導語：如何才能寫好一篇變更簽證管理(li)制度，這(zhe)就需要搜集整理(li)更多的資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀(du)由公務員之家整理(li)的十篇范(fan)文，供你借鑒(jian)。

篇1

一、簽證原則

工程建設應嚴格對照工程量清單按圖施工，對圖紙缺陷、清單缺項漏項和隱蔽工程，確須辦理簽證或進行設計變更的(de)，應遵循科學合(he)理、實(shi)事(shi)求(qiu)是、真實(shi)準確、程序到位的(de)原則。

二、工程簽證范圍

1、用于工程建(jian)設非合同承包(bao)范圍(wei)（清單(dan)范圍(wei)）的項目，及應公司要求代建(jian)代辦的零星工程費用。

2、非乙方原因的(de)設計(ji)變更造成(cheng)已施工(gong)工(gong)程的(de)返(fan)工(gong)材料費(fei)、人工(gong)費(fei)、機(ji)械費(fei)等。

3、因(yin)重大設計變更造(zao)成工(gong)程量(liang)增加。

4、因不可(ke)抗力因素造成的工程項目(mu)。

三、工程簽證內容

1、事(shi)件(jian)的(de)由來(lai)，包括時間(jian)、地點(dian)和事(shi)件(jian)的(de)簡要情況(kuang)。

2、計(ji)量、計(ji)價的依據及(ji)金額（參(can)考價）。

3、證(zheng)明簽證(zheng)事項(xiang)的影(ying)像資料、測繪報告等(deng)圖文資料。

4、設計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、監(jian)理單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、建(jian)設單(dan)位(wei)(wei)經辦人簽字、單(dan)位(wei)(wei)印章。

四、簽證價款的計算(suan)方法

現(xian)場(chang)簽證(zheng)與設計(ji)(ji)變更的價(jia)款按以下原則計(ji)(ji)價(jia)：

1、工(gong)程量清單(dan)中(zhong)有適用的綜合(he)單(dan)價，按已(yi)有的綜合(he)單(dan)價確定；

2、工程(cheng)量清單中類似的(de)綜(zong)合單價，參照類似的(de)綜(zong)合單價確(que)定；

3、招標清單中沒有的增加項目，套定額(e)計價計費后，按(an)中標下浮(fu)系數(shu)下浮(fu)計算。

4、定額內沒有項目(mu)，按市(shi)場(chang)價計算。市(shi)場(chang)價不另下浮。

五、簽證程序

（一）一般程序

1、事前(qian)報告(gao)。經(jing)施工單(dan)位提出事項申請和工程預(yu)算，經(jing)建設單(dan)位代(dai)表報分(fen)管項目(mu)副經(jing)理審(shen)核(he)、投資經(jing)營(ying)部審(shen)核(he)預(yu)算，公司主要負(fu)責人同意后，組織實施。

2、現場(chang)(chang)簽(qian)證。由(you)施工(gong)單位負(fu)責人、監理單位工(gong)程師、現場(chang)(chang)代表、預算人員共同到現場(chang)(chang)簽(qian)證做好原始(shi)記錄(lu)。

3、公司會(hui)審(shen)。公司每月5日(ri)召(zhao)開一(yi)次工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證(zheng)會(hui)審(shen)會(hui)，對上月發(fa)生的工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證(zheng)單進行(xing)會(hui)審(shen)，確認簽(qian)證(zheng)事件及價款(kuan)。

4、審(shen)計審(shen)核。對設計變(bian)更(geng)項目和清單(dan)外(wai)新(xin)增項目，經由(you)施工單(dan)位提交預(yu)算、投資經營(ying)部(bu)審(shen)核后，送縣審(shen)計局審(shen)核確認(ren)。

5、簽(qian)訂(ding)協(xie)議。對工程設計變更引起工程造價(jia)增(zeng)減較(jiao)大的，應簽(qian)訂(ding)補充協(xie)議。招標清單中暫估價(jia)材(cai)料、設備的價(jia)格確(que)認，經相關部門審核(he)后，公(gong)司與(yu)施工單位簽(qian)訂(ding)補充協(xie)議。

（二）特殊程序

對時間緊(jin)、任務重(zhong)的緊(jin)急任務，經分管項目副經理(li)提(ti)出、公司主要負(fu)責人同(tong)意，可先行組(zu)織(zhi)實施、后補辦(ban)簽(qian)證(zheng)手續。現場代表(biao)應督促施工單位在簽(qian)證(zheng)事件(jian)完成的3日內按一般程序辦(ban)理(li)簽(qian)證(zheng)手續。逾期不辦(ban)。

六、工作要求

1、現場代表、預算人員(yuan)和(he)監理單位辦理簽證應及(ji)時(shi)、準確(que)、真(zhen)實。

2、現(xian)場簽(qian)證一(yi)事一(yi)簽(qian)，不得分解(jie)簽(qian)證，嚴禁回(hui)憶簽(qian)證。隱(yin)蔽(bi)工(gong)程施工(gong)時，現(xian)場代表實(shi)行24小時值班(ban)制(zhi)，如實(shi)做好記錄和(he)現(xian)場簽(qian)證。

3、所有(you)簽證事項由施(shi)工(gong)單位據實(shi)做好影像資料(liao)的(de)收集和提供，應有(you)圖文資料(liao)而沒有(you)的(de)，不可辦理簽證。

4、現(xian)場代(dai)表(biao)應按工程項目建(jian)立現(xian)場簽證(zheng)臺帳(zhang)，并歸檔保存。

篇2

關鍵詞：承(cheng)包(bao)方；工程簽證(zheng)；簽證(zheng)管理

1 前言

建(jian)設(she)工程的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點決定了其施工過程的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜性和不可預見性，這也(ye)決定了合(he)同當事人之間(jian)發生(sheng)索(suo)賠事件不可避免。無論是承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)，還是業(ye)(ye)主都應提高對工程索(suo)賠的(de)(de)(de)認識，特(te)別是作(zuo)為承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)，索(suo)賠工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞直接關系到預期利(li)潤和經濟(ji)效益的(de)(de)(de)取得。由此(ci)，熟悉、掌握并廣泛采用(yong)這一(yi)建(jian)筑行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)法律制度，加強簽(qian)證管(guan)理，注(zhu)重索(suo)賠維權是維護(hu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)法權益及建(jian)設(she)市(shi)場健康發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要舉措。

2規范(fan)簽證管理的必(bi)要性和緊迫性

2.1變更索賠工作本(ben)身的必然要求

承包人依據(ju)合(he)(he)同(tong)向發包人主張變(bian)更(geng)索賠(pei)(pei)的(de)權(quan)利。行(xing)使(shi)該項權(quan)利的(de)前(qian)提是有合(he)(he)同(tong)依據(ju)，基礎是現場資(zi)(zi)料(liao)完整、全面，費用計算依據(ju)充分且(qie)合(he)(he)理(li)，其(qi)中基礎資(zi)(zi)料(liao)需要有監(jian)理(li)工程師、發包人簽字確認。根據(ju)工程合(he)(he)同(tong)適用我國(guo)《民法通(tong)則(ze)》“誰(shui)主張，誰(shui)據(ju)證”的(de)基本原則(ze)，工程合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)變(bian)更(geng)索賠(pei)(pei)處(chu)理(li)也是如(ru)此。

2.2項目管理實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況的(de)需要(yao)

目前，由于(yu)(yu)基本建設市(shi)場規模(mo)空前且承(cheng)(cheng)包人自身(shen)施工資源的(de)(de)(de)有限性，承(cheng)(cheng)包人的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目管(guan)理模(mo)式越來越偏(pian)重于(yu)(yu)管(guan)理與(yu)勞(lao)務相(xiang)結合，部(bu)分(fen)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)施工通過與(yu)勞(lao)務單(dan)位簽(qian)訂勞(lao)務合同(tong)方式，實施分(fen)包管(guan)理。勞(lao)務協作單(dan)位由于(yu)(yu)合同(tong)管(guan)理人員(yuan)相(xiang)對薄弱，管(guan)理經(jing)驗(yan)不足(zu)，普(pu)遍存在基礎簽(qian)證差，變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)能力弱；而分(fen)包單(dan)位一(yi)旦因為變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)工作開展滯后，發生的(de)(de)(de)合理變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)項(xiang)目不能得(de)到(dao)及時(shi)處(chu)理而導致(zhi)其(qi)經(jing)濟狀況惡化，必然會影響到(dao)工程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)順利(li)實施，而合同(tong)最(zui)終的(de)(de)(de)履約責任風險將(jiang)由承(cheng)(cheng)包人承(cheng)(cheng)擔。

3簽證管理必(bi)須(xu)實現技術(shu)與經濟的密切結合

3.1牢(lao)固樹立變更索賠意(yi)識(shi)，重視技(ji)術與經濟(ji)的(de)結合

參與(yu)合(he)(he)同項目履行(xing)的(de)(de)所有管理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須牢固樹立變(bian)更(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠意識，特(te)別是工程技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、現場(chang)施工管理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、合(he)(he)同商務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)(geng)應該時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)刻刻念好(hao)“變(bian)更(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠的(de)(de)經(jing)”，不僅(jin)是念在(zai)(zai)嘴上，而且(qie)要(yao)落實(shi)在(zai)(zai)日(ri)(ri)常的(de)(de)項目管理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)際業務(wu)中，自覺(jue)地把日(ri)(ri)常工作與(yu)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠聯(lian)系(xi)起來。特(te)別是技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)(zai)編制提(ti)交(jiao)給監理(li)(li)(li)(li)工程師、發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)方案(an)、技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)(cuo)施時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)注意合(he)(he)同（招標(biao)文件(jian)(jian)、投標(biao)文件(jian)(jian)）規定的(de)(de)條件(jian)(jian)與(yu)實(shi)際編制時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)邊界(jie)(jie)條件(jian)(jian)變(bian)化(hua)，尤其對因非承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)自身原因導致的(de)(de)邊界(jie)(jie)條件(jian)(jian)變(bian)化(hua)，在(zai)(zai)發(fa)現這種情(qing)況后(hou)，要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)與(yu)合(he)(he)同商務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)溝通，在(zai)(zai)滿足技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求的(de)(de)前提(ti)下，兼顧后(hou)期合(he)(he)同商務(wu)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)(zai)提(ti)交(jiao)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)方案(an)或(huo)施工措(cuo)(cuo)施中對變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing)比較詳細的(de)(de)說明(ming)，對變(bian)化(hua)后(hou)增加的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)手段(duan)、施工措(cuo)(cuo)施、施工資源進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)的(de)(de)申報，必(bi)要(yao)時(shi)(shi)需(xu)附上工程量計(ji)算書和布置圖，提(ti)交(jiao)給監理(li)(li)(li)(li)工程師、發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)審批，為后(hou)期變(bian)更(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠的(de)(de)簽證和商務(wu)問(wen)題(ti)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)打下基礎(chu)和鋪墊。

合(he)同商務(wu)人員也要及時(shi)跟蹤(zong)方案審批和實(shi)施情況(kuang)，發現變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠的潛在(zai)機會，及時(shi)提出(chu)變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠，及時(shi)收集(ji)資(zi)料，為成功進行變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠打(da)下基(ji)礎，避免在(zai)施工實(shi)際(ji)中經(jing)常(chang)出(chu)現的到工程明(ming)顯虧損或(huo)成本矛盾(dun)十分突出(chu)時(shi)才意識(shi)到變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠的情況(kuang)出(chu)現，而(er)這時(shi)往往已錯(cuo)過基(ji)礎資(zi)料收集(ji)的有利時(shi)機，使變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠處理(li)十分被動，很難得到合(he)理(li)的、應得的補償。

3.2加強(qiang)與工程技術人員的溝(gou)通，實(shi)現技術與經濟無縫銜接(jie)

合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)商務(wu)人員(yuan)要注意加(jia)強與工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)人員(yuan)的(de)溝(gou)通(tong)，實(shi)現(xian)技(ji)術(shu)與經濟無縫銜接。這(zhe)一(yi)點說(shuo)起來容易，做到很難(nan)，但為了實(shi)現(xian)高效的(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理，必須向這(zhe)一(yi)方向努力。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)商務(wu)人員(yuan)在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)開始之初，就將合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)商務(wu)方面應注意的(de)邊界條(tiao)件(jian)及有關(guan)(guan)事項(xiang)(xiang)整理成表格資料，發送工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)人員(yuan)供其(qi)學習參考(kao)，技(ji)術(shu)人員(yuan)將項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)邊界條(tiao)件(jian)整理后提供給合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)商務(wu)人員(yuan)學習參考(kao)，開展(zhan)互(hu)相交流交底討論，在日常管理中加(jia)強信(xin)息交流和(he)溝(gou)通(tong)，采(cai)用文函傳(chuan)閱方式，做到工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)資料的(de)共享。尤其(qi)是遇到項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)施(shi)中實(shi)際(ji)條(tiao)件(jian)或(huo)情況(kuang)與合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)規定(ding)情況(kuang)不(bu)一(yi)致或(huo)不(bu)吻合(he)(he)時，更要集中討論研究，看是否存在變更索(suo)賠機(ji)會，提醒有關(guan)(guan)人員(yuan)及時簽(qian)證。絕不(bu)能互(hu)不(bu)溝(gou)通(tong)，信(xin)息中斷(duan)，事后補簽(qian)資料，一(yi)方面監理工(gong)程(cheng)師一(yi)般不(bu)予補簽(qian)，另一(yi)方面補簽(qian)費(fei)盡周折(zhe)，其(qi)可信(xin)度將受到質疑。

4建立簽(qian)證管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)，規(gui)范簽(qian)證管(guan)(guan)理

4.1完善資料信息(xi)的收集管理，為變更索賠提供基礎支持(chi)

實現(xian)變更索(suo)賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功辦(ban)理并獲得(de)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟補(bu)償是以承(cheng)(cheng)包人(ren)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎證據資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)及時(shi)(shi)、準確、完備為前(qian)提(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。通(tong)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合同條款規定：對(dui)承(cheng)(cheng)包人(ren)錯過索(suo)賠時(shi)(shi)效和提(ti)供證據資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)完備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，發包人(ren)只負責補(bu)償有資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)支持的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)，對(dui)于沒(mei)有資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)支持的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用則由(you)承(cheng)(cheng)包人(ren)自行承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)，而對(dui)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)要求也極為嚴格(ge)，承(cheng)(cheng)包商(shang)稍有失誤，就可能失去(qu)索(suo)賠機會(hui)或(huo)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)部分(fen)損失，所以，任何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)包人(ren)都必須加(jia)強基(ji)礎資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)、信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)管理，從中及時(shi)(shi)發現(xian)變更索(suo)賠機會(hui)或(huo)線索(suo)，有目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、有針對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)，使(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)收集(ji)做到有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放矢(shi)，為變更索(suo)賠提(ti)供基(ji)礎支持。

承包人(ren)內部的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)本資料(liao)(liao)(liao)管(guan)理(li)應規(gui)范(fan)系統，包括工(gong)(gong)(gong)程結算(suan)表(biao)(biao)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)簽證表(biao)(biao)、質量(liang)驗(yan)收表(biao)(biao)、生(sheng)產(chan)進(jin)(jin)度記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)、人(ren)材機配置(zhi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)、設備(bei)運行維(wei)護記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)、人(ren)力(li)資源(yuan)進(jin)(jin)出場情況、各(ge)類物資材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)采購記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)等。這(zhe)類資料(liao)(liao)(liao)要(yao)規(gui)范(fan)填(tian)寫(xie)具(ju)體(ti)內容、范(fan)圍、明細程度、準確度、表(biao)(biao)格(ge)式樣(yang)，可(ke)以(yi)結合施工(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)要(yao)制(zhi)定(ding)統一的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)格(ge)，按照(zhao)企業管(guan)理(li)規(gui)定(ding)定(ding)期收集存檔備(bei)查。這(zhe)類資料(liao)(liao)(liao)一方面(mian)可(ke)以(yi)提供(gong)發現變(bian)更(geng)索賠事件的(de)(de)機會，另(ling)一方面(mian)亦為日后可(ke)能(neng)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)索賠處理(li)提供(gong)基(ji)礎證據。

