有效(xiao)措施。

設計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)的造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)與控(kong)制(zhi)在整(zheng)個(ge)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)上起著關(guan)鍵(jian)性的作用(yong)。設計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)可以(yi)將建(jian)設的科學技術有效并實際的轉(zhuan)化為生(sheng)產力(li)，使所有的工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實施都有據可依(yi)，關(guan)系(xi)(xi)到工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的質量(liang)以(yi)及工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的整(zheng)體規劃，是有效管(guan)(guan)理(li)和控(kong)制(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的關(guan)鍵(jian)因素。設計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)的價(jia)值關(guan)系(xi)(xi)為： V=F/C （V指(zhi)(zhi)價(jia)值系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)，F指(zhi)(zhi)功能系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)，C指(zhi)(zhi)成本系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)），設計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員可以(yi)以(yi)此為依(yi)據，經過與造(zao)價(jia)相關(guan)人員共同(tong)商議，從而(er)有效的控(kong)制(zhi)盒管(guan)(guan)理(li)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)以(yi)及以(yi)后工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的造(zao)價(jia)。

2.3在(zai)施工階段(duan)的(de)造價管理與控制(zhi)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)措施。

在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段中造價(jia)是(shi)整個工(gong)(gong)程中投(tou)入最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)，同(tong)時影響施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)有很多，例如施(shi)工(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)需材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格、天氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)程計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)所(suo)(suo)需材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格是(shi)由市場來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)、天氣變(bian)(bian)化是(shi)自(zi)然現(xian)象，這些(xie)都是(shi)我(wo)們無法改變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，唯有減少工(gong)(gong)程計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更，按原計劃進行才能達到有效控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)管理與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)如下：

2.3.1施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中人力(li)、物(wu)力(li)以(yi)(yi)及機械的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)。在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，需要大量(liang)的(de)(de)勞動力(li)、物(wu)資(zi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)以(yi)(yi)及機械的(de)(de)加入(ru)，那么每一筆費用(yong)的(de)(de)有效管(guan)理(li)都有助于(yu)(yu)對(dui)整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)控制。針對(dui)于(yu)(yu)勞動力(li)盡量(liang)減少計時工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采取計件工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)方法，來激發工(gong)(gong)(gong)人興趣；對(dui)于(yu)(yu)物(wu)資(zi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)合理(li)計算并(bing)使用(yong)，同時進行廢(fei)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)有效利用(yong)，以(yi)(yi)此來避免材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)浪費；對(dui)于(yu)(yu)機械，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)提高機械的(de)(de)使用(yong)效率，合理(li)編制，如此通過(guo)以(yi)(yi)上措(cuo)施(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)有效的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)控制在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)。

2.3.2嚴(yan)格控制工程(cheng)的(de)計劃變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)問題。每次的(de)工程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)都(dou)會(hui)(hui)(hui)對工程(cheng)的(de)造(zao)價造(zao)成很大的(de)影(ying)響。工程(cheng)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)消(xiao)耗(hao)更(geng)多的(de)物資材料、會(hui)(hui)(hui)加倍的(de)勞(lao)動力的(de)工作時長，所以要盡量(liang)避免工程(cheng)的(de)計劃變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，一旦(dan)計劃變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，工程(cheng)的(de)造(zao)價就會(hui)(hui)(hui)無法管理(li)和控制。同時在必(bi)須變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)時候(hou)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)時間(jian)與步驟要盡量(liang)提(ti)前，越是提(ti)早變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)損失(shi)就會(hui)(hui)(hui)相對的(de)減小。

2.4在竣工驗收階段的造價管理與控制(zhi)的有效措(cuo)施。

整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后(hou)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段就是竣工(gong)(gong)驗收階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)，所以竣工(gong)(gong)驗收階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)對(dui)整個(ge)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)也(ye)會有所影響。施工(gong)(gong)完成后(hou)，相關部門及技術人員要(yao)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)質量進行全面而徹(che)底的(de)(de)(de)檢驗，同(tong)時要(yao)對(dui)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)投資進行詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)比對(dui)，并據此總結各個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段造(zao)價(jia)管理的(de)(de)(de)經驗。

3、結束語

總之，我們要加強對工(gong)程中各個階段(duan)的(de)(de)造(zao)價管理，不斷發掘更有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)管理控(kong)制措施，從而有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)降(jiang)低工(gong)程造(zao)價，提高企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。另外(wai)除上述外(wai)，還要加強技術人(ren)員的(de)(de)專業(ye)知識(shi)和(he)勞動人(ren)員的(de)(de)專業(ye)技能，這些同樣有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)于工(gong)程造(zao)價過程的(de)(de)管理與(yu)控(kong)制。

參考文獻

[1] 張(zhang)秀(xiu)釗.工程施工階段(duan)造(zao)價控制探(tan)討(tao).中華會(hui)計網校.2011.08.

