導語：如(ru)何(he)才能寫好一篇農藥污染的原(yuan)因，這就(jiu)需要搜集整理更多的資料和文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)，歡迎閱讀由(you)公(gong)務員之家整理的十篇范文(wen)(wen)，供你(ni)借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：農作物；病蟲害防治；農藥污染

農業發展涉及到國計民生，關乎我國農業的發展前景。在以往的農作物病蟲害防治中，農民過度依賴農藥，造成了嚴重的自然環境污染，產生了一系列不良后果，這充分說明了農藥污染治理的重要性。面對錯綜復雜的農藥污染問題，治理部門首先要弄清農藥的污染原因、污染(ran)路徑，然后(hou)從污染(ran)的本(ben)質出發，降低農(nong)藥的使用量，提高農(nong)民環保(bao)意識，開發出低污染(ran)的農(nong)藥品種。

1農藥污染的危害分(fen)析

1.1對(dui)水(shui)源的污染

在(zai)病蟲害(hai)防治過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)必不可少，如(ru)除草(cao)劑、殺蟲劑等，這(zhe)些農(nong)藥(yao)可以提高(gao)農(nong)作物產量，同時也會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)源污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。農(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)很多(duo)有(you)機汞、有(you)機氯等化合(he)物，構成(cheng)(cheng)形式復雜，難以被自然分解，會(hui)經過(guo)土壤滲(shen)透到(dao)地(di)下水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，或者是經過(guo)雨水(shui)沖刷進入(ru)到(dao)湖泊、河流中(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)水(shui)源產生污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。美(mei)國環保局(ju)曾(ceng)經在(zai)當地(di)開(kai)展過(guo)井水(shui)抽樣調查，從(cong)1000多(duo)口(kou)井中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)集水(shui)體樣本(ben)，共測出(chu)127種(zhong)農(nong)藥(yao)殘留(liu)，這(zhe)些水(shui)體污(wu)染(ran)(ran)加重(zhong)了(le)用(yong)水(shui)困(kun)難，提高(gao)了(le)當地(di)居(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)患病率。泰安地(di)區夏(xia)季降水(shui)量較大，農(nong)藥(yao)會(hui)隨(sui)雨水(shui)進入(ru)土壤和(he)地(di)下水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，污(wu)染(ran)(ran)在(zai)所難免。農(nong)藥(yao)制劑的(de)(de)(de)主要類(lei)(lei)型及成(cheng)(cheng)分見表1。產物，空(kong)氣、水(shui)源、土壤中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)都會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)健康(kang)，對(dui)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)身體危害(hai)是持續(xu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。

1.2對(dui)空氣(qi)的危(wei)害(hai)

農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)使用大多采取噴(pen)灑的(de)(de)方式，這(zhe)個過(guo)程會(hui)使大量(liang)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)漂浮在(zai)空氣(qi)中，伴隨(sui)氣(qi)流進(jin)(jin)入(ru)大氣(qi)層(ceng)而影(ying)(ying)響生(sheng)態環境。山東省泰安地(di)區(qu)地(di)形(xing)復雜，包含了山地(di)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)、平原、洼地(di)、湖(hu)泊(bo)，屬于(yu)溫帶大陸性半濕潤季(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu)，四(si)季(ji)分明，光(guang)溫同步(bu)，雨(yu)熱同季(ji)，春季(ji)干燥多風，夏季(ji)炎熱多雨(yu)，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)會(hui)經過(guo)蒸發進(jin)(jin)入(ru)空氣(qi)，對(dui)(dui)空氣(qi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響較大。空氣(qi)污染不但會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響生(sheng)態環境，還(huan)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)自然界的(de)(de)生(sheng)物造成不良影(ying)(ying)響，人們(men)需要高度重視。

2治理農(nong)藥污染(ran)問題的(de)價值

2.1有利于食品質量安(an)全

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問題由來(lai)已久，大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用會給自然(ran)環境帶來(lai)嚴重(zhong)危害，影響食(shi)品安(an)全(quan)，不利于人體(ti)(ti)健(jian)康。在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業種(zhong)植過程中(zhong)，很多(duo)(duo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)超出標準范圍，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)過多(duo)(duo)，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑會在瓜果蔬菜的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)積聚，然(ran)后進入人體(ti)(ti)，提高了(le)人們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)患(huan)癌率。除了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)以外，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)水體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)還會直(zhi)接影響魚(yu)、蝦(xia)等(deng)水產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)水產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品最終會成為人們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)“盤中(zhong)餐”，危害人體(ti)(ti)健(jian)康。有(you)些(xie)(xie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品被用來(lai)養殖家禽家畜，其化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)也(ye)會轉移(yi)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)肉類(lei)、蛋類(lei)食(shi)品受(shou)(shou)到(dao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。近些(xie)(xie)年來(lai)，很多(duo)(duo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者無節制(zhi)地使(shi)(shi)(shi)用化(hua)(hua)學(xue)肥料、殺蟲劑、催熟劑等(deng)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品外表光(guang)鮮(xian)、色澤(ze)艷麗，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)食(shi)品對(dui)人體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)危害也(ye)是最為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)。當前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)逐漸得(de)到(dao)人們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理成為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業發展的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)中(zhong)之重(zhong)，綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品受(shou)(shou)到(dao)人們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)，越來(lai)越多(duo)(duo)健(jian)康無污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品進入市場，得(de)到(dao)人們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)好評(ping)，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)沒有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留，有(you)助(zhu)于食(shi)品安(an)全(quan)。

2.2有(you)助于發(fa)展生態(tai)農業(ye)

通過農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染治(zhi)理，新型的(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)得到快速(su)發(fa)(fa)展，這種(zhong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)模(mo)式采(cai)用(yong)(yong)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術，種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)流程更加科學有效(xiao)，能(neng)夠對農(nong)(nong)作物生產(chan)(chan)(chan)進(jin)行(xing)全方位管理，降低農(nong)(nong)藥和化肥的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)量，實現對傳統(tong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)突破。農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染治(zhi)理對生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)具有重要的(de)(de)(de)促進(jin)作用(yong)(yong)，當前我國已(yi)經初步(bu)構建了(le)現代化農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)體系，在生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)試點區域形成(cheng)了(le)高效(xiao)、集約的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)模(mo)式，推動了(le)綠色(se)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)。生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)非常重視現代科技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)，能(neng)夠集合人力、物力和財力，充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)當地的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展優勢，將“生態(tai)”“綠色(se)”踐行(xing)到底。生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)可以運用(yong)(yong)現代技(ji)術減少(shao)病蟲(chong)害，替代大量的(de)(de)(de)化肥和農(nong)(nong)藥，降低農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染。

3農藥(yao)使用污染問題的原因(yin)

3.1缺乏環(huan)保意識

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)人員(yuan)大多(duo)(duo)沒有(you)(you)(you)經過專業培訓，個體農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶缺(que)乏(fa)環(huan)保意(yi)識，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業技術水平較(jiao)低，依然采用傳統的(de)種植方式，不(bu)了(le)解(jie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對自然環(huan)境、人體健康、空氣質量的(de)影(ying)響。另(ling)外，很多(duo)(duo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民在(zai)(zai)使用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)(you)(you)佩戴手套(tao)、口(kou)罩、防護(hu)衣(yi)等用品(pin)，容易吸食化學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)，出現(xian)過敏(min)、呼(hu)吸道感染(ran)、慢性中(zhong)(zhong)毒等問題。有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)安(an)全(quan)不(bu)夠(gou)重視，忽(hu)略了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)對人體的(de)影(ying)響，對自身(shen)的(de)保護(hu)意(yi)識也比(bi)較(jiao)差，將目光放在(zai)(zai)經濟效益上，這也是造成農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)染(ran)的(de)重要原因(yin)。當前(qian)(qian)很多(duo)(duo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業工作人員(yuan)不(bu)了(le)解(jie)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)操(cao)作流程，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和化肥的(de)使用方法不(bu)夠(gou)科學，比(bi)如在(zai)(zai)下(xia)雨之前(qian)(qian)噴(pen)灑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，沒有(you)(you)(you)提前(qian)(qian)觀看(kan)天氣預報，導致(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)流失，造成水體污(wu)染(ran)、土壤污(wu)染(ran)，并且(qie)還(huan)需要重復(fu)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，這些(xie)都與農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)環(huan)保意(yi)識薄(bo)弱有(you)(you)(you)關。

3.2農藥使用量(liang)大

當前(qian)我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村存在青壯勞動(dong)力流失的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)活(huo)動(dong)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥和化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴程度過(guo)高，出現了很多過(guo)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。過(guo)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)(shi)用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥和化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥不但會增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥污染，降低農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)系數，還會使(shi)(shi)病蟲害本身對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)抗藥性，不利于(yu)病蟲害防治，降低農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)，危害整(zheng)個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)態。病蟲害防治是(shi)一(yi)個復(fu)雜(za)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、系統(tong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物種植需要融(rong)入環保理念，應科學種植、科學管理，但是(shi)很多農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民由(you)于(yu)缺乏種植技術，遇到(dao)病蟲害就立(li)即噴藥，導(dao)致(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用過(guo)于(yu)頻(pin)繁(fan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物生(sheng)長發育受到(dao)嚴重(zhong)阻礙。國家統(tong)計局(ju)數據顯示，2020年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)山東(dong)省化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥原藥產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)達2.89萬(wan)t，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長57.07％，同(tong)年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)份產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)為2.24萬(wan)t，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長27.27％，6月(yue)(yue)份產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)為1.85萬(wan)t，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長17.83％。在山東(dong)省泰安(an)(an)地(di)區(qu)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥和化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥是(shi)非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資料，銷(xiao)量(liang)(liang)巨大(da)，存在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥超標使(shi)(shi)用、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥過(guo)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，這(zhe)些會進一(yi)步加(jia)劇農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥污染，不利于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續發展。

3.3用藥缺乏常識(shi)

農(nong)民是農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)主體，針對(dui)當前農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)染(ran)過(guo)(guo)(guo)于嚴重的(de)問題(ti)(ti)，很(hen)大程度上(shang)都與(yu)農(nong)民的(de)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)常識有(you)(you)關，如(ru)果農(nong)民缺乏對(dui)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)種(zhong)類(lei)、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)法的(de)了解，就會(hui)濫用(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)和(he)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，無法真正提高(gao)作(zuo)物(wu)產(chan)量(liang)，耗費大量(liang)生產(chan)資料(liao)，污(wu)染(ran)自然(ran)環境。當前很(hen)多(duo)農(nong)民在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中分不(bu)清(qing)目(mu)標(biao)作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)，比如(ru)除草(cao)劑(ji)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，就要(yao)弄清(qing)雜(za)草(cao)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)，按(an)照目(mu)標(biao)作(zuo)物(wu)挑選(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)，做(zuo)到標(biao)本(ben)兼治。如(ru)果用(yong)(yong)錯藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)，不(bu)僅無法起(qi)到清(qing)除雜(za)草(cao)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，還會(hui)傷害農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)幼(you)苗(miao)，降低農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)產(chan)量(liang)[1]。另外，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)還需要(yao)掌握科學的(de)配比，把握好農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)噴灑濃(nong)度，將不(bu)同(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)、性狀的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)定比例的(de)水進行調和(he)，這樣才能發揮(hui)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，防止(zhi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)白(bai)白(bai)浪費。當前市(shi)場上(shang)以(yi)殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)為配方(fang)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)場占有(you)(you)率達(da)到80％、殺(sha)菌類(lei)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學品達(da)10％、除草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)為5％，其中將近一(yi)(yi)半的(de)殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)采用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)毒(du)磷藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有(you)(you)較高(gao)的(de)毒(du)性，如(ru)果這類(lei)殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)超標(biao)，沒有(you)(you)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)科學配比，就會(hui)嚴重影響生態環境[2]。很(hen)多(duo)從事(shi)農(nong)業(ye)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)勞動(dong)力文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)水平(ping)不(bu)高(gao)，沒有(you)(you)系統地學習(xi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)業(ye)知識，在農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)面(mian)缺乏經驗，存在農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)胡亂配比、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)量(liang)、溶(rong)液濃(nong)度過(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)等問題(ti)(ti)，不(bu)但無法發揮(hui)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)價值，還會(hui)產(chan)生農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)浪費和(he)面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)。

4農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物病(bing)蟲害防治(zhi)中農(nong)(nong)藥使用污染的(de)治(zhi)理措施

4.1提高農民(min)的環保意識

有關(guan)(guan)部門(men)需要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業環保(bao)工作，全(quan)(quan)方位加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技術和(he)(he)(he)(he)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)平，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)在化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方面的(de)專業性(xing)。首先，有關(guan)(guan)部門(men)需要(yao)加強對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村和(he)(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產的(de)引導，做(zuo)好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物病蟲害(hai)防(fang)治宣傳(chuan)工作，讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)了解科學的(de)藥(yao)(yao)品使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)流程(cheng)，確(que)保(bao)宣傳(chuan)的(de)廣度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)深度(du)(du)，讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)控制(zhi)在安(an)全(quan)(quan)范圍內。其次，完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)規(gui)范標(biao)準，從農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)出發，通過制(zhi)度(du)(du)標(biao)準使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)控制(zhi)好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)，杜絕(jue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)濫(lan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)問題。最后，相關(guan)(guan)部門(men)可充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)互聯網平臺，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線上線下相結(jie)合的(de)方式全(quan)(quan)面進行農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污(wu)染(ran)宣傳(chuan)，讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)認識到(dao)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)對(dui)自然(ran)環境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)人體的(de)危害(hai)，在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)噴灑過程(cheng)中做(zuo)好(hao)防(fang)護措施(shi)[3]。

4.2創新病蟲害防治思路(lu)

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治不能過(guo)度(du)(du)依(yi)賴(lai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，可以(yi)采用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防治、物(wu)(wu)(wu)理防治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法，制衡整個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)態系統，提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li)(li)。在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中，技術人員要從選種(zhong)、催芽、育(yu)苗、除草等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面做好病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治工作(zuo)(zuo)，培(pei)(pei)育(yu)優良品種(zhong)，在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域培(pei)(pei)育(yu)天敵(di)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，減少病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)風(feng)險。“生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)育(yu)種(zhong)”能夠解決(jue)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治問題。據中商(shang)產業(ye)研究(jiu)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《2020年中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)醫藥(yao)產業(ye)園(yuan)發(fa)展前景(jing)及投(tou)資研究(jiu)報告》顯示(shi)：2018年我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)醫藥(yao)產業(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)產業(ye)總產值達1.82萬億(yi)元(yuan)，這(zhe)充分(fen)(fen)證明了我(wo)國(guo)在生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)技方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實力(li)(li)。另外(wai)，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治還需要具(ju)體(ti)問題具(ju)體(ti)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，結(jie)合(he)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品種(zhong)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)類型進(jin)行(xing)細致分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，選擇個性化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治理手(shou)段，全(quan)(quan)方(fang)(fang)位加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養護，優化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成長環境(jing)，最大程(cheng)度(du)(du)地控制病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)。針對區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)種(zhong)植(zhi)專家需要對試驗(yan)(yan)田進(jin)行(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)，測試溫度(du)(du)、濕(shi)度(du)(du)變化，全(quan)(quan)方(fang)(fang)位整合(he)試驗(yan)(yan)數據，通過(guo)覆(fu)膜等(deng)方(fang)(fang)法改善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長環境(jing)，提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li)(li)。

4.3研發新型農藥品種

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)本在于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)本身。當前(qian)很多殺蟲(chong)劑和(he)除草劑的(de)(de)毒性(xing)過(guo)大，并且其中的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)無法經(jing)過(guo)自然分解，這(zhe)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)原(yuan)因。針對這(zhe)種(zhong)情況(kuang)，技(ji)術人員需(xu)要(yao)開發(fa)(fa)新型(xing)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)安全性(xing)；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)還(huan)要(yao)增強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)有(you)效性(xing)，開發(fa)(fa)低(di)毒性(xing)、易降解的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，從根(gen)(gen)本上(shang)弱(ruo)化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對生態環境的(de)(de)危害(hai)。近(jin)些年(nian)來，我(wo)國在科學技(ji)術方(fang)面(mian)得(de)到(dao)快速發(fa)(fa)展，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)部門已經(jing)研制(zhi)出(chu)環狀(zhuang)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)，這(zhe)種(zhong)新型(xing)的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑針對性(xing)更強(qiang)，具有(you)低(di)殘留、高(gao)(gao)效率的(de)(de)特點，能夠防止(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)濫用。除了優化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)之外(wai)，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)技(ji)術人員還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用機(ji)(ji)械進行改(gai)良，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械化程度，全面(mian)控制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)噴(pen)灑(sa)速度和(he)噴(pen)灑(sa)量(liang)，降低(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染[4]。

5結束語

病蟲害(hai)問題是我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)活(huo)動(dong)中的重要問題，為(wei)解決農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物病蟲害(hai)、降(jiang)低(di)病蟲害(hai)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物產(chan)量的影響，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)成為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)的得力助手。然(ran)而，過量使(shi)用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)可嚴重污染水源、人體、大氣環境。相關(guan)部門必須加(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)管(guan)理，發展(zhan)生態農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的環保意識，推廣先(xian)進(jin)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)技術，降(jiang)低(di)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)和化肥的依賴程度，促(cu)進(jin)生態農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展(zhan)。

參考文獻

[1]劉(liu)匯,劉(liu)永(yong)坤,李(li)光偉.農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治中農(nong)藥使(shi)用污染問(wen)題及治理(li)對策(ce)[J].農(nong)業(ye)開(kai)發與裝備,2021(6):135-136.