尤其是對(dui)(dui)(dui)于有(you)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠(pei)現場簽(qian)證資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)，更(geng)要(yao)(yao)規(gui)范管(guan)理(li)(li)，這(zhe)是支持變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠(pei)的(de)(de)直接證據資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)。合(he)(he)同條款一般都(dou)規(gui)定(ding)變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠(pei)的(de)(de)現場資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)必(bi)須由監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)簽(qian)認，而且(qie)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)簽(qian)認的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)必(bi)須完備、準確，且(qie)在規(gui)定(ding)時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)簽(qian)署有(you)效。所(suo)以(yi)，承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)必(bi)須注重(zhong)(zhong)現場簽(qian)證資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)收集管(guan)理(li)(li)，結合(he)(he)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)實際，對(dui)(dui)(dui)可能(neng)出現變(bian)更(geng)索(suo)賠(pei)事(shi)(shi)件的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)件起因、責任、迄止時(shi)間(jian)、地(di)點、處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)措施及過程(cheng)(cheng)、投入人(ren)材機等(deng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)消耗數量及標稱(cheng)規(gui)格等(deng)進行簽(qian)證。這(zhe)些簽(qian)證既要(yao)(yao)反映現場實際情況，又必(bi)須符合(he)(he)合(he)(he)同規(gui)定(ding)，滿足(zu)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)、發包(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。因此，承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)必(bi)須高度重(zhong)(zhong)視具體事(shi)(shi)件的(de)(de)簽(qian)證管(guan)理(li)(li)。

4.2建立(li)完善的現場簽(qian)證(zheng)管理制度(du)(du)，為現場簽(qian)證(zheng)工作提供制度(du)(du)保證(zheng)

（1）結合合同項(xiang)目的(de)工程(cheng)特點，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)切合實際(ji)、行(xing)之有(you)效的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠相(xiang)關制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，如(ru)《變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠管理辦法》、《變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)管理細(xi)則》、《變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)獎懲辦法》等。通過制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，明確(que)項(xiang)目部職能部門、作業單位的(de)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)職責(ze)、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)工作流程(cheng)、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)格(ge)式及(ji)內容(rong)要(yao)求，用制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)規范(fan)和指導現場簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)工作，使各(ge)項(xiang)工作有(you)章可循，有(you)規可依，更(geng)(geng)(geng)好的(de)開展變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠工作。結合引起(qi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)索(suo)賠事件的(de)因素，分類制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)現場簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)具體要(yao)求，規范(fan)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)表(biao)格(ge)式樣、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)注意事項(xiang)、內容(rong)范(fan)圍、時間要(yao)求（簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)表(biao)格(ge)格(ge)式及(ji)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)人要(yao)求滿足(zu)監理、發包人簽(qian)(qian)字(zi)管理權限規定）。

對(dui)簽證(zheng)管理(li)制度的(de)落實進(jin)行檢查評(ping)比，以達到反(fan)饋整改和提高的(de)目的(de)，同時(shi)對(dui)簽證(zheng)做的(de)好的(de)單位和個人要(yao)加大獎勵力(li)度；對(dui)因簽證(zheng)工作失誤造成變更索賠處(chu)理(li)效(xiao)果不佳的(de)單位和個人要(yao)給(gei)予經濟處(chu)罰。

（2）建立合同(tong)變更領(ling)導小組及(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組制(zhi)度，項目部(bu)領(ling)導、管理(li)(li)職能部(bu)門、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位負責人要從(cong)觀(guan)念(nian)上重視和(he)支持(chi)變更索賠簽(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，明確日常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組協調機制(zhi)，以合同(tong)管理(li)(li)部(bu)門為主，由相關工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術、現(xian)場(chang)(chang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)人員共(gong)同(tong)組成簽(qian)證(zheng)管理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組，明確責任人和(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員，共(gong)同(tong)協調做好簽(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。合同(tong)商務人員要精研合同(tong)內(nei)容和(he)項目過程(cheng)中發送的(de)各種設計文件(jian)、監(jian)理(li)(li)和(he)業(ye)(ye)主會議紀要資料，比較現(xian)場(chang)(chang)實際情(qing)況(kuang)變化(hua)，發現(xian)非承包人自身(shen)原因的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)內(nei)容增加(jia)(jia)或費(fei)用增加(jia)(jia)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，及(ji)時提(ti)(ti)醒和(he)指導作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)隊伍及(ji)時簽(qian)證(zheng)或向監(jian)理(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)出簽(qian)證(zheng)申請(qing)，重要事項可(ke)以采取工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)聯系單(dan)制(zhi)度。

（3）建(jian)(jian)立(li)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)(jian)檔匯總制度，對(dui)發(fa)現的(de)變(bian)更索賠事(shi)項(xiang)建(jian)(jian)立(li)利用計算機技(ji)術建(jian)(jian)立(li)的(de)處(chu)理跟蹤臺帳(zhang)，記錄事(shi)件(jian)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)原因、事(shi)實、持續時(shi)間、資源(yuan)投入(ru)、簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)完成情況(kuang)(kuang)、費用申報、責任人等。定期組織(zhi)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作協調會，督(du)促檢查(cha)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作的(de)完成情況(kuang)(kuang)、梳理遇到(dao)的(de)困難和問(wen)題，既(ji)使監(jian)理工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)因為(wei)其他原因不肯(ken)進行簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)單簽(qian)字(zi)，也要(yao)通過正式(shi)發(fa)文途徑將有(you)關(guan)資料報送給監(jian)理工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)，以便事(shi)后備查(cha)或備忘。

（4）對于涉及金額大、影響持續時間長的(de)重(zhong)大變(bian)更(geng)索賠項目，應實行事(shi)前專(zhuan)題會商(shang)制(zhi)度。由合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)門牽頭，組織相關部(bu)門（施(shi)(shi)工調度部(bu)、技術部(bu)、機(ji)電部(bu)等）及具體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工單位，結合(he)事(shi)件特點和合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)要求，提前策劃(hua)變(bian)更(geng)索賠的(de)簽證(zheng)工作，少走彎(wan)路，使簽證(zheng)工作更(geng)好(hao)地服(fu)務于后期變(bian)更(geng)索賠的(de)處理，這樣做既能維護承包人的(de)合(he)法權益，又能滿足監理、業主規(gui)范管(guan)(guan)理的(de)需(xu)要。

5對簽證管理工作的體會

5.1強化(hua)簽證是變更索賠(pei)工作基礎(chu)的觀念

要樹立不是單(dan)純(chun)為(wei)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)而簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)觀念。簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)是實現成(cheng)功變(bian)更(geng)索賠目標的(de)基(ji)礎，是為(wei)規范合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)理服(fu)務，滿(man)足監(jian)理、發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)理要求而實施(shi)的(de)，不能(neng)(neng)一味強調簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)而給監(jian)理、發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)造(zao)成(cheng)反感或厭煩的(de)負面影響，要從具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)工作(zuo)技巧上、心理上展開(kai)工作(zuo)，使監(jian)理、發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)理解和接受(shou)。對(dui)于因為(wei)溝通(tong)理解上的(de)分歧而暫時(shi)不能(neng)(neng)接受(shou)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)可(ke)以(yi)采用隱含于技術方案或措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)方式體(ti)(ti)現，畢竟會留下具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)申報的(de)基(ji)礎證(zheng)據，不能(neng)(neng)因為(wei)某些時(shi)候(hou)的(de)拒絕就放棄簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)。在合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)實際執(zhi)行(xing)過(guo)程中，很多變(bian)更(geng)索賠問題起初各方都因為(wei)認識的(de)問題很難達(da)成(cheng)一致意見，但往往在合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)后期、認識達(da)成(cheng)一致時(shi)，反而缺少基(ji)礎資料(liao)支撐，使雙方都陷入(ru)兩難境地。所以(yi)，簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)要結合(he)(he)變(bian)更(geng)索賠工作(zuo)的(de)實際情況統籌開(kai)展，不能(neng)(neng)故此失彼。

5.2簽證(zheng)工作要重(zhong)視與監理、發包人交流溝通

工程現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簽證(zheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)是規(gui)范(fan)變(bian)(bian)更索(suo)賠管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)服務(wu)，既要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)維(wei)護承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權益，又要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)滿足(zu)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)規(gui)范(fan)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求，因此也要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)符合(he)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)現(xian)場(chang)規(gui)范(fan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。往(wang)往(wang)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目業主有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)風格和習慣做法，所以要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)前了(le)解監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、業主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)意(yi)見和思路(lu)。對發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)變(bian)(bian)更索(suo)賠事件(jian)做初步評估，視(shi)情況及時(shi)向監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)通報(bao)。對于重大變(bian)(bian)更索(suo)賠事件(jian)，承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)進行(xing)內部簽證(zheng)策劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，應適時(shi)與監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)進行(xing)溝通，取得(de)其理(li)(li)(li)解，這一點(dian)對后期變(bian)(bian)更索(suo)賠處理(li)(li)(li)具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意(yi)義，應盡可(ke)能選擇(ze)恰當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機邀請監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)到現(xian)場(chang)了(le)解和體(ti)會實(shi)際情況，將(jiang)會明顯(xian)增加他(ta)們對項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)可(ke)度，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也為后期商務(wu)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利奠定基(ji)礎。

5.3注(zhu)重(zhong)簽證申報資料的(de)嚴(yan)謹性(xing)(xing)、邏輯性(xing)(xing)

簽證資(zi)料作為合同(tong)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)索賠處(chu)理的基(ji)礎資(zi)料，要(yao)與變(bian)(bian)更(geng)索賠報告共同(tong)提交并存檔，接受監理、發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)的審核，并且將接受后期項目的內(nei)外(wai)部(bu)審計(ji)，因此(ci)，必須注意其簽證資(zi)料的相互關聯、引證，做到真實、可靠、邏輯性(xing)強，符合現場實際情(qing)況。不能因為個別(bie)的疏忽和差錯而導致監理、發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)對整(zheng)個簽證資(zi)料的否定或懷疑，最終(zhong)受損(sun)失(shi)的是承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)己。要(yao)樹立簽證工作是為承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)自(zi)身(shen)服務，也是為監理、發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)服務的觀念。

6結語

綜上所述，加強工程簽(qian)證(zheng)管理(li)是(shi)保障承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)合(he)法(fa)權(quan)益的(de)(de)重要環節(jie)。為此，作為承(cheng)包(bao)方只有依(yi)據(ju)合(he)同(tong)，加強自(zi)身管理(li)，實事(shi)求(qiu)是(shi)做好簽(qian)證(zheng)，建(jian)立完善的(de)(de)工程簽(qian)證(zheng)管理(li)制度，才(cai)能實現變(bian)更(geng)索賠的(de)(de)公(gong)平合(he)理(li)解(jie)決，維護承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)自(zi)身的(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)權(quan)益。

參考文獻：

篇3

1.1工程合(he)同的特殊(shu)性決定(ding)了合(he)同管理的重要性

建設工程(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)是(shi)一個(ge)很(hen)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)。目前，在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)簽(qian)訂的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中對(dui)于當事人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意向關注度越(yue)來越(yue)高(gao)，也(ye)正是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為這(zhe)一原因(yin)(yin)導致合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)隨意性越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)。但是(shi)國家對(dui)于建筑工程(cheng)施工合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)簽(qian)訂過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)并沒(mei)有絲(si)毫的(de)(de)(de)放松，反而對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)簽(qian)訂過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)計劃性和程(cheng)序性更為重視，提高(gao)了對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)主體資格要求，并對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜性進行(xing)了嚴格的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)。所以必須要有完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)管理(li)(li)方(fang)案來應對(dui)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)，而這(zhe)也(ye)恰恰體現(xian)了合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)重要性。

1.2工程合同的內容結構決定了(le)合同管理的必要性

建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同管理貫(guan)穿于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘驗、設(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)、檢(jian)驗的(de)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)動態(tai)的(de)管理過程(cheng)(cheng)，構成了(le)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)完整的(de)體(ti)系。建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同作(zuo)為建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)指南，對整個(ge)(ge)(ge)項目的(de)實施起(qi)總控制和(he)總保障的(de)作(zuo)用，任何一個(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)面的(de)疏漏都會導致(zhi)企業效益的(de)重大損失，所以進行(xing)合(he)同管理是(shi)非常必要的(de)。

1.3市場經濟和法制社會的發(fa)展(zhan)決定了(le)企業(ye)對(dui)合同管理(li)的迫切需要

建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程合(he)同管(guan)理必須(xu)按照市場(chang)經(jing)濟的規則進行，在(zai)合(he)同簽訂(ding)的過程中(zhong)必須(xu)依法辦事(shi)，也必須(xu)依法來維護自(zi)身的權利。在(zai)實際(ji)的經(jing)營(ying)過程中(zhong)，一些建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程公司因為忽(hu)視對建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程合(he)同的管(guan)理而喪失市場(chang)，導致(zhi)利益(yi)受損，經(jing)營(ying)走入困境(jing)。

2、做好(hao)合同項目的科學統計(ji)分析工作

要同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步收集施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)第(di)一手資料數(shu)據，認真結合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)際施工(gong)(gong)進(jin)展情況編制(zhi)監(jian)理(li)月(yue)(yue)報(bao)。對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)已(yi)完和擬完工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、投(tou)資額(e)(e)(e)(e)與投(tou)標內容進(jin)行比較分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，并及(ji)(ji)時反饋給總(zong)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)。再由總(zong)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)進(jin)行評價(jia)(jia)，報(bao)告(gao)建(jian)設(she)單位(wei)并提出(chu)(chu)(chu)建(jian)議。如果(guo)評價(jia)(jia)結果(guo)將(jiang)直(zhi)接影響到合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)目(mu)(mu)標的(de)實(shi)現(xian)，總(zong)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)應當及(ji)(ji)時通(tong)過監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作聯系(xi)單或監(jian)理(li)報(bao)告(gao)單，以(yi)書面文字方式向建(jian)設(she)單位(wei)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)建(jian)議。監(jian)理(li)部制(zhi)作了投(tou)資控制(zhi)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)格（按周、月(yue)(yue)進(jin)行控制(zhi)），包(bao)括合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管理(li)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、現(xian)場(chang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)（作為合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管理(li)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)附表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)）。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)有(you)：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)編號(hao)(hao)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱(cheng)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)單價(jia)(jia)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)、已(yi)完工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、已(yi)完合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)、完成(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)比例、是否(fou)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、是否(fou)可能超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、原因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)有(you)：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)編號(hao)(hao)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱(cheng)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)單價(jia)(jia)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱(cheng)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)后項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)后項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)、超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)或減少合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)、原因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管理(li)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)有(you)：編號(hao)(hao)、新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱(cheng)、新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)單價(jia)(jia)、新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)、超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)、累計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)、原因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。現(xian)場(chang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)有(you)：簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)編號(hao)(hao)、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本(ben)身(shen)約定的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范(fan)圍(wei)之(zhi)外(wai)的(de)、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)依(yi)據、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算依(yi)據、估(gu)算簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)額(e)(e)(e)(e)、累計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)估(gu)算簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)額(e)(e)(e)(e)。

3、工程(cheng)項目合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理的主要內(nei)容(rong)

3.1建(jian)立健全合同(tong)管理(li)(li)體系(xi)及管理(li)(li)制度(du)，建(jian)立合同(tong)管理(li)(li)檔案(an)

包(bao)括建立(li)項目合(he)(he)同歸口(kou)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度、考核制(zhi)度、合(he)(he)同用章(zhang)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度、歸檔制(zhi)度，每一個(ge)項目應(ying)有專門的管理(li)(li)部門，將這些合(he)(he)同分類(lei)存放(fang)(fang)，在(zai)收取和(he)發放(fang)(fang)合(he)(he)同文件時，應(ying)由負(fu)責人(ren)對(dui)其(qi)備案，負(fu)責人(ren)和(he)當(dang)事人(ren)簽字蓋(gai)章(zhang)確(que)認。

3.2提(ti)高(gao)合同管理人員的法律意(yi)識

在(zai)簽訂工程合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時，有(you)的(de)(de)承包商(shang)(shang)由(you)于缺乏法(fa)律(lv)和合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，往往沒有(you)仔細地研讀合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款就草率簽訂，導致自己在(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)履(lv)行過程中處于不(bu)利地位。所(suo)以承包商(shang)(shang)必須要(yao)有(you)較高的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，在(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)簽訂過程中要(yao)對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)法(fa)性(xing)、嚴密(mi)性(xing)進行認真審(shen)查，盡(jin)量避免合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)問題帶(dai)來的(de)(de)糾紛，確保(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠全面履(lv)行。