[2] 佚(yi)名.關于工程(cheng)造價全過程(cheng)控制(zhi).建(jian)設工程(cheng)教育網.2008.05.

篇9

關鍵(jian)詞：合同管理；建設(she)工程；風險防范

市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟從某(mou)種意義上說是(shi)法制經(jing)(jing)濟，也是(shi)契約經(jing)(jing)濟、合同(tong)經(jing)(jing)濟。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程合同(tong)管(guan)理是(shi)體(ti)現建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)責任(ren)的(de)(de)重要載體(ti)，也是(shi)確保(bao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)環節。因此(ci)，做好合同(tong)管(guan)理是(shi)整(zheng)個建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)進行生產經(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)理的(de)(de)核心與關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)所在，更(geng)是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工程進行風(feng)險管(guan)控(kong)的(de)(de)重要節點。

一、建設(she)工(gong)程合(he)同管理(li)的重要性

1.1市場化發(fa)展的大趨(qu)勢(shi)

為(wei)適(shi)應(ying)建筑(zhu)經濟(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的要求，用(yong)合同(tong)來引導和(he)管(guan)(guan)理建筑(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，順(shun)應(ying)政府職能的轉變，應(ying)用(yong)法律、法規及(ji)經濟(ji)手段(duan)調節(jie)和(he)管(guan)(guan)理市(shi)場(chang)(chang)是(shi)建筑(zhu)經濟(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)的大趨勢。而各(ge)建筑(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體也必須(xu)依據市(shi)場(chang)(chang)規律的要求，健全各(ge)項(xiang)內部管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度，其中非常重(zhong)要的一項(xiang)就是(shi)合同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理。

1.2營(ying)造良好市場(chang)競爭環境(jing)的需(xu)要

加強合(he)同(tong)管理(li)是規(gui)范建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)各方(fang)行為(wei)(wei)的需要。目(mu)前，從建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)活動及交易行為(wei)(wei)來(lai)看，工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的參與各方(fang)缺乏(fa)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)所必(bi)需的法制觀(guan)念(nian)和誠信意(yi)識(shi)，不(bu)正當(dang)競(jing)爭行為(wei)(wei)時有發生，承發包(bao)雙方(fang)合(he)同(tong)自律(lv)行為(wei)(wei)較(jiao)差，一(yi)定程(cheng)度上(shang)導(dao)致了建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)秩序(xu)的混亂。因此，加強建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)的管理(li)，對(dui)規(gui)范市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體的交易行為(wei)(wei)、促進建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的健康(kang)穩定發展(zhan)十分必(bi)要。

1.3適應國際競爭形(xing)勢的需(xu)要(yao)

目前，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)已全面開放，面對(dui)來自國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外建(jian)筑(zhu)企業的(de)沖擊與挑戰(zhan)，就必須適(shi)應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)則、遵循國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)慣例。只有加(jia)(jia)強合同管理(li), 工程企業才有可能與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外建(jian)筑(zhu)企業一爭高下，才能贏得(de)自己生存(cun)與發展的(de)空間。此外，提升對(dui)FIDIC條款(kuan)的(de)認識和經驗(yan)，將更(geng)能適(shi)應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)則，更(geng)有利于大量參(can)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)競爭。因此，為更(geng)好的(de)適(shi)應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)競爭形勢的(de)發展，需(xu)要進一步樹(shu)立(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)化意識，遵循市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)則和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)慣例，加(jia)(jia)強合同的(de)規(gui)(gui)范管理(li)，建(jian)立(li)行之有效(xiao)的(de)合同管理(li)制(zhi)度。