[2]劉才.農作(zuo)物(wu)病蟲(chong)害防治中農藥使用污(wu)染問題及治理對策[J].種子科技,2021,39(2):75-76.

[3]渠云(yun)博.農(nong)作物(wu)病蟲害防治中農(nong)藥使用污染問題及治理對(dui)策(ce)[J].現代園藝(yi),2020,43(20):39-41.

篇2

關鍵詞：農藥；農作物；污染；治理

農(nong)藥(yao)在(zai)治理病蟲(chong)害保障農(nong)作物豐收增產中起到了極為(wei)關鍵的(de)(de)作用(yong)，農(nong)藥(yao)在(zai)整個(ge)農(nong)業體(ti)系中都具有(you)十分重要的(de)(de)地(di)位。在(zai)世界上，每(mei)天(tian)都有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)被使(shi)用(yong)，同樣，也會有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)被生(sheng)產。中國是(shi)一個(ge)農(nong)業大(da)國，每(mei)年(nian)都會有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)病蟲(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)，所(suo)以農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)更(geng)為(wei)普(pu)遍，更(geng)為(wei)重要，如果沒有(you)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)幫助，我國每(mei)年(nian)的(de)(de)農(nong)業損失將是(shi)不可估量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)。

1農藥污染的危害

化(hua)學農藥對環(huan)境(jing)的(de)污染(ran)主要是毒化(hua)大氣、水系和土壤，造成對自然的(de)污染(ran)，影響生(sheng)活在自然界中的(de)各(ge)種生(sheng)物(wu)，引(yin)起生(sheng)物(wu)相(xiang)的(de)改變，敏感種的(de)減(jian)少(shao)與消失，污染(ran)種的(de)增多與加強(qiang)。

1.1農藥對植物自身的污染

農(nong)藥在(zai)(zai)噴灑(sa)到(dao)植(zhi)(zhi)物表面后，有一(yi)些(xie)農(nong)藥會(hui)殘(can)留在(zai)(zai)樹木的(de)(de)(de)枝干，果(guo)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)表面或者是樹葉的(de)(de)(de)表面上，隨(sui)著時間的(de)(de)(de)推移，這些(xie)殘(can)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥開(kai)始漸漸的(de)(de)(de)向內(nei)滲透，從而進入樹木及果(guo)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部，在(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)物內(nei)部不斷得(de)到(dao)疏(shu)導，從而污染植(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部機(ji)理。植(zhi)(zhi)物在(zai)(zai)受到(dao)農(nong)藥污染之后，會(hui)出(chu)現延緩果(guo)實(shi)(shi)成熟的(de)(de)(de)時間，光合作用受到(dao)減慢，嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)甚(shen)至會(hui)出(chu)現樹葉發黃、脫落、果(guo)實(shi)(shi)長斑、異味、脫落、枝干畸形甚(shen)至植(zhi)(zhi)株死亡。

1.2農(nong)藥污染對(dui)人(ren)體健康的危害

農藥(yao)既是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)農業生(sheng)產資料，又(you)是(shi)(shi)對生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)體有(you)(you)害(hai)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)物(wu)(wu)質，即具有(you)(you)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)屬性。農藥(yao)可經消化(hua)道(dao)、呼吸道(dao)和(he)(he)皮膚三條途徑進(jin)入人(ren)(ren)(ren)體而引起中(zhong)毒(du)(du)，其中(zhong)包括急性中(zhong)毒(du)(du)、慢性中(zhong)毒(du)(du)等。由于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活方式(shi)不同(tong)，有(you)(you)誤服、誤食、食用不衛生(sheng)的(de)(de)水果，蔬菜和(he)(he)不注重(zhong)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)清(qing)潔衛生(sheng)的(de)(de)情況而引起藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)性中(zhong)毒(du)(du)，而有(you)(you)些農藥(yao)能溶解在(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體的(de)(de)脂肪和(he)(he)汗液中(zhong)，特別是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機磷農藥(yao)，可以通過(guo)皮膚進(jin)入人(ren)(ren)(ren)體，危害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體的(de)(de)健康。

1.3農(nong)藥(yao)對生(sheng)態環(huan)境的污染

1.3.1農藥污染(ran)對(dui)水環(huan)境的危害

有時為防治蚊子幼蟲施敵(di)敵(di)畏，敵(di)百(bai)蟲和其(qi)他殺蟲劑(ji)于水面；為消滅渠道(dao)、水庫和湖泊中的(de)(de)(de)雜草而使用(yong)水生(sheng)型除草劑(ji)等(deng)造成(cheng)水中的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥濃度(du)過高，大量的(de)(de)(de)魚和蝦類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)水生(sheng)動物死亡。還在一些農(nong)藥藥夜配制點有不少藥瓶(ping)和其(qi)他包裝(zhuang)物，降雨后會產生(sheng)徑流污染，施藥工具的(de)(de)(de)隨意清(qing)潔也(ye)造成(cheng)水質污染

1.3.2農藥對農作物(wu)和土(tu)壤(rang)生物(wu)的影響(xiang)

土(tu)壤農藥對農作物的影(ying)響，主(zhu)要表現在對農作物生(sheng)長的影(ying)響和農作物從土(tu)壤中(zhong)吸收農藥而(er)降低農產品質(zhi)量。

1.3.3農(nong)藥(yao)對大氣的(de)污染

由(you)于農(nong)藥(yao)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理位置和(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間距離的(de)(de)(de)不同，空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)分布為三個帶。第一(yi)帶是導致農(nong)藥(yao)進入空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)源帶。在這一(yi)帶的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)最高，之后由(you)于空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)動，使空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中農(nong)藥(yao)逐(zhu)漸發生擴散和(he)稀(xi)釋，并遷(qian)離使用帶。此外，由(you)于蒸發和(he)揮發作用被處理目標上的(de)(de)(de)和(he)土壤中的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)向空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中擴散。

2農藥對(dui)環境污染的防治措施(shi)

為了解決農藥污(wu)染的現狀(zhuang)，降低農藥污(wu)染造(zao)成的對(dui)園林、土壤(rang)、空氣及人畜的危害(hai)，人們必須采取有力的措(cuo)施對(dui)策。在(zai)此過程中(zhong)(zhong)有一個關鍵所在(zai)，就是盡量避免化學藥物(wu)(wu)在(zai)園林病蟲(chong)防治中(zhong)(zhong)的使用(yong)，更多(duo)的采用(yong)物(wu)(wu)理(li)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)等(deng)防治措(cuo)施，將這幾種方(fang)式正確、高效(xiao)的綜合在(zai)一起使用(yong)，從(cong)而(er)提高病蟲(chong)防治的安全性(xing)和環保(bao)性(xing)。

2.1從(cong)源(yuan)頭上降低病蟲(chong)害的發生(sheng)率，減少(shao)農藥的使(shi)用

眾所周知，病蟲等(deng)問題大多發生在(zai)不健(jian)康(kang)的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)群中，如果在(zai)園林的(de)種植(zhi)(zhi)過程中能夠采取科學有效的(de)方法，增(zeng)強植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)健(jian)康(kang)狀(zhuang)況，提高其抗病性、抗蟲性，那么我們就可以(yi)從根本上減少農藥的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。有若干方法可供(gong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

2.2引進更加先進的非農藥防治手段

除了(le)化學農藥(yao)防治(zhi)，還存在著(zhu)其他防治(zhi)病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)方法(fa)，如一些生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防治(zhi)的(de)(de)方法(fa)，利用(yong)病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)天(tian)敵或者微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)等無(wu)害(hai)環保的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)來抵(di)御害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和病菌對(dui)園(yuan)林植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)侵(qin)襲。利用(yong)這種(zhong)方法(fa)不僅可(ke)以實現綠色無(wu)污染(ran)的(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)殺(sha)滅病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)，而且可(ke)以降低成(cheng)本(ben)，可(ke)以稱得(de)上是事半功倍。除此之外，物(wu)(wu)理(li)方法(fa)也是十分(fen)可(ke)行的(de)(de)，對(dui)病樹物(wu)(wu)理(li)治(zhi)療、捕(bu)捉殺(sha)死害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、在高(gao)溫環境下殺(sha)死害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、給果實套袋從(cong)而減少病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)侵(qin)襲等等。

2.3提高化學農藥使用時的科學性

2.3.1對癥(zheng)下藥

農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)種類很多，性(xing)能(neng)各不相同，防治(zhi)對象(xiang)、范圍，以(yi)及持效(xiao)期和作用(yong)(yong)方式都有很大差。所(suo)以(yi)，使用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥時，必須認準病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)種類，如防治(zhi)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等刺吸式口器害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，選用(yong)(yong)吡(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉、抗蚜威(wei)等內吸性(xing)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑才(cai)有效(xiao)，而使用(yong)(yong)胃(wei)毒劑則無效(xiao)。農(nong)(nong)民(min)朋友對栽培(pei)的(de)蔬(shu)菜或(huo)果樹在本地區易發的(de)病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)種類要學會(hui)識別，熟悉其發生規律，在防治(zhi)時才(cai)能(neng)對癥(zheng)下藥。

2.3.2適時用(yong)藥

每一(yi)種(zhong)病害(hai)都有(you)由輕到(dao)重(zhong)的發展過(guo)程，植物(wu)受(shou)害(hai)程度也有(you)一(yi)個由量變(bian)到(dao)質(zhi)變(bian)的過(guo)程。在(zai)生產(chan)實(shi)踐中，有(you)些農民朋友選(xuan)擇(ze)使用殺菌(jun)劑不當(dang)，在(zai)植物(wu)發病后，甚至比較嚴重(zhong)時仍然用保護性殺菌(jun)劑，連續多(duo)次噴施(shi)，依然收效甚微。防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)害(hai)也有(you)個關鍵時期(qi)(qi)，即(ji)“治(zhi)(zhi)早、治(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、治(zhi)(zhi)了”，也就(jiu)是說，抓住(zhu)發生初(chu)期(qi)(qi)及早防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。如梨小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)食(shi)(shi)心蟲(chong)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)的適期(qi)(qi)是成蟲(chong)出現(xian)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)時，一(yi)般采(cai)用糖醋液誘捕(bu)器或梨小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)食(shi)(shi)心蟲(chong)性外(wai)激素誘捕(bu)器監測成蟲(chong)發生期(qi)(qi)，當(dang)誘蛾(e)量達到(dao)高(gao)(gao)蜂時，向后推3～5天即(ji)是施(shi)藥(yao)適期(qi)(qi)。

2.3.3嚴格(ge)控(kong)制施藥濃度和(he)次數(shu)

防治病蟲害(hai)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)濃(nong)度，一般(ban)在農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)袋(dai)（瓶）標(biao)簽上都有說明，應嚴格按說明配制(zhi)，不能隨(sui)意(yi)(yi)加(jia)大(da)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量。農(nong)(nong)民朋(peng)友普遍存(cun)在著一種誤解，認為用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量加(jia)大(da)，防治效(xiao)果才好(hao)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)水(shui)在植(zhi)株上到處流才算噴(pen)施徹底。但往(wang)往(wang)事(shi)與(yu)愿違，加(jia)大(da)濃(nong)度一是會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)隨(sui)水(shui)流失，二(er)是葉片不可能平整，會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)沉積(ji)，分布(bu)不均，不利于防治病蟲害(hai)。施藥(yao)(yao)(yao)時要遵守農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)安(an)全間隔(ge)(ge)期(qi)，保(bao)證產(chan)品中農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留量低于最大(da)允許量。蔬菜、水(shui)果的(de)采(cai)收期(qi)一定(ding)要超過農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)全間隔(ge)(ge)期(qi)，切記(ji)在采(cai)收前不可任意(yi)(yi)噴(pen)施農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。

2.3.4合理復配(pei)農藥(yao)，輪換使用農藥(yao)

科學復配農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，可(ke)(ke)提高防治(zhi)(zhi)效果，擴(kuo)大防治(zhi)(zhi)對象，延緩病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)抗性，降低防治(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)本，充(chong)分發揮農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。目前農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)復配混(hun)用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)方法：一種(zhong)是(shi)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廠(chang)把兩(liang)種(zhong)以(yi)上的(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)混(hun)配加工，制成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同制劑(ji)(ji)，實行(xing)商品化生產投入(ru)市場，以(yi)殺(sha)菌(jun)劑(ji)(ji)為例，有(you)(you)多硫懸浮劑(ji)(ji)、雙效靈、炭疽福美(mei)、f霜(shuang)？錳(meng)(meng)鋅，甲霜(shuang)靈錳(meng)(meng)鋅等(deng)。甲霜(shuang)靈錳(meng)(meng)鋅是(shi)防治(zhi)(zhi)霜(shuang)霉病(bing)的(de)(de)良藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，此藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)內(nei)吸(xi)性殺(sha)菌(jun)劑(ji)(ji)，既有(you)(you)保護作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又有(you)(you)防治(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物施(shi)用(yong)(yong)后立即進入(ru)植物體(ti)內(nei)殺(sha)死病(bing)菌(jun)，錳(meng)(meng)鋅殘留表面，病(bing)菌(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能侵(qin)入(ru)。另一種(zhong)是(shi)根據當時當地發生病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)實際需要，把兩(liang)種(zhong)以(yi)上的(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)混(hun)配現用(yong)(yong)，有(you)(you)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)加增(zeng)效劑(ji)(ji)、殺(sha)菌(jun)劑(ji)(ji)加殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)等(deng)等(deng)。值得注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)是(shi)，農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)復配雖然可(ke)(ke)產生較好的(de)(de)經濟效益，但切不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)任意(yi)組合(he)，盲(mang)目地搞(gao)“二合(he)一”、“三合(he)一”。田間(jian)現混(hun)配現使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應堅持先(xian)試驗后混(hun)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)原則，否則不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅起(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到增(zeng)效作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，而(er)且還可(ke)(ke)能產生增(zeng)加毒性、增(zeng)強(qiang)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性等(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

3結語

在園林(lin)(lin)病蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)中，農(nong)藥污染的情況種類繁多，雖(sui)然很難做到完全(quan)消除農(nong)藥的污染情況，但只要(yao)采取合理正確的對(dui)策(ce)，科學(xue)高效用(yong)(yong)藥，加強對(dui)園林(lin)(lin)植物(wu)的管理，并將化學(xue)、物(wu)理、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)等多種防治(zhi)手段(duan)靈活巧(qiao)妙的結合在一起運用(yong)(yong)，我們就(jiu)能降(jiang)低(di)農(nong)藥的污染狀(zhuang)況，為(wei)園林(lin)(lin)植物(wu)的生(sheng)(sheng)長和環境健(jian)康創造更好的條件。

參考文獻：

篇3

六(liu)歲(sui)的寶貝兒子(zi)吵(chao)著(zhu)要吃(chi)水餃(jiao)，劉莉(li)趕緊到橋北集(ji)市上(shang)(shang)買了(le)韭菜和豬肉，中年一家七口人(ren)圍(wei)桌(zhuo)而坐吃(chi)上(shang)(shang)了(le)餃(jiao)子(zi)，看著(zhu)孩子(zi)吃(chi)得那么(me)帶勁(jing)，那么(me)高興，家里人(ren)都(dou)舍不得多吃(chi)了(le)。劉莉(li)一面(mian)勸著(zhu)家人(ren)吃(chi)，一面(mian)把(ba)自己的一盤(pan)餃(jiao)子(zi)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)放進飯(fan)櫥里，躲在一邊，吃(chi)掉了(le)早(zao)上(shang)(shang)的剩飯(fan)。

飯后(hou)半小(xiao)時，孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)哭(ku)鬧(nao)起(qi)來，嚷(rang)著難受，不一會口吐白(bai)沫，渾身哆嗦，眼(yan)睛發直。劉(liu)莉趕(gan)緊(jin)抱(bao)著孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)往(wang)醫(yi)院(yuan)里跑，剛到醫(yi)院(yuan)門(men)口孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)斷(duan)了氣。家中(zhong)(zhong)的另外(wai)五口人也(ye)被鄰居送進醫(yi)院(yuan)，他們的癥狀與(yu)孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)相似，但病情比孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)輕。醫(yi)院(yuan)很(hen)快作出診斷(duan)，這(zhe)是一起(qi)有機(ji)磷農藥中(zhong)(zhong)毒。毒從何處來?兇(xiong)手是誰?