3.3項目中的合同管理

在項(xiang)目前(qian)期，要認(ren)真(zhen)做(zuo)好市場預測、資信調查(cha)等合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)(ding)立前(qian)的(de)準備工作。在合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)時雙方要以(yi)嚴(yan)謹(jin)的(de)態度，本著誠信的(de)原則(ze)擬(ni)定合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款，做(zuo)到(dao)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)合法、公正、公平和有效。在項(xiang)目實施過(guo)程(cheng)中，應認(ren)真(zhen)分析和跟蹤管理合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執行(xing)情況，及時處(chu)理有關(guan)工程(cheng)索賠(pei)事宜和合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾紛事宜，對合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)情況進(jin)行(xing)統計分析，包括工程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)份數、造(zao)價、變更次(ci)數及原因等。

3.4項目后的合同管理

項(xiang)目后(hou)的(de)合同(tong)(tong)管理(li)即(ji)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)管理(li)。工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)實施過程中(zhong)不可避免會(hui)遇到索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)問題，因(yin)此要建立工(gong)(gong)程索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)管理(li)制度。承(cheng)包商應(ying)使用(yong)有效、科學的(de)合同(tong)(tong)管理(li)策略，結合相應(ying)法(fa)律法(fa)規，始終以(yi)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)為依據，認(ren)真分(fen)析和研究各項(xiang)合同(tong)(tong)條款，充分(fen)考慮各方面的(de)不利因(yin)素及施工(gong)(gong)現場的(de)具體情(qing)況(kuang)，尋找(zhao)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)證(zheng)據，最終分(fen)析合同(tong)(tong)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)的(de)可能性和合理(li)性，繼而進行(xing)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)。

4、結語

篇4

1.1建立完(wan)善的造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，規(gui)范造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)出臺(tai)《關于嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)輸變電工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的指導(dao)意見》等系列管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，形(xing)成推動造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的制(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)和(he)保障。根據(ju)現場實際情況(kuang)，有針對性(xing)地出臺(tai)《關于規(gui)范35kV及(ji)以上輸電線路基(ji)礎(chu)土石方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程量計算工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的通(tong)知》等具(ju)體工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)要(yao)求(qiu)，規(gui)范控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)。

1.2加強工(gong)程設(she)(she)計評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)工(gong)作，強化(hua)(hua)(hua)設(she)(she)計評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)集中管(guan)(guan)理利用(yong)(yong)三級電(dian)(dian)子化(hua)(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)平(ping)臺，落(luo)實設(she)(she)計評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)平(ping)臺系統(tong)在過程造價管(guan)(guan)控的(de)深(shen)(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)應用(yong)(yong)，覆蓋基建(jian)工(gong)程管(guan)(guan)控的(de)全過程，實現(xian)可研(yan)、初步(bu)設(she)(she)計、工(gong)程結算等電(dian)(dian)子化(hua)(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)效率。建(jian)立覆蓋35kV及以上(shang)電(dian)(dian)壓等級輸變電(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)果體系，實現(xian)統(tong)一(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)流程、統(tong)一(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)原則、統(tong)一(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)審(shen)(shen)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，有效提(ti)(ti)升了設(she)(she)計管(guan)(guan)理標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)、精益化(hua)(hua)(hua)。規范和落(luo)實設(she)(she)計內(nei)容(rong)及深(shen)(shen)度要求，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)設(she)(she)計文(wen)件質量。推(tui)廣和深(shen)(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)應用(yong)(yong)典型方案，統(tong)一(yi)110kV及以上(shang)輸變電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和規定，形成(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)圖深(shen)(shen)度的(de)變電(dian)(dian)站、輸電(dian)(dian)線路通用(yong)(yong)設(she)(she)計方案。

1.3深化(hua)造價(jia)(jia)現場(chang)(chang)全過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)，建立結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)監督(du)集中管(guan)理(li)(li)機制規范現場(chang)(chang)過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)中工程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計變更、現場(chang)(chang)簽(qian)證(zheng)流程(cheng)(cheng)。規范結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)要(yao)求(qiu)，采用(yong)橫道圖(tu)細化(hua)了各(ge)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)節點時間要(yao)求(qiu)，明確(que)了各(ge)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)需提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)數據，為結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)提(ti)供(gong)基本保(bao)證(zheng)。加強結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)協調(diao)和現場(chang)(chang)核(he)(he)查，每月(yue)召開(kai)一(yi)至兩(liang)次(ci)專題結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)協調(diao)會(hui)(hui)，建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、監理(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、設(she)計單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)及施(shi)工單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)等，確(que)保(bao)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)的(de)(de)順利推(tui)進(jin)(jin)。同時，對(dui)于工程(cheng)(cheng)量、線路地質等爭議較(jiao)大的(de)(de)問題，組織各(ge)有關單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)到(dao)現場(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)核(he)(he)查確(que)認，確(que)保(bao)竣工結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)做到(dao)“量準價(jia)(jia)實”。對(dui)初步(bu)審(shen)核(he)(he)后造價(jia)(jia)(未與施(shi)工單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)核(he)(he)對(dui)前)、與施(shi)工單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)初步(bu)核(he)(he)對(dui)后造價(jia)(jia)(未經協調(diao)會(hui)(hui)協調(diao)前)、最終審(shen)定造價(jia)(jia)三個階段進(jin)(jin)行(xing)對(dui)比(bi)分析原因說(shuo)清(qing)楚，統籌確(que)保(bao)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)質量。

 1.4深入推(tui)行基(ji)建(jian)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)全面推(tui)行工(gong)(gong)程標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)程標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)作(zuo)(zuo)為公(gong)司(si)內部工(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)預(yu)測、分析、控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和評(ping)價(jia)的(de)重要(yao)措(cuo)施，強化工(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。開(kai)展跨(kua)專業協(xie)調(diao)，依托基(ji)建(jian)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)測算(suan)系統，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設的(de)財(cai)務(wu)預(yu)算(suan)、工(gong)(gong)程實施及工(gong)(gong)程決算(suan)階段，實現項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)內控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)科學確定(ding)，并以此目(mu)標(biao)(biao)作(zuo)(zuo)為工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基(ji)礎，嚴格執行，降(jiang)低工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)。加(jia)強基(ji)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程其它費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，細化費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)支出標(biao)(biao)準，規范費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)流程，統一基(ji)建(jian)與生產費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，加(jia)強基(ji)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程其它費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)預(yu)算(suan)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、會計核算(suan)和資金支付管(guan)(guan)理(li)，切(qie)實提高工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)資金使用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率。

1.5抓好造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)控(kong)源頭(tou)，全面推廣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承包商激(ji)勵約(yue)束(shu)機制堅持抓住設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)龍(long)頭(tou)，以(yi)輸變(bian)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)競(jing)賽(sai)和設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)流動紅旗評比為抓手，通(tong)過競(jing)賽(sai)、評優，激(ji)發工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)人員創新意識、創新能力，以(yi)堅強智能電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)向為引(yin)領，全面提(ti)高公司輸變(bian)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)水平(ping)，從(cong)源頭(tou)抓好造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)控(kong)。對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、監理(li)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作質量和效果(guo)進行全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)考(kao)核，獎優罰(fa)劣，引(yin)導工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)增強責任意識、提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)(gong)作質量，充分發揮設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、監理(li)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)能動性(xing)和積極(ji)性(xing)，為控(kong)制和降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)創造(zao)有利的(de)(de)條件(jian)。

1.6堅持合理工(gong)(gong)期，嚴格控制趕工(gong)(gong)費用遵循(xun)“均衡有序開工(gong)(gong)投產”和(he)“合理工(gong)(gong)期”原(yuan)(yuan)則，保證合理施工(gong)(gong)進(jin)度和(he)費用。源頭上，各建設單位遵循(xun)均衡有序的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則編制電網建設進(jin)度計劃，并充(chong)分考(kao)慮項目前(qian)期工(gong)(gong)作進(jin)展、外部(bu)環境、建設規(gui)模、施工(gong)(gong)難度、停電安排(pai)等因素，安排(pai)項目開工(gong)(gong)、投產時(shi)間(jian)和(he)各階段時(shi)間(jian)節點剛性考(kao)核(he)，保證合理工(gong)(gong)期，有效控制了趕工(gong)(gong)費用。

2工作建議

2.1進一(yi)(yi)步完善技(ji)經(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體系(xi)認(ren)真梳(shu)理(li)(li)技(ji)經(jing)(jing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)內容(rong)要求，進一(yi)(yi)步修編和(he)整合公司輸變電工(gong)(gong)程設計變更(geng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法和(he)結算管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)實(shi)施(shi)細(xi)則(ze)以及設計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、監理(li)(li)激勵辦(ban)法實(shi)施(shi)細(xi)則(ze)等管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以規范和(he)加(jia)強技(ji)經(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)流程；建立健全配(pei)電網(wang)工(gong)(gong)程技(ji)經(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)實(shi)施(shi)細(xi)則(ze)。

2.2加強(qiang)(qiang)建設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現場造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管控強(qiang)(qiang)化技經(jing)人員(yuan)參與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管控，深(shen)入工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現場，加強(qiang)(qiang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管控。嚴格工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設各個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)管理，全面開(kai)展設計階(jie)段(duan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)文(wen)件(jian)、施(shi)工(gong)階(jie)段(duan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)文(wen)件(jian)、竣工(gong)階(jie)段(duan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)文(wen)件(jian)評審和管理工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。同時(shi)要充(chong)分(fen)發揮監理的投資控制作(zuo)(zuo)用，配(pei)合業(ye)主項目部(bu)(bu)做(zuo)好現場分(fen)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)項工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)確認工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，提高造(zao)價(jia)(jia)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控制能力(li)和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結算工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)質量(liang)、效(xiao)率。

2.3規(gui)(gui)范設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)和費用(yong)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)管理嚴格(ge)執行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)資預算，積極推行分部結(jie)(jie)算，強化(hua)(hua)設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)及費用(yong)簽證(zheng)管理，嚴格(ge)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)審(shen)批流(liu)程(cheng)，落實(shi)管理責(ze)任，提高造價管理精(jing)細化(hua)(hua)水平。應堅持現場(chang)核實(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)制(zhi)度，每月開展結(jie)(jie)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)現場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)抽(chou)查核實(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，促進工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)(jie)算質量(liang)提升。要(yao)按(an)實(shi)、實(shi)時、限時辦理設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)、費用(yong)簽證(zheng)手續(xu)，杜(du)絕“回憶式”簽證(zheng)，對未按(an)規(gui)(gui)定時限和流(liu)程(cheng)履行審(shen)批手續(xu)的設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)和費用(yong)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)，不得納入工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)(jie)算作為常態(tai)化(hua)(hua)管理。

篇5

關鍵詞：代建(jian)制；代建(jian)單(dan)位；造價；項目管理(li)

中圖分類號：TU723.3 文獻標識號：A 文章編號：2306-1499（2013）01-0023-2

1.引言

通(tong)常而言，代(dai)建(jian)制是指政府或(huo)者(zhe)建(jian)設單(dan)位(wei)(wei)通(tong)過招標等方式(shi)，選擇(ze)專業化的項目(mu)(mu)管理(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)（代(dai)建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)或(huo)代(dai)建(jian)人），負責項目(mu)(mu)的投(tou)資(zi)管理(li)和(he)建(jian)設實施的組織工(gong)作，嚴(yan)格控(kong)制項目(mu)(mu)投(tou)資(zi)、質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)工(gong)期(qi)，項目(mu)(mu)建(jian)成后交付使(shi)用單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的制度(du)。代(dai)建(jian)期(qi)間，代(dai)建(jian)人按照合(he)同(tong)約(yue)定代(dai)行項目(mu)(mu)建(jian)設的投(tou)資(zi)主體職責。

2.項(xiang)目代建制的(de)運作(zuo)分析

采用項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)法(fa)人加代(dai)建(jian)(jian)單位(wei)的(de)形式，由建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)即項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)法(fa)人負(fu)責(ze)提出項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)規(gui)模、建(jian)(jian)設(she)標(biao)準和(he)(he)(he)使用功能、編(bian)制(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)書、可(ke)行性研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)報(bao)告(gao)，組織(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、監理(li)招標(biao)，負(fu)責(ze)做好資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)籌措和(he)(he)(he)造價控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)基(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，組織(zhi)編(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算(suan)。代(dai)建(jian)(jian)單位(wei)負(fu)責(ze)：協助編(bian)制(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)書、可(ke)行性研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)報(bao)告(gao)、辦理(li)立(li)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、規(gui)劃等報(bao)批、初步設(she)計(ji)(ji)及與項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)土(tu)地(di)、環保、消防(fang)等的(de)報(bao)批，辦理(li)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)許可(ke)證(zheng)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖審(shen)(shen)查和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)(shi)中(zhong)有關(guan)(guan)手續，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)合同(tong)的(de)洽談和(he)(he)(he)簽訂工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，對合同(tong)進行全過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)，組織(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)間驗收(shou)和(he)(he)(he)交工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)并(bing)(bing)按照(zhao)國家規(gui)定實行終身負(fu)責(ze)制(zhi)，審(shen)(shen)核簽證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)報(bao)表及進度(du)撥款意(yi)見，按進度(du)要求上(shang)(shang)報(bao)年(nian)度(du)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)計(ji)(ji)劃并(bing)(bing)按月上(shang)(shang)報(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)和(he)(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)使用情況，編(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決(jue)算(suan)并(bing)(bing)負(fu)責(ze)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)資(zi)(zi)料的(de)整理(li)。代(dai)建(jian)(jian)前期的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作重點應放在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)書、可(ke)行性研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)上(shang)(shang)．為項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)決(jue)策提供重要依據，在(zai)設(she)計(ji)(ji)階(jie)段充(chong)分(fen)統一使用單位(wei)意(yi)見，為后期項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)順利開展打下良(liang)好基(ji)礎。實施(shi)(shi)階(jie)段從建(jian)(jian)設(she)許可(ke)證(zheng)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)手續開始(shi)，該(gai)階(jie)段的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作重點在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)監督(du)及建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)的(de)審(shen)(shen)核、批付上(shang)(shang)。這(zhe)種方(fang)式的(de)優(you)點是：建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)和(he)(he)(he)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)單位(wei)的(de)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)比較明確，可(ke)操作性強(qiang)；強(qiang)化(hua)了建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)的(de)地(di)位(wei)和(he)(he)(he)作用，監督(du)作用強(qiang)。

3.代建(jian)制(zhi)下進行合同造(zao)價控制(zhi)的措施

3.1精(jing)心擬(ni)定設計合同(tong)，控制(zhi)代建項(xiang)目的造價

從(cong)(cong)項目(mu)(mu)前期起(qi)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)就應(ying)(ying)全程(cheng)(cheng)參(can)與，尤其(qi)是設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)對設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)合同(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把握，合同(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擬(ni)定是否全面(mian)(mian)、合理(li)(li)，直接影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)成果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞，進(jin)而(er)(er)影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)，最(zui)終(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)。在擬(ni)定代(dai)建(jian)(jian)項目(mu)(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)合同(tong)時(shi)，在保證雙方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)、義務不受損，不影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，體現在造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)(li)與控制方面(mian)(mian)，建(jian)(jian)議：（1）強(qiang)調(diao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)跟蹤(zong)服務條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。合同(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)中(zhong)要(yao)求設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)明確項目(mu)(mu)負(fu)責人(ren)，項目(mu)(mu)負(fu)責人(ren)“應(ying)(ying)全過程(cheng)(cheng)服務，結構封頂前每月至少(shao)到(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)巡(xun)視(shi)一(yi)次，出(chu)現關鍵性(xing)技術問題(ti)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)隨(sui)叫隨(sui)到(dao)”。從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)盡(jin)可能地減少(shao)或避(bi)(bi)免損失，控制造(zao)價(jia)；（2）強(qiang)調(diao)限(xian)額設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)約束條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。合同(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)中(zhong)要(yao)求“設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)各階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)預(yu)算不得突破估算總(zong)投資，如果(guo)突破，應(ying)(ying)由(you)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)重新修改調(diao)整設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)內容。因(yin)此(ci)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、延誤(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)交付工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，按本合同(tong)相關條款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)扣減設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費(fei)(fei)(fei)。如設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)修改后仍(reng)然超(chao)出(chu)該控制指標，按超(chao)出(chu)額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2%扣減設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費(fei)(fei)(fei)。如果(guo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)拒絕調(diao)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，經發包方優化后節約該部(bu)分(fen)投資10%以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，則該部(bu)分(fen)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咨詢費(fei)(fei)(fei)、優化設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費(fei)(fei)(fei)從(cong)(cong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費(fei)(fei)(fei)中(zhong)扣減”。（3）強(qiang)調(diao)對設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，由(you)于施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)特殊(shu)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)，需要(yao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)配合，做好造(zao)價(jia)評(ping)估對比，盡(jin)量避(bi)(bi)免或減少(shao)因(yin)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)而(er)(er)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高。筆者(zhe)目(mu)(mu)前正參(can)與浦口新城(cheng)道路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)，因(yin)道路沿線存(cun)在很多河(he)塘(tang)(tang)或暗塘(tang)(tang)，必須進(jin)行換填處理(li)(li)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)當時(shi)預(yu)估河(he)塘(tang)(tang)淤(yu)泥(ni)深度(du)與現場(chang)實際情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)相差較大(da)，導致(zhi)河(he)塘(tang)(tang)處理(li)(li)這部(bu)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量增加(jia)較多，費(fei)(fei)(fei)用也(ye)大(da)幅上(shang)升，因(yin)此(ci)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)對現場(chang)地質(zhi)不明情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)而(er)(er)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變更(geng)，要(yao)嚴格把關，才能避(bi)(bi)免因(yin)變更(geng)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)大(da)幅提高。

