導語：水工建筑實施階段造價控制和管(guan)理一文來源于網(wang)友上傳，不代表本(ben)站觀點，若(ruo)需要原創文章可(ke)咨詢客服老(lao)師(shi)，歡(huan)迎參(can)考。

摘要：為滿足經濟與社會發展需要，水工建筑工程近年來在我國各地大量興建。基于此，本文以某大型調蓄水庫工程作為研究對象，并結合基于全過程理念的造價管控理論，深入探討水工建筑實施階段造價管控方(fang)法，以供(gong)業內人士參考。

關鍵詞：水工建筑；造(zao)價；全過程理念

0引言

雖然近年來水工建筑工程造價管控的受關注程度持續提升，但結合實際調研可以發現，相關實踐仍存在一定不足，如缺乏全過程造價控制意識、造價管(guan)控(kong)(kong)細節(jie)把控(kong)(kong)不當等(deng)。為更好管(guan)控(kong)(kong)水工建筑工程造價，正是本文研(yan)究的目(mu)標所在。

1工程概況

以某大型調蓄水庫工程作為研究對象，工程的總調水規模、最大年調水量分別為20m3/s、4.4億m3，工程建設內容包括泵站工程、輸水管線工程、隧洞工程、渠道及渠系建筑物改造工程、管理設施、自動(dong)化監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)系(xi)統(tong)。泵站(zhan)(zhan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)設計(ji)流量(liang)20m3/s的(de)泵站(zhan)(zhan)6座、10m3/s的(de)泵站(zhan)(zhan)3座，同(tong)時需要改(gai)造或(huo)新(xin)建(jian)節(jie)制閘(zha)；輸(shu)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)線工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)0.4km的(de)出水(shui)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)和21.5km的(de)輸(shu)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)；渠(qu)(qu)(qu)道(dao)及(ji)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)建(jian)筑物(wu)改(gai)造工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)舊閘(zha)與節(jie)制閘(zha)改(gai)造、倒虹吸改(gai)造與新(xin)建(jian)、穿渠(qu)(qu)(qu)涵洞(dong)加固(gu)、山洪拆除重(zhong)建(jian)、渠(qu)(qu)(qu)道(dao)防滲加固(gu)處理(li)、渠(qu)(qu)(qu)堤(di)頂路面硬(ying)化處理(li)、綠(lv)籬栽(zai)植、引水(shui)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)清淤；隧(sui)洞(dong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)隧(sui)洞(dong)加固(gu)、輸(shu)水(shui)洞(dong)新(xin)建(jian)；管(guan)(guan)理(li)設施包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心建(jian)設，同(tong)時需要結合(he)(he)泵站(zhan)(zhan)進行現地管(guan)(guan)理(li)站(zhan)(zhan)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)所的(de)建(jian)設；自動(dong)化監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)系(xi)統(tong)建(jian)設涉及(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全(quan)監(jian)測、通信(xin)、安防、監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)、水(shui)質(zhi)監(jian)測、水(shui)量(liang)自動(dong)監(jian)測、遠程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)會商、綜合(he)(he)信(xin)息管(guan)(guan)理(li)等子系(xi)統(tong)。為保(bao)證實施階(jie)段造價控(kong)(kong)(kong)制與管(guan)(guan)理(li)取得預(yu)期效果，案例工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)引入全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價控(kong)(kong)(kong)制理(li)念，由此開展的(de)造價管(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)具備較(jiao)高(gao)借鑒價值。

2基于全過程理念的造價管控理論

2.1理論分析

基于全過程(cheng)(cheng)理(li)念，水(shui)工建筑造價管(guan)控需(xu)要同時關注決策、設(she)(she)計(ji)、招投(tou)標、施(shi)工、竣(jun)工結算等階(jie)段，具體管(guan)理(li)如圖1所示。對于水(shui)工建筑工程(cheng)(cheng)涉及的(de)建設(she)(she)、咨詢、設(she)(she)計(ji)、監理(li)、施(shi)工、運營等單位，也需(xu)要設(she)(she)法(fa)明(ming)確各單位在不同階(jie)段的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，具體如圖2所示[1]。