當地公安部(bu)門、衛生(sheng)防疫站都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)接到了(le)(le)報案(an)，兩(liang)部(bu)門分別立(li)案(an)并(bing)立(li)即開始調查。誰知從當晚到第(di)二天下午(wu)，醫院又接連報來二起大人(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)案(an)，診斷都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)是有機(ji)磷中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。防疫站在調查中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現，醫院報來的(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)，都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)與吃韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)有關，四(si)(si)個出(chu)事的(de)(de)(de)家庭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，未吃韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)沒生(sheng)病(bing)，吃的(de)(de)(de)韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)越多病(bing)情越重。還(huan)發現這四(si)(si)家是同一天買的(de)(de)(de)韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)。找到出(chu)售韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)菜(cai)(cai)農(nong)(nong)，菜(cai)(cai)農(nong)(nong)承認(ren)：為殺滅韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)害蟲(chong)，他(ta)施用(yong)了(le)(le)殺棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥。檢驗(yan)病(bing)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)嘔吐物、病(bing)人(ren)吃剩的(de)(de)(de)水餃、菜(cai)(cai)販賣剩的(de)(de)(de)韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)、菜(cai)(cai)農(nong)(nong)種植的(de)(de)(de)韭(jiu)(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)，都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)檢出(chu)被(bei)稱為1605的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)毒(du)(du)有機(ji)磷農(nong)(nong)藥。至(zhi)此，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事故原(yuan)因清(qing)楚(chu)了(le)(le)，導(dao)致食(shi)物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)兇手是污染農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)(de)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)。

有(you)關專家指出：韭菜(cai)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)藥污染最(zui)嚴重(zhong)的(de)品種，韭菜(cai)的(de)蟲(chong)害(hai)“韭蛆”常(chang)常(chang)生(sheng)長在菜(cai)體(ti)內(nei)，表面噴灑(sa)殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑難以起到作用(yong)。所以，不(bu)少農(nong)(nong)戶用(yong)大量的(de)高毒殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑灌根，而韭菜(cai)是(shi)有(you)的(de)內(nei)吸毒性(xing)使(shi)得毒物(wu)遍布整個株體(ti)，加上農(nong)(nong)藥和(he)韭菜(cai)中含有(you)的(de)硫(liu)結(jie)合(he)，使(shi)毒性(xing)增強。

時下，老百姓的菜(cai)籃(lan)子豐富了，而健康(kang)隱患也多(duo)了。來自農(nong)業部的數據顯示：我(wo)國農(nong)藥年用量為80―100萬噸。其中，使用在農(nong)作(zuo)物、果樹、花卉等(deng)方面的農(nong)藥占了大部分(fen)。長(chang)期而大量地使用農(nong)藥，不僅(jin)造(zao)成了環境污染(ran)，而且嚴重(zhong)地危害著人體健康(kang)。

人們進食殘留(liu)有農藥(yao)的(de)食物，如(ru)果污染較輕，食人數量較少，不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)明顯的(de)癥狀。但往往有頭(tou)(tou)痛、頭(tou)(tou)昏。無(wu)力(li)、惡心(xin)、精神(shen)差等(deng)(deng)表現(xian)；當農藥(yao)污染較重、進入體(ti)內(nei)的(de)農藥(yao)量較多時，會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)明顯的(de)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)，如(ru)乏力(li)、嘔吐、腹瀉、心(xin)慌等(deng)(deng)情況。嚴(yan)重者(zhe)可能出現(xian)全身的(de)抽搐、昏迷、心(xin)力(li)衰竭，甚(shen)至死亡的(de)現(xian)象。另(ling)外(wai)，殘留(liu)的(de)農藥(yao)還可在(zai)人體(ti)內(nei)蓄積，超過一定量后會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致一些疾(ji)病(bing)，如(ru)男性不(bu)(bu)育(yu)。還有帕金森病(bing)、癌癥、心(xin)血管疾(ji)病(bing)和糖尿(niao)病(bing)等(deng)(deng)，也與(yu)長(chang)期(qi)接(jie)觸農藥(yao)有關。對孕婦而言，則(ze)會(hui)(hui)影響胎兒(er)的(de)發(fa)育(yu)，甚(shen)至會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致胎兒(er)畸形(xing)。

有(you)關專家指出，一些易于生蟲(chong)又較(jiao)(jiao)難防治的(de)(de)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)瓜果(guo)，常常是農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污染最嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)品(pin)種，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污染較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)的(de)(de)有(you)白菜(cai)(cai)(cai)類(lei)(小(xiao)白菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、青菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、雞毛菜(cai)(cai)(cai))、韭(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、黃(huang)瓜、甘(gan)藍、花椰菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、菜(cai)(cai)(cai)豆(dou)、芥菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、茼蒿、茭白等(deng)等(deng)。其中，韭(jiu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、油(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)受到(dao)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污染比(bi)例最大。就(jiu)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)本體而言(yan)，葉子和嫩(nen)(nen)莖是合成(cheng)蛋白質(zhi)最旺盛的(de)(de)，所以，最容易受到(dao)污染。而農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)也往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是噴灑在蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)葉片上(shang)。因此(ci)，葉類(lei)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)相對(dui)來(lai)說就(jiu)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴重(zhong)。茄(qie)果(guo)類(lei)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)如青椒、番茄(qie)等(deng)，嫩(nen)(nen)莢類(lei)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)如豆(dou)角(jiao)等(deng)，以及(ji)鱗莖類(lei)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)如蔥(cong)、蒜、洋蔥(cong)等(deng)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)污染相對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)。

除(chu)了蔬菜(cai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥(yao)殘(can)留能導(dao)致人體(ti)中毒(du)(du)外，還有(you)(you)(you)一些其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因造成人體(ti)中毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蔬菜(cai)，如：①發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)馬(ma)鈴薯：別名土(tu)豆(dou)，當(dang)貯藏不當(dang)，致馬(ma)鈴薯發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)或(huo)表(biao)皮變綠、變黑時，食后常(chang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)中毒(du)(du)。尤以春夏季節(jie)更為(wei)常(chang)見(jian)。發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)馬(ma)鈴薯中含有(you)(you)(you)龍葵堿(jian)(jian)，其芽(ya)(ya)眼部分含量尤高。龍葵堿(jian)(jian)對胃(wei)(wei)腸(chang)(chang)黏(nian)膜有(you)(you)(you)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刺激作(zuo)用(yong)，對呼吸中樞有(you)(you)(you)麻痹作(zuo)用(yong)，可(ke)(ke)能引(yin)(yin)起腦水腫(zhong)、充血(xue)、還能引(yin)(yin)起體(ti)內紅細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)溶血(xue)，食后半小(xiao)時至(zhi)三小(xiao)時發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)中毒(du)(du)反應。②青(qing)色(se)番茄：含有(you)(you)(you)龍葵素(su)等(deng)毒(du)(du)性物質，食后會(hui)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)頭暈，嘔吐、流涎(xian)等(deng)中毒(du)(du)癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。③鮮黃花菜(cai)：含有(you)(you)(you)秋(qiu)水仙堿(jian)(jian)，當(dang)進食大量未(wei)經(jing)煮(zhu)(zhu)泡去水或(huo)急炒(chao)未(wei)熟(shu)鮮黃花菜(cai)后，會(hui)出現急性胃(wei)(wei)腸(chang)(chang)炎。④用(yong)／堋(peng)巴催發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豆(dou)芽(ya)(ya)：一些商販常(chang)用(yong)化肥催發(fa)(fa)豆(dou)芽(ya)(ya)，含氨類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化肥在細(xi)(xi)菌作(zuo)用(yong)下，可(ke)(ke)轉變為(wei)一種(zhong)強(qiang)致癌物――亞硝胺，長期食用(yong)可(ke)(ke)誘(you)發(fa)(fa)胃(wei)(wei)癌、食道癌、肝癌等(deng)。⑤白果：含有(you)(you)(you)銀(yin)杏(xing)酸和銀(yin)杏(xing)酚，燒煮(zhu)(zhu)不熟(shu)或(huo)變質，可(ke)(ke)引(yin)(yin)起抽搐、昏迷、驚厥(jue)、甚至(zhi)死亡。⑥毒(du)(du)蘑(mo)菇：種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)繁多，一般都(dou)含有(you)(you)(you)胃(wei)(wei)腸(chang)(chang)毒(du)(du)素(su)、神(shen)經(jing)毒(du)(du)素(su)、血(xue)液毒(du)(du)素(su)等(deng)多種(zhong)毒(du)(du)素(su)。食用(yong)后病情復雜(za)而兇(xiong)險，死亡率(lv)極高。⑦未(wei)熟(shu)透(tou)四季豆(dou)：又稱蕓豆(dou)、菜(cai)豆(dou)等(deng)，烹調時未(wei)熟(shu)透(tou)，或(huo)水焯后作(zuo)閔攔菜(cai)、冷面碼(ma)、炒(chao)食，未(wei)能破壞(huai)其中有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)成分――紅細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)凝集素(su)，食后引(yin)(yin)起以胃(wei)(wei)腸(chang)(chang)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)中毒(du)(du)癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。

如何提防蔬菜(cai)中(zhong)毒呢?總的說來，必須把好兩道關：一是選購關，二是烹(peng)調(diao)關。

篇4

劉良琪(qi)：部分屬(shu)實，鎘這(zhe)種重金屬(shu)應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)土壤里面含(han)有(you)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)色金屬(shu)冶煉排污(wu)污(wu)染。農(nong)藥(yao)和(he)化(hua)肥即便是(shi)(shi)(shi)過量使用也不會含(han)有(you)該(gai)重金屬(shu)，故有(you)夸張。

《國(guo)際生態與安全》：農藥化肥的濫用(yong)對土(tu)壤環境的影響，主要(yao)表(biao)現在(zai)哪些方面？

劉良(liang)琪(qi)：農藥化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)濫用(yong)，對土(tu)壤(rang)會(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)一定的不利影響。首先農藥濫用(yong)，有(you)的在土(tu)壤(rang)中殘存，對土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染；有(you)的通過地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)，造成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)染。化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)超量使用(yong)，會(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)壤(rang)的營養失衡、土(tu)壤(rang)次生鹽漬化(hua)(hua)、土(tu)壤(rang)的物理性(xing)狀(zhuang)變差(cha)，導致(zhi)板(ban)結等(deng)。

《國(guo)際生態與安全(quan)》：據(ju)悉，中(zhong)國(guo)目(mu)前是世界第一(yi)的化(hua)肥農(nong)藥生產(chan)(chan)大(da)(da)國(guo)、進口大(da)(da)國(guo)和使用大(da)(da)國(guo)，那么化(hua)肥農(nong)藥的高投(tou)入在實現農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品高產(chan)(chan)出的同時，是否也帶來了嚴重(zhong)的環境污染問(wen)題？

劉良琪：確實帶來了環(huan)境污(wu)染(ran)的嫌疑，但是(shi)不是(shi)污(wu)染(ran)嚴(yan)重要看超量使用(yong)的多余數量及使用(yong)年限(xian)。目前來看，還不可一概而論的講是(shi)帶來了嚴(yan)重的環(huan)境污(wu)染(ran)問題。

《國(guo)際生態與安全》：據悉(xi)，目前中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業中(zhong)(zhong)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥利用(yong)率只(zhi)有(you)35%，其(qi)余65%或(huo)直接散落(luo)在土(tu)壤和水體中(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)通過農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物落(luo)葉，降雨而進入土(tu)壤。對此應如何解決？農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥減量(liang)會否對防治病蟲害的效果造成影響？

劉(liu)良琪：解決農藥(yao)污(wu)染的(de)有效(xiao)途徑是(shi)減(jian)少農藥(yao)用量(liang)；農藥(yao)減(jian)量(liang)減(jian)少土壤(rang)污(wu)染，從(cong)理論上(shang)講(jiang)是(shi)可能的(de)。但實際中(zhong)也不(bu)一定，若不(bu)過量(liang)應用，適量(liang)應用也是(shi)有效(xiao)的(de)。

《國際(ji)生態與安全》：農藥化肥的高投入背后，又掩藏著哪些(xie)不得不用的現實難題？

劉良琪：所謂現實(shi)問題，那就是農(nong)(nong)產品價格(ge)低(di)，農(nong)(nong)民需要用高產來彌補收(shou)入之不足。

《國(guo)際(ji)生(sheng)態(tai)與安(an)全》：目前來看，有無(wu)有效的(de)農藥污(wu)染土壤的(de)治理策略？

劉良琪：就目前來看，十分(fen)有(you)效的(de)農(nong)藥污染(ran)土壤(rang)的(de)治(zhi)理策略還沒有(you)或說還不成(cheng)熟。我們也(ye)在探索利用病蟲天敵來控制蟲害，用生物抑(yi)制生物，目前來看，有(you)些十分(fen)有(you)效，這是農(nong)藥所(suo)不能(neng)比擬(ni)的(de)，問題是應(ying)用面還比較窄。

Pesticide Contamination Becomes

a Conundrum for Soil Protection

Exclusive Interview with Liu Liangqi，

China National Agricultural Research Institute

International Ecology and Safety Magazine （hereinafter referred to as IESM）： Regarding the recent cadmium rice incidents， some people believe that besides the waste emission of industrial and mining enterprises like non-ferrous metal smelting， the overuse of pesticide also contributes to the pollution. Is it true？

Liu Liangqi （hereinafter referred to as Liu）： I have to say it is partially true. The reason why cadmium exists in soil is because of the heavy mental pollution caused by metal smelting. Pesticides do not contain heavy mental. Even when they are overused， they cannot make the soil polluted by heavy mental. So the statement is a bit exaggerated.

IESM： In what ways is the overuse of pesticides influencing soil environments？

Liu： The overuse of pesticides does have some negative effects on soil. First of all， pesticide residues can exist in soil for a very long time and thusly contaminate soil. Some of them may invade in underground water and cause water pollution. Moreover， the overuse of pesticides results in soil nutrient imbalance， soil salinization， soil physical properties deteriorate， and soil hardening， etc.

IESM： It is said that China is the No.1 country of pesticide’s producing， importing， and using in the world. While pesticide has increased the agricultural productivity， has it brought serious pollution problems？

Liu： It pollutes soil probably， but whether it’s serious remains unknown. It depends on the exceeding amount and years of use. At present， we would not say arbitrarily pesticides bring serious pollution problems.

IESM： It is reported that in China， only 35% of pesticide is utilized efficiently， while the rest 65% is either spilled directly into soil and water， or brought into soil by crop defoliation and rainfall. How to solve this problem？ Does reduction of pesticide use impact the effect of pest and disease prevention？

Liu： The effective resolution of pesticide pollution is to reduce pesticide use. It is theoretically possible that reduction of pesticide use may impact the effect of prevention. However， it is not always the case in practical application. And our topic today is overuse， right？ We don’t need to overuse pesticide. The appropriate amount is enough to be effective.

IESM： What kind of practical dilemma is lying in between the high cost of pesticide and the dependency on it？

Liu： The so-called practical dilemma is that farmers need to raise production of crops to make up for low income due to low price of agricultural products.