3.2建立健(jian)全嚴(yan)格的(de)工程(cheng)造價管理制度

項目實施代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制(zhi)的(de)主要(yao)目的(de)是對項目質量、造價和進(jin)度進(jin)行全過程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)。控制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)造價，是代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)單位(wei)(wei)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)任(ren)務(wu)。在(zai)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)合(he)同條款中一般都有約定工(gong)程(cheng)造價審核的(de)條款，如審計單位(wei)(wei)結算(suan)核減超過送審額的(de)10%，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)就會扣減代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)單位(wei)(wei)部分的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)費(fei)。因此代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)單位(wei)(wei)平(ping)時在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)計量中就要(yao)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)一起制(zhi)定一套嚴格的(de)造價管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度，如果工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)嚴格，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅會給工(gong)程(cheng)結算(suan)時帶(dai)來很多麻煩，還可能給施工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)造成可乘之機，對手續(xu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完備、資(zi)(zi)料(liao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)全或與現場(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符的(de)堅決不(bu)(bu)(bu)予(yu)確認和計量，避免造成政府建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設資(zi)(zi)金(jin)的(de)浪費(fei)。

因此代(dai)建(jian)單位在項目(mu)管理(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中為(wei)(wei)了杜絕這(zhe)些不(bu)(bu)規范行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，必須(xu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴格的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價管理(li)，變更、簽證制度、工程(cheng)(cheng)計量制度都是保證造(zao)價管理(li)的(de)有(you)效制度。另外代(dai)建(jian)制制度下項目(mu)的(de)合同價（清標(biao)價）盡可(ke)能接近市(shi)場形成(cheng)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)本(ben)價，盡量避免(mian)施(shi)工單位因為(wei)(wei)中標(biao)單價低于(yu)成(cheng)本(ben)而不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)一些不(bu)(bu)合理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。

3.3注重對工(gong)程施工(gong)過程中一(yi)些不可預測費(fei)用(yong)的控(kong)制

在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段依(yi)據(ju)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)，加強(qiang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期和(he)安(an)全管理(li)(li)，從而加強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價管理(li)(li)，此階(jie)段主要(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)如(ru)：（1）嚴(yan)格(ge)把(ba)好(hao)(hao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)關(guan)。代建(jian)(jian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)除具(ju)(ju)備(bei)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)技能之外(wai)，還必須(xu)具(ju)(ju)有良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織、協調能力(li)及處理(li)(li)突發事(shi)件的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。負責人(ren)(ren)(ren)應具(ju)(ju)有高級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師、具(ju)(ju)備(bei)國家注冊(ce)專業(ye)執(zhi)業(ye)資(zi)格(ge)證(zheng)、且在(zai)(zai)單(dan)位上都是(shi)中層領導干部的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，能夠在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場理(li)(li)順各方的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)順利有序地進行(xing)(xing)，從而有效(xiao)(xiao)地控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價。（2）嚴(yan)格(ge)把(ba)好(hao)(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)關(guan)。代建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)嚴(yan)格(ge)按程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方申(shen)報(bao)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)單(dan)必須(xu)經監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)審(shen)(shen)核后報(bao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)場管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)收到(dao)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)呈(cheng)報(bao)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)單(dan)后，組(zu)織相(xiang)關(guan)各方了解、核準，避(bi)免了“假”、“亂”簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)發生，做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)先立(li)項(xiang)后實施(shi)(shi)(shi)再審(shen)(shen)批(pi)，且做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)隨(sui)(sui)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)隨(sui)(sui)簽(qian)(qian)，內容表達(da)完整清晰，簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)量(liang)化，明確計(ji)價辦法和(he)依(yi)據(ju)，防止簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)復計(ji)量(liang)。（3）嚴(yan)格(ge)把(ba)好(hao)(hao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)標(biao)準關(guan)。根據(ju)立(li)項(xiang)批(pi)復的(de)(de)(de)可行(xing)(xing)性研究(jiu)報(bao)告等(deng)文件，嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)住工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)標(biao)準，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)突破批(pi)準投資(zi)額。一是(shi)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)不(bu)隨(sui)(sui)意(yi)進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)；二是(shi)不(bu)隨(sui)(sui)意(yi)增(zeng)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內容；三是(shi)不(bu)隨(sui)(sui)意(yi)提(ti)(ti)高材料(liao)、設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)采購品牌、檔(dang)次。若有需要(yao)更(geng)改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)不(bu)影響(xiang)使用功能、外(wai)觀裝飾(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)(ti)下，進行(xing)(xing)市(shi)場詢價，更(geng)改(gai)同(tong)等(deng)檔(dang)次、價位的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)、設(she)備(bei)。（4）嚴(yan)格(ge)把(ba)好(hao)(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)料(liao)收集整理(li)(li)關(guan)。在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，項(xiang)目(mu)代建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)經常深入(ru)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場，了解施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)動態，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序等(deng)情況(kuang)進行(xing)(xing)記錄，收集整理(li)(li)會議紀要(yao)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)聯系(xi)單(dan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)單(dan)和(he)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)單(dan)等(deng)資(zi)料(liao)，掌握現(xian)(xian)(xian)場第一手造價資(zi)料(liao)。（5）工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)重(zhong)點是(shi)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結算的(de)(de)(de)辦理(li)(li)。應積極(ji)配合辦理(li)(li)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算，協調處理(li)(li)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算各項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)事(shi)宜，提(ti)(ti)供(gong)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)、詳(xiang)實的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)資(zi)料(liao)，做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)監(jian)(jian)督、審(shen)(shen)查工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，避(bi)免工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)復計(ji)算，審(shen)(shen)核工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)價依(yi)據(ju)，做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)每一筆工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費用有據(ju)可查，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算報(bao)告的(de)(de)(de)可信、可靠。

3.4借(jie)鑒國外經驗，實(shi)施專業人士管理(li)制度(du)

建(jian)(jian)筑行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是一(yi)個信(xin)息(xi)高度(du)(du)不(bu)對(dui)稱的(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程的(de)(de)投資(zi)者(zhe)總是處于(yu)信(xin)息(xi)劣勢。為(wei)了(le)克(ke)服這一(yi)劣勢，國外一(yi)些(xie)先進(jin)的(de)(de)做法(fa)是，依靠(kao)負責任的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人士(shi)進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)(jian)設管(guan)理(li)，這些(xie)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人士(shi)主要有負責設計的(de)(de)設計師，負責工(gong)程造價的(de)(de)造價師或工(gong)料(liao)測(ce)量師，以(yi)及負責施工(gong)監理(li)的(de)(de)監理(li)工(gong)程師等。為(wei)了(le)讓他(ta)(ta)們保持敬業(ye)(ye)(ye)、嚴謹、清廉、公允的(de)(de)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)操(cao)守(shou)，必須(xu)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)們建(jian)(jian)立(li)一(yi)套有效的(de)(de)約束機制(zhi)，包括建(jian)(jian)筑法(fa)規約束、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人士(shi)組織、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人士(shi)工(gong)作條例、職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道德標準的(de)(de)約束以(yi)及市場機制(zhi)、信(xin)譽約束等，這些(xie)約束在發達(da)國家(jia)或地區是非常嚴厲的(de)(de)，一(yi)旦出現了(le)違規行(xing)為(wei)被查處，就會因職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)出現污(wu)點而失業(ye)(ye)(ye)，甚至(zhi)終(zhong)身無人雇傭。隨著代建(jian)(jian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展，國外的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)定(ding)會慢慢被借(jie)鑒和采納，國內建(jian)(jian)筑市場才(cai)會更加(jia)規范(fan)，穩定(ding)向前發展。

3.5逐步(bu)推(tui)行(xing)和強制實行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)擔保與保險制度(du)

工(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)目(mu)前一(yi)般都會要求各參建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)提供履約(yue)保(bao)函，它通過保(bao)函的(de)(de)(de)無條件支付功能來實(shi)現快速理(li)賠(pei)，能較好地解決各單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)道德風險問題，對(dui)各單(dan)位(wei)(wei)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)束(shu)作用(yong)。為(wei)了增強(qiang)產權(quan)約(yue)束(shu)，在實(shi)行代(dai)(dai)建(jian)制時(shi)，應盡量選擇以(yi)(yi)私有產權(quan)為(wei)主體且產權(quan)明(ming)晰的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)作為(wei)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)，同時(shi)進一(yi)步進行國(guo)有建(jian)筑企業和(he)掛(gua)靠的(de)(de)(de)造價單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、監(jian)理(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)它中介機構的(de)(de)(de)產權(quan)改革(ge)，并培育足夠多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)合格(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)公司(si)。在強(qiang)化(hua)產權(quan)約(yue)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，強(qiang)制實(shi)行工(gong)程擔保(bao)與保(bao)險制度，以(yi)(yi)充分發揮后者在代(dai)(dai)建(jian)制中的(de)(de)(de)重要作用(yong)。可以(yi)(yi)引(yin)進法國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程竣工(gong)十年責(ze)任(ren)險，并建(jian)議(yi)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)購(gou)買，以(yi)(yi)增強(qiang)對(dui)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)束(shu)，提高代(dai)(dai)建(jian)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)感。

4.結束語

當下，日益龐大的“代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)市場”吸引了眾多(duo)(duo)的項(xiang)目管理(li)公司和承包(bao)商，對于已從(cong)事和即(ji)將從(cong)事代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)的代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)人而(er)言，通過提高項(xiang)目管理(li)水平而(er)獲(huo)得競(jing)爭(zheng)優勢顯(xian)得異(yi)常(chang)迫切(qie)，極(ji)為(wei)重要。工(gong)程造(zao)價管理(li)與(yu)控制(zhi)是(shi)一個(ge)動(dong)態過程，當前，代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)制(zhi)模式尚處于起步階(jie)段(duan)，工(gong)程造(zao)價管理(li)與(yu)控制(zhi)上還(huan)有很多(duo)(duo)不足、有待完善的地方(fang)，還(huan)需(xu)在(zai)今后的代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)中逐步的總(zong)結提高，從(cong)而(er)提高投資項(xiang)目的投資效益。

參考文獻

篇6

關鍵詞：建筑工程簽證(zheng)；工程造價；影響

前言

為了(le)控制工(gong)程項目現場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)對(dui)工(gong)程造價(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)，就要從分析(xi)現場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)產生的(de)(de)原因(yin)入手(shou)，明(ming)確現場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)過程中存在的(de)(de)問題，有針對(dui)性的(de)(de)減少(shao)變更(geng)簽證(zheng)(zheng)發生的(de)(de)可(ke)能性，有效地(di)減少(shao)現場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)對(dui)工(gong)程造價(jia)影響(xiang)(xiang)，保證(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位投(tou)入的(de)(de)資金發揮最大(da)的(de)(de)投(tou)資效益。

一(yi)、建筑工程(cheng)簽證(zheng)發(fa)生的原(yuan)因

（1）由于建筑(zhu)工程建設周期的(de)長久性、項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)單(dan)一(yi)性、管(guan)理方式的(de)特(te)殊(shu)性，導致項(xiang)目(mu)決(jue)策和設計(ji)階(jie)段難以(yi)詳盡考慮，從而在(zai)現場施(shi)工過程中發生現場簽證。

（2）設計(ji)原因(yin)：設計(ji)單(dan)位各專業之間配合不(bu)(bu)夠緊密(mi)、施工圖審查和圖紙會審不(bu)(bu)夠嚴(yan)謹，從而產生設計(ji)變更。

（3）市場原(yuan)因：隨(sui)著科學(xue)技術的發展，新工(gong)藝、新材料、新施(shi)工(gong)方法不(bu)斷更新，施(shi)工(gong)現場會出現市場材料短缺、出現材料代換導致(zhi)產生簽證。

（4）建設(she)單位、施工(gong)(gong)單位、監理單位原因(yin)：為了方便管理、優化施工(gong)(gong)組織，參建單位在施工(gong)(gong)過程中提出設(she)計變更產生施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場簽(qian)證。

（5）二次裝修工程(cheng)：由于建設(she)單位的審(shen)美觀念不(bu)斷變(bian)化(hua)，對(dui)裝飾效果也經常(chang)發生改變(bian)，導致現場簽(qian)證的發生。

二、工(gong)程簽證對工(gong)程造價的(de)影響

（1）影(ying)響預算控(kong)制(zhi)。對建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)而言，從開工到竣(jun)工的整個工程(cheng)(cheng)施工周(zhou)期(qi)內，如果單位缺(que)乏(fa)工程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)證(zheng)控(kong)制(zhi)意識(shi)，未能及(ji)時辦理工程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)證(zheng)審(shen)批手續，不對工程(cheng)(cheng)簽(qian)證(zheng)及(ji)時通(tong)知(zhi)并做好工程(cheng)(cheng)量增減記(ji)錄(lu)，將(jiang)會導致難于控(kong)制(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)總投資預算，甚至(zhi)影(ying)響整個工程(cheng)(cheng)造價。

（2）通(tong)過設計(ji)修改、技(ji)術核定、經濟(ji)簽(qian)證改變工程(cheng)量(liang)，簽(qian)證通(tong)知單的現(xian)場設計(ji)代表(biao)往往并非(fei)工程(cheng)主要設計(ji)人，這將導致(zhi)現(xian)場設計(ji)代表(biao)對圖(tu)紙缺(que)乏足夠掌握，也難(nan)以準確(que)把(ba)握施工現(xian)場情況，進而出現(xian)就同一問題重復(fu)性地簽(qian)發工程(cheng)變更通(tong)知單，導致(zhi)投資虛增，影響工程(cheng)造價。

（3） 通(tong)過(guo)設計修改、技術(shu)核(he)定改變施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新增投(tou)(tou)標文件內(nei)沒(mei)有投(tou)(tou)標報價(jia)的工(gong)(gong)作內(nei)容，需核(he)實某處是否按圖紙完成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)之后(hou)才進行(xing)(xing)的工(gong)(gong)程變更，來確認是否扣(kou)除工(gong)(gong)程變更前所涉(she)及內(nei)容的費(fei)(fei)用，重(zhong)新進行(xing)(xing)核(he)價(jia)，以免造成(cheng)費(fei)(fei)用多計或漏(lou)計，干擾工(gong)(gong)程結(jie)算，改變造價(jia)。

（4）通過(guo)(guo)經濟簽證更換(huan)投標時的材料(liao)，改變(bian)(bian)價格(ge)，影響(xiang)造價； 不少工(gong)程項(xiang)目在實施過(guo)(guo)程中都會出現(xian)(xian)超投資現(xian)(xian)象。這種現(xian)(xian)象既(ji)由(you)價格(ge)變(bian)(bian)動引(yin)(yin)起，也與工(gong)程設(she)(she)計欠(qian)完(wan)善有(you)變(bian)(bian)。在施工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程中出現(xian)(xian)的多(duo)處工(gong)程變(bian)(bian)更將導(dao)致投資總額(e)增(zeng)(zeng)加。比如某石(shi)化公司20萬噸(dun)/年醋酸項(xiang)目早期的設(she)(she)計概(gai)算(suan)批復約10億元，工(gong)程結算(suan)結束后卻高(gao)達15億，嚴重超投資。增(zeng)(zeng)加的投資部分大(da)多(duo)都由(you)工(gong)程變(bian)(bian)更引(yin)(yin)起。

