導語：地(di)材價(jia)格波動(dong)對公路工程成本(ben)影(ying)響分析一(yi)文來源于網友上(shang)傳(chuan)，不(bu)代表本(ben)站觀點，若需要原創文章可咨詢(xun)客服老(lao)師，歡迎參考(kao)。

摘要：公路工程項目材料成本控制直接影響到項目收益指標，本文研究地材成本控制對工程總成本控制的影響，具體指標以碎石、砂子為研究對象，通過一系列措施降低地材價格波動對整個工程的影響(xiang)。

關鍵詞：材(cai)料價格；成本控(kong)制；影響(xiang)

0引言

一般公路工程項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)材(cai)料成(cheng)本(ben)占工程總成(cheng)本(ben)的60%到70%，材(cai)料成(cheng)本(ben)控制直接影(ying)(ying)響到項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)收益指標(biao)。常用建筑(zhu)材(cai)料種類控制主要以鋼筋(jin)、水泥、混(hun)凝土(tu)、粉煤(mei)灰、砂子、碎石(shi)和柴油(you)等，按照(zhao)施工總承(cheng)包合同(tong)約(yue)定分(fen)解控制，通常可以分(fen)為可調(diao)差(cha)(cha)主材(cai)、不可調(diao)差(cha)(cha)地材(cai)、其他零星材(cai)料等。可調(diao)差(cha)(cha)主材(cai)材(cai)料漲價(jia)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)由甲乙雙方(fang)共同(tong)承(cheng)擔，對成(cheng)本(ben)影(ying)(ying)響一般在可控范圍內，不可調(diao)差(cha)(cha)地材(cai)的成(cheng)本(ben)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)則完全由施工企業承(cheng)擔，成(cheng)本(ben)控制影(ying)(ying)響最大。據估算，這些地材(cai)費用占比超過(guo)工程總造價(jia)的10%，對企業經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益有著直接影(ying)(ying)響。目(mu)(mu)前，建筑(zhu)行業進入“微利”時代，通過(guo)精細化管理守(shou)住效(xiao)益底線，已經(jing)成(cheng)為當務之急。

1公路工程造價內容

公路工程造價(jia)內容主(zhu)要(yao)包含人工費(fei)(fei)用(yong)、設備(bei)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)以(yi)及材料(liao)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)等，其中材料(liao)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)占據的比例最大。

1.1主要材料

我國自2016年開始注重環保理念在各行各業中的應用，政府也推出了一系列更加嚴格的環境保護政策，這直接導致鋼材產能的下降，同時也加劇了建筑行業在建筑材料方面的需求。圖1為2016-2019年鋼筋價格走勢圖。針對圖1數據進行分析，可(ke)以發(fa)現，自2016年(nian)開始，國內的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋價(jia)格(ge)持續走高。而(er)這(zhe)一(yi)價(jia)格(ge)變(bian)動(dong)趨勢對于國內公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)成本控制產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)影響不可(ke)謂不大。多(duo)數情況下，公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)中材料(liao)費(fei)(fei)用成本在(zai)整個(ge)安裝(zhuang)工(gong)程(cheng)費(fei)(fei)中的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)據比例(li)為(wei)50%-60%左右，并且在(zai)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)中所包(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)橋隧數量越多(duo)，這(zhe)一(yi)比例(li)越高。這(zhe)足以證明材料(liao)部分的(de)(de)(de)成本是整個(ge)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)成本的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要支(zhi)出(chu)部分。

1.2其他材料

除鋼(gang)(gang)筋之外(wai)，公(gong)路工程中所(suo)使(shi)用的(de)(de)材料(liao)包括鋼(gang)(gang)筋、鋼(gang)(gang)絞線、型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)、水泥、碎(sui)石、砂子等各類(lei)原材料(liao)，其對(dui)應的(de)(de)費(fei)用占比情況(kuang)如表1所(suo)示。