1.4建設工程風險管控(kong)的關鍵節點

建設工程(cheng)建設周期一般持(chi)續時間較長,所涉及到的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素較多。如政(zheng)治、社(she)會(hui)、經濟(ji)、自然(ran)、技術等因(yin)(yin)素。風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素和(he)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事件一旦(dan)發生(sheng)，往往造成(cheng)比較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。如何減少(shao)和(he)避(bi)免風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，是(shi)廣大(da)工程(cheng)建設單位和(he)人(ren)員十分(fen)關心的(de)(de)問題。無論(lun)采取(qu)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回避(bi)、損(sun)失(shi)控(kong)制、風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自留和(he)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)移(yi)等任何風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制措施，都需(xu)要有相應的(de)(de)合同作為基(ji)本載體。因(yin)(yin)此，全(quan)面深入的(de)(de)合同管理，是(shi)建設工程(cheng)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控(kong)的(de)(de)關鍵基(ji)礎節(jie)點(dian)。

1.5保護當(dang)事人合法權益(yi)的(de)基礎

合(he)法(fa)(fa)有效的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，明確規定(ding)了(le)當(dang)事各方的(de)權(quan)(quan)利義務(wu)。同(tong)(tong)時，良好(hao)的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管理(li)，不(bu)僅能在(zai)正式的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)文(wen)本中(zhong)體現對(dui)當(dang)事人的(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)進(jin)行(xing)保(bao)(bao)護，更(geng)能為(wei)全面充分的(de)運用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規保(bao)(bao)障合(he)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)形成基礎。如：《中(zhong)華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)國合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》規定(ding)了(le)建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)承包方有優(you)先受償權(quan)(quan)，即若同(tong)(tong)一標(biao)的(de)存在(zai)多種債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)，并在(zai)債(zhai)務(wu)人不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)務(wu)時，建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)承包方根據(ju)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)途(tu)徑，有取得債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)實現的(de)優(you)先權(quan)(quan)利。2004年，最高人民(min)法(fa)(fa)院通過(guo)《關(guan)于審理(li)建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾紛(fen)案件適用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)律問題的(de)解釋》，進(jin)一步為(wei)解決建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)領域拖欠(qian)工(gong)程(cheng)款問題提(ti)供(gong)了(le)有力的(de)司法(fa)(fa)保(bao)(bao)障。這些法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規更(geng)好(hao)的(de)運用(yong)(yong)，勢(shi)必需要進(jin)行(xing)好(hao)包括專業提(ti)升、規范文(wen)本、追蹤監控、實時反饋、事項(xiang)處置等系統的(de)建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管理(li)工(gong)作，以更(geng)好(hao)的(de)保(bao)(bao)障當(dang)事人的(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)。

二、目(mu)前(qian)建設合同管理中存在的主要問題

2.1對(dui)合(he)同(tong)本身可能(neng)存在的(de)潛(qian)在問題認(ren)識不夠

工程建設(she)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)在合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂階(jie)段主要會(hui)出(chu)現：對(dui)補充和(he)變(bian)更約定不(bu)(bu)明（特別(bie)是EPC合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)尤其(qi)(qi)需要注意）；口(kou)頭承諾；合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無效；合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)主體(ti)不(bu)(bu)當；合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)文字不(bu)(bu)嚴(yan)謹；合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款不(bu)(bu)全面(mian)、不(bu)(bu)完整(zheng)，有(you)(you)缺陷、有(you)(you)漏洞，尤其(qi)(qi)是漏掉違約責任(ren)；出(chu)現沒有(you)(you)主合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的從合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，出(chu)現沒有(you)(you)根據(ju)的合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)；合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的疑(yi)點(dian)未能(neng)予(yu)以澄清(qing)，以及措辭的含義等問題。

工程建設合同在(zai)合同履約(yue)階段主要會出現：應溝通的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)溝通；應變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)變(bian)更(geng)；應發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)書函沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)；應簽字確認的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)簽字確認；應追(zhui)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)過了訴訟(song)時效；應行(xing)(xing)使(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權力(li)(li)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)；應重(zhong)(zhong)視證據(ju)(資(zi)料)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法律效力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)足夠重(zhong)(zhong)視；合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)履行(xing)(xing)僅注意(yi)了主要義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)履行(xing)(xing)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)注意(yi)隨附(fu)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)履行(xing)(xing)等問題(ti)。