（5）對一些無法計(ji)(ji)算工(gong)程量(liang)或某些特殊的(de)項目，經雙方商定，用簽(qian)證來簽(qian)訂具體金額，后直接計(ji)(ji)入工(gong)程造(zao)價，造(zao)成了工(gong)程成本的(de)增加。

三(san)、建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)簽證存在的問(wen)題

3.1簽證價格虛高

由于市場經濟價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)波動、材料供求關系、立項審批周期、招標(biao)投標(biao)周期、建(jian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)工周期等因素(su)影響，導(dao)致材料價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)處于動態變化當(dang)中(zhong)，個別(bie)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)位(wei)串(chuan)通(tong)簽訂(ding)虛高(gao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)簽證，造成(cheng)項目投資(zi)增加(jia)。因此出現施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)位(wei)要(yao)求簽訂(ding)材料價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)簽證時，建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)一定要(yao)組織參建(jian)各方人員進行市場調查。

3.2虛假簽證

個別(bie)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)、監(jian)理單位(wei)和施工單位(wei)串通，在隱(yin)蔽(bi)工程(cheng)中簽(qian)訂虛假簽(qian)證，達(da)到騙取建(jian)(jian)設(she)資金的(de)目的(de)，不重視現場簽(qian)證，缺(que)乏造價(jia)控制意識。例如：由(you)于(yu)土(tu)方地(di)貌復(fu)雜、不可恢復(fu)等(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)，在土(tu)方工程(cheng)中簽(qian)證工作量(liang)(liang)大(da)于(yu)實際工作量(liang)(liang)較為常見；工程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)變更較小和累計附(fu)加零工，在簽(qian)證中經(jing)常被(bei)擴大(da)。

3.3簽證數量過多(duo)

由于項目前期準備(bei)程(cheng)序考慮不全，初步設計、施工(gong)圖設計審查不夠嚴謹等原因，在工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際施工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，增補簽證項目數量較多(duo)，從而(er)弱化

了建筑工程(cheng)投資控制。

3.4簽證手續不(bu)完(wan)備、內容不(bu)詳(xiang)盡(jin)、方式不(bu)規(gui)范

施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)證主要由(you)施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)擬稿，建(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)現(xian)場代表(biao)沒有附(fu)圖(tu)與詳細資(zi)料(liao)，而是直接簽(qian)(qian)上“同意”、“屬實”，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清單、定額(e)子目無從(cong)確定；施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)證過于隨(sui)意，未(wei)能完整回應簽(qian)(qian)證內容，僅有簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)未(wei)表(biao)示是否(fou)同意；建(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)現(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)證人(ren)員不了解工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預決算，把不該取費用內容引入簽(qian)(qian)證，造成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)增大。

3.5簽證日期滯后

施(shi)工(gong)現場簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)應(ying)當邊(bian)發生邊(bian)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)，個別施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)快到(dao)決算時才開始補簽(qian)(qian)，這樣的簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)其準(zhun)確(que)程度不言(yan)而(er)(er)喻。材(cai)料(liao)市場價格是隨市場發生變化的，個別施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)故意在簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)日(ri)期(qi)上做(zuo)文(wen)章，從而(er)(er)達到(dao)獲取不合理(li)的利潤。

四、建筑工(gong)程(cheng)簽證采取的(de)對策及(ji)建議(yi)

為了(le)提高資金使用(yong)效率、保證建筑工程簽證資料的規范性和真實性，達到控

制投(tou)資成本，建議采取以下措施：

4.1規(gui)范建筑工(gong)程(cheng)簽證(zheng)管(guan)理制度

施工(gong)現(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中要(yao)注明簽證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)原因(yin)、時間地點、工(gong)程部位，并附(fu)上(shang)簡(jian)圖(tu)、標(biao)明尺寸、明確結算方(fang)式(shi)，對于重大工(gong)程變更和隱蔽工(gong)程應做(zuo)到及(ji)時拍(pai)照或錄像，確保原始資(zi)料隨時可查；施工(gong)現(xian)場簽證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)必須有建設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位、監理單(dan)(dan)(dan)位、施工(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位三方(fang)代表簽字蓋章并簽注意見；在合同及(ji)有關文件中出現(xian)的項目不再另行(xing)簽證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。

4.2提(ti)高(gao)現場(chang)簽證(zheng)人(ren)員的專業水平(ping)和責任心

項目(mu)管(guan)理人員要(yao)嚴格執(zhi)行(xing)現(xian)場簽證管(guan)理制度(du)，對(dui)承(cheng)包人提出的變更請求認真

核實調(diao)查比對(dui)，了解事(shi)情的真正原(yuan)因，不隨意簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)，不弄虛作(zuo)假(jia)； 對(dui)必須(xu)發生的變更(geng)，或(huo)因環(huan)境(jing)因素帶來的施工影響，做(zuo)好(hao)應對(dui)措(cuo)施方案(an)的比選，辨清責(ze)任主體，從(cong)施工技術(shu)(shu)和技術(shu)(shu)經(jing)濟層面上(shang)做(zuo)好(hao)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的確認。

4.3根據市(shi)場控制簽證材料價格

建筑工(gong)程(cheng)材(cai)料價(jia)格的(de)高低直(zhi)接影響(xiang)投資成(cheng)本，杜絕(jue)虛假材(cai)料價(jia)格簽證(zheng)和以(yi)次充好騙取建筑資金的(de)行為。施工(gong)單(dan)位采購(gou)項目，建設單(dan)位和監(jian)理(li)單(dan)位一定要(yao)去市場(chang)調研價(jia)格的(de)真實(shi)性，杜絕(jue)不合(he)理(li)的(de)簽證(zheng)合(he)理(li)化，以(yi)免影響(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)客觀與真實(shi)。

4.4控(kong)制簽證工程量的(de)真實性

為確保施(shi)工現(xian)場簽證工程(cheng)量(liang)內容真(zhen)實性，建設單(dan)位、監理(li)單(dan)位、施(shi)工單(dan)位現(xian)場簽證人員(yuan)應深(shen)入(ru)現(xian)場，采取觀察、測量(liang)、審圖等方式和方法，逐項仔(zi)細(xi)核(he)實工程(cheng)量(liang)，堅持原則，有(you)理(li)有(you)據(ju)。只(zhi)有(you)把現(xian)場核(he)對工作做(zuo)深(shen)做(zuo)細(xi)，才(cai)能做(zuo)到客觀公正。

4.5加(jia)大審計力(li)度(du)

在竣工(gong)決算審計(ji)時(shi)，要(yao)加大對建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)提供資料(liao)完整(zheng)性審查力度。首先發現涉及結構(gou)的工(gong)程量簽證，建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)應(ying)當在施(shi)工(gong)前委托原設(she)(she)計(ji)單位(wei)或者具有相應(ying)資質條(tiao)件的設(she)(she)計(ji)單位(wei)提出設(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)，沒有設(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)的施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)不得施(shi)工(gong)；其次對所(suo)有施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)簽證工(gong)程量進行嚴格復(fu)核，對現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)做法、工(gong)程量及材料(liao)使用要(yao)了如指掌(zhang)，防止假報和(he)冒報，堅(jian)持原則，以理服人。

結語

建(jian)筑工程(cheng)具有建(jian)設周期的(de)長(chang)久性、項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)單一性、使用長(chang)期性、資源的(de)高投入(ru)性、生產(chan)的(de)一次性、建(jian)筑生產(chan)的(de)流動(dong)性和管理方式的(de)特(te)殊性等(deng)特(te)點(dian)。在建(jian)筑現(xian)場施工過程(cheng)中，由(you)于各種不確定因素的(de)存在必然會(hui)發生現(xian)場簽證，從而(er)會(hui)影響工程(cheng)的(de)造價。

參考文獻

[1]李立紅. 淺析建(jian)(jian)筑工程簽證在實際中存在的(de)問題和建(jian)(jian)議[J].福建(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)材(cai)，2011（6）.

篇7

關鍵詞：政府投資項目；工(gong)程造價管理；項目管理；問題防范

中(zhong)圖(tu)分類號：TU723文(wen)獻標(biao)識碼(ma)： A

一．引言

政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)是指全(quan)部或(huo)者(zhe)部分使用(yong)國(guo)(guo)有資(zi)(zi)(zi)金或(huo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)進行(xing)固定資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)設的(de)(de)項目(mu)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)的(de)(de)建(jian)設資(zi)(zi)(zi)金主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)來(lai)源于財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金或(huo)者(zhe)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)負債(zhai)，因此需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)工程(cheng)進行(xing)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理，確(que)保(bao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)效(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)最大化。隨著我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)越來(lai)越多，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)為成為了拉動國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)持續發(fa)展的(de)(de)關鍵動力之一。綜合運用(yong)組織(zhi)、技術、經濟(ji)、合同與信息管(guan)理等多方面的(de)(de)手(shou)段對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)進行(xing)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)動態造價管(guan)理，既是保(bao)證財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金安全(quan)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)，也是規范(fan)建(jian)設市場經濟(ji)秩序的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。

二.當前政府投(tou)資項目造價管(guan)理存在的問題

1.政府投資項目工(gong)程造價管理體制不健全

目(mu)前我國政府(fu)投(tou)資工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，雖然出現(xian)了一(yi)些(xie)專(zhuan)業化集中實施機(ji)構，但(dan)多數地方(fang)和行業仍是(shi)由一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)時項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機(ji)構參與政府(fu)投(tou)資項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。由于(yu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)具有(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業性(xing)(xing)、技術(shu)性(xing)(xing)，特別(bie)是(shi)政府(fu)投(tou)資工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多是(shi)關(guan)系國計民(min)生的(de)(de)重(zhong)點工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量、工期、造(zao)價(jia)控制要(yao)求都(dou)很(hen)高。由于(yu)這些(xie)臨(lin)(lin)時管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機(ji)構的(de)(de)班子人員多不是(shi)專(zhuan)業人才，就(jiu)很(hen)難(nan)滿(man)足項目(mu)對專(zhuan)業化、技術(shu)化的(de)(de)要(yao)求，對項目(mu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量、工期、投(tou)資控制造(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)影響。另外，臨(lin)(lin)時項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機(ji)構待項目(mu)建成(cheng)即解散(san)，不利(li)于(yu)積累政府(fu)投(tou)資項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)經驗，亦無助于(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平的(de)(de)提高。

2.工(gong)程造價管理內容(rong)的不確(que)定(ding)性大

政(zheng)府投資(zi)(zi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)覆蓋面廣、范(fan)圍大(da)，并且(qie)受非技術因素影響過(guo)多，相(xiang)關(guan)管理部門很(hen)難(nan)按部就班對項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)開(kai)展實施(shi)。這樣就導致了一些項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)前期論證走過(guo)場，倉(cang)促上馬。結果在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)實施(shi)階段隨著項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)功(gong)能定位、建(jian)設規(gui)模、建(jian)設標準等因素的變更，從(cong)而需要調整甚(shen)至完全(quan)重新設計(ji)方案，造成項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投資(zi)(zi)額無法控制。

3.工程(cheng)造價管理缺乏全局監控(kong)

目(mu)前，在(zai)(zai)項目(mu)建設(she)市(shi)場(chang)交易中，仍然存在(zai)(zai)著很嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)正當(dang)競爭(zheng)現(xian)象，例如，不(bu)(bu)遵守有(you)關制(zhi)度(du)、盲目(mu)趕進(jin)度(du)以(yi)及(ji)質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)達標(biao)等現(xian)象。工程造(zao)價缺乏對各市(shi)場(chang)價格信息(xi)資料的(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)和整理，只(zhi)停留(liu)在(zai)(zai)單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)預算環節中，而(er)無(wu)法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)。另外(wai)，由于各單位是相互(hu)分離的(de)(de)(de)，他們都只(zhi)重(zhong)視自(zi)身階段的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)，這樣就(jiu)造(zao)成了無(wu)法(fa)對整個項目(mu)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)全局控(kong)制(zhi)，從而(er)使(shi)得(de)各階段的(de)(de)(de)工程造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)相互(hu)分離。

4.造價管理(li)理(li)念陳舊，不能順(shun)應市場經濟要求

目前在我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上(shang)，還普(pu)遍存在著掛念(nian)陳舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)沒有(you)一個科學全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識，沒有(you)對(dui)整個造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)一個動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析，在造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)與控制(zhi)中沒有(you)實行(xing)(xing)動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。隨著我國(guo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷完善，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)已(yi)經在經濟(ji)上(shang)起到了(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格是波動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)也應(ying)該(gai)(gai)隨著市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波動而波動，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上(shang)起著調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，所以工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)也應(ying)該(gai)(gai)是動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。但是市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)不(bu)是萬能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它具有(you)盲(mang)目性(xing)和(he)滯后性(xing)等制(zhi)約(yue)因素，所以不(bu)能(neng)完全依賴市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)來調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。這就(jiu)需要政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)宏觀(guan)調控手段對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)合理(li)(li)干(gan)預和(he)制(zhi)約(yue)以保(bao)證(zheng)房(fang)產市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)。但是，由(you)于(yu)受傳統(tong)觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)約(yue)，很多地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)觀(guan)念(nian)淡(dan)薄，以至于(yu)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)過(guo)多了(le)(le)(le)動用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)(le)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)手段來對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)干(gan)預，由(you)于(yu)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)沿用(yong)(yong)(yong)陳舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，和(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)脫軌，就(jiu)導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)失(shi)去時效。例如用(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)指令(ling)代(dai)替市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規則(ze)來招標，實質上(shang)變成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，由(you)于(yu)各類(lei)法定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)額(e)測算只考(kao)慮了(le)(le)(le)靜態因素，致使國(guo)家定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)實際費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之間差別(bie)太(tai)大，從而使招標機制(zhi)不(bu)完善，地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)保(bao)護主(zhu)義(yi)嚴重(zhong)，或者(zhe)建設單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)合理(li)(li)壓價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，都(dou)使投標招標失(shi)去了(le)(le)(le)競爭(zheng)性(xing)和(he)公正性(xing)。

三.提高(gao)政(zheng)府投資項(xiang)目工程造(zao)價管理水平的措施

1.健全政府投資項目造價管理制(zhi)度

健全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)是實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)當(dang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)基石，結合當(dang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)狀，筆者認(ren)為政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)進一步完善還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)做到(dao)如下幾點：一是對于已經制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)要(yao)(yao)保證其能(neng)得到(dao)最終的(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)；二(er)是要(yao)(yao)建立一套具(ju)有科學評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指標的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)績(ji)效(xiao)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)系，切(qie)實(shi)(shi)做到(dao)獎懲分明(ming)，有效(xiao)約束和激勵相(xiang)關人員(yuan)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)參(can)與到(dao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作中來；三是明(ming)確(que)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)職(zhi)責(ze)，因為明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)職(zhi)責(ze)是順(shun)利實(shi)(shi)施政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)提，同時也是有效(xiao)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)當(dang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)保障。

2．以推行限(xian)額設計(ji)為重點，做好項(xiang)目前期(qi)工作(zuo)

“凡事預則立(li),不預則廢”,項目的(de)前期工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是做好政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)項目造價(jia)控制(zhi)的(de)前提。政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)項目的(de)前期工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)主要包括項目建(jian)議書、可行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究、地(di)質勘查、征地(di)拆遷、圖紙設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。認真做好可研(yan)報(bao)告、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)文件等(deng)前期文件的(de)審核，可以(yi)盡(jin)最大限度(du)的(de)減少因設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)深度(du)不夠(gou)引起的(de)造價(jia)增加。根(gen)據實際經驗(yan)分析設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階段對項目總(zong)投資(zi)影響約(yue)75-80%，因此控制(zhi)政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)項目總(zong)造價(jia)的(de)關鍵(jian)在(zai)于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階段。在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)開始(shi)就將控制(zhi)投資(zi)的(de)目標(biao)貫穿(chuan)于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中，可以(yi)保證恰當的(de)選擇設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)標(biao)準和功能(neng)(neng)水(shui)平。限額設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)就是一(yi)種行(xing)之有效(xiao)的(de)造價(jia)控制(zhi)措(cuo)施。所謂限額設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)就是按照批準的(de)可行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究報(bao)告的(de)投資(zi)估算(suan)控制(zhi)初步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，按照批準的(de)初步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)總(zong)概算(suan)控制(zhi)技術設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)和施工(gong)(gong)圖設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時各(ge)專業在(zai)保證達到使(shi)用(yong)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)前提下，按分配的(de)投資(zi)限額控制(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，嚴格控制(zhi)不合理(li)變更，保證總(zong)投資(zi)額不被突破。