2.2要點總結

為(wei)(wei)(wei)有效管(guan)控水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)，必(bi)須同(tong)(tong)時關(guan)注各個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)階(jie)段(duan)，在(zai)貫(guan)徹全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)理(li)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，業主(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)決(jue)策(ce)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)準備和(he)咨詢，設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)研究(jiu)、項目建(jian)(jian)議書(shu)及投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。在(zai)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)可(ke)(ke)采用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)力指數法(fa)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)力估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)、指標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)、比例(li)(li)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)、系(xi)數估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)等不(bu)同(tong)(tong)方法(fa)。以指標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)(li)，造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)細分(fen)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)采購設(she)備、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、安(an)裝設(she)備等環(huan)節(jie)，具(ju)體估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)進行(xing)(xing)，完(wan)成(cheng)匯(hui)總(zong)(zong)后(hou)還(huan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)引(yin)入(ru)預備費及其他費用，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靜態總(zong)(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)可(ke)(ke)最終確(que)定，這一過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)聚(ju)焦不(bu)同(tong)(tong)時期、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)區、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)差(cha)異，綜合地(di)區建(jian)(jian)設(she)環(huan)境(jing)、費用標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準、價(jia)(jia)格水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、定額(e)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)進行(xing)(xing)考慮[2]；單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)力估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法(fa)同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)能(neng)(neng)夠較好(hao)用于投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，該方法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)公式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：C2=（C1/Q1）Q2f（1）式(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)C1、Q1、C2、Q2、f分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)類似工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)、類似工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)力、擬建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)、擬建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)力、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)時間和(he)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合調(diao)整系(xi)數。為(wei)(wei)(wei)更(geng)好(hao)控制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)還(huan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)負(fu)責(ze)優選方案(an)(an)(an)，該環(huan)節(jie)可(ke)(ke)引(yin)入(ru)價(jia)(jia)值工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)理(li)論(lun)，按照下(xia)式(shi)進行(xing)(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)：V=F/C（2）式(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)F、C、V分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象功能(neng)(neng)、需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)付出成(cheng)本、價(jia)(jia)值，具(ju)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)如圖3所示(shi)。在(zai)完(wan)成(cheng)方案(an)(an)(an)優選后(hou)，相關(guan)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)格審批同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)不(bu)容忽視。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)來(lai)說，對(dui)(dui)(dui)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)完(wan)成(cheng)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)報告，這一過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)聚(ju)焦標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準化(hua)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)并設(she)法(fa)提升設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)深度，限額(e)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)應用也極為(wei)(wei)(wei)關(guan)鍵(jian)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于初步設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案(an)(an)(an)及造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)，審查單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)開展重(zhong)點(dian)管(guan)理(li)；在(zai)招(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)段(duan)，業主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實際情況，通過(guo)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方式(shi)優選、評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方案(an)(an)(an)優化(hua)、合理(li)評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)價(jia)(jia)確(que)定，最終實現合理(li)承發(fa)包合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽訂(ding)，這一過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)還(huan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)關(guan)注招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文件規(gui)范編(bian)(bian)寫、設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)條件約(yue)定、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)推行(xing)(xing)，招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)管(guan)理(li)同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格開展；在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)聚(ju)焦利(li)益平(ping)衡(heng)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尋找、監理(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用發(fa)揮、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)優化(hua)、變更(geng)與索(suo)賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)處理(li)；竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)階(jie)段(duan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)點(dian)關(guan)注依據(ju)制(zhi)定、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)格審核也極為(wei)(wei)(wei)關(guan)鍵(jian)，如對(dui)(dui)(dui)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)和(he)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)(xing)適(shi)當調(diao)整，該調(diao)整需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)充分(fen)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合市場價(jia)(jia)格與合同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定[3]。