篇5

關鍵詞：食品(pin)安全 ； 化學(xue)品(pin) ； 道德滑坡 ； 法律(lv)監管(guan)

一(yi)、我國食品安(an)全存在的問題

從(cong)“蘇丹紅”，到(dao)2008年三聚氰胺事件(jian)，再到(dao)到(dao)近(jin)來的(de)(de)(de)“一滴香(xiang)”、“瘦肉(rou)精(jing)”、“牛肉(rou)膏”、“塑化劑(ji)”。我(wo)國食(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)事件(jian)進入高發期，民(min)眾對(dui)食(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)關注也(ye)提高到(dao)了前所未有的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)。一日三餐、從(cong)成人到(dao)嬰兒，都要擔(dan)心自己吃到(dao)身體(ti)里的(de)(de)(de)東西是否含有有害添加劑(ji)。我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)從(cong)業人員的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德操守、監(jian)管制度、相關法律已經越來越受(shou)到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)質疑。這些充(chong)分暴露出了中國食(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)方面存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題：

（一）食品源頭污染嚴(yan)重。隨著(zhu)我(wo)國經濟(ji)的(de)快速(su)發展，工(gong)業化(hua)水(shui)平的(de)提高，工(gong)廠排放了(le)(le)大(da)量(liang)的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)、廢(fei)氣，使(shi)周(zhou)邊(bian)環境受到(dao)嚴(yan)重的(de)污染，比如很多有毒、有害物質滲(shen)透到(dao)土壤中，飲用水(shui)受到(dao)污染。人們在(zai)養殖禽、畜、水(shui)產(chan)品時，為了(le)(le)獲取更(geng)多利潤(run)，使(shi)用激素(su)或(huo)其(qi)他農藥，以(yi)達(da)到(dao)快速(su)生長或(huo)者增加產(chan)量(liang)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，直接(jie)導致農畜產(chan)品受到(dao)污染。

（二(er)）食(shi)(shi)品加(jia)工存在(zai)的(de)問(wen)題。人(ren)們(men)為了(le)獲得高額利潤(run)，加(jia)工時使(shi)用劣質材料，添加(jia)有毒(du)物(wu)質，給食(shi)(shi)品安全帶來(lai)了(le)極(ji)大的(de)危(wei)害。這種不安全食(shi)(shi)品滲透到(dao)人(ren)們(men)生活的(de)各個方面，給人(ren)的(de)身體健康帶來(lai)了(le)很大威(wei)脅。

二、食品安全問題形成(cheng)的(de)原因

（一(yi)）環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染是造成食品安(an)全問題的首要(yao)因素(su)

一是工業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)的“三廢”直接污(wu)(wu)染(ran)大(da)氣(qi)、水(shui)源(yuan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)田,給農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物的生(sheng)長、發育帶來影響,從而影響食(shi)品原料的安全。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)七大(da)水(shui)系、湖泊、水(shui)庫(ku)、部(bu)地(di)區地(di)下水(shui)和(he)近岸海域已受(shou)到不(bu)同程度的污(wu)(wu)染(ran),二是濫(lan)用農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、獸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品、禽(qin)畜產(chan)品中(zhong)有毒有害物質殘(can)留(liu)量高、源(yuan)頭污(wu)(wu)染(ran)嚴重。在我國(guo)(guo)(guo)受(shou)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)田約1600萬公頃,農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)已成(cheng)為我國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的重要來源(yuan)之一。病原微生(sheng)物引起的食(shi)源(yuan)性疾病嚴重影響食(shi)品安全.常見的是有機(ji)氯農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)有機(ji)磷(lin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。有機(ji)氯農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最早大(da)規(gui)模使用的農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。有機(ji)磷(lin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)由于其防治對象(xiang)多(duo),應用范圍廣(guang),是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)目前(qian)使用量最大(da)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。由于農(nong)(nong)(nong)民缺(que)乏對農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)特性和(he)規(gui)律的認識(shi),在某(mou)些農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物上(shang)使用禁用農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是造成(cheng)食(shi)品中(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的根本原因。

（二）生產經營者(zhe)法律(lv)意識淡(dan)薄是(shi)造成食品安全問(wen)題的直接因素

在(zai)食品(pin)(pin)安全(quan)管理(li)中(zhong),普遍存(cun)在(zai)“守法成(cheng)本高,違法成(cheng)本低”的(de)現象,即處罰(fa)力度過(guo)輕,風險與收益(yi)不(bu)成(cheng)比(bi)例,在(zai)高額利潤的(de)引誘下,一(yi)些(xie)食品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)產企業、不(bu)法商販和部分從(cong)業者唯利是(shi)圖,偷工減料(liao)(liao)、以次充好,制(zhi)造(zao)食品(pin)(pin)的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)使用(yong)不(bu)合格原料(liao)(liao)及應用(yong)新(xin)原料(liao)(liao)、新(xin)工藝,添加有毒物質(zhi),為(wei)謀取暴利置人民的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)健康于不(bu)顧。另外,有些(xie)經過(guo)合法登記的(de)商家通(tong)過(guo)廣告硬是(shi)吹噓(xu)個“名牌”出來,其(qi)產品(pin)(pin)似乎(hu)為(wei)天外來物,功(gong)效(xiao)神奇至(zhi)極,藥到病除。其(qi)實銷售的(de)產品(pin)(pin)不(bu)過(guo)是(shi)些(xie)普通(tong)的(de)營養劑。

三(san)、解決食品安全問(wen)題(ti)的(de)對(dui)策

推進食品安全建設(she),必須采取相(xiang)應對策,標本(ben)兼治(zhi),重(zhong)在(zai)治(zhi)本(ben),防治(zhi)結合,重(zhong)在(zai)預(yu)防,健全工作機制,綜合力(li)量,形成整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)力(li)度,努力(li)做好(hao)以下幾個環節的重(zhong)點(dian)整(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)。

（一）加強環境(jing)整治

一是保持干凈衛生(sheng)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質。杜絕(jue)工業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)任意排放(fang),規(gui)定排放(fang)標準(zhun),減少(shao)(shao)和消除污染源的(de)(de)排放(fang),采(cai)(cai)用重復用水(shui)(shui)(shui)及循環(huan)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統,使廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)排放(fang)減至最(zui)少(shao)(shao)或將(jiang)生(sheng)產廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)經適當處理(li)后循環(huan)利用;對(dui)可(ke)能(neng)出現的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體污染,要采(cai)(cai)取預(yu)防(fang)措施(shi),對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體污染源進行全(quan)面規(gui)劃和綜合治理(li),將(jiang)同行業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)集(ji)中處理(li),以減少(shao)(shao)污染源的(de)(de)數(shu)目。二(er)是種植業要保護農(nong)作(zuo)物的(de)(de)生(sheng)長環(huan)境、土地(di)不受(shou)污染,規(gui)范(fan)種子、肥料、農(nong)藥(yao)、除草劑等投人品的(de)(de)質量。在農(nong)作(zuo)物生(sheng)長管(guan)理(li)過程中,禁(jin)止污水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉;利用害蟲綜合防(fang)治以減少(shao)(shao)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)施(shi)入(ru)量,對(dui)農(nong)藥(yao)進行安全(quan)合理(li)使用,制定農(nong)產品中的(de)(de)允許殘(can)留量標準(zhun),制定施(shi)藥(yao)安全(quan)的(de)(de)間隔期,開發新農(nong)藥(yao);

（二）加(jia)強從業人員的社(she)會(hui)責任和職業道德(de)建設

正確引(yin)導食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)從業(ye)人員樹(shu)立(li)(li)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)道德(de)和(he)(he)社(she)會責任意識,做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)守法,健全制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),規(gui)范(fan)經(jing)營(ying),開展(zhan)承諾服務(wu),自覺接受消費者監督(du)和(he)(he)執法部門(men)監管。引(yin)導食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)從業(ye)人員樹(shu)立(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)守法為(wei)榮,以(yi)(yi)欺詐違規(gui)為(wei)恥的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)理念,建(jian)立(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用自律(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)風險防范(fan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),著力打造誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)業(ye),深(shen)入推進(jin)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)業(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用體系建(jian)設,構建(jian)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)安(an)(an)全信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用體系。以(yi)(yi)群體的(de)(de)(de)力量迫(po)使(shi)人們規(gui)范(fan)自己的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),使(shi)不法商家做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)自我規(gui)范(fan)。頻繁的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全事件從側面(mian)反映出目前誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)缺失的(de)(de)(de)嚴重性(xing)。市場經(jing)濟(ji)給(gei)人們帶(dai)來了經(jing)濟(ji)自由,但也(ye)使(shi)道德(de)出現了趨利(li)(li)忘義的(de)(de)(de)裂縫,并撕裂了誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和(he)(he)利(li)(li)益(yi)之(zhi)間(jian)原本的(de)(de)(de)紐(niu)帶(dai)。對利(li)(li)益(yi)最大化的(de)(de)(de)狂(kuang)熱和(he)(he)尚(shang)不完善的(de)(de)(de)獲利(li)(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)思(si)想引(yin)導下,假冒的(de)(de)(de)東西就層出不窮(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)了。政府應在食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)社(she)會輿論引(yin)導,使(shi)企(qi)業(ye)自覺把(ba)對食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)評判升華為(wei)職業(ye)道德(de)。同時作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)項誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)協議納入到(dao)(dao)(dao)創(chuang)辦企(qi)業(ye)必備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)條件中(zhong)去(qu),并用法律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)形式加(jia)以(yi)(yi)確定。讓廣(guang)大食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)企(qi)業(ye)都意識到(dao)(dao)(dao)只(zhi)有大力發展(zhan)無(wu)污染、安(an)(an)全、優質、營(ying)養的(de)(de)(de)綠色食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),才能促進(jin)環境、資源、經(jing)濟(ji)和(he)(he)社(she)會發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)性(xing)循環。

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篇6

施用于作物上(shang)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)，其中(zhong)一(yi)部(bu)分附(fu)著于作物上(shang)，一(yi)部(bu)分散落在土(tu)壤、大氣和(he)水等環境(jing)中(zhong)，環境(jing)殘存的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分又會(hui)被植(zhi)物吸收。殘留(liu)農(nong)藥(yao)直接通(tong)過(guo)植(zhi)物果實(shi)或水、大氣到達人(ren)、畜體內，或通(tong)過(guo)環境(jing)、食物鏈(lian)最終傳遞給人(ren)、畜。

眾所(suo)周(zhou)知，農藥殘留(liu)是在農藥生產(chan)、流通、使用等環節中造成的，所(suo)謂“魔高(gao)一尺(chi)，道高(gao)一丈”，自(zi)然(ran)就有應對的辦法。

一是(shi)加強(qiang)“源頭(tou)(tou)”控制，即農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質量(liang)和標(biao)簽(qian)標(biao)注的控制。由于農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)問題導致農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留問題主要(yao)有三種情況：首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標(biao)簽(qian)上對農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有效成分(fen)的標(biao)注不準確或不醒(xing)目，導致農(nong)民(min)使(shi)用不當；其次是(shi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中添(tian)加有未(wei)在標(biao)簽(qian)上注明的“隱(yin)性成分(fen)”，“掛羊頭(tou)(tou)賣狗肉”產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)導致使(shi)用后造成農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留；再次是(shi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質量(liang)低(di)下造成防治效果差，導致農(nong)民(min)重復用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和增加用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)。要(yao)解決這(zhe)些問題，首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)相關部門加強(qiang)對農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)和流(liu)通環節的嚴格監管；其次是(shi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)企業要(yao)從嚴把關，從產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質量(liang)、標(biao)簽(qian)標(biao)注等方面規范(fan)行為；再次是(shi)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經銷商要(yao)經銷“三證齊全”、質量(liang)可(ke)靠(kao)的產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，杜絕“假(jia)冒偽劣”農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)流(liu)到農(nong)民(min)手中。

二是加(jia)強“產(chan)(chan)中”、“用前”控制。如農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥生產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業污(wu)水的(de)(de)不達(da)標排放，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥生產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業和(he)經銷企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)倉(cang)儲場所、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥運輸工(gong)具清洗、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥運輸過(guo)程發生事故等造成農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)環境(jing)的(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)污(wu)染。因此，必(bi)須加(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥生產(chan)(chan)和(he)流通環節的(de)(de)嚴(yan)格管理，防止發生農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染事故；一(yi)旦發生污(wu)染事故，應當(dang)及時做適當(dang)的(de)(de)處理，控制污(wu)染擴(kuo)大；農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)中避免使(shi)用受到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染的(de)(de)水源。

三是加(jia)強農業生(sheng)產中(zhong)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用的指導和管理(li)。農業生(sheng)產中(zhong)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的科學、合理(li)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用是控(kong)制(zhi)農產品農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留的最重要、最關鍵的途徑，農業生(sheng)產者(zhe)必須掌握(wo)和運用農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合理(li)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用的基本原(yuan)則，特(te)別是要嚴格按照農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合理(li)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用規范，做到“選擇(ze)合適(shi)(shi)的農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品種，采用恰(qia)當的用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方式，選擇(ze)適(shi)(shi)當的用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)期，掌握(wo)適(shi)(shi)當的用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)，嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)次數，嚴格執行安全間隔期，實(shi)行交替輪換用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”，同(tong)時(shi)要注意(yi)“預防(fang)(fang)農作物(wu)產生(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害，預防(fang)(fang)產生(sheng)抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性，預防(fang)(fang)人(ren)畜(chu)中(zhong)毒”。

 四是加強農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)“采前(qian)”、“收前(qian)”農(nong)藥殘(can)留(liu)管理(li)。農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)“采前(qian)”、“收前(qian)”農(nong)藥殘(can)留(liu)管理(li)是一(yi)個控制農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)農(nong)藥殘(can)留(liu)“必不可少”的重要環節(jie)，在(zai)這一(yi)環節(jie)必須進(jin)行嚴格監(jian)測(ce)。如發(fa)現農(nong)藥殘(can)留(liu)超標，可通過推遲(chi)采收等有效措施使農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)農(nong)藥殘(can)留(liu)消解。

篇7

1化(hua)學農藥使用對環境的污染途徑和(he)特征

1．1化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染來源和(he)途徑有(you)(you):①以防治地(di)下病害為(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)直接在(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);②噴霧施(shi)用(yong)時(shi)滴(di)落到土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);③隨大氣沉降(jiang)(jiang)、灌溉或(huo)施(shi)肥等(deng)方式(shi)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。進(jin)入(ru)(ru)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)被粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)礦物(wu)(wu)或(huo)有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)吸附(fu)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)吸附(fu)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約占(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)總吸附(fu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)70%～90%，成為(wei)導致土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)酸化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)下降(jiang)(jiang)等(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)質(zhi)量(liang)惡化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素。據測算(suan)，我(wo)國受(shou)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)面積高(gao)達667萬hm2，占(zhan)可(ke)耕地(di)面積的(de)(de)(de)6．39%，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)檢(jian)出率(lv)(lv)較高(gao)，如上(shang)(shang)海地(di)區(qu)2413個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)樣(yang)點中(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)滴(di)滴(di)涕(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)出率(lv)(lv)高(gao)達98．12%，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)176個樣(yang)點的(de)(de)(de)滴(di)滴(di)涕(ti)(ti)含量(liang)甚至超(chao)過國家土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)環境(jing)標準中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)I級標準。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)后會發生物(wu)(wu)理、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)和(he)生化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)各(ge)種反應，除(chu)了土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)、pH、濕(shi)度、溫度、光照(zhao)和(he)微生物(wu)(wu)等(deng)環境(jing)因(yin)素對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)有(you)(you)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)型、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)構也是(shi)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)其(qi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素，如有(you)(you)機(ji)氯類(lei)(lei)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)“滴(di)滴(di)涕(ti)(ti)”、“六(liu)六(liu)六(liu)”等(deng)則(ze)可(ke)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)殘(can)留(liu)多年，而有(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)“敵(di)敵(di)畏(wei)”、“丁烯(xi)磷(lin)(lin)”等(deng)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)半衰期(qi)則(ze)只有(you)(you)幾天，甚至更短。不(bu)同類(lei)(lei)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)半衰期(qi)通常為(wei)含重(zhong)金屬(shu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)＞有(you)(you)機(ji)氯類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)＞取代脲類(lei)(lei)、均三氮苯和(he)大部(bu)分(fen)磺酰脲類(lei)(lei)除(chu)草劑(ji)＞擬除(chu)蟲(chong)菊酯類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)＞氨基(ji)(ji)甲酸酯類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、有(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)構、功能團類(lei)(lei)型等(deng)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)殘(can)留(liu)半衰期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)規律一(yi)般是(shi)－NO2(＞60d)＞－HSO3(16d)＞－OCH3(8d)＞－NH2(4d)＞－COOH，－OH(1d)，在(zai)苯環上(shang)(shang)帶有(you)(you)兩(liang)個取代基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，其(qi)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)半衰期(qi)則(ze)與取代基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)和(he)位置相(xiang)關。