這些(xie)工程(cheng)建(jian)設合(he)同(tong)所表現出的問(wen)題，不僅僅是(shi)書面合(he)同(tong)本身的問(wen)題，往往有其深層次的原因(yin)和癥(zheng)結。切(qie)實解決這些(xie)問(wen)題，更需要從源頭(tou)明晰原因(yin)，追(zhui)本朔源的采取措(cuo)施。

2.2對合同重(zhong)要性認識(shi)不夠、合同管理意(yi)識(shi)淡薄

2.2.1合同更(geng)改需及(ji)時申請(qing)溝通

合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)(geng)改(gai)(gai)若不(bu)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)溝通，不(bu)但會影響其它(ta)各方面的(de)正常同(tong)(tong)(tong)步協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)約，更(geng)(geng)可能(neng)出(chu)(chu)現違反合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)、重(zhong)大(da)失(shi)誤、重(zhong)大(da)浪(lang)費等損失(shi)。在合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)履(lv)約過程中(zhong)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)部分(fen)內(nei)容(rong)更(geng)(geng)改(gai)(gai)是很正常的(de)事情，問題在于不(bu)少項目(mu)(mu)執行人(ren)員以(yi)及(ji)經辦(ban)人(ren)員缺乏這(zhe)種(zhong)意識，在有(you)效的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間內(nei)未(wei)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)提出(chu)(chu)更(geng)(geng)改(gai)(gai)申(shen)請，造成超時(shi)(shi)(shi)失(shi)效，或未(wei)留痕(hen)跡，導致了損失(shi)。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)變更(geng)(geng)包括合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容(rong)更(geng)(geng)改(gai)(gai)和合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)體的(de)更(geng)(geng)改(gai)(gai)兩種(zhong)形式。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)變更(geng)(geng)的(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)是通過對原合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)內(nei)容(rong)和主(zhu)體的(de)修訂，保障合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)(geng)加合(he)(he)(he)理、更(geng)(geng)有(you)效地履(lv)行。因此(ci)，為了維護自己的(de)合(he)(he)(he)法權益，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)在發生變化時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應在規定的(de)有(you)效時(shi)(shi)(shi)間內(nei)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)提出(chu)(chu)變更(geng)(geng)申(shen)請，并得到(dao)正式確(que)認，以(yi)免造成嚴重(zhong)損失(shi)。

2.2.2相關函證需加強及時(shi)歸(gui)檔

合同的(de)(de)相關函證若被忽視，不僅會使(shi)合同履(lv)約缺乏管控，更會使(shi)合同履(lv)行缺乏有(you)效證據(ju)，無法使(shi)自(zi)身合法權益(yi)得到(dao)有(you)效維護。在(zai)合同的(de)(de)履(lv)約過(guo)程中，根據(ju)實際情況與合同條件的(de)(de)偏(pian)差，及(ji)時地發出(chu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)函件，并進行追蹤和及(ji)時歸(gui)檔，是(shi)(shi)合同動(dong)態管理的(de)(de)需要(yao)，是(shi)(shi)履(lv)約的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)手段，也是(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)進行自(zi)我(wo)保(bao)護的(de)(de)一個高(gao)招，可惜(xi)這一點(dian)往往遭到(dao)忽視，最(zui)終給(gei)企(qi)業(ye)造成(cheng)了無法挽回的(de)(de)損失。

篇10

基于這一認識，我(wo)們不(bu)但要(yao)強(qiang)化工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理概(gai)念，還(huan)要(yao)將工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)實際開(kai)展結(jie)合(he)在一起(qi)考慮，提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作水平，為建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業提供良好的(de)管(guan)(guan)理手段(duan)支持，確保建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業的(de)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設中取得實效。

 [關鍵詞]建(jian)筑施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)； 工(gong)程造價(jia)管理(li)； 應對策(ce)略

中圖(tu)分類號：F285；TU723.3 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編(bian)號：1009-914X（2015）20-0104-01