2工程概述

我們(men)以(yi)(yi)新建公路(lu)某段(duan)(duan)(duan)工(gong)程(cheng)為例(li)，標段(duan)(duan)(duan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)全長(chang)28km。本標段(duan)(duan)(duan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)有：線(xian)(xian)(xian)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)44座(zuo)/3.196km，其(qi)中，大(da)橋(qiao)3座(zuo)，中橋(qiao)12座(zuo)，小橋(qiao)18座(zuo)，分(fen)離式立交11座(zuo)；主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)73段(duan)(duan)(duan)/24.4km。互通(tong)立交3處，服務(wu)區1處，包括匝道(dao)橋(qiao)8座(zuo)/0.937km，28條匝道(dao)路(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)12km。全線(xian)(xian)(xian)涵洞及通(tong)道(dao)72道(dao)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)工(gong)程(cheng)數(shu)量(liang)：預制(zhi)小箱梁(liang)(liang)575片，預制(zhi)空心板梁(liang)(liang)1544片；現澆梁(liang)(liang)9聯(lian)（705m），鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)箱梁(liang)(liang)2聯(lian)（136m），懸灌梁(liang)(liang)1聯(lian)（70m+120m+70m）。路(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)素土(tu)填(tian)方363萬(wan)(wan)m3/25km，路(lu)床水(shui)泥(ni)土(tu)填(tian)方106萬(wan)(wan)m3，填(tian)方共(gong)計470萬(wan)(wan)m3。標段(duan)(duan)(duan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)2.8萬(wan)(wan)t，混凝(ning)土(tu)26萬(wan)(wan)m3。本工(gong)程(cheng)合同投資額7.8億元。本工(gong)程(cheng)中對上合同約(yue)定(ding)情況如下(xia)：鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、水(shui)泥(ni)、瀝青等以(yi)(yi)山東省交通(tong)建設工(gong)程(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)材(cai)(cai)料參考(kao)信息價(jia)(jia)格為基(ji)(ji)(ji)準，當月(yue)價(jia)(jia)格超出基(ji)(ji)(ji)準價(jia)(jia)±5%部(bu)分(fen)的價(jia)(jia)差(cha)(cha)予以(yi)(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)，超出部(bu)分(fen)業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)將予以(yi)(yi)增加(jia)或扣(kou)回(hui)，±5%以(yi)(yi)內的價(jia)(jia)差(cha)(cha)由承(cheng)包人自行承(cheng)擔。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、水(shui)泥(ni)、瀝青、波(bo)形梁(liang)(liang)護欄、波(bo)紋管、柴油(you)材(cai)(cai)料價(jia)(jia)差(cha)(cha)按當月(yue)公布的價(jia)(jia)格信息，材(cai)(cai)料數(shu)量(liang)以(yi)(yi)監理工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)確認的當月(yue)完(wan)成量(liang)為準。碎石、砂(sha)子等地材(cai)(cai)未有明確調(diao)差(cha)(cha)約(yue)定(ding)。