1．2化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)污染化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)污染來源和(he)途(tu)徑有(you):①大氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao);②土壤殘(can)(can)(can)留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)隨(sui)地(di)(di)表(biao)徑流或農(nong)(nong)(nong)田排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入(ru)地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體;或向下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)淋溶(rong)進(jin)入(ru)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);③直接用于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，或在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)清洗施藥(yao)(yao)(yao)器(qi)械;④農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廠向水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排放的(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)降(jiang)解(jie)也受到(dao)(dao)環境因(yin)子(水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫、pH、光照和(he)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)等)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)行為(wei)特性(xing)(水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)性(xing)、吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)解(jie)和(he)光解(jie)等)的(de)(de)綜合影(ying)響。研究顯示，目前我(wo)國地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)(can)留狀況(kuang)的(de)(de)特征為(wei)，單(dan)一農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)(can)留濃度(du)較低(di)，但殘(can)(can)(can)留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)多、檢出頻率高，部分水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)復合存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)殘(can)(can)(can)留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)已對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)危害。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)殘(can)(can)(can)留狀況(kuang)也不容(rong)忽視，河北省盧龍縣地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)(can)留狀況(kuang)數(shu)據顯示，100個地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)涕滅威(及其代謝物(wu)涕滅威砜)、甲拌磷和(he)特丁(ding)硫(liu)磷的(de)(de)檢出率分別達到(dao)(dao)12%、11%和(he)4%。相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)(can)留狀況(kuang)研究而言，我(wo)國對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)(can)留的(de)(de)數(shu)據資(zi)料較少，然(ran)而由于地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國總供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占到(dao)(dao)兩成，特別是在(zai)(zai)(zai)北方(fang)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地(di)(di)區(qu)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)甚至占到(dao)(dao)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)一半(ban)(ban)以上，因(yin)此必須高度(du)重視農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)污染控制(zhi)管(guan)理(li)，尤其是在(zai)(zai)(zai)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)豐(feng)富、地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層較淺的(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)要避免使用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)性(xing)強，吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)弱，降(jiang)解(jie)半(ban)(ban)衰期(qi)長的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)。

1．3化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污染化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污染來源和途徑有:①直接施用(yong)(yong)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)通過(guo)植(zhi)株表皮吸收進(jin)入(ru)作物(wu)體內;②作物(wu)通過(guo)根系將殘留于土(tu)壤中的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)吸收，經過(guo)體內的(de)(de)(de)遷移、轉化(hua)(hua)后將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)分(fen)配在(zai)整個植(zhi)物(wu)體內;③作物(wu)植(zhi)株通過(guo)呼吸作用(yong)(yong)吸收的(de)(de)(de)大氣中農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao);④大棚作物(wu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)熏蒸劑，或農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)貯存時使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)保鮮噴藥(yao)(yao)等。我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)和食品(pin)中化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殘留問(wen)題嚴重，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部曾對全(quan)國50多個蔬菜(cai)品(pin)種、1293個樣品(pin)進(jin)行檢測，結果(guo)顯示(shi)蔬菜(cai)中農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殘留合(he)格率(lv)不到80%，甚至衛(wei)生部、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部明文規定禁止使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)都有相當比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)檢出(chu)。

1．4化(hua)學農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)對環境生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)化(hua)學農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對環境非靶標(biao)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)和暴(bao)露(lu)途徑有(you):①施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)過程中，通過經(jing)口(kou)或經(jing)皮途徑對非靶生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)露(lu);②施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)后污(wu)染(ran)非靶生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)棲息(xi)地(di)，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)通過攝取受(shou)污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)、飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)，或接(jie)觸(chu)到受(shou)污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)空氣、土壤(rang)、水(shui)(shui);③生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)將顆粒型農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)誤認為是粗砂或種子而(er)食(shi)入等;④食(shi)物(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)遞，難降解、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)富(fu)集性(xing)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)不同的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)內逐級傳(chuan)遞、濃縮。例如某(mou)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中小(xiao)于(yu)0．02μg/L的(de)(de)(de)滴(di)(di)滴(di)(di)涕(ti)經(jing)吸附作(zuo)用(yong)與食(shi)物(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)富(fu)集作(zuo)用(yong)，濃度在(zai)底泥中可(ke)達390μg/L，在(zai)虎(hu)斑魚脂肪中達到5000μg/L，而(er)在(zai)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)頂端生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)鱷魚的(de)(de)(de)脂肪中則可(ke)高達34200μg/L，通過食(shi)物(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)傳(chuan)遞，生(sheng)活在(zai)該地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)生(sheng)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)都暴(bao)露(lu)在(zai)“滴(di)(di)滴(di)(di)涕(ti)”農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)風險之下(xia)。

2化學農(nong)藥使用過程中存在的問題

2．1農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)責(ze)不(bu)清(qing)晰(xi)，監(jian)管(guan)(guan)不(bu)力1997年國務(wu)院《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條(tiao)例》，標志著我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)進入法制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化軌道(dao)，形成以(yi)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產和經營中實施農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)登記制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產許(xu)可(ke)證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產品(pin)質(zhi)量檢驗合格證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經營許(xu)可(ke)證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)”為核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)“四(si)證(zheng)(zheng)”制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，“四(si)證(zheng)(zheng)”制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)法制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化和規范化的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要標志。然而，我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)偏重化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產和經營管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方面，而農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全監(jian)管(guan)(guan)則相對薄弱。《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條(tiao)例》第五條(tiao)規定“縣(xian)級以(yi)上各(ge)(ge)級人民(min)政府其他有(you)關部門(men)在各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責(ze)范圍(wei)內負(fu)責(ze)有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)”，其中“其他有(you)關部門(men)”在“各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責(ze)范圍(wei)內”負(fu)責(ze)有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)，存在部門(men)分(fen)工(gong)不(bu)明(ming)確，職(zhi)責(ze)含(han)義模糊的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。條(tiao)例的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二十七條(tiao)“使用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應當注意保護(hu)環(huan)境、有(you)益生物和珍稀物種”中，既沒有(you)規定明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)主體和對象，也沒有(you)提出明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和措(cuo)施。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境監(jian)管(guan)(guan)職(zhi)責(ze)不(bu)明(ming)確成為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)難以(yi)推動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要根源。

2．2農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在盲點(dian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是當(dang)前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)薄弱之處。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)包括被禁止使用(yong)但仍有庫存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、過期(qi)失效的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、假劣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)施用(yong)后剩余的(de)(de)(de)殘液、盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)容器的(de)(de)(de)沖洗液、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包裝(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(瓶、桶、袋)、被農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)包裝(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或其他物(wu)(wu)(wu)品等(deng)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)每年(nian)廢棄的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包裝(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)約有32億多(duo)個，包裝(zhuang)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)重(zhong)量超過10萬t，而包裝(zhuang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殘留的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量占總重(zhong)量的(de)(de)(de)2%～5%，約占我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)使用(yong)量1%。然(ran)而農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)數據顯(xian)示，抽樣調查地(di)區(qu)80%農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶的(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)意(yi)丟棄、傾倒(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包裝(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和剩余農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)已成(cheng)為環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染的(de)(de)(de)主要來源。凡是生(sheng)產和使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，就會產生(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)，為此美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、加(jia)拿(na)大、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、比利時和巴(ba)西等(deng)發達和發展中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家分別建(jian)立了(le)符(fu)合本(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特色的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條例》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖然(ran)也指明(ming)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包裝(zhuang)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)危害(hai)，但規定(ding)內容籠統(tong)，沒(mei)有制定(ding)具體的(de)(de)(de)實施細則，加(jia)之農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)銷售(shou)收(shou)益(yi)與回(hui)收(shou)處置責任不(bu)對(dui)等(deng)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產銷售(shou)企(qi)業(ye)多(duo)未對(dui)包裝(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)進行充分回(hui)收(shou)和利用(yong)，成(cheng)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)安全管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)盲點(dian)。

2．3農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能力落(luo)后為使農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)走向制度化、規范化和科學(xue)化，早在(zai)1991年農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部就(jiu)曾建立農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)報(bao)告制度、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)事(shi)故(gu)報(bao)告制度及農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)年報(bao)制度，但這些制度未能在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)安全監(jian)(jian)管中(zhong)充分(fen)發揮作用(yong)。究其(qi)原因(yin)，一是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能力不足(zu)，基層環(huan)保機構人(ren)員水(shui)平、專業(ye)設備較低，無力開展農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工作，導致我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)整體狀況(kuang)不明，很難(nan)采取針(zhen)對性(xing)強的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)防治措施。二是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)標準嚴重不足(zu)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)活(huo)性(xing)成分(fen)多達有700余種，我國常(chang)用(yong)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)活(huo)性(xing)成分(fen)也超過200種，但土壤(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)標準(GB15618-1995)、地(di)表(biao)水(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)標準(GB3838-2002)中(zhong)分(fen)別只規定(ding)了2種和13種農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)值，遠遠不能滿足(zu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)需求。

2．4農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)隨意使(shi)用(yong)現(xian)象(xiang)普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)我國(guo)農(nong)業生產還是以家庭為單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)小規(gui)模(mo)、分散型為主(zhu)，許多農(nong)民(min)(min)知識水(shui)平低，缺乏科學用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)知識，常常根據經(jing)驗選擇農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種，隨意用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)非(fei)常普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)。很多農(nong)民(min)(min)甚(shen)至包括基層農(nong)業管理人員都忽(hu)略了(le)(le)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是毒(du)性(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)性(xing)，只(zhi)把(ba)它作為重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業生產資(zi)料，不(bu)按規(gui)定配兌農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、任意加(jia)大(da)用(yong)量和增加(jia)施(shi)用(yong)次(ci)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)十分普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)。農(nong)業部對全(quan)國(guo)21個省的(de)(de)(de)(de)23個縣市1099個農(nong)戶進行了(le)(le)抽樣調查，結果顯示(shi)，90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)戶選購農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時首先考(kao)慮防(fang)治效果，而不(bu)考(kao)慮農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)毒(du)性(xing);90%農(nong)戶施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時不(bu)采(cai)取安(an)全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)措施(shi);70%農(nong)戶不(bu)知道農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)超標對人體的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害;大(da)多數農(nong)戶不(bu)按照規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)全(quan)間隔期施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和采(cai)收(shou)農(nong)產品(pin)。另外(wai)由于農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)營者、使(shi)用(yong)者僅承擔農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)購買成本、施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動成本，不(bu)承擔農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境成本、社會成本，也是導致不(bu)合理、不(bu)科學使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要原因。

2．5農(nong)藥環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)(ran)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術存在(zai)(zai)局限在(zai)(zai)現代農(nong)業環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，農(nong)藥的累積速率要遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于(yu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)介(jie)質的自(zi)凈能力，為(wei)加快土壤、地(di)下水(shui)、地(di)表水(shui)等(deng)(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的農(nong)藥降解(jie)速度，消減環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的殘(can)留農(nong)藥，科研(yan)人員(yuan)已(yi)開發(fa)(fa)了(le)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)、化(hua)(hua)學、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)不(bu)同類型的修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術。物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術包括(kuo)客土法(fa)、低(di)溫熱解(jie)吸(xi)法(fa)、蒸氣浸提法(fa)、焚燒法(fa)等(deng)(deng)，化(hua)(hua)學修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)包括(kuo)淋洗(xi)法(fa)、溶劑浸提法(fa)、脫氯(lv)法(fa)、電化(hua)(hua)學法(fa)等(deng)(deng)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)和化(hua)(hua)學修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)能夠在(zai)(zai)較短時間內有(you)效(xiao)的去(qu)除介(jie)質中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，但是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)和化(hua)(hua)學修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)方法(fa)卻普遍存在(zai)(zai)工程量大、處理(li)成(cheng)本高，處理(li)過程可能產生(sheng)二次污染(ran)(ran)，甚至對土壤結(jie)(jie)構也有(you)一定破壞(huai)的缺陷，因此并不(bu)適(shi)用于(yu)農(nong)藥面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)的環(huan)境(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理(li)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術被認為(wei)是(shi)近年來最具有(you)發(fa)(fa)展前(qian)途的面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)技(ji)術，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)、酶修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)和堆肥修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)法(fa)等(deng)(deng)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術成(cheng)本低(di)，對土壤原(yuan)有(you)結(jie)(jie)構破壞(huai)小，不(bu)會造成(cheng)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的二次污染(ran)(ran)，適(shi)用于(yu)農(nong)藥使用引起的面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)。然而，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術也存在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)周期(qi)長、外界環(huan)境(jing)(jing)條件影響較大等(deng)(deng)限制(zhi)因素(su)，很(hen)多技(ji)術還處在(zai)(zai)實驗室或小規(gui)模野外試驗階段(duan)，在(zai)(zai)大規(gui)模的實際應用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)效(xiao)果不(bu)穩定，仍有(you)待深入研(yan)發(fa)(fa)。

3化學農藥使(shi)用環(huan)境污染(ran)防治管理對策建議

3．1明(ming)確(que)農(nong)(nong)藥環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染防治(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職責，加強(qiang)各(ge)流(liu)程監(jian)管(guan)(guan)建(jian)議進一步明(ming)確(que)農(nong)(nong)業、環(huan)(huan)保、工信等(deng)部門在農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、經營、運(yun)輸、貯存、使用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)廢棄(qi)物處置(zhi)等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)環(huan)(huan)節中的(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)職責，根據(ju)職責范圍分別制定農(nong)(nong)藥環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)制度，相(xiang)互銜(xian)接、充(chong)分協調，有效(xiao)地落實農(nong)(nong)藥監(jian)管(guan)(guan)職能。特別針對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)藥使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)(huan)節，盡快明(ming)確(que)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)主體和(he)(he)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，制定具體的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)安全監(jian)管(guan)(guan)實施細則和(he)(he)方案，對(dui)(dui)重點關注農(nong)(nong)藥品種實行跟蹤評估管(guan)(guan)理(li)，將登記后可能造成環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)危(wei)害的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥品種列入定期的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測項目，如有監(jian)測數據(ju)表明(ming)某種農(nong)(nong)藥對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)有危(wei)害，則要對(dui)(dui)其(qi)進行再評審，一旦確(que)定其(qi)危(wei)害即(ji)禁用(yong)(yong)或限用(yong)(yong)該農(nong)(nong)藥。對(dui)(dui)于農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、流(liu)通(tong)和(he)(he)銷售等(deng)環(huan)(huan)節建(jian)立(li)完(wan)善的(de)(de)產品追溯體系，對(dui)(dui)于已經禁用(yong)(yong)或限制使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥，嚴格限制其(qi)在市(shi)場中的(de)(de)流(liu)通(tong)。

3．2健全農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)環(huan)境(jing)管理制度，實現(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)統(tong)一回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)處理建(jian)(jian)議建(jian)(jian)立針對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)管理的(de)(de)專門條(tiao)例、法(fa)規，開(kai)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)和處置(zhi)(zhi)管理制度和配套研(yan)究，通(tong)過學習其他國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)管理模式、處置(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)(shu)，結合(he)現(xian)(xian)有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)管理試點經驗，制定和建(jian)(jian)立出符合(he)實際、便于操作的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)管理實施細則(ze)和配套技術(shu)(shu)，使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)和處置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)章可(ke)循、有(you)法(fa)可(ke)治(zhi)。在我國(guo)目(mu)前的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下，建(jian)(jian)議由政(zheng)府(fu)引導或組(zu)織，建(jian)(jian)立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥包裝物(wu)(wu)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)點，通(tong)過回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)補貼等方式收(shou)(shou)集農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)，為工業(ye)化處置(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)提供基本條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，解決現(xian)(xian)有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)污染問題(ti)。另外，開(kai)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)合(he)理降解利用的(de)(de)相關研(yan)究，提出可(ke)用于生產的(de)(de)利用轉化途(tu)徑，逐步建(jian)(jian)立完(wan)善的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用產業(ye)鏈條(tiao)。