一、前言

結合當(dang)前建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)實(shi)際，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)既(ji)是基礎管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作之(zhi)一，同(tong)時也是影響建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)整體(ti)效(xiao)益的重(zhong)要因素。基于這一認識，正確(que)分析工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的重(zhong)要性，并制定具體(ti)的應(ying)(ying)對策(ce)略(lve)，是提高建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的重(zhong)要措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)而言具有重(zhong)要作用。為此(ci)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中，應(ying)(ying)從建(jian)(jian)立科學(xue)完善的報(bao)價(jia)機(ji)制、增(zeng)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)簽(qian)訂與履約管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)能力、加大工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目成本(ben)控制力度以及加強設計(ji)變更和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)證管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)方面(mian)入手，確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)取得實(shi)效(xiao)。

二、 建筑施(shi)工企業在工程造(zao)價管(guan)理中，應建立科學完善(shan)的(de)報價機制

在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價管理過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，預(yu)(yu)算(suan)制(zhi)度是(shi)(shi)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價管理取得實效(xiao)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)手(shou)段。所(suo)(suo)謂預(yu)(yu)算(suan)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開始(shi)建(jian)設之前，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)各(ge)項(xiang)費(fei)用進行綜合(he)計算(suan)，并做好預(yu)(yu)期估(gu)算(suan)的(de)一種(zhong)方法。通(tong)過(guo)準(zhun)確(que)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)，可以計算(suan)出建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目中(zhong)需要(yao)(yao)付出的(de)整體成(cheng)本。根(gen)據這(zhe)一成(cheng)本為基礎制(zhi)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)報(bao)價方案，是(shi)(shi)滿足建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)手(shou)段。

1、建立科學完善的(de)報價機制(zhi)，提高報價的(de)準確性

在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)報(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理過程(cheng)(cheng)中，應以(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預算為基礎，并依(yi)據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預算編制準(zhun)確(que)的報(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告，保證工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)報(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)在整體性(xing)和實效(xiao)性(xing)方面滿足實際(ji)需要。

2、規(gui)范報價行為(wei)，保(bao)證報價的科(ke)學性

在工程(cheng)報價(jia)過程(cheng)中，對建筑(zhu)施工單位的報價(jia)行為(wei)進行有效規范，是提高工程(cheng)報價(jia)整體效果的關鍵，對提高工程(cheng)報價(jia)水平具有重要意義。

3、把握預算(suan)報價原則，提(ti)高報價的合理(li)性(xing)

在報價之前，建筑施工單位應對工程的(de)整(zheng)體成本有明確預算，做到根據(ju)預算合(he)理報價，提高(gao)報價的(de)科(ke)學性(xing)和合(he)理性(xing)，滿足工程造價管理需(xu)要。

三、建筑施工(gong)企(qi)業在工(gong)程造價管理(li)中，應增強(qiang)施工(gong)合同簽訂與履約管理(li)能力

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)依(yi)(yi)據？，結(jie)算(suan)的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)直接(jie)關系到企業的(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。因此？，合同(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)是否完善(shan)非常重要。合同(tong)的(de)簽(qian)訂(ding)人員(yuan)應掌握(wo)《合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)？》、《建(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)？》、《招標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)法(fa)(fa)》？等法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規、依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)維(wei)護企業的(de)合法(fa)(fa)權益。基(ji)于這一認識，建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業只有在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)深對(dui)法(fa)(fa)律條文(wen)的(de)了解，并在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)重對(dui)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規的(de)理(li)解，才能提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。為此，建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，特(te)別是合同(tong)的(de)簽(qian)訂(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應注(zhu)意以下內(nei)容：

1、建筑施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)在工(gong)程(cheng)造價管理中，應保證合(he)同簽訂(ding)的(de)合(he)法性(xing)

合(he)同(tong)簽訂是工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價管理(li)的重點環(huan)節，鑒于(yu)合(he)同(tong)的重要性，只有根據法(fa)(fa)律要求保證合(he)同(tong)的合(he)法(fa)(fa)性，才(cai)能在工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價管理(li)中取(qu)得積極效果。

2、建(jian)筑施工企業在工程造價管理中，應提高合同履約能力(li)

除了合同簽訂之(zhi)外，合同履(lv)約能(neng)力(li)也是考驗建(jian)(jian)筑施工(gong)企業工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理水(shui)平(ping)的關鍵(jian)因素(su)。基于這一認識，建(jian)(jian)筑施工(gong)企業應提高(gao)合同履(lv)約能(neng)力(li)，滿足造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理需要(yao)。