3．綜合運用多種手段，合理確定政府投資項目的造(zao)價

在(zai)政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)工程(cheng)中運用(yong)(yong)招投標(biao)(biao)、清單計(ji)(ji)價等手段合(he)(he)理確定合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)價的(de)同(tong)(tong)時，建設(she)(she)(she)單位應嚴格設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)，在(zai)經(jing)濟條款(kuan)(kuan)中增加涉及變更及修改(gai)的(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)額度限制條款(kuan)(kuan)，確保變更費(fei)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)超出施工合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)價的(de)某一比例。采取一定的(de)約束力(li)是對設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)規范、設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、工程(cheng)量(liang)和(he)概預(yu)算指標(biao)(biao)等各方面控制的(de)一種舉(ju)措。推進“四新”成果在(zai)工程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中的(de)應用(yong)(yong)，以新技(ji)術、新材(cai)料、新工藝、新設(she)(she)(she)備，優化(hua)工程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)技(ji)術經(jing)濟指標(biao)(biao)，提高(gao)產(chan)業的(de)科(ke)技(ji)含(han)量(liang)，提高(gao)工程(cheng)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)(he)效益。

4.以控制(zhi)工(gong)程變更為核心，加強施工(gong)階段對工(gong)程造價的(de)控制(zhi)

在施工(gong)(gong)階段控制(zhi)(zhi)項目工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)，在這(zhe)一(yi)階段節(jie)約工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的可能(neng)很小，造(zao)成浪費的可能(neng)性卻很大，施工(gong)(gong)階段歷來是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)中需給予足夠重視的環節(jie)。

（1）加強對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)工方(fang)案(an)(an)的技術經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)比較。施(shi)工方(fang)案(an)(an)是施(shi)工組織設計中的一項(xiang)(xiang)重要工作內容(rong)，合(he)理(li)的施(shi)工方(fang)案(an)(an)，可以(yi)(yi)縮(suo)短工期、保證工程質量、提(ti)高經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益，對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)工方(fang)案(an)(an)從技術上和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)上進行對(dui)(dui)(dui)比評(ping)價(jia)，通過定(ding)性(xing)分析和(he)定(ding)量分析對(dui)(dui)(dui)質量、工期、造價(jia)三項(xiang)(xiang)技術經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指標比較，可以(yi)(yi)合(he)理(li)有效(xiao)地利用人力(li)、物(wu)力(li)、財力(li)資源取得較好(hao)(hao)的經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益，把好(hao)(hao)施(shi)工管理(li)關是全(quan)面(mian)造價(jia)管理(li)的重要途徑。

（2）健全設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)審批制度(du)。設(she)計(ji)如有變(bian)更(geng)(geng)，要盡量提前變(bian)更(geng)(geng)，因為變(bian)更(geng)(geng)越(yue)早損失越(yue)小。并且在(zai)每一變(bian)更(geng)(geng)設(she)計(ji)之(zhi)前，必須進行工(gong)程(cheng)量及(ji)造(zao)價增(zeng)減分析，并經(jing)原(yuan)設(she)計(ji)單位(wei)同意。如果變(bian)更(geng)(geng)后，工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價突破總概算必須經(jing)有關部(bu)門審查，要切(qie)實防止通(tong)過變(bian)更(geng)(geng)設(she)計(ji)增(zeng)加設(she)計(ji)內(nei)容、提高設(she)計(ji)標準、提高工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的情況(kuang)發生(sheng)。

（3）對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)現(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)手(shou)續嚴格(ge)把(ba)關。通過建設工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)制度建立專門(men)部(bu)門(men)，利用專業人員(yuan)對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)實行專業化管(guan)理(li)，避免出現(xian)工(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)只(zhi)管(guan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)不算(suan)經濟(ji)賬的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，造成投資(zi)失控的(de)(de)(de)嚴重后(hou)果。為了嚴肅變更(geng)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)手(shou)續，應采取建設方(fang)(fang)(fang)、監(jian)理(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、施工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)代表(biao)現(xian)場聯簽(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式保證(zheng)變更(geng)和簽(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實性、合理(li)性、經濟(ji)性，避免弄(nong)虛作假(jia)現(xian)象(xiang)及由此(ci)引出的(de)(de)(de)糾紛。

5.抓(zhua)住(zhu)最后(hou)關(guan)口，加強對政府投資(zi)項目的竣工結算審核

竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算(suan)(suan)書編(bian)制需要(yao)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)，審(shen)(shen)查(cha)內容(rong)包括(kuo)與(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)款項(xiang)(xiang)、招(zhao)標文件內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)相符(fu)性，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法和材料(liao)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性。首先要(yao)認真審(shen)(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確性。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)核(he)是(shi)(shi)(shi)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算(suan)(suan)審(shen)(shen)核(he)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中最重要(yao)、最繁瑣、最細(xi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作，必須以工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)圖、設計(ji)變更及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場為依據，嚴格按照定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)規(gui)則(ze)逐項(xiang)(xiang)進行審(shen)(shen)核(he)，以防止施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算(suan)(suan)上虛增工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)來(lai)增加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)。 其次還要(yao)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)套用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正確。審(shen)(shen)查(cha)所列分項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)相符(fu)，其名稱、規(gui)格、計(ji)量(liang)單(dan)位和所包含的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)與(yu)(yu)單(dan)位估價(jia)(jia)表一致(zhi)。對(dui)于換(huan)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)，首先審(shen)(shen)查(cha)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)允許的(de)(de)(de)其次審(shen)(shen)查(cha)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正確。審(shen)(shen)查(cha)各項(xiang)(xiang)取(qu)費標準(zhun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合(he)費用(yong)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)期間有關工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)政策規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。

四.結束語

政府投(tou)資項目(mu)的特殊性，決(jue)定了需要(yao)對(dui)項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)程造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)認(ren)真對(dui)待，造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)意識要(yao)始終(zhong)貫穿到(dao)項目(mu)的各個階段。從項目(mu)造價管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)全(quan)局到(dao)細(xi)部，投(tou)資預算審核、招標(biao)控(kong)制、價格管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、施工(gong)(gong)進度控(kong)制，到(dao)設(she)計變(bian)更、現場簽證、結(jie)算審核，都需要(yao)相關管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人員全(quan)程參與進來，進行“事(shi)前、事(shi)中、事(shi)后”全(quan)過程控(kong)制。

參考文獻：

[1]遲曉(xiao)梅.我國政府投(tou)資(zi)項(xiang)目工程造價管(guan)理(li)現狀研究[D].重慶大學,2009.

[2]劉莉麗(li).政府(fu)投資項(xiang)目工(gong)程造價管理中的問題與對(dui)策(ce)[J].山西(xi)建筑，2012,38（36）：260-261.

篇8

關鍵詞：建筑(zhu)工程；　合同管理；　合同風險

合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理是建筑資(zi)料管(guan)理的(de)重要組成(cheng)部分(fen)，建筑工程合(he)同(tong)歸屬于經濟合(he)同(tong)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)。建筑工程合(he)同(tong)的(de)具體內容是由發包(bao)單位(wei)和承包(bao)企業二者擬(ni)定的(de)建設項目(mu)目(mu)標及目(mu)標相(xiang)關環(huan)節，也(ye)是明確相(xiang)互權(quan)利(li)與義務(wu)關系的(de)協議，進而順利(li)完成(cheng)協商好的(de)建筑工程項目(mu)。

在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同中，作(zuo)(zuo)為訂立合(he)(he)同當(dang)事人(ren)在項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)標準行為準則，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術、經濟(ji)(ji)和法律(lv)三者有機結合(he)(he)，也是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)中所有經濟(ji)(ji)活動的(de)(de)指向依(yi)據。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同明確了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)中各對象的(de)(de)權利(li)義務，同時為協調工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)關系及(ji)解決合(he)(he)同糾(jiu)紛事件提供了依(yi)據，以(yi)便工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)順(shun)利(li)完(wan)成。因此，提高建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同的(de)(de)管(guan)理水(shui)平(ping)，使建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同達(da)到規范化(hua)、完(wan)善化(hua)，有助(zhu)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)中系統(tong)管(guan)理，依(yi)法運作(zuo)(zuo)。同時保(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量問題，嚴格控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)期及(ji)各環(huan)節的(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)，避免(mian)風(feng)險投(tou)資(zi)，減少(shao)不(bu)必要的(de)(de)支出(chu)，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)中出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)糾(jiu)紛及(ji)經濟(ji)(ji)損失降到最低，確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)質(zhi)量達(da)到要求，在規定時間內完(wan)成建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)預期目(mu)標。

一、建(jian)筑工程(cheng)合(he)同管理的重(zhong)要性

（一）在社會主(zhu)義市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)要求范圍內，提高建(jian)筑工程合(he)同的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)水平。在管(guan)理(li)建(jian)筑市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)方面(mian)讓工程合(he)同發揮指向(xiang)作用，適應政(zheng)府的(de)(de)職能轉變(bian)，運(yun)用各(ge)項法律法規及經濟(ji)手段調節并管(guan)理(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)。此外(wai)建(jian)筑市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)需遵循經濟(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)內在規律，建(jian)立健全(quan)建(jian)筑市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度，尤其是建(jian)筑合(he)同管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度。

（二）建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)的關(guan)鍵部(bu)分就是(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)。強化合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)是(shi)有效項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)的前提。只有簽訂了建(jian)筑(zhu)承發包合(he)(he)約(yue)責任書才能進行建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)，因此合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)本身就標(biao)志著可以有效控(kong)(kong)制建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量、工(gong)(gong)期及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)費用，一旦忽略合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)，人(ren)事管(guan)理(li)、工(gong)(gong)作溝通及(ji)(ji)風險投(tou)資等綜合(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)都無(wu)從(cong)說起(qi)。只有貫穿合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)這個核心，才能統(tong)籌調控(kong)(kong)確保建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)順利進行，建(jian)設(she)目(mu)標(biao)及(ji)(ji)任務按時完成。

（三）使各建筑主(zhu)(zhu)體行(xing)為(wei)規范(fan)化(hua)與強化(hua)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)密(mi)不可分。在(zai)建筑工(gong)程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)確(que)了(le)各主(zhu)(zhu)體行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)權利與義務，建設(she)主(zhu)(zhu)體在(zai)工(gong)程建設(she)期(qi)間必(bi)須履行(xing)義務，享有所規定的(de)(de)(de)權利，不能超出合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之外。建筑工(gong)程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)處理(li)建筑工(gong)程實施過程中(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)各種糾紛(fen)提(ti)供了(le)法律依據(ju)。對(dui)于現(xian)階段我國(guo)建筑市場的(de)(de)(de)經濟活(huo)動中(zhong)(zhong)所出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)各種現(xian)象如誠信危機、不正當競爭等，都(dou)與建設(she)主(zhu)(zhu)體法制知識淺薄和(he)工(gong)程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)環節(jie)薄弱有關(guan)。所以提(ti)高建筑工(gong)程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)水平(ping)勢在(zai)必(bi)行(xing)，對(dui)于出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)爭執糾紛(fen)案合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，進行(xing)正確(que)處理(li)有利于規范(fan)建設(she)主(zhu)(zhu)體行(xing)為(wei)，整頓建筑市場。

（四(si)）我國(guo)(guo)參與國(guo)(guo)際競爭也需要(yao)(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)合同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理，現階段，隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)迅速(su)發展，我國(guo)(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場已經全面(mian)(mian)開放，國(guo)(guo)外建筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)發展對我國(guo)(guo)內部建筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場造成了一定沖擊，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)我國(guo)(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場也面(mian)(mian)臨著(zhu)(zhu)巨大的(de)挑戰，要(yao)(yao)發展生存(cun)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)順應國(guo)(guo)家市(shi)(shi)場規律、遵循國(guo)(guo)際慣例，強(qiang)(qiang)化自身建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理。

二(er)、加強合同管理及風(feng)險防范的措施

（一(yi)）在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)文本(ben)格式(shi)上，要注重其文本(ben)擬定于分(fen)析(xi)，盡量選用(yong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)范(fan)文本(ben)。對外(wai)簽(qian)訂建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，統一(yi)使用(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設部示(shi)范(fan)文本(ben)并填寫(xie)詳實(shi)。依據(ju)相關(guan)法(fa)律內(nei)容精選，指定符(fu)合(he)(he)本(ben)公司范(fan)文本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)文本(ben)形(xing)式(shi)，即(ji)根(gen)據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)需要采用(yong)一(yi)種業主既易接受(shou)又能(neng)實(shi)現(xian)承包方目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。縱觀過去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)案例中，因文本(ben)格式(shi)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)產生的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)糾紛事件屢見(jian)不(bu)鮮。所以應該選用(yong)各類公用(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、民(min)用(yong)住宅、工(gong)業廠房、交(jiao)通設施及線路管理的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)、設備安裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣本(ben)———《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)》。這樣可以防止(zhi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)出現(xian)漏(lou)項(xiang)、缺項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，對于行(xing)政管理機關(guan)核實(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)監(jian)督也十分(fen)有利(li)(li)，為仲(zhong)裁機構、人民(min)法(fa)院裁決糾紛事件提供了(le)法(fa)律依據(ju)，進而維護雙方合(he)(he)法(fa)利(li)(li)益。

（二）建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)建(jian)筑工程合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理制(zhi)度(du)并善加利(li)用。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理方方面面細節(jie)涉(she)及較多，從(cong)雙(shuang)方洽談、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)草擬(ni)、評審、簽訂下達、到交(jiao)底、責任分配、履行跟蹤、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)變更、終止、解除等，因此合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管理需要規范化、系統化，每一個細節(jie)都要建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)相關規章制(zhi)度(du)，做(zuo)到有法可(ke)依，有章可(ke)循(xun)。

（三）建筑工程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)要(yao)不定期管理。因為在建筑工程(cheng)中合(he)同(tong)內容需(xu)要(yao)不斷修正，變更頻繁，一旦合(he)同(tong)變更大就會產(chan)生索賠糾紛(fen)，所以合(he)同(tong)簽訂后需(xu)要(yao)對工程(cheng)建設項目進行(xing)動態管理，一般要(yao)注意以下幾個方(fang)面：

（1）建(jian)立索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)制(zhi)度(du)。在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，損失(shi)者(zhe)一般(ban)會(hui)根據(ju)法律和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)給予(yu)施工(gong)(gong)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)，作為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)筑(zhu)方(fang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，利用(yong)該制(zhi)度(du)可(ke)以維護企(qi)業(ye)(ye)本身(shen)的(de)(de)正當權益，減少(shao)損失(shi)，提高企(qi)業(ye)(ye)利潤；完善(shan)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)制(zhi)度(du)可(ke)以減少(shao)或避免(mian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)風(feng)險，為(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)生存發展贏得空間；在(zai)業(ye)(ye)主索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)方(fang)面，施工(gong)(gong)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對業(ye)(ye)主索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)提供了一定負率依據(ju)，雙方(fang)協商、解(jie)決(jue)經濟糾紛問(wen)題都可(ke)以據(ju)此合(he)理(li)解(jie)決(jue)；以工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)依據(ju)進行工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)，用(yong)事(shi)實(shi)說話，證據(ju)充分(fen)，索(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)證據(ju)一般(ban)有標文件、會(hui)議(yi)紀(ji)要、來(lai)往(wang)信函、通(tong)知、施工(gong)(gong)組織設計、施工(gong)(gong)記(ji)錄、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)照片、氣象資料、各種驗收報告、有關原始憑證及國家的(de)(de)相關規(gui)定和有效信息等。