3．3提升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染監(jian)(jian)測(ce)能力(li)，開展農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染狀況綜(zong)合評(ping)估提升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染監(jian)(jian)管能力(li)，一是(shi)要提高(gao)基(ji)層環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)機(ji)構人員的(de)(de)技術(shu)能力(li)，改(gai)善(shan)設備條件，提升(sheng)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)能力(li);二(er)是(shi)開展農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量標準基(ji)礎研究，制定(ding)土壤(rang)、水等環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)介質中不同(tong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)污染控(kong)制閾值，為監(jian)(jian)測(ce)評(ping)估提供評(ping)判依據(ju)。同(tong)時建議農(nong)(nong)業和(he)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部門(men)聯合組織開展系統的(de)(de)、全面(mian)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染監(jian)(jian)測(ce)計(ji)劃(hua)和(he)綜(zong)合評(ping)估，由于農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)自(zi)身的(de)(de)特性和(he)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)條件等多方面(mian)因素(su)，不同(tong)種類農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在不同(tong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)中殘(can)留水平(ping)差異顯著，因此取得(de)土壤(rang)、水、空(kong)氣和(he)生物(wu)樣(yang)本中農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留的(de)(de)基(ji)礎數據(ju)非常重要，可為確定(ding)優先控(kong)制農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品種提供科學依據(ju)。在對整體(ti)狀況綜(zong)合評(ping)估的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，針對污染嚴(yan)重程度，制定(ding)相(xiang)適宜的(de)(de)治理利用方案(an)并在相(xiang)關責任部門(men)監(jian)(jian)督(du)下落實執行，逐步(bu)改(gai)善(shan)農(nong)(nong)業環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)。

3．4推(tui)廣農(nong)(nong)藥科學使(shi)(shi)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，樹(shu)立(li)農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)環保(bao)意(yi)識建立(li)高效的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣體系是防控農(nong)(nong)藥環境(jing)污染(ran)的(de)(de)重要(yao)措(cuo)施(shi)。通(tong)過借鑒他國(guo)先進經(jing)驗，結合我國(guo)實際情況，建立(li)由農(nong)(nong)業(ye)管理部(bu)門、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)協(xie)會、科研(yan)(yan)院所等共同參與的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣平臺，可(ke)由農(nong)(nong)業(ye)管理部(bu)門制定農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣規劃和項目，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)協(xie)會負(fu)責(ze)推(tui)廣項目的(de)(de)具體組織和實施(shi)工作，科研(yan)(yan)院所則承擔(dan)推(tui)廣項目的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)(yan)發和示范，形(xing)成優勢互補(bu)的(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣體系。通(tong)過有(you)序(xu)的(de)(de)組織體系，利用(yong)基礎教育(yu)、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)示范、專家入(ru)戶等多種方式，推(tui)廣新(xin)方法、新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、新(xin)產(chan)品，不僅(jin)要(yao)提高農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平，更要(yao)樹(shu)立(li)其科學、環保(bao)的(de)(de)用(yong)藥意(yi)識，從終端用(yong)戶防控農(nong)(nong)藥濫用(yong)。同時還可(ke)以運用(yong)市場供(gong)求的(de)(de)杠桿功能，加(jia)強對農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品農(nong)(nong)藥殘(can)留的(de)(de)檢測(ce)和監管，增加(jia)農(nong)(nong)民使(shi)(shi)用(yong)高毒或高殘(can)留農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)成本及風險，使(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)民被動的(de)(de)合理使(shi)(shi)用(yong)低毒低殘(can)留農(nong)(nong)藥，保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質量安(an)全。

3．5加大(da)農(nong)(nong)藥環(huan)境(jing)(jing)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)開發(fa)農(nong)(nong)藥環(huan)境(jing)(jing)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)具(ju)有(you)農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)復(fu)(fu)雜、覆蓋面(mian)(mian)積大(da)、修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工程(cheng)量大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，針對農(nong)(nong)藥面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)特點(dian)，開發(fa)適(shi)合于(yu)原位、快速(su)、高(gao)效，不(bu)易產生二(er)次污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)保障(zhang)農(nong)(nong)業清潔生產和食(shi)品安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)前提。根據修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)地(di)點(dian)，生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)分為原位修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和離(li)位修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)兩大(da)類型，原位修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)是(shi)在污(wu)染(ran)(ran)場地(di)直接(jie)開展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)治理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，主要包括微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)富集或降(jiang)解、生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)通風等(deng)(deng);離(li)位修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)是(shi)將(jiang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)土壤(rang)轉移后，在生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)反應(ying)器、修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)濾塔中進行處理(li)(li)(li)，以上技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)都具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)前景(jing)。值(zhi)得(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，由于(yu)農(nong)(nong)藥種(zhong)類、品種(zhong)不(bu)同，特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)只能修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥，同時修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、溫度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)和pH等(deng)(deng)都影響生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)揮，各(ge)種(zhong)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)都有(you)其局限性或適(shi)用(yong)范圍。研究(jiu)人員應(ying)根據修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)場地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)、生態和用(yong)途等(deng)(deng)各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)因素，綜合應(ying)用(yong)各(ge)類技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)法(fa)，突破(po)單項修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)瓶頸，開發(fa)建立農(nong)(nong)藥環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)綜合治理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，實現農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染(ran)(ran)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效、安全治理(li)(li)(li)。生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)是(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)化學、生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學、毒理(li)(li)(li)學等(deng)(deng)學科的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合應(ying)用(yong)，隨著化學、分子生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學等(deng)(deng)基(ji)(ji)礎學科理(li)(li)(li)論和技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，也(ye)必將(jiang)促進生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓬勃發(fa)展。

4結語

篇8

【關鍵詞】 中毒　心率失(shi)常　急(ji)救

急(ji)性有機(ji)(ji)磷中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)(AOPP)是常(chang)見(jian)的急(ji)性中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)癥之(zhi)一[1]。重(zhong)度有機(ji)(ji)磷中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)可(ke)導致心率失常(chang)而(er)引(yin)起的多(duo)(duo)器官(guan)功(gong)能(neng)障礙(ai)綜合征(MODS)，多(duo)(duo)為中(zhong)(zhong)樞神經系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、呼吸系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、循環系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、消化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等臟(zang)器衰(shuai)竭。積(ji)極、正確、合理的治療(liao)是搶救(jiu)成功(gong)的關鍵，現將我科2008年(nian)2月(yue)(yue)到(dao)2010年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)收治的急(ji)性有機(ji)(ji)磷農藥中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)合并心率失常(chang)患者32例的急(ji)救(jiu)體(ti)會(hui)總結如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 32例(li)急(ji)性有(you)機磷農(nong)(nong)藥中毒合并心(xin)率失(shi)常患者中，男12例(li)，女20例(li)，年齡(ling)20-68歲，平均(34.5±1.5)歲。中毒途徑：口服農(nong)(nong)藥中毒者28例(li)，皮膚農(nong)(nong)藥中毒者4例(li)。從中毒到就診時間30分鐘-3小時不等(deng)。服藥量從20ml-200ml不等(deng)。依據臨(lin)床表(biao)現及血清(qing)膽堿酯(zhi)酶(mei)活力分輕、中、重(zhong)3級：輕度中毒17例(li)，中度中毒10例(li)，重(zhong)度中毒5例(li)。

1.2 搶救方法

1.2.1 徹底清除毒(du)物(wu)

皮膚中毒(du)(du)者(zhe)盡快撤(che)離被有(you)機(ji)(ji)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)農(nong)藥污染(ran)的(de)環(huan)境，更換(huan)被有(you)機(ji)(ji)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)農(nong)藥污染(ran)的(de)衣服，用(yong)(yong)清水(shui)(shui)徹(che)(che)底清洗(xi)(xi)被農(nong)藥污染(ran)的(de)皮膚、頭發。口服中毒(du)(du)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)，只(zhi)要病情允許均應采用(yong)(yong)溫開水(shui)(shui)及時(shi)徹(che)(che)底洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過程中嚴密觀察(cha)患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)生(sheng)命(ming)體(ti)征變化，注意合(he)并癥的(de)發生(sheng)以免延誤治療。洗(xi)(xi)完后(hou)(hou)保留胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)，間斷2-4小時(shi)再洗(xi)(xi)，由(you)于搶救(jiu)急(ji)性(xing)有(you)機(ji)(ji)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)中毒(du)(du)時(shi)使用(yong)(yong)大量阿托品，胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腸(chang)蠕動減弱(ruo)或消(xiao)失，腸(chang)腔擴張，腸(chang)道(dao)內(nei)酵(jiao)解產氣，壓(ya)(ya)力增高，已進入腸(chang)內(nei)的(de)有(you)機(ji)(ji)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)返流入胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。因此我(wo)們改進了洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方法，患(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)徹(che)(che)底洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)保留胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)，持續(xu)引(yin)流胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)液，并多次(ci)少(shao)量液體(ti)(500-1000ml/次(ci))洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，2-3天后(hou)(hou)引(yin)流液無農(nong)藥味時(shi)拔(ba)出(chu)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)。通過反復多次(ci)洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，減輕再中毒(du)(du)，防止(zhi)反跳，并起到了胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腸(chang)減壓(ya)(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

1.2.2 抗心率(lv)失常藥(yao)物的應用

阿托(tuo)(tuo)品是(shi)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)抗心率失常藥(yao)物(wu)，使用(yong)(yong)原則是(shi)早期、足量(liang)(liang)、快速給藥(yao)。阿托(tuo)(tuo)品的(de)首次用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)：輕度(du)中毒(du)1-3mg，中度(du)中毒(du)4-10mg，重度(du)中毒(du)10-20mg。一(yi)般(ban)經(jing)皮膚吸收中毒(du)者(zhe)，用(yong)(yong)上(shang)(shang)述下(xia)限值，經(jing)消化道(dao)吸收中毒(du)者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)上(shang)(shang)述上(shang)(shang)限值。

以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)患(huan)者快速阿(a)托品(pin)(pin)化(hua)而不引(yin)起(qi)阿(a)托品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)毒為(wei)原則，患(huan)者達(da)阿(a)托品(pin)(pin)化(hua)后，視病情減少(shao)阿(a)托品(pin)(pin)用量，維(wei)持阿(a)托品(pin)(pin)化(hua)48h左右，然后以(yi)(yi)(yi)較小劑量維(wei)持，至(zhi)少(shao)維(wei)持1-2天(tian)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)后改為(wei)0.6mg bid或(huo)qid，直至(zhi)病人(ren)全血膽堿酯(zhi)酶活力穩定(ding)在60%或(huo)癥(zheng)狀完全消失。同時在容量補充的(de)基(ji)礎上，使(shi)用呋塞咪利(li)尿，促使(shi)毒物排(pai)除，注意電解(jie)質的(de)變化(hua)。

1.2.3 對癥及支持治(zhi)療

維持(chi)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)功能(neng)，保持(chi)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)道通暢(chang)，必(bi)要時行人工(gong)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)；糾(jiu)正酸堿失(shi)衡和電解質(zhi)紊(wen)亂；防治(zhi)應激性潰(kui)瘍(yang)、消化道出血；腦水腫的治(zhi)療。同時一部分中毒病(bing)人存在(zai)一定的心理問題，因此心理治(zhi)療特別重要。應做好(hao)患(huan)者的思(si)想工(gong)作，使其積極主(zhu)動配合治(zhi)療，這對于搶救能(neng)獲得成功也(ye)是非(fei)常重要的。

2　結果

32例患者經(jing)過治療(liao)后(hou)，29例痊愈出院(yuan)，無明顯(xian)后(hou)遺癥。3例因口服劇毒(du)有機(ji)磷(lin)農藥量(liang)大、中毒(du)時間(jian)長而搶救無效死亡，成功率90.6%。住院(yuan)時間(jian)3-25天，平均住院(yuan)13.5天。

3　討論

我國(guo)是一(yi)個農業生產大國(guo)，有機磷農藥中(zhong)毒(du)(du)是急性(xing)中(zhong)毒(du)(du)中(zhong)常見的原因之一(yi)。機磷農藥中(zhong)毒(du)(du)中(zhong)毒(du)(du)主要是對乙(yi)酰膽堿(jian)酯(zhi)酶的抑制，引起中(zhong)樞(shu)內源性(xing)乙(yi)酰膽堿(jian)過度蓄積，激(ji)動M受體(ti)和N受體(ti)，使膽堿(jian)能(neng)神經受到持續沖動，導致(zhi)先興奮后衰竭的一(yi)系列毒(du)(du)草堿(jian)樣、煙堿(jian)樣和中(zhong)樞(shu)神經系統(tong)等中(zhong)毒(du)(du)癥狀，引起心率(lv)失常、腦(nao)功(gong)能(neng)紊亂，呼吸(xi)衰竭等病理生理狀態，并且相互影響相互加重，病死率(lv)高。

有(you)機(ji)磷(lin)農藥病(bing)人徹底清(qing)除毒(du)(du)物(wu)是(shi)搶救(jiu)成(cheng)功的關(guan)鍵之一(yi)。首先洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)時(shi)間越早越好(hao)，口(kou)服中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)30分(fen)鐘內洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)最佳，但服毒(du)(du)后危(wei)重昏迷病(bing)人即使(shi)超過24小時(shi)仍應(ying)洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)[2]。對于(yu)輕(qing)度中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)清(qing)醒者可(ke)(ke)采用口(kou)服洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)催吐法，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、重度中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)者適用插管洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)法。因為病(bing)人剛來(lai)就診時(shi)，醫(yi)生(sheng)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)不能(neng)明(ming)確何種(zhong)農藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)，所以我們一(yi)律(lv)采用溫清(qing)水(shui)灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)。在(zai)抗心率失常(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)立即開始使(shi)用阿(a)托品(pin)，切(qie)不可(ke)(ke)等清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)胃(wei)(wei)完(wan)畢后才開始使(shi)用；有(you)機(ji)磷(lin)對乙酰膽堿(jian)酯酶(mei)抑制作用較持久(jiu)，靜(jing)注阿(a)托品(pin)的效(xiao)應(ying)于(yu)1-4分(fen)鐘內開始，8分(fen)鐘達高(gao)峰，在(zai)體(ti)內代謝快；有(you)機(ji)磷(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)患者體(ti)內乙酰膽堿(jian)大量堆(dui)積，對阿(a)托品(pin)的耐(nai)受量遠比正常(chang)人大；故阿(a)托品(pin)的應(ying)用應(ying)早期、足量、反(fan)復(fu)、維持。早期、足量、快速(su)給予阿(a)托品(pin)可(ke)(ke)以有(you)效(xiao)的對抗呼吸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞抑制、支氣管痙(jing)攣、呼吸道(dao)分(fen)泌物(wu)過多和循環衰竭。本組(zu)結果(guo)(guo)顯(xian)示(shi)，經過上述搶救(jiu)后，29例痊愈(yu)出院，無明(ming)顯(xian)后遺癥。3例死亡，都是(shi)口(kou)服農藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2例是(shi)氧化樂(le)果(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)，1例樂(le)果(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。

總之，中(zhong)(zhong)毒合并(bing)心(xin)(xin)率失(shi)常的急救應迅速對癥治療，其中(zhong)(zhong)早期應用保護心(xin)(xin)肌藥物和抗心(xin)(xin)律失(shi)常藥物，以預防心(xin)(xin)臟后期并(bing)發癥，對提(ti)高有(you)(you)機磷農藥中(zhong)(zhong)毒的治愈有(you)(you)重要的價值(zhi)。

參 考 文 獻

篇9

【關鍵(jian)詞】農業面源污染(ran)；農藥(yao)；化(hua)肥；畜禽養殖

中圖分類號：X506文獻標識碼(ma)：A文章編號：1006-0278(2012)02-090-02

在城市環(huan)(huan)境日益改善的(de)同時，農(nong)(nong)村環(huan)(huan)境問題(ti)卻(que)越(yue)來越(yue)突出(chu)，尤其是農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源污染(ran)(ran)，已經成為影響農(nong)(nong)村生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境安全(quan)的(de)主要因素。山(shan)東是個農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大省(sheng)(sheng)，隨著近年來全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)工(gong)業(ye)污染(ran)(ran)治理力(li)度的(de)不(bu)斷加大，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源污染(ran)(ran)問題(ti)變得越(yue)來越(yue)突出(chu)，已成為繼(ji)工(gong)業(ye)污染(ran)(ran)源之后的(de)第二大污染(ran)(ran)源。如何有效防治農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源污染(ran)(ran)，推進農(nong)(nong)村環(huan)(huan)境保護將是山(shan)東“三(san)農(nong)(nong)”問題(ti)的(de)重要內容。