3基于全過程理念的造價管控實踐

3.1造價管控措(cuo)施

結合設計(ji)、監理(li)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、業主單位(wei)共同進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)案(an)例(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)劃分(fen)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)細分(fen)為單位(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)34項(xiang)，分(fen)部工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共計(ji)240項(xiang)，單元(yuan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)13531項(xiang)。2019年8月30日(ri)，案(an)例(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開工(gong)(gong)，工(gong)(gong)期(qi)共計(ji)24個月，主體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)2020年底(di)完成(cheng)。2020年2月底(di)，完成(cheng)涉水(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，階段(duan)性(xing)驗收在(zai)(zai)2020年3月13-20日(ri)完成(cheng)。2020年底(di)完成(cheng)泵站(zhan)土(tu)建(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)和預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼筒(tong)混凝(ning)土(tu)管(guan)(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，水(shui)機、電氣(qi)、金結設備安(an)裝于2021年7月底(di)完成(cheng)并(bing)進(jin)行試運行，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最(zui)終在(zai)(zai)預(yu)(yu)定工(gong)(gong)期(qi)內完成(cheng)建(jian)設并(bing)順利通過(guo)驗收。在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)造價管(guan)(guan)控(kong)中，基于全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)理(li)念，采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)具體造價管(guan)(guan)控(kong)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)可細分(fen)為三方面(mian)。

3.1.1設(she)計變更管理(li)應對

為(wei)(wei)(wei)應對(dui)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)，案(an)例工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嚴格遵(zun)循預定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，重大(da)(da)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)由特聘專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)院(yuan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)共(gong)同負(fu)責評(ping)審，評(ping)審結(jie)果需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)向相關(guan)單(dan)位(wei)及(ji)(ji)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)管(guan)理(li)中心上報，主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門負(fu)責評(ping)審論證(zheng)，這一(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)同樣需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)組織相關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)。具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開始前(qian)制定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)管(guan)理(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)申請發出(chu)后(hou)(hou)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)通過設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)通知形式將一(yi)般(ban)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)發布，如設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)較大(da)(da)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)題(ti)報告需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)由設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)院(yuan)負(fu)責編制，并上相關(guan)單(dan)位(wei)報批，具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)實(shi)施(shi)由監理(li)單(dan)位(wei)負(fu)責。案(an)例工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)包(bao)括渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)和(he)(he)泵站選址變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)，以(yi)(yi)渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階段，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)(ji)于實(shi)際工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)及(ji)(ji)渠(qu)(qu)系建筑物(wu)改造設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，長期以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)暴露的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)和(he)(he)現場(chang)踏勘(kan)均在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中得到(dao)充分(fen)(fen)考慮(lv)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)出(chu)現一(yi)定(ding)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，這使(shi)得原(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)無法(fa)順(shun)利落實(shi)，具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)原(yuan)(yuan)因包(bao)括：第(di)(di)一(yi)，外部(bu)條件出(chu)現變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)。冬(dong)季冰蓋下(xia)輸水(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)渠(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)有(you)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，但受到(dao)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)影(ying)響，冬(dong)季大(da)(da)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)干渠(qu)(qu)狀態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠(qu)(qu)段與設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)況(kuang)不符，這使(shi)得冬(dong)季凍脹破(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)問題(ti)近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)日(ri)趨嚴重，常年(nian)處于水(shui)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倒虹吸、涵洞等(deng)部(bu)位(wei)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)也未能明確；第(di)(di)二，新增要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)改善(shan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，當(dang)地相關(guan)單(dan)位(wei)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)對(dui)渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，新提出(chu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)改造內容(rong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求。基(ji)(ji)于實(shi)際情(qing)況(kuang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，通過各方(fang)充分(fen)(fen)商討，明確了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)內容(rong)調(diao)整原(yuan)(yuan)則，影(ying)響輸水(shui)安(an)全和(he)(he)反向輸水(shui)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)問題(ti)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投資運行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)最先解決，以(yi)(yi)此進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)優化(hua)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)現場(chang)調(diao)整。對(dui)于需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)固和(he)(he)防滲(shen)(shen)處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半挖半填段渠(qu)(qu)道(dao)，需(xu)(xu)綜合(he)(he)(he)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)水(shui)位(wei)及(ji)(ji)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)地形情(qing)況(kuang)，全面分(fen)(fen)析渠(qu)(qu)坡(po)(po)護(hu)砌、滲(shen)(shen)水(shui)等(deng)情(qing)況(kuang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發現存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)滲(shen)(shen)漏問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠(qu)(qu)坡(po)(po)漿砌石擋(dang)墻后(hou)(hou)，原(yuan)(yuan)方(fang)案(an)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保留原(yuan)(yuan)渠(qu)(qu)坡(po)(po)護(hu)砌及(ji)(ji)防滲(shen)(shen)，渠(qu)(qu)坡(po)(po)擋(dang)墻后(hou)(hou)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)開展加(jia)固和(he)(he)防滲(shen)(shen)處理(li)。結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)方(fang)案(an)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)析可(ke)以(yi)(yi)確定(ding)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費用(yong)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)28754.35萬(wan)元、29185.23萬(wan)元，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)共(gong)增加(jia)430.88萬(wan)元費用(yong)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)控制投資增加(jia)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重點開展了限額設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，合(he)(he)(he)理(li)調(diao)整變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)方(fang)案(an)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不影(ying)響輸入安(an)全和(he)(he)結(jie)構(gou)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)，襯(chen)(chen)砌破(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)修復(fu)段不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)全部(bu)修復(fu)，僅需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)破(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)襯(chen)(chen)砌進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)修復(fu)，如局部(bu)破(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)襯(chen)(chen)砌按照現狀標準(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)局部(bu)修補，襯(chen)(chen)砌范圍較大(da)(da)破(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠(qu)(qu)段修復(fu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖所示修復(fu)標準(zhun)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)優化(hua)后(hou)(hou)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費用(yong)下(xia)降至28540.29萬(wan)元，限額設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)取得預期效(xiao)果。