（2）重視現場簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)。按(an)照合(he)同進行支付時要(yao)防止過早或過量簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)，若合(he)同變(bian)(bian)更需(xu)要(yao)補充(chong)協議時要(yao)謹慎嚴格，一定(ding)要(yao)嚴格按(an)照合(he)同條款進行簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)，相互約(yue)束(shu)。設計變(bian)(bian)更與(yu)施工圖(tu)錯誤(wu)要(yao)仔細分析，現場簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)不能(neng)原圖(tu)紙重復簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)，只能(neng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)變(bian)(bian)更或修正的項(xiang)目，對于已經購過的材料一定(ding)要(yao)標明名(ming)稱、型號、規格、日期(qi)等詳(xiang)細情(qing)況(kuang)。

（3）建筑工程(cheng)清單規(gui)(gui)范與定(ding)額(e)相(xiang)關規(gui)(gui)定(ding)要嚴格執行，若定(ding)額(e)沒有規(gui)(gui)定(ding)則要根據(ju)實際情況或參(can)考其它相(xiang)似類別定(ding)額(e)或做(zuo)出(chu)一定(ding)補償。

三、結束語

建筑工程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)的過程，其(qi)實就是規避合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)險問題，所以作為(wei)項(xiang)目(mu)主管部(bu)門應(ying)該(gai)重(zhong)視項(xiang)目(mu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，作為(wei)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)人員，應(ying)該(gai)熟悉(xi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，認清合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)細(xi)節，了解相(xiang)關合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法律法規，才能真正做(zuo)好合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)工作。

參考文獻：

[1]　黃澤民. 建(jian)筑工(gong)程項目分包管(guan)理中的合同管(guan)理[J].　四(si)川建(jian)筑.　2005（02）

[2]　宋(song)宗宇，郭金虎(hu)，劉樹利. 建設工程合同標準文本國際實踐(jian)及借(jie)鑒[J].　重慶建筑大學學報(bao).　2005（01）

篇9

關鍵詞：基本建設 項目管理 主要問題 對策

中圖(tu)分類號：F284 文(wen)獻標(biao)識碼：A

文章編號：1004-4914（2011）08-279-02

一、前言

近年來隨著重點(dian)工程(cheng)規模(mo)快速擴張，基(ji)(ji)本建(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)逐年增多，加之(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資金流量大，專業性強，權力集(ji)中，基(ji)(ji)建(jian)領域也成為(wei)財政(zheng)監管(guan)的控制重心。而大部分(fen)(fen)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)單位在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理上不夠(gou)重視，存在內控制度(du)(du)不完(wan)善、招(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)制度(du)(du)不健全、運作(zuo)不規范等問題。本文通過詳盡的分(fen)(fen)析，對(dui)如何加強基(ji)(ji)建(jian)財務管(guan)理的監督和(he)管(guan)理工作(zuo)、有效地管(guan)理運用資金、進(jin)行內部控制提出(chu)了(le)一些對(dui)策、建(jian)議。

二、基本建設項目管理存在的主要(yao)問(wen)題

1.投資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)(he)(he)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方面。（1）投資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)缺陷。總體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)長期(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)有(you)待完善，特別在(zai)(zai)(zai)可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)論(lun)證和(he)(he)(he)(he)決策(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)，缺乏細致(zhi)的(de)調研(yan)(yan)(yan)，可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)報告編制(zhi)階段(duan)對(dui)基(ji)建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)短期(qi)內(nei)發(fa)展(zhan)預(yu)見不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，一(yi)些項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)設為(wei)(wei)了(le)盡快取得(de)(de)立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)批復，投資(zi)(zi)(zi)規(gui)(gui)模報小(xiao)建(jian)(jian)大，規(gui)(gui)模控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)力(li)使得(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)中“三超”現(xian)象(xiang)普遍(bian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)。（2）項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)時間較長，建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)期(qi)失控(kong)(kong)。個別建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)級立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)批復之前先(xian)行(xing)施工(gong)(gong)，由于資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)不(bu)(bu)能及時到位或(huo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監督管理(li)不(bu)(bu)善，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)一(yi)拖(tuo)再拖(tuo)，成為(wei)(wei)“馬拉松”工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。（3）對(dui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)使用效(xiao)益的(de)監控(kong)(kong)力(li)度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)夠。由于重點(dian)基(ji)本(ben)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)大部(bu)(bu)分為(wei)(wei)非經營(ying)性(xing)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，政府財(cai)政為(wei)(wei)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)籌集(ji)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)有(you)力(li)的(de)保障，這樣(yang)更(geng)容(rong)易導(dao)致(zhi)基(ji)建(jian)(jian)部(bu)(bu)門對(dui)基(ji)本(ben)建(jian)(jian)設管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作重視不(bu)(bu)夠，尤其是一(yi)些臨時成立指揮(hui)部(bu)(bu)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)更(geng)不(bu)(bu)健(jian)全(quan)，監督制(zhi)約機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)獎懲措施不(bu)(bu)完善、不(bu)(bu)落實。（4）部(bu)(bu)分建(jian)(jian)設單位基(ji)建(jian)(jian)管理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)健(jian)全(quan)，人員分工(gong)(gong)與(yu)職(zhi)責未落實。對(dui)超概算項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)沒有(you)進行(xing)事后績效(xiao)評(ping)價和(he)(he)(he)(he)人員獎懲制(zhi)度(du)(du)；沒有(you)配備(bei)專職(zhi)基(ji)建(jian)(jian)財(cai)務會(hui)計和(he)(he)(he)(he)專業的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理(li)人員；沒有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)執行(xing)互相(xiang)稽核(he)制(zhi)；基(ji)建(jian)(jian)檔(dang)案資(zi)(zi)(zi)料不(bu)(bu)全(quan)，內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)薄弱，管理(li)不(bu)(bu)規(gui)(gui)范。

2.基建項目(mu)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)及采(cai)購管理方(fang)面。（1）基建項目(mu)存在(zai)抓大(da)放小的(de)現(xian)(xian)象。招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)必(bi)須(xu)采(cai)用招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)：對(dui)(dui)(dui)50萬元（市級）以(yi)上的(de)主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、重要設(she)(she)備(bei)、材料等(deng)貨物(wu)采(cai)購規(gui)(gui)定(ding)必(bi)須(xu)進行招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)勘察、設(she)(she)計(ji)、監理等(deng)服務的(de)采(cai)購在(zai)30萬元（市級）以(yi)上的(de)必(bi)須(xu)進行招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。在(zai)實際操(cao)作中(zhong)，有的(de)單(dan)(dan)位往往突破招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)限額。（2）基建單(dan)(dan)位采(cai)取各種方(fang)法規(gui)(gui)避招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。如少計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量、壓低造價等(deng)方(fang)式規(gui)(gui)避招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，然后在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)以(yi)增(zeng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量或(huo)(huo)變更(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)來追加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)借(jie)口(kou)項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期緊，改(gai)公開(kai)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)為議(yi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、邀標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、指定(ding)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)發包給有關系(xi)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位，搞假招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，從中(zhong)謀利。（3）招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人員職(zhi)業素質有待加(jia)強。在(zai)實際招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位、投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位資質、評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人員資格審查不(bu)嚴格，不(bu)按規(gui)(gui)定(ding)程(cheng)序選(xuan)擇隊伍，甚至陪標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、“轉包”，對(dui)(dui)(dui)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)違(wei)法、違(wei)紀現(xian)(xian)象執法監察力度不(bu)大(da)。

3.工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監理(li)(li)(li)及合(he)(he)同管理(li)(li)(li)方面。（1）合(he)(he)同條款不(bu)(bu)完善，項目(mu)變更存在漏洞。由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)(he)同履(lv)行(xing)周期長、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價值(zhi)量(liang)大、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更多，以(yi)致施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同普遍存在內容不(bu)(bu)完善、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)“算計”建設單位(wei)等問題。（2）部分監理(li)(li)(li)機構和(he)人員(yuan)素質不(bu)(bu)高，對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)負責任，往往按(an)照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)的(de)要求隨意(yi)簽(qian)發變更簽(qian)證，增加(jia)投資。（3）建設單位(wei)對(dui)監理(li)(li)(li)機構和(he)人員(yuan)的(de)資質評(ping)審和(he)監督不(bu)(bu)嚴格(ge)，賦予監理(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)的(de)權力也不(bu)(bu)夠，有些單獨(du)大型修繕、裝飾等工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)沒有實行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監理(li)(li)(li)制度。

4.財務(wu)(wu)管理方面。（1）基(ji)建項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資金(jin)來源(yuan)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不合規。個別建設(she)單位(wei)擠占公用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)經(jing)(jing)費，將基(ji)建費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)列(lie)(lie)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在行政(zheng)事業(ye)經(jing)(jing)費中，或(huo)在基(ji)建專(zhuan)戶里列(lie)(lie)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行事單位(wei)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，基(ji)建款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)沒有(you)(you)做到(dao)專(zhuan)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，或(huo)未(wei)經(jing)(jing)批準使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其他項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)結(jie)余資金(jin)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)借款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)墊付基(ji)建款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。（2）缺乏經(jing)(jing)驗豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)建財務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)員。行政(zheng)事業(ye)單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)會計(ji)一(yi)般對基(ji)本建設(she)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識掌握較(jiao)少，在實際(ji)中存在未(wei)按(an)基(ji)建項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進行單項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和單位(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)立(li)賬(zhang)戶進行財務(wu)(wu)管理、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)明細(xi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)核(he)算(suan)列(lie)(lie)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)細(xi)化、零(ling)星工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)未(wei)按(an)明細(xi)核(he)算(suan)入賬(zhang)等情(qing)況(kuang)。財務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)員在處理會計(ji)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)時主要是(shi)(shi)依據財務(wu)(wu)制度辦事，由于對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計(ji)量與進度環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)不熟(shu)悉，單純從財務(wu)(wu)制度上審核(he)各項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)開支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，難以有(you)(you)效控制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價。（3）基(ji)建財務(wu)(wu)核(he)算(suan)體系不健全(quan)，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)審核(he)把(ba)關不嚴(yan)。特別是(shi)(shi)未(wei)納(na)入會計(ji)核(he)算(suan)中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)建項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，存在違規使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)現金(jin)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付大額工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)時沒有(you)(you)開具正規的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅務(wu)(wu)發票、無工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度報告直(zhi)接支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、未(wei)按(an)照約定條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、或(huo)記賬(zhang)憑證(zheng)附件不全(quan)等問(wen)題。

三、基本建設項目管理問(wen)題產生的原因(yin)

1.相關的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度不(bu)健全，導致操作出現偏差。現行(xing)的(de)(de)經費(fei)來源已從過去(qu)的(de)(de)單一(yi)渠道轉化為多渠道、多方位的(de)(de)籌資，包括財政撥(bo)款、社會捐助(zhu)、科研經費(fei)、自行(xing)貸款等，但與之(zhi)相應的(de)(de)監管(guan)機制(zhi)未得到有(you)效的(de)(de)實施，另外，個別基(ji)建法規要求不(bu)明確、不(bu)一(yi)致、操作性不(bu)強。

2.缺(que)乏基(ji)建(jian)(jian)管理的(de)專業(ye)(ye)人才。基(ji)建(jian)(jian)工作相(xiang)對程序(xu)復雜，法(fa)規政(zheng)策性強、涉及領域廣，缺(que)乏擁有豐富專業(ye)(ye)技能和(he)經驗(yan)的(de)人員(yuan)，難(nan)以使項目管理科學化(hua)(hua)、財務管理規范化(hua)(hua)，不(bu)少基(ji)建(jian)(jian)單位往往會聘用一些臨時(shi)技術人員(yuan)，實際上因(yin)為薪金待(dai)遇問題，存在很大的(de)不(bu)穩定性。

3.內控不(bu)力，基建管理(li)執行力欠佳。建設單位(wei)的內部各個部門管理(li)分工(gong)職責不(bu)明(ming)確，在上(shang)項(xiang)目、跑批文(wen)、要資金上(shang)積極主動，而在財務核算(suan)、工(gong)程管理(li)和監督檢查方面相對松懈，部分環節失控。

4.權力過于集(ji)中，缺乏有效的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督。紀(ji)檢(jian)、監(jian)(jian)察(cha)、審計等專(zhuan)(zhuan)門監(jian)(jian)督、群眾監(jian)(jian)督、輿論監(jian)(jian)督等各(ge)種廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督渠道基(ji)本能夠發(fa)揮作(zuo)用(yong)，但由于基(ji)建管理專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)特(te)殊限制(zhi)，監(jian)(jian)督實際上也存在著(zhu)“不到位(wei)”的(de)(de)現象。首(shou)先是(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)門監(jian)(jian)督弱化。由于有些紀(ji)檢(jian)審計人員對工程技(ji)術及預決算(suan)等方面并(bing)不在行(xing)，盡(jin)管他(ta)們也全程參與項目(mu)建設，但所起(qi)到的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)形式(shi)大于內容。其次(ci)是(shi)群眾監(jian)(jian)督淡化。群眾中對于基(ji)建領域的(de)(de)腐(fu)敗行(xing)為議(yi)論很(hen)多(duo)，但由于不能深入其中，從而很(hen)難發(fa)現問題的(de)(de)癥結，監(jian)(jian)督不能到位(wei)，造成問題屢查屢犯。

四、基本建設(she)項(xiang)目管理的對策(ce)措施(shi)

1.加強(qiang)管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)監督，強(qiang)化(hua)內(nei)部控制(zhi)意識(shi)。（1）嚴格落實(shi)立項(xiang)審批程序和(he)(he)標準(zhun)，從源(yuan)頭(tou)上對總(zong)規模(mo)控制(zhi)。實(shi)行“誰(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)投資、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)受(shou)益(yi)、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)承擔風險”，“誰(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)決(jue)策、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負責(ze)”的投資體(ti)制(zhi)。（2）加強(qiang)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)管理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)業務(wu)學習(xi)，重視項(xiang)目建(jian)設的管理(li)(li)。加強(qiang)建(jian)設單位基(ji)(ji)建(jian)管理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)學習(xi)國家有(you)(you)關法(fa)律法(fa)規和(he)(he)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)管理(li)(li)專(zhuan)業知識(shi)和(he)(he)工作程序的力度(du)，增強(qiang)相關人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的責(ze)任意識(shi)和(he)(he)執行法(fa)規制(zhi)度(du)自律意識(shi)，進一步提高基(ji)(ji)建(jian)管理(li)(li)水平。（3）建(jian)立嚴格的內(nei)部經濟責(ze)任制(zhi)，實(shi)行責(ze)、權(quan)、利相結合，建(jian)立有(you)(you)效的獎懲措施(shi)。

2.規(gui)范(fan)招(zhao)投標(biao)采(cai)購(gou)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，健全監督(du)機制(zhi)。（1）規(gui)范(fan)采(cai)購(gou)行(xing)(xing)為，嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)投標(biao)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)國(guo)家有關(guan)(guan)招(zhao)投標(biao)法(fa)規(gui)和采(cai)購(gou)管(guan)理辦法(fa)。基(ji)建(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)按規(gui)定(ding)實行(xing)(xing)集中采(cai)購(gou)管(guan)理，做到采(cai)購(gou)方(fang)式、采(cai)購(gou)程序(xu)合(he)規(gui)合(he)法(fa)，對達到規(gui)定(ding)標(biao)準的(de)采(cai)購(gou)必須實施招(zhao)標(biao)。對一些不需進(jin)入招(zhao)投標(biao)中心(xin)的(de)，基(ji)建(jian)單位可自(zi)行(xing)(xing)自(zi)主招(zhao)標(biao)，并對招(zhao)投標(biao)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)程序(xu)、要求作(zuo)出明確(que)規(gui)定(ding)，在(zai)制(zhi)度(du)(du)上堵塞各種漏(lou)洞。（2）健全基(ji)建(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)監督(du)機制(zhi)，加大(da)違(wei)規(gui)問題查處(chu)力度(du)(du)。嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)按照制(zhi)度(du)(du)規(gui)定(ding)對違(wei)規(gui)建(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)處(chu)罰和通報，對有關(guan)(guan)責任人進(jin)行(xing)(xing)責任追(zhui)究，確(que)保基(ji)建(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)依法(fa)合(he)規(gui)。