一、農業面源(yuan)污染的特點

農業(ye)面源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)是指在農業(ye)生(sheng)產中，由沉積物、農藥(yao)、化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥、廢料、致病菌(jun)等(deng)分散污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)引起，并通過(guo)直接散失、淋洗(xi)、徑流、滲漏、吸附、吸收(shou)、化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應等(deng)不同(tong)途(tu)徑對(dui)土壤、水層、湖泊、河(he)岸、濱岸、大氣等(deng)生(sheng)態系統(tong)造成(cheng)的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，主要包括化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)、農藥(yao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)、農膜污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)和(he)集約化(hua)(hua)(hua)養(yang)殖場污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。這些污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)對(dui)環(huan)境的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，尤其對(dui)水環(huan)境的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)影響最大。農用面源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)已成(cheng)為當今世界(jie)生(sheng)態環(huan)境污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)和(he)破壞的(de)重要因素。農業(ye)面源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)特點：

（1）污(wu)染(ran)源分布廣(guang)泛(fan)。農(nong)(nong)業產生的污(wu)染(ran)主要(yao)來(lai)自于農(nong)(nong)作物種植(zhi)過(guo)程中化(hua)肥、農(nong)(nong)藥、農(nong)(nong)膜等的過(guo)量施用(yong)，以及畜(chu)禽養殖(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)，農(nong)(nong)業面源的污(wu)染(ran)源廣(guang)泛(fan)分散(san)、范圍廣(guang)、沒有明確位置。

（2）污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)放(fang)零散(san)且隨機性強。正因為污(wu)染(ran)源廣泛分散(san)、沒有明確位置，勢必造成農業(ye)面源污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)放(fang)的零散(san)，加(jia)(jia)上農民環保意識(shi)還不強，污(wu)染(ran)排(pai)放(fang)的隨機性增加(jia)(jia)。

（3）污染物(wu)排放隱(yin)蔽。由于單位面積上的污染負荷小，人們往(wang)往(wang)忽視農業面源污染的宏觀效應，隱(yin)蔽性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)且(qie)具(ju)有長期性(xing)(xing)，環(huan)境影響(xiang)程度深。

（4）不易監(jian)測和難以量化。由(you)于其分散性(xing)(xing)、隨機(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)和隱蔽(bi)性(xing)(xing)，面源污染不易監(jian)測和難以量化，而且(qie)一直沒有進行系統和針對性(xing)(xing)的調查監(jian)測與(yu)評價，缺(que)(que)乏可靠系統性(xing)(xing)的農業面源污染基礎(chu)信(xin)息數據，更難以準確判定農業面源污染的原(yuan)因、機(ji)(ji)理，缺(que)(que)乏行之有效的防治理論與(yu)技(ji)術。

（5）污染物排(pai)放量大。據估算，目(mu)前我國水(shui)體(ti)氮磷污染物中來自工業(ye)、生活污水(shui)和農業(ye)面源(yuan)污染的(de)(de)大約各占1/3，但這只是很粗略的(de)(de)估計。不管(guan)具體(ti)數字是多少(shao)，過量施(shi)用(yong)化肥(fei)、農藥導致(zhi)的(de)(de)農業(ye)面源(yuan)污染問題已經成(cheng)為當前最(zui)受(shou)關(guan)注的(de)(de)環境問題之一。

二、山(shan)東省農業面源污染(ran)現狀與環境影響(xiang)分(fen)析

目(mu)前(qian)，廣大(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)環(huan)境污(wu)(wu)染(ran)和生態破壞問題已經成為(wei)保(bao)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村經濟可(ke)持(chi)續發展(zhan)的(de)一大(da)(da)障礙(ai)。山(shan)東省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)主要包括(kuo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥、化肥、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)、畜禽養殖與農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村生活垃(la)圾等對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村環(huan)境的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥、化肥、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)三項農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)用(yong)化學品的(de)施用(yong)總(zong)量和單(dan)位面(mian)積施用(yong)量都在全(quan)國前(qian)列。

（一）農藥(yao)污染(ran)。山東省農藥(yao)的(de)(de)施(shi)用(yong)是從上世(shi)紀(ji)50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)初(chu)開(kai)始，60-80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)施(shi)用(yong)量(liang)增長很快，70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)末到80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)初(chu)達，農藥(yao)用(yong)量(liang)達到一個高峰。自1983年(nian)4月起國(guo)家禁止生產和使(shi)用(yong)六(liu)六(liu)六(liu)、DDT等高毒、高殘留(liu)、難降解的(de)(de)農藥(yao)以來，用(yong)藥(yao)量(liang)一度(du)有(you)所(suo)下降，農藥(yao)種(zhong)類也(ye)由過去的(de)(de)以汞制劑(ji)、砷制劑(ji)和有(you)機(ji)氯等品種(zhong)為(wei)主，調整(zheng)為(wei)以高效、低毒、低殘留(liu)的(de)(de)菊酯類農藥(yao)、有(you)機(ji)磷農藥(yao)為(wei)主。盡管全省廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)開(kai)展了綠色食品、有(you)機(ji)食品和無公(gong)害農產品生產，積極推廣(guang)(guang)了病(bing)蟲(chong)害綜合防(fang)(fang)治、生物防(fang)(fang)治等技(ji)術(shu)，但各種(zhong)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)化學農藥(yao)的(de)(de)施(shi)用(yong)量(liang)仍呈迅速增加的(de)(de)趨(qu)勢(shi)，目前(qian)重新回到農藥(yao)施(shi)用(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)高峰期，農藥(yao)污染(ran)問題(ti)已引起社會各界的(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)重視(shi)。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)量大(da)、結(jie)構不合(he)理(li)、有效利(li)用(yong)率低(di)是造成農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業環境(jing)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品污染(ran)的主(zhu)要因素(su)。統計資料表(biao)明，近幾年全省每(mei)公頃平均(jun)施(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)12公斤以上，全省農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)總(zong)量中化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)占(zhan)總(zong)量的93.3%，生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)僅占(zhan)6.7%，其中，高(gao)毒、高(gao)殘留(liu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)占(zhan)30%多。田(tian)間施(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)時，大(da)部分(fen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)灑落(luo)到農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)地面，有些殘存于農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)土(tu)壤中，有些流失到江河(he)湖庫，有些則漂散于大(da)氣中，從而(er)造成對環境(jing)的污染(ran)。各類農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的利(li)用(yong)率較低(di)，一般為10-20％，高(gao)的也不超過30％。

大(da)量(liang)農藥(yao)(yao)的(de)不合理施用，對(dui)土壤(rang)、水(shui)體、大(da)氣等(deng)農業(ye)環境和農作(zuo)物(wu)造(zao)成污(wu)染(ran)，特別是一些高(gao)殘(can)留(liu)(liu)、高(gao)毒農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)(liu)時間(jian)長，降(jiang)解(jie)、分解(jie)緩慢，在作(zuo)物(wu)收(shou)獲后(hou)還會有殘(can)留(liu)(liu)農藥(yao)(yao)，通(tong)過食物(wu)鏈(lian)和生(sheng)物(wu)富集作(zuo)用污(wu)染(ran)其他食品(pin)，對(dui)人民身體健康造(zao)成威脅。農產品(pin)農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)(liu)超標的(de)問題，已成為影響(xiang)農產品(pin)質量(liang)的(de)最大(da)制約因(yin)素。

（二(er)）化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)污染(ran)。山東省化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)也始(shi)于上(shang)世紀50年代，起初只是(shi)作為有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)一(yi)種補充，自70年代以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)生產量(liang)和使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)持續快(kuai)速(su)上(shang)升。隨著(zhu)全(quan)省耕地(di)面(mian)積的(de)(de)逐(zhu)年減少和化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)迅速(su)增(zeng)加(jia)，單位(wei)耕地(di)面(mian)積化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)更快(kuai)的(de)(de)速(su)度增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)。長(chang)(chang)期以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)結(jie)構存在不(bu)合(he)理的(de)(de)現(xian)象，氮(dan)(dan)、磷(lin)、鉀比例失調，氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)過大，磷(lin)、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)足，忽(hu)視中微量(liang)元素肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，造成(cheng)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)率降(jiang)低、生產效益下降(jiang)和環境污染(ran)加(jia)重。隨著(zhu)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷增(zeng)加(jia)，山東省的(de)(de)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)生產和投(tou)(tou)入(ru)結(jie)構都得到(dao)了(le)較大改善，磷(lin)、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特別是(shi)各種復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、專用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)顯著(zhu)增(zeng)加(jia)，而氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)則有所(suo)減緩，投(tou)(tou)入(ru)結(jie)構呈(cheng)現(xian)了(le)逐(zhu)步優化(hua)的(de)(de)趨勢。

（三）農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染。山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)用(yong)塑料薄膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的使用(yong)始于(yu)(yu)上(shang)世紀70年代，近(jin)些年來，由(you)于(yu)(yu)設施農(nong)(nong)(nong)業、保護地(di)栽培和(he)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)的迅速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)，各類(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)用(yong)量一直呈高速(su)增長(chang)勢頭。農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)種類(lei)以各種聚氯乙(yi)烯膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、聚乙(yi)烯膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)為主，可(ke)降解農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)總體上(shang)尚(shang)處于(yu)(yu)試驗開(kai)發階(jie)段。山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)發展(zhan)(zhan)迅速(su)，年消耗(hao)24萬(wan)噸左右(you)，覆(fu)蓋(gai)面積達(da)150萬(wan)公頃。農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田的污染正在日益加劇。由(you)于(yu)(yu)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)后回(hui)收(shou)較難(nan)，自行分(fen)解極慢(man)，殘(can)留量越來越大，嚴(yan)重影響農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物的生長(chang)，污染環(huan)境。據對(dui)(dui)全省(sheng)生態農(nong)(nong)(nong)業建設區的統計(ji)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)收(shou)率(lv)僅達(da)33%。據有關統計(ji)，目前全省(sheng)平均每畝農(nong)(nong)(nong)田殘(can)留地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)約5公斤、4300片，殘(can)留率(lv)為20-30％。

（四）畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖污染(ran)。改革開放以來(lai)(lai)，山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)逐步由(you)自給性畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)商品性畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)，由(you)傳(chuan)統畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)現(xian)代畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)。畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)大(da)幅(fu)度提高，發(fa)展速(su)(su)度較(jiao)快，根據原(yuan)國(guo)家環保總(zong)局2000年(nian)(nian)統計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資料：山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)大(da)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖企業(ye)(ye)4000家，規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)占(zhan)(zhan)全國(guo)規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖水平(ping)(ping)(ping)前(qian)三位。從畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)看(kan)，1997年(nian)(nian)躍居(ju)(ju)全國(guo)第一。從農業(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)看(kan)，畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不斷提高，2000年(nian)(nian)已(yi)占(zhan)(zhan)全省(sheng)農業(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3，對(dui)全省(sheng)GDP貢獻約(yue)為3%。畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖業(ye)(ye)迅速(su)(su)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時也(ye)帶來(lai)(lai)了嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境污染(ran)問(wen)題。由(you)于養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖場規(gui)劃不合理或者管理不善，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖場產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)臭氣體中(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氨、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物、甲(jia)烷(wan)等有(you)(you)(you)毒、有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)成分，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影響(xiang)周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣質量(liang)(liang)(liang)，直(zhi)(zhi)接危害(hai)(hai)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)人(ren)員及周圍居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)身體健康(kang)。并且最近幾年(nian)(nian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖場產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)臭氣味問(wen)題成為污染(ran)糾(jiu)紛案件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴(su)“熱點(dian)”。由(you)于山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)多為砂(sha)地土(tu)(tu)質，易滲漏，堆(dui)放糞(fen)便(bian)污水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)接侵蝕使土(tu)(tu)壤失去了生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)價(jia)值(zhi)，糞(fen)尿中(zhong)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)氮磷滲入地下，使地下水中(zhong)硝態(tai)氮、硬度和細菌總(zong)數超標，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)威(wei)脅居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)飲用水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全。目前(qian)，全省(sheng)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)糞(fen)便(bian)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)估計在8億噸左(zuo)右，其中(zhong)實現(xian)資源(yuan)化(hua)(hua)綜合利(li)用率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)80%，有(you)(you)(you)20%左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)糞(fen)便(bian)直(zhi)(zhi)接排入環境。畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)糞(fen)便(bian)資源(yuan)化(hua)(hua)利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要方式仍然是傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)接還田用作有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)肥，通過沼氣厭氧發(fa)酵等高效、無害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理利(li)用方式所占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)例仍較(jiao)低。從1999年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)糞(fen)便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地負(fu)(fu)荷來(lai)(lai)看(kan)，山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地負(fu)(fu)荷警戒值(zhi)達到0.82，位居(ju)(ju)全國(guo)之首，已(yi)經呈現(xian)出(chu)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境壓力(li)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)。

三、農業面源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)防治的(de)戰略對策

近十幾年來(lai)，特別是農(nong)業農(nong)村經濟發展進入新階段以來(lai)，山東(dong)省委、省政(zheng)府高度(du)重視農(nong)業生(sheng)態環境(jing)建設與保護工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，以科學發展觀為指(zhi)導，堅(jian)持建設與防(fang)治(zhi)并重，大力開展生(sheng)態農(nong)業建設與農(nong)業面源污(wu)染防(fang)治(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，收到了明顯(xian)的(de)(de)經濟、社會(hui)和生(sheng)態效益。但是在(zai)(zai)農(nong)業面源污(wu)染防(fang)治(zhi)中還存在(zai)(zai)著認識不(bu)到位、不(bu)惜(xi)以破壞環境(jing)為代價獲取短期的(de)(de)效益，缺(que)乏有(you)效的(de)(de)法(fa)律措(cuo)施(shi)和政(zheng)策措(cuo)施(shi)、執法(fa)不(bu)嚴、違法(fa)不(bu)究，缺(que)乏有(you)效的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)方式，資金投入不(bu)足(zu)等(deng)問(wen)題，需要在(zai)(zai)今后的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中進一步(bu)加以解(jie)決。

（一(yi)）以循環理(li)念(nian)(nian)推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)治理(li)。按照農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廢棄物(wu)減量化、再利(li)用和資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化原則，積極推廣使用各種能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)態模式(shi)，用循環經(jing)濟理(li)念(nian)(nian)推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)治理(li)，使秸(jie)稈(gan)、人畜糞(fen)便和生(sheng)(sheng)活污水等“三(san)廢”變成有(you)機(ji)肥、能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和水源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等“三(san)料”。重要是調整農(nong)(nong)村產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)結構(gou)，實(shi)行農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)清潔(jie)(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。借鑒(jian)工業(ye)(ye)上清潔(jie)(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)成功(gong)經(jing)驗和思路，大(da)力(li)發展農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)清潔(jie)(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，即打(da)破傳統的(de)末端治理(li)的(de)模式(shi)，開展全(quan)過程的(de)污染(ran)控制，從源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭抓起，在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)每(mei)(mei)個(ge)階段都注意防止污染(ran)物(wu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)，使廢物(wu)產(chan)(chan)量最小化，并將(jiang)每(mei)(mei)個(ge)環節產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)副(fu)產(chan)(chan)品與(yu)廢物(wu)及時回收、綜合利(li)用。政策方面(mian)可(ke)以考慮從宏觀(guan)上調整各區域糧食基地(di)建(jian)設規劃和農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)結構(gou)，加強農(nong)(nong)民專業(ye)(ye)技術組(zu)織或專業(ye)(ye)經(jing)濟合作組(zu)織建(jian)設，引導農(nong)(nong)民增(zeng)強公(gong)眾環保意識。