3.1.2強化合同(tong)管理

案例工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)采用單(dan)價(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)，招(zhao)標(biao)時基于(yu)招(zhao)標(biao)圖(tu)紙確定工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清單(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信息，其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)屬(shu)于(yu)預(yu)估值，屬(shu)于(yu)合(he)(he)同(tong)總價(jia)計算基礎。在(zai)確定案例工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)參(can)建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)位后，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位全面開(kai)(kai)展了合(he)(he)同(tong)簽訂，并嚴格遵(zun)循(xun)合(he)(he)同(tong)內(nei)容進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理，參(can)建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)位則(ze)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)推進(jin)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要全面遵(zun)循(xun)合(he)(he)同(tong)約定。具體施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)理嚴格遵(zun)循(xun)合(he)(he)同(tong)規定進(jin)行(xing)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)通過(guo)合(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)規則(ze)開(kai)(kai)展，相關風險在(zai)單(dan)價(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)下實現合(he)(he)理分段，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)推進(jin)及(ji)雙方履約均得到較好保障(zhang)。

3.1.3優化協調(diao)工作

建設單(dan)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)案例(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程協調(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)面同樣投入(ru)大(da)量精力，在(zai)(zai)具體施工(gong)(gong)(gong)環節(jie)，各項管理嚴格(ge)遵(zun)循合同文件(jian)內容(rong)，同時對監(jian)理單(dan)位(wei)提供(gong)的信息進(jin)行全面分析，高度關(guan)(guan)(guan)注施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度和質(zhi)量，同時對各參與方(fang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系進(jin)行協調(diao)。這一過(guo)程需要嚴格(ge)按照合同處理資金(jin)并妥善應對各類復雜施工(gong)(gong)(gong)問題(ti)，各參建單(dan)位(wei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系的協調(diao)也不容(rong)忽視。案例(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的資金(jin)和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度控制最終(zhong)取(qu)得(de)預期(qi)效(xiao)果，協調(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)其中發揮著關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵性作(zuo)(zuo)用。