3施工階段地材用量分析

本次主要探討(tao)地(di)材成(cheng)本控制對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總成(cheng)本控制的影響(xiang)，具體指標以碎(sui)石、砂(sha)(sha)子為(wei)(wei)例詳細分(fen)析(xi)。本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)籌如(ru)圖2所示。計劃(hua)(hua)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)期(qi)2018年(nian)8月(yue)，計劃(hua)(hua)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)期(qi)2020年(nian)5月(yue)底，建(jian)設總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)22個月(yue)。本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所需混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)量為(wei)(wei)24.64萬m3，防(fang)護混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)3.24萬m3，地(di)材主要使用時間區(qu)(qu)間位于(yu)2018年(nian)8月(yue)至(zhi)2020年(nian)3月(yue)。項(xiang)(xiang)目施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)域主要位于(yu)山東省境內，標段(duan)設置拌合站1處，占(zhan)地(di)規(gui)模5600m2，與之(zhi)空心板(ban)梁生產(chan)區(qu)(qu)1處，占(zhan)地(di)9000m2，滿足(zu)高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)及梁板(ban)需求(qiu)，自(zi)拌混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)項(xiang)(xiang)目施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)分(fen)部分(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)材料需求(qiu)計劃(hua)(hua)明細表如(ru)表2所示。根據實地(di)調查發現：為(wei)(wei)貫徹(che)黨的十(shi)九大“五位一體”戰略方針(zhen)，全(quan)國(guo)多(duo)地(di)砂(sha)(sha)、石場環保(bao)督查整治(zhi)進(jin)一步深入。另外再加上2018年(nian)6月(yue)20日(ri)，水利部發布《關(guan)于(yu)開(kai)展(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)河湖(hu)采(cai)(cai)砂(sha)(sha)專(zhuan)項(xiang)(xiang)整治(zhi)行(xing)動的通知》，加強河湖(hu)采(cai)(cai)砂(sha)(sha)管理，嚴(yan)厲打擊(ji)非法采(cai)(cai)砂(sha)(sha)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，就連手續齊全(quan)的河段(duan)湖(hu)段(duan)正常(chang)采(cai)(cai)砂(sha)(sha)都受到影響(xiang)，導致河砂(sha)(sha)短缺，價格漲幅較(jiao)大。砂(sha)(sha)子、碎(sui)石潛虧占(zhan)合同(tong)額3%，對效益影響(xiang)巨大。

4成本管控措施

積極(ji)應對材料的成本上(shang)漲，采取(qu)內控成本，外部開源措(cuo)施。

4.1優(you)化設計與施工配合(he)比

加強設(she)計、業主(zhu)溝(gou)通，尋求(qiu)替代(dai)材(cai)料(liao)。加強與設(she)計、業主(zhu)溝(gou)通，在(zai)滿足(zu)項目質量、使用標(biao)準的情況下尋求(qiu)價格相對較(jiao)低的替代(dai)材(cai)料(liao)，在(zai)低標(biao)號(hao)混凝土中合理(li)使用機制(zhi)砂，嚴控施工配合比，減少(shao)不必要的損(sun)失。

4.2自(zi)采(cai)自(zi)用、自(zi)給自(zi)足

選擇與擁有砂(sha)石料資(zi)源的(de)當地(di)企業或(huo)村民合作(zuo)，采取注資(zi)購買加工(gong)設備的(de)方(fang)式，以優于市(shi)場的(de)價格購入砂(sha)石料。

4.3嚴格履行(xing)招標程序

履行(xing)招標(biao)程序，堅持(chi)公(gong)平公(gong)正公(gong)開(kai)，避免利益輸送，是確保質優(you)價廉的地材進入工地的關鍵(jian)。

4.4嚴控超耗

為從源頭上進(jin)行控制，減(jian)少跑冒(mao)滴漏行為，車車進(jin)料(liao)采取過(guo)磅手(shou)續，并拍照系統錄入(ru)，把住了(le)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)進(jin)場第一道關口，避免因不合格(ge)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)進(jin)場而導致的成本浪費。通(tong)過(guo)運用BIM技術，提前對施(shi)工工程量進(jin)行計(ji)算，整體把控材(cai)(cai)料(liao)需求(qiu)，有效(xiao)提高材(cai)(cai)料(liao)利(li)用率。建(jian)立了(le)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)節超獎懲辦法，立足(zu)管(guan)(guan)理本身(shen)，強(qiang)化全員節約意識，鼓勵一線(xian)工人開展技術和管(guan)(guan)理創新，以減(jian)少原(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)消耗。通(tong)過(guo)嚴格(ge)的管(guan)(guan)理手(shou)段(duan)，將損耗在(zai)原(yuan)有常規損耗率基礎上又降低0.3%。內部管(guan)(guan)控措施(shi)節約502萬(wan)元(yuan)，減(jian)虧(kui)0.64%。