（二(er)）建(jian)(jian)立和完(wan)(wan)善農(nong)(nong)村環境保(bao)護(hu)的法(fa)(fa)規和法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設。充分借鑒發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的經驗，制(zhi)定(ding)、完(wan)(wan)善相關法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)規，使農(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)的防治有(you)(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)可依，有(you)(you)(you)章可循(xun)(xun)。一些發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對化(hua)肥和農(nong)(nong)藥施用、控(kong)制(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)廢棄物(wu)排(pai)放(fang)、促進(jin)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)廢棄物(wu)循(xun)(xun)環利用、控(kong)制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)藥污(wu)染(ran)等，都(dou)制(zhi)定(ding)了明確(que)的法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)規，我們可以借鑒。建(jian)(jian)立和完(wan)(wan)善現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)的農(nong)(nong)村環境保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)規，以適應新時期農(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)防治。嚴格執行環境保(bao)護(hu)政策和法(fa)(fa)規，加大農(nong)(nong)村環境保(bao)護(hu)執法(fa)(fa)監督力(li)度，從法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)制(zhi)度上保(bao)護(hu)農(nong)(nong)村環境不(bu)受污(wu)染(ran)。

（三）加快制(zhi)定(ding)有(you)效地經濟(ji)政(zheng)策。制(zhi)定(ding)高層次的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業污(wu)染防治(zhi)獎(jiang)勵政(zheng)策，大力(li)提倡并(bing)鼓勵對(dui)各種(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業有(you)機廢棄物、廢舊農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)用物資(zi)的(de)(de)回收利(li)用和多層次開(kai)(kai)發。對(dui)開(kai)(kai)展綜合利(li)用所(suo)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)及(ji)無(wu)公害農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)、綠色食(shi)品(pin)等在推廣、銷售、外匯分成等方面給予優惠；實行農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業資(zi)源稅(費(fei))和保險制(zhi)度，對(dui)無(wu)污(wu)染農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)實行優質(zhi)優價，以刺激其發展。對(dui)生產(chan)(chan)綠色環保型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)用生產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)企業也可以通過(guo)制(zhi)定(ding)優惠政(zheng)策，鼓勵其研(yan)制(zhi)開(kai)(kai)發新型(xing)、價廉的(de)(de)替代產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。

（三(san)）加強農(nong)村環保(bao)基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建(jian)設。借助國家(jia)對“三(san)農(nong)”問題的(de)大力(li)扶(fu)持的(de)契機，通(tong)過多種途徑多種渠道利用(yong)資(zi)(zi)金，除將環保(bao)投資(zi)(zi)納入國內生產(chan)總值(zhi)中的(de)比例的(de)同時，還(huan)應積(ji)極吸引社會資(zi)(zi)金,鼓勵民間資(zi)(zi)本(ben)參(can)與環境基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建(jian)設，使生活垃圾在集(ji)中堆(dui)放的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上進(jin)行(xing)(xing)處理。加大農(nong)業(ye)技(ji)術(shu)投入，完善農(nong)業(ye)技(ji)術(shu)推廣體系，對農(nong)技(ji)推廣人員進(jin)行(xing)(xing)培訓和資(zi)(zi)格認證；建(jian)立(li)、完善監測體系，監測農(nong)田環境質量；盡快開(kai)展(zhan)面源污染現狀調查，為制(zhi)定政策(ce)提供可靠信息；積(ji)極推廣成熟的(de)高效施(shi)肥、施(shi)藥技(ji)術(shu)等(deng)。

（四）提高(gao)農民的環(huan)保(bao)意識(shi)(shi)。充分利(li)用現有的宣傳、教育設施，運用廣播(bo)、電視及報紙等農民能經(jing)常接觸到的大眾媒體，大力(li)宣傳農村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境與資源保(bao)護的方針、政策(ce)和法規，同時要持之以恒地(di)培養(yang)農村(cun)中小(xiao)學生(sheng)(sheng)的環(huan)保(bao)意識(shi)(shi)，在農村(cun)學校(xiao)開展環(huan)境教育活(huo)動，提高(gao)整(zheng)個農村(cun)的環(huan)境保(bao)護認識(shi)(shi)水平。

參考文獻：

[1]陸新元,熊躍輝等.農村環(huan)(huan)境保(bao)護與(yu)"三(san)農"問題[J].環(huan)(huan)境保(bao)護,2005(9).

[2]李(li)遠,王曉霞.我國農業面源污(wu)染的(de)環(huan)境管理(li):北京及演變[J].環(huan)境保(bao)護，2005(4).

[3]趙(zhao)克(ke)志(zhi).山東(dong)生態(tai)省(sheng)建設黨政干部知識讀本[M].山東(dong)人(ren)民出版社,2005.

[4]張凱等,生態環境(jing)監(jian)察導論[M].北京:中國環境(jing)科學出版社,2003.

[5]山(shan)東省(sheng)統計局,山(shan)東省(sheng)農調隊(dui)編.山(shan)東農村統計年鑒(jian)[M].北(bei)京:中國統計出版社.

[6]山東省農(nong)業環(huan)境(jing)保護監測(ce)站.生態農(nong)業技術導(dao)論[M].濟南(nan):山東大學(xue)出版(ban)社,1992.

篇10

一(yi)、無公(gong)害蔬菜(cai)生產中存在(zai)的問題

1.生(sheng)(sheng)產規模小，標準化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產程度(du)低，區(qu)域布(bu)局(ju)雜(za)亂全縣蔬菜產品多達6大(da)類、30多個(ge)品種(zhong)，而每個(ge)鄉鎮或村(cun)社種(zhong)植的品種(zhong)也(ye)是(shi)五(wu)花八門，農戶“各自為政”，種(zhong)植分散(san)，生(sheng)(sheng)產規模小，生(sheng)(sheng)產的品種(zhong)繁雜(za)，布(bu)局(ju)零亂，組織化(hua)程度(du)低,栽培技術(shu)科技含量低，標準化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產程度(du)低，直接影響到無公害蔬菜生(sheng)(sheng)產技術(shu)的推廣和應(ying)用。

2.長(chang)(chang)期(qi)連(lian)(lian)作，田間管(guan)理粗放(fang)越西(xi)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)品種(zhong)有白(bai)菜(cai)(cai)、蘿(luo)卜、辣椒、大蒜等(deng)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要分布(bu)在越西(xi)河谷地帶(dai)(dai)、普雄河谷地帶(dai)(dai)、漫灘河谷地帶(dai)(dai)、二半山(shan)地區(qu)(qu)。這些(xie)地區(qu)(qu)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)保持傳統(tong)種(zhong)植方式和習(xi)慣，每年(nian)都按老套路(lu)、老習(xi)慣，按部就班，常年(nian)連(lian)(lian)作，加(jia)之田間管(guan)理粗放(fang)，病(bing)蟲(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重。從2009年(nian)以來對(dui)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)產區(qu)(qu)跟蹤(zong)調查結(jie)果表明(ming)：十字(zi)花(hua)科蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)根種(zhong)病(bing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)泛濫，茄果類蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)根腐病(bing)、疫病(bing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重，塊(kuai)根塊(kuai)莖類、蔥蒜類品種(zhong)退化，葉斑病(bing)普遍發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，直接(jie)影響蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)產量和質量。

3.病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綜合(he)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意識淡(dan)薄，病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)識別知識欠(qian)缺，盲目施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)為普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)越西有半數(shu)以上的(de)菜(cai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)長期養成(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產量，輕質量，對(dui)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綜合(he)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意識較(jiao)(jiao)為淡(dan)薄，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)，忽預防，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)學防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，輕物理、生(sheng)物防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)習慣，特(te)別是(shi)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)所不(bu)(bu)當造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染(ran)更(geng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)忽視。（1）盲目用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，加(jia)大(da)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)劑量一(yi)味追求(qiu)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)果(guo)（特(te)別是(shi)殺蟲劑方面），使(shi)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些不(bu)(bu)符合(he)無公害(hai)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)產用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)標準的(de)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和加(jia)大(da)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑量的(de)現象時(shi)(shi)有發生(sheng)，這將直接造成(cheng)(cheng)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產品(pin)(pin)受到(dao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污染(ran)的(de)后果(guo)。（2）對(dui)于病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)發生(sheng)原(yuan)因、癥狀及(ji)最佳防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)期模糊，病(bing)(bing)情診斷(duan)不(bu)(bu)清，盲目施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)情況較(jiao)(jiao)為普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)在(zai)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)生(sheng)產過(guo)程中，一(yi)旦(dan)發生(sheng)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)時(shi)(shi)，不(bu)(bu)根(gen)據(ju)發病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)因，沒(mei)(mei)有認(ren)清發生(sheng)什么病(bing)(bing)害(hai)就盲目施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，這樣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又換另一(yi)種(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，往往是(shi)病(bing)(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好，反(fan)而造成(cheng)(cheng)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)植(zhi)株(zhu)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)，從(cong)而又加(jia)大(da)了蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產品(pin)(pin)的(de)污染(ran)。（3）施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有嚴(yan)格按照農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)安(an)全間隔(ge)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)期和安(an)全間隔(ge)采收期用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)隨心所欲，三(san)天兩頭就施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，造成(cheng)(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)植(zhi)物體內堆積。另外，在(zai)采收前施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后還沒(mei)(mei)有達(da)到(dao)安(an)全間隔(ge)采收時(shi)(shi)間要求(qiu)時(shi)(shi)，就將蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產品(pin)(pin)采收進(jin)入市場，此時(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)植(zhi)物體內還未完全轉化(hua)分(fen)解，造成(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產品(pin)(pin)的(de)直接污染(ran)。

4.缺乏科學(xue)(xue)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)技術，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施(shi)(shi)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)，輕視農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)使用(yong)的(de)(de)現象較為普遍(bian)，造成(cheng)土壤板(ban)結，酸化(hua)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（1）農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)方面(mian)(mian)①施(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)較少，甚至(zhi)不施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)現象較為普遍(bian)。據有(you)(you)關調查，在(zai)大(da)春后茬種(zhong)植白菜(cai)(cai)(cai)和蘿卜(bu)的(de)(de)地區，畝施(shi)(shi)入(ru)量(liang)不超(chao)過(guo)500kg，大(da)部分只(zhi)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)。②使用(yong)未經(jing)過(guo)充分發酵(jiao)腐熟的(de)(de)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)或生活垃圾(ji)肥(fei)(fei)等(deng)不良習慣時(shi)有(you)(you)發生。由于這類(lei)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)里(li)面(mian)(mian)含有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)蟲卵、大(da)腸桿(gan)菌，施(shi)(shi)用(yong)后造成(cheng)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)品中(zhong)蟲卵、大(da)腸桿(gan)菌超(chao)標(biao)，特別是(shi)葉菜(cai)(cai)(cai)類(lei)、蔥蒜類(lei)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)受污染(ran)較嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。③使用(yong)不合(he)格添加(jia)飼料(liao)(liao)喂養的(de)(de)牲畜的(de)(de)糞肥(fei)(fei)，造成(cheng)銅含量(liang)的(de)(de)超(chao)標(biao)。（2）化(hua)學(xue)(xue)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)方面(mian)(mian)偏(pian)施(shi)(shi)氮、磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)較為嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鉀肥(fei)(fei)偏(pian)少，微(wei)肥(fei)(fei)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不足，是(shi)越西蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)通(tong)病。另外，硝態肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)過(guo)多，造成(cheng)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)品中(zhong)硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽超(chao)標(biao)的(de)(de)污染(ran)不能忽視，特別是(shi)使用(yong)有(you)(you)些不合(he)格磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)，造成(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)超(chao)標(biao)的(de)(de)污染(ran)，更應加(jia)以重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視。此外，沒(mei)有(you)(you)嚴格按照施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)安全間隔采收期進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，從(cong)而(er)某(mou)些化(hua)學(xue)(xue)成(cheng)分殘留的(de)(de)污染(ran)也時(shi)有(you)(you)發生。

二、對策和措施

1.宏觀管理對策

農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)部門要加(jia)快越西蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)生(sheng)產(chan)區(qu)域布局(ju)的(de)(de)整體規劃，制定建(jian)立出一套適宜本地(di)(di)區(qu)無公(gong)害蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術規程和加(jia)大綠色(se)防控(kong)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)和推(tui)廣，同時各級政府要充分利用(yong)本地(di)(di)區(qu)資源優(you)勢(shi)，申報(bao)項(xiang)目，整合資源加(jia)快區(qu)域優(you)勢(shi)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產(chan)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)建(jian)設，為實現(xian)標準化(hua)、規范化(hua)和無公(gong)害化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)奠(dian)定基(ji)礎；另外農(nong)業(ye)、畜牧質(zhi)監部門應(ying)(ying)加(jia)大對(dui)農(nong)藥、肥(fei)料、飼料的(de)(de)檢測、管理和打擊力(li)度(du)，特別是(shi)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產(chan)品(pin)從田間(jian)到市場的(de)(de)抽查監督力(li)度(du)，建(jian)立蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)銷售(shou)準入制度(du)和蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)田間(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)記錄檔案和市場追溯(su)制度(du)，確保蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全，從而切實有(you)效地(di)(di)推(tui)進越西蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)產(chan)品(pin)優(you)質(zhi)化(hua)，確保質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全。

2.田間管理措施

（1）耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)改制，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)格輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制度(du)(du)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)改制，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制度(du)(du)是無公害蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)生產(chan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提條件。要實(shi)現這個前提，關鍵是加大(da)生產(chan)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培育，徹底打(da)破傳統(tong)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)習慣(guan)，建立科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)理(li)念(nian)，積極開展(zhan)合(he)理(li)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制度(du)(du)。重點做到：①常年蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植田塊(kuai)(kuai)，種(zhong)植同(tong)種(zhong)類蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)1～2年后須(xu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)不同(tong)科蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，同(tong)時加大(da)土壤消毒工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。②季節(jie)性蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植田塊(kuai)(kuai)，種(zhong)植同(tong)類蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)2～3年后須(xu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)不同(tong)科蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，大(da)力(li)推廣水旱輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。通過合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，直接有效減輕(qing)病(bing)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生，為無公害化蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)生產(chan)可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)奠定堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。

（2）積(ji)極推(tui)廣病蟲(chong)害綜(zong)(zong)合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)技術的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)，科學(xue)合(he)理(li)進行(xing)化學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蔬菜(cai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)堅(jian)持以(yi)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主、綜(zong)(zong)合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的植保方針，積(ji)極開展病蟲(chong)害綜(zong)(zong)合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)技術的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)是無公害蔬菜(cai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)體(ti)系關鍵(jian)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。重點抓好：①搞好病蟲(chong)害預測預報，做到(dao)(dao)早發現、早預防(fang)(fang)(fang)，建立預防(fang)(fang)(fang)是關鍵(jian)、治(zhi)(zhi)病是補(bu)救的觀念。②切實(shi)強化農(nong)(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，優(you)化田(tian)間生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)栽培(pei)結構(gou)，使之有(you)利于作物的生(sheng)(sheng)長，不利于病蟲(chong)害的發生(sheng)(sheng)，從而減(jian)少(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量。③大力發展物理(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，推(tui)廣實(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、簡(jian)便、有(you)效保護(hu)設施(shi)和(he)殺蟲(chong)器械的使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如覆蓋(gai)塑料(liao)薄膜、遮陽(yang)網(wang)、銀灰色地膜，以(yi)及(ji)黃臘板(ban)、殺蟲(chong)燈的使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。④積(ji)極推(tui)廣生(sheng)(sheng)物防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。保護(hu)害蟲(chong)天敵(di)，實(shi)現以(yi)蟲(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)，推(tui)廣使用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。⑤合(he)理(li)進行(xing)化學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，加大農(nong)(nong)戶對病蟲(chong)害識別和(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)知識培(pei)訓，在(zai)(zai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)做到(dao)(dao)適(shi)時(shi)對癥(zheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)，優(you)選使用(yong)(yong)(yong)低毒、高效、低殘留的無公害農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，嚴(yan)格(ge)按照農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)劑(ji)量和(he)配比濃度以(yi)及(ji)安(an)全使用(yong)(yong)(yong)間隔期用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)，并嚴(yan)格(ge)按照安(an)全間隔采(cai)收(shou)期采(cai)收(shou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。通過以(yi)上(shang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)，減(jian)少(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，最(zui)大限度地降(jiang)低農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污染，從而確保所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的蔬菜(cai)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)達到(dao)(dao)無公害蔬菜(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量安(an)全指標(biao)。