3.2實(shi)際問題分析

3.2.1惡意變更行為

在(zai)案(an)例水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位存(cun)在(zai)惡(e)(e)意(yi)變更行為(wei)，這一(yi)行為(wei)對(dui)(dui)(dui)造價管(guan)(guan)控工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)造成較為(wei)深遠(yuan)影(ying)響。所(suo)謂惡(e)(e)意(yi)變更行為(wei)，指的(de)(de)是施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位提(ti)出施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)問題，以此實現(xian)設(she)計變更的(de)(de)變相增加，通過增加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)容(rong)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)利潤將隨之提(ti)升。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)大量隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)來說，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)很容(rong)易出現(xian)變更，受特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)影(ying)響，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位為(wei)實現(xian)設(she)計變更可能應用(yong)不正當手(shou)段，這對(dui)(dui)(dui)造價管(guan)(guan)控工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)帶來的(de)(de)挑戰較為(wei)深遠(yuan)，這類行為(wei)在(zai)案(an)例工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中有所(suo)體現(xian)。

3.2.2合同管理不(bu)善

如水工(gong)(gong)建筑工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)存在(zai)問(wen)題(ti)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程很容易出(chu)現(xian)現(xian)場簽(qian)(qian)證混亂情(qing)況，案(an)例工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中的造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制因此(ci)受到(dao)一(yi)定程度(du)限制。深入分析(xi)可(ke)以發(fa)現(xian)，案(an)例工(gong)(gong)程中合同(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方缺乏對(dui)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)重(zhong)(zhong)要性的認識，建設單位的相關付出(chu)較少，在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)中更多(duo)依靠監理(li)(li)單位，較為薄(bo)弱的合同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)使(shi)得建設單位不熟悉工(gong)(gong)程的合作、內容及造(zao)價(jia)，在(zai)盲目簽(qian)(qian)證過程中，業主和監理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程師很多(duo)時(shi)候在(zai)不實際確定的前提下簽(qian)(qian)字(zi)，進而導(dao)致造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)控(kong)工(gong)(gong)作受到(dao)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)負面影響。為提高費用(yong)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位將大量精力和資源用(yong)于公關，工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)理(li)(li)因此(ci)未能嚴格遵循合同(tong)(tong)(tong)開(kai)展(zhan)，高估冒算、投資欺騙(pian)、以少報(bao)多(duo)、鉆合同(tong)(tong)(tong)空(kong)子等情(qing)況頻繁出(chu)現(xian)，這對(dui)案(an)例工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)造(zao)成(cheng)的負面影響必須得到(dao)重(zhong)(zhong)視。

3.2.3監理水平低下

監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)制廣泛用于我國水工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，但受到參差不(bu)(bu)(bu)齊的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)水平影響，較(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)水平會(hui)直接影響監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作效果，如案例(li)水工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)便存在部分能(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)、水平不(bu)(bu)(bu)高的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員，這(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員缺乏對專業知識(shi)的(de)掌握，無法較(jiao)(jiao)好履行自身職責(ze)。受監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)費用不(bu)(bu)(bu)高影響，案例(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)投入(ru)的(de)人(ren)力(li)(li)資源(yuan)數(shu)量較(jiao)(jiao)為有限，這(zhe)(zhe)使得監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作有效性難以(yi)保障。此(ci)外，由于監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)需要(yao)協(xie)調建(jian)設單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)關系，案例(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)存在一定“不(bu)(bu)(bu)想得罪人(ren)”心理(li)(li)，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)進度(du)、質量及費用能(neng)夠大體滿足(zu)建(jian)設單(dan)位(wei)(wei)要(yao)求后，監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)往(wang)往(wang)本著“能(neng)過就過”心態開展(zhan)工(gong)作，這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況下的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作開展(zhan)自然很容易出現紕漏(lou)。

3.3問(wen)題應對建(jian)議

3.3.1優化設(she)計變(bian)更(geng)方案

為實(shi)現(xian)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)減少，較好應對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)惡意變更(geng)(geng)行(xing)(xing)為，本文建(jian)議案例(li)工(gong)程專門建(jian)立(li)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)統及組織，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、監理、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)、設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)均(jun)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)針(zhen)對(dui)性形(xing)成自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理機構，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)配備專業管(guan)(guan)理人員(yuan)，不同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)理人員(yuan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)明(ming)確自(zi)身分工(gong)及任務，真正(zheng)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理中(zhong)發(fa)揮作用，