3、建筑施工(gong)企業在工(gong)程造(zao)價管理(li)中，應把握(wo)合同(tong)管理(li)原則

基于合同(tong)管(guan)理的特殊(shu)性以及合同(tong)管(guan)理在工程(cheng)造(zao)價管(guan)理中的重要地位，在合同(tong)管(guan)理中應把握科學性、準確(que)性和(he)高效(xiao)性原(yuan)則，確(que)保合同(tong)管(guan)理取得實(shi)效(xiao)。

四、建筑(zhu)施工(gong)企業在工(gong)程造價管理中(zhong)，應加大工(gong)程項目(mu)成本控(kong)制(zhi)力度

成(cheng)本控(kong)制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)既是(shi)企業項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)核心內容之(zhi)一，又是(shi)項目(mu)能否(fou)實現保本盈利的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，特別是(shi)在目(mu)前市場競爭更(geng)加激(ji)烈，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)逐(zhu)步走(zou)低的(de)(de)(de)情況下，加強成(cheng)本控(kong)制更(geng)是(shi)勢(shi)在必行(xing)。對于(yu)建(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)企業而言，在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中，加強成(cheng)本控(kong)制不(bu)但(dan)是(shi)提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)效果的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)措施，同時也是(shi)滿足(zu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容，對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)有著(zhu)重(zhong)要(yao)意義。基于(yu)這一認識(shi)，應做好(hao)以(yi)下幾個方面工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)：

1、建(jian)筑施(shi)工企(qi)業在(zai)工程造價管(guan)理中，應明確成本控制理念

結合建筑施工(gong)企業工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)管理(li)實際，只有明(ming)確成(cheng)本控(kong)制理(li)念，才能保證成(cheng)本管理(li)工(gong)作得到有效開展，因此，明(ming)確成(cheng)本控(kong)制理(li)念是第一步(bu)。

2、建筑施工企業在工程造(zao)價管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)，應(ying)把握成(cheng)本控制原則

要(yao)想做好成(cheng)本控制(zhi)工作，在建筑施工企業(ye)工程造價(jia)管理(li)中(zhong)，就要(yao)把握科學性(xing)、合(he)理(li)性(xing)和高效性(xing)原則(ze)，確保成(cheng)本控制(zhi)能夠得到有(you)效開展。

3、建筑施工(gong)企業在工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)管理中，應加強成本控制管理

基于(yu)建筑施(shi)工企業工程(cheng)造價管理的實(shi)際想丈，加強(qiang)成本控制(zhi)管理，強(qiang)化成本控制(zhi)措施(shi)，是提高成本管理有效性的關鍵，對建筑施(shi)工企業而言具有重要的現實(shi)意義(yi)。

五、建(jian)筑施工(gong)企業在工(gong)程造價管理中，應加強設計變(bian)更(geng)和工(gong)程簽證管理

在(zai)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)是必然存在(zai)的(de)，并且(qie)設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)都可(ke)以通過(guo)正常(chang)(chang)的(de)渠道進行結算，使(shi)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)的(de)整體利益不受損失。基于這一認(ren)識，建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)中，應對設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)引起足(zu)夠的(de)重視(shi)，并根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)需要(yao)，制定(ding)具體的(de)設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)策(ce)略，確保建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)能夠通過(guo)正常(chang)(chang)渠道將設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)及時結算，保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)取得實效。由(you)此可(ke)見，加強設(she)計變更(geng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)，是滿足(zu)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)重要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)手段。

六、結論

通過本(ben)文(wen)的(de)分析可知，正確分析工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)重(zhong)要性，并制定具(ju)體的(de)應對(dui)策略，是(shi)提高建筑施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)重(zhong)要措施，對(dui)建筑施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)而言具(ju)有重(zhong)要作用。為此，建筑施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)中，應從建立科學完善的(de)報價機制、增強施工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)簽訂與履約管(guan)(guan)理(li)能力、加大工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)成本(ben)控制力度(du)以(yi)及加強設計(ji)變更和(he)工(gong)(gong)程簽證管(guan)(guan)理(li)等方面入(ru)手，確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價管(guan)(guan)理(li)取得實效。

參考文獻

[1] 王月紅；；淺談施工企業(ye)如(ru)何(he)加(jia)強工程造價管(guan)理[J]；經營管(guan)理者；2013年11期