3.實(shi)行合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)(li)和項(xiang)目跟(gen)蹤審計(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，嚴(yan)格(ge)資(zi)金管理(li)(li)。（1）實(shi)施基(ji)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)(li)監督(du)”制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)機制(zhi)(zhi)，加(jia)大指導和審計(ji)(ji)(ji)監督(du)檢查和處(chu)罰(fa)力(li)度(du)。聘請項(xiang)目審計(ji)(ji)(ji)單位對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行跟(gen)蹤審計(ji)(ji)(ji)，并貫穿于基(ji)建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目立項(xiang)、開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)設到竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)各(ge)個階段(duan)，特別對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)投標、合同(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)、設計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更、隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)驗(yan)收、暫定材料(liao)認(ren)價、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決算(suan)等(deng)環(huan)節進行重(zhong)點監督(du)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)。通(tong)過事(shi)前、事(shi)中(zhong)、事(shi)后的(de)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)監督(du)與評價，有效控制(zhi)(zhi)防范風險，減少或避(bi)免(mian)違規(gui)問題和損失浪費問題的(de)發生，確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量。（2）嚴(yan)格(ge)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業中(zhong)標后要及(ji)時簽(qian)訂(ding)承(cheng)包合同(tong)(tong)(tong)，在合同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)尤其要明確規(gui)定按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)支付(fu)資(zi)金、設計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更的(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)方法等(deng)關鍵(jian)性條款。

4.加強(qiang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)財(cai)務管理(li)(li)(li)，修訂(ding)和(he)完善相(xiang)關基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)管理(li)(li)(li)辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)(fa)。（1）重視基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)人(ren)員配備和(he)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)工作，健全財(cai)務管理(li)(li)(li)核算(suan)體系(xi)。（2）加強(qiang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本建(jian)(jian)設(she)資金管理(li)(li)(li)，充(chong)分發(fa)揮(hui)財(cai)政投資效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。通(tong)過(guo)各(ge)級(ji)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)核算(suan)中心或委派(pai)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目的資金進行集中管理(li)(li)(li)、嚴(yan)格(ge)審(shen)核，有效(xiao)(xiao)的防止建(jian)(jian)設(she)資金被截留、擠占和(he)挪用(yong)，努力提(ti)高資金使用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。（3）定(ding)期組織基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)知識專業的培(pei)訓，及時更(geng)新知識體系(xi)。（4）建(jian)(jian)議上級(ji)主管機(ji)構制(zhi)定(ding)或修訂(ding)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)管理(li)(li)(li)辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)(fa)，并結合地方實情(qing)制(zhi)定(ding)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)財(cai)務管理(li)(li)(li)實施(shi)細則，增強(qiang)日(ri)常基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)財(cai)務工作的規范性和(he)可操作性。

5.加(jia)(jia)強監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作，提(ti)高施(shi)工管理(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平。（1）充分(fen)(fen)授(shou)權(quan)，發(fa)揮監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)主導(dao)作用(yong)。為了充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)作用(yong)，應積(ji)極向(xiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)授(shou)權(quan)，在施(shi)工過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)“三控(kong)制、兩管理(li)(li)(li)(li)、一協(xie)調”都授(shou)權(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)(wei)執(zhi)行。（2）明確關系(xi)，加(jia)(jia)強管理(li)(li)(li)(li)。建(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)在給監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)授(shou)權(quan)的(de)同時(shi)，應注重(zhong)對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督、檢查(cha)和管理(li)(li)(li)(li)。重(zhong)點是對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)資質和監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)的(de)素(su)質進(jin)(jin)行全面考(kao)查(cha)和審(shen)核，優選監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)(wei)及人(ren)員，使監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)資源配(pei)置適應工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目管理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)要求。（3）制定(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)獎罰制度。建(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)(wei)針(zhen)對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作，應定(ding)期進(jin)(jin)行總結評(ping)比。對(dui)科學合理(li)(li)(li)(li)安排施(shi)工進(jin)(jin)度、認(ren)真(zhen)、負責、嚴(yan)格(ge)工序驗(yan)收、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效果好的(de)單位(wei)(wei)或個人(ren)進(jin)(jin)行獎勵(li)，差(cha)的(de)單位(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)行處罰，以(yi)此來(lai)激勵(li)各監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)(wei)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)積(ji)極、主動地投(tou)入到工程(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)去(qu)。

6.嚴把工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)關。（1）制定(ding)工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)管理辦法(fa)，明確變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)應(ying)遵循的原(yuan)則(ze)、程(cheng)序以及(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的審批、變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)的時限等(deng)。（2）把好(hao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)關，控制工(gong)程(cheng)成本。嚴格(ge)執行簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)制度，防(fang)止人情簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)現(xian)象的發生。大(da)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)要(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)設(she)計部門出(chu)具變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)通知書，小(xiao)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)要(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)甲方(fang)代表和項目監理簽(qian)字認可，特別是(shi)(shi)針對三邊(bian)工(gong)程(cheng)（邊(bian)設(she)計、邊(bian)施工(gong)、邊(bian)修改）更(geng)(geng)要(yao)(yao)加強審查。（3）認真(zhen)檢查變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)項目內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)否合(he)規(gui)。必須注意審查變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合(he)有(you)關規(gui)定(ding)、手續是(shi)(shi)否齊全及(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)否清楚(chu)，認真(zhen)核實，隱蔽工(gong)程(cheng)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)(yao)以圖(tu)紙(zhi)為依據，避(bi)免虛(xu)增簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)和費用。

參考文獻:

1.王志民.基建甲方規范運(yun)作與科學管理研究(jiu)[M].經濟科學出版社，2006

2.李飛.高(gao)校基(ji)建管(guan)理手冊[M].水利水電出(chu)版社，2005

3.單岳娟(juan).基本建(jian)設財務(wu)管理及會計核算問(wen)題探討[J].經濟師(shi)，2007（6）

4.周放生(sheng).企業的風(feng)險管理及內部控制[J].中(zhong)國流通經(jing)濟，2009（11）

5.王選民.發揮監理作用，提高工程質量[J].山西建筑，2003（13）

篇10

1)極少數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結算(suan)(suan)編制人員(yuan)業務水平不(bu)過關，以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)出(chu)現“失真(zhen)”現象。結算(suan)(suan)“失真(zhen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因:a．聯系單(dan)盲目簽(qian)證，事后補簽(qian)，簽(qian)證表述不(bu)清楚、準確度不(bu)夠、時間性不(bu)強以(yi)(yi)及(ji)征(zheng)得簽(qian)證。b．工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)方面(mian)。工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)依據竣工(gong)圖(tu)紙、設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變更聯系單(dan)和(he)國家(jia)統一(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)來編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)結算(suan)(suan)編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)誤差主要(yao)是(shi)由于對計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)理解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)或(huo)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)單(dan)位不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)而造成工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)位。c．套(tao)用(yong)(yong)定(ding)額(e)(e)方面(mian)。對定(ding)額(e)(e)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺項套(tao)用(yong)(yong)子目或(huo)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解有出(chu)入、忽(hu)略定(ding)額(e)(e)綜合理解，不(bu)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)系數(shu)、高套(tao)定(ding)額(e)(e)、造成計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏差。d．材(cai)料價格方面(mian)。主材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型號、材(cai)質在設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中不(bu)明確;除省市(shi)指導價格外，還有大部分采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)價，這(zhe)也(ye)影(ying)響了結算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造價。e．費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)方面(mian)。不(bu)按合同要(yao)求套(tao)用(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)定(ding)額(e)(e)。根據工(gong)程(cheng)類別(bie)劃分，三類工(gong)程(cheng)卻高套(tao)用(yong)(yong)二類工(gong)程(cheng)。工(gong)程(cheng)沒有達到約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文明施工(gong)增加費(fei)(fei)。在縣城(鎮)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)稅(shui)金卻套(tao)用(yong)(yong)市(shi)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)率(lv)等(deng)。

2)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)在發包合同及現(xian)場簽證中用詞不嚴謹而導(dao)致結算與實際有出入(ru)。

3)施工單位顧慮結(jie)算(suan)時審計卡的太(tai)緊，送審結(jie)算(suan)時，加(jia)大水分冒(mao)算(suan)多算(suan)調高造價。

2如何客觀、認(ren)真的做(zuo)好竣工(gong)結(jie)算工(gong)作

1)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)重(zhong)視(shi)是搞好竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)。a．企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)標—結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)程(cheng)序。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)定一套嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)標—結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)程(cheng)序，以項目(mu)部(bu)為(wei)單位，設立(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)負責人(ren)(ren)，由(you)負責人(ren)(ren)牽頭從投(tou)標到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，建立(li)健全的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)編制(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)簽證、索賠(pei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。為(wei)此，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領導應重(zhong)視(shi)投(tou)標工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)編制(zhi)(zhi)方面也應配備足夠的(de)(de)(de)高水平(ping)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，讓其(qi)參(can)與投(tou)標決策分(fen)析。b．高水平(ping)預算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有助于做好竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，因此施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)視(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養。預算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技能水平(ping)、素(su)質直接影(ying)響竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)質量(liang)(liang)。預算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)有較高的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務水平(ping)，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高度(du)負責的(de)(de)(de)責任心。在(zai)(zai)具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)表現在(zai)(zai):熟(shu)悉合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條款和(he)(he)協(xie)議內容，熟(shu)悉合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍和(he)(he)標段劃分(fen)，熟(shu)悉合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)物資(zi)(zi)設備采購劃分(fen);熟(shu)悉合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履行所需定額內容、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)規則，熟(shu)練計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)及套用定額;通過(guo)(guo)網(wang)絡、報紙、期刊等渠(qu)道了解計(ji)價信息、計(ji)價文件(jian)、市場(chang)動(dong)態等，對關鍵內容能夠熟(shu)練掌(zhang)握(wo)并正確應用;深(shen)入(ru)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)，掌(zhang)握(wo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進展、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，掌(zhang)握(wo)第一手資(zi)(zi)料(liao)，把握(wo)索賠(pei)事件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)起因，通過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)序進行合(he)理(li)索賠(pei);熟(shu)悉新(xin)技術、新(xin)材(cai)料(liao)、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，合(he)理(li)編制(zhi)(zhi)補充定額等。高要(yao)(yao)(yao)求需要(yao)(yao)(yao)有高素(su)質的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才隊伍。為(wei)此，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應采取(qu)內部(bu)培(pei)訓(xun)和(he)(he)外送學習等辦(ban)法，加大預算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)訓(xun)力度(du)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)公司制(zhi)(zhi)定《員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)崗位證書管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法》，并在(zai)(zai)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)崗、分(fen)級(ji)評(ping)價時(shi)作為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)評(ping)價指標，激(ji)勵員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參(can)加培(pei)訓(xun)學習和(he)(he)考試，提(ti)高整體素(su)質。

2)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、全面、完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)整(zheng)理(li)好合同(tong)(tong)履行全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)料，為結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制(zhi)提(ti)供充分依(yi)(yi)據(ju)。在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，對與(yu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料進行廣泛收集(ji)十(shi)分必要(yao)(yao)，一方(fang)面它(ta)可以保(bao)證結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制(zhi)內容的(de)(de)(de)完備性，另一方(fang)面可保(bao)證結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)順利進行，避(bi)免(mian)審(shen)核(he)時(shi)(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)過(guo)多疑問和矛(mao)盾。竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)料編(bian)制(zhi)范(fan)圍廣，涉及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)資(zi)料編(bian)制(zhi)人員(yuan)不僅要(yao)(yao)有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)水平，還要(yao)(yao)有嚴肅認真、精益求精的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)態度(du)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)資(zi)料整(zheng)理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)人員(yuan)應深(shen)入管理(li)、生(sheng)產(chan)一線部門，主動了解(jie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，全面收集(ji)基礎資(zi)料，重(zhong)點整(zheng)理(li)以下資(zi)料:a．工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)包合同(tong)(tong)、補充協議(yi)及(ji)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)會議(yi)紀要(yao)(yao)，這(zhe)些文件是(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)資(zi)料編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)基本最(zui)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)，直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)時(shi)(shi)費用(yong)項(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)(shi)否可以計(ji)入或調(diao)整(zheng)、計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)等(deng);b．設(she)(she)計(ji)圖紙、設(she)(she)計(ji)交(jiao)底及(ji)圖紙會審(shen)記(ji)錄(lu)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju);c．投標(biao)報價或合同(tong)(tong)價，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)清單增(zeng)減(jian)項(xiang)、合同(tong)(tong)外項(xiang)目(mu)等(deng)費用(yong)調(diao)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju);d．變更通知單、監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師指(zhi)令(ling)、業(ye)主簽(qian)證認可的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)、技術(shu)核(he)定單等(deng)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)標(biao)準提(ti)高等(deng)費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju);e．施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)(she)計(ji)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)錄(lu)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)簽(qian)證、形象進度(du)及(ji)現(xian)場照片等(deng);f．與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)定額，國家或地方(fang)調(diao)整(zheng)政策、文件規定等(deng)。

3)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)編(bian)制時(shi)(shi)認真、仔(zi)細分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，做到不(bu)漏(lou)項(xiang)，不(bu)多算(suan)(suan)。結(jie)算(suan)(suan)編(bian)制中最容易出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)失誤就(jiu)是漏(lou)項(xiang)，漏(lou)項(xiang)就(jiu)意味(wei)著應(ying)(ying)得收益的(de)(de)損失。為防止出現(xian)(xian)這一現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，應(ying)(ying)認真做好(hao)以下(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo):a．對于(yu)政(zheng)策性變(bian)(bian)化而引起的(de)(de)費用(yong)調(diao)整(zheng)，應(ying)(ying)仔(zi)細分(fen)析(xi)(xi)。b．投標(biao)(biao)時(shi)(shi)按常規(gui)計算(suan)(suan)，結(jie)算(suan)(suan)時(shi)(shi)需要如實(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)的(de)(de)費用(yong)。c．設(she)計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、簽(qian)證、監理(li)(li)指令等(deng)導(dao)致的(de)(de)費用(yong)增(zeng)加，應(ying)(ying)認真做好(hao)資(zi)料整(zheng)理(li)(li)。d．施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)索賠費用(yong)。結(jie)算(suan)(suan)編(bian)制時(shi)(shi)將(jiang)已經(jing)匯總整(zheng)理(li)(li)好(hao)的(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)料仔(zi)細研究，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)合同、定額及有關(guan)規(gui)定，將(jiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)料與招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件(jian)，竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)與投標(biao)(biao)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)對比分(fen)析(xi)(xi)。分(fen)析(xi)(xi)出哪些項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)不(bu)在投標(biao)(biao)范圍內，屬于(yu)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)增(zeng)加項(xiang)目(mu)(mu);哪些項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)屬于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量增(zeng)減(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu);哪些項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)價格高于(yu)投標(biao)(biao)價格;哪些項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)屬于(yu)非施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)原因造成的(de)(de)費用(yong)增(zeng)加或(huo)經(jing)濟損失，應(ying)(ying)由建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)給予補償。根(gen)據(ju)(ju)有關(guan)法規(gui)、政(zheng)策依據(ju)(ju)，向監理(li)(li)和建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)提出追加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價或(huo)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)索賠。e．合同規(gui)定的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)獎(jiang)懲費用(yong)。f．簽(qian)證導(dao)致的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)費用(yong)。

4)正(zheng)確(que)處理(li)好公共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，是搞(gao)好結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的重要(yao)(yao)手段。竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)是多(duo)家單位(wei)參(can)與(yu)、多(duo)種因素共(gong)同(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)用的結(jie)果。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業要(yao)(yao)搞(gao)好竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，除充(chong)分(fen)考(kao)慮自(zi)身因素外，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)正(zheng)確(que)處理(li)好與(yu)參(can)與(yu)單位(wei)的關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，具體(ti)包括業主(zhu)、監理(li)、設計、造(zao)(zao)價咨(zi)詢(xun)等單位(wei)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業應根據工(gong)(gong)程項目實施(shi)中(zhong)所確(que)定(ding)的組織結(jie)構(gou)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)建(jian)立(li)友好的協作(zuo)(zuo)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，在(zai)各方面(mian)能互相(xiang)配合(he)、互相(xiang)支持(chi)。在(zai)合(he)同(tong)履(lv)行過程中(zhong)做到誠實守信，樹立(li)良好的企(qi)業形象，為搞(gao)好竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)一(yi)個良好的外部環境。在(zai)與(yu)業主(zhu)、監理(li)、造(zao)(zao)價咨(zi)詢(xun)機構(gou)進(jin)行竣工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)時，要(yao)(yao)擺正(zheng)心態，充(chong)分(fen)尊重對方，同(tong)時也要(yao)(yao)有自(zi)己的觀點，爭取理(li)想的結(jie)算(suan)數額。