4.5積極對(dui)接(jie)爭取地材調差

本工程(cheng)中原(yuan)合同(tong)明確水泥、粉煤灰為(wei)(wei)(wei)調差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)主(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，同(tong)樣作為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)砂子、碎石未明確約(yue)定，尋求相鄰標段施(shi)工單位共同(tong)尋求政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)管部門介入(ru)，采(cai)用行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)干預(yu)，以達到價差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)調整的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。對于許多(duo)合同(tong)中未明確材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料價差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)調整或把材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料價差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是承包商(shang)應承擔風險的(de)(de)項目，要(yao)認識到近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料上(shang)漲主(zhu)要(yao)是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家環保力度加大，導致供需之間失衡所致，該風險是作為(wei)(wei)(wei)有經驗的(de)(de)承包商(shang)也(ye)無法(fa)準(zhun)確預(yu)估的(de)(de)，因(yin)此(ci)應尋求政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)管部門介入(ru)。通過以上(shang)的(de)(de)有效手段，有效的(de)(de)減少因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)漲價給施(shi)工單位帶來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)虧損風險，有效的(de)(de)保證施(shi)工企(qi)業的(de)(de)經濟效益(yi)以及工程(cheng)質量。

5結語

近年以來(lai)由于(yu)(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，國內國際市(shi)場(chang)(chang)大環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響下，導致材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利潤空(kong)間不斷被(bei)壓縮，只有(you)(you)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)化施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)業(ye)鏈，才能保證立(li)于(yu)(yu)不敗之地(di)。本項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總承包單位在承建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)重點需要關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出(chu)以下幾點建(jian)(jian)議(yi)：①初期(qi)(qi)投標階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。1）投標初期(qi)(qi)一(yi)定(ding)要做好(hao)(hao)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)調(diao)查，并做好(hao)(hao)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)詢(xun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)記錄，為后期(qi)(qi)結算調(diao)差等階(jie)段(duan)(duan)做好(hao)(hao)基礎資料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收集準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作；2）作為一(yi)個有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總承包單位，要有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息收集網絡，地(di)材(cai)(cai)(cai)作為一(yi)個地(di)域性較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，采購價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)局限性較(jiao)(jiao)大，地(di)區性市(shi)場(chang)(chang)考察一(yi)定(ding)要全面，而非(fei)僅僅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)詢(xun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，綜合考慮本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設區域施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)間是否會出(chu)現(xian)(xian)地(di)材(cai)(cai)(cai)需求(qiu)激增，導致供不應求(qiu)，材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)漲價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)要形成區域經(jing)(jing)(jing)營，擇(ze)優(you)選(xuan)擇(ze)長期(qi)(qi)合作單位，保證拿到(dao)最(zui)(zui)低材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)，降低施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本。②合同(tong)簽訂階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。在與(yu)建(jian)(jian)設單位合同(tong)談(tan)判階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，要積(ji)極爭取(qu)(qu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)調(diao)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性，爭取(qu)(qu)更有(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合同(tong)條(tiao)款(kuan)。③施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。1）加(jia)強施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管控，合理控制材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)消耗，減少(shao)不必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗；2）加(jia)強采購管理，擇(ze)優(you)選(xuan)擇(ze)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)供應商，確(que)保材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)最(zui)(zui)低；3）加(jia)強設計、業(ye)主溝通，尋求(qiu)替代材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)；4）合理利用合同(tong)計量規則，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)效益。綜上所(suo)述，來(lai)自材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)，致使(shi)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面臨著嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅(xie)，本文充分探討材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)對于(yu)(yu)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體影響，隨(sui)后提(ti)出(chu)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應對措(cuo)施來(lai)弱化材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅(xie)，以此來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)水平，實現(xian)(xian)對于(yu)(yu)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效控制，保證施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟效益以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量。

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作者：田景(jing)勝 單位：中國鐵建投資(zi)集團有限公(gong)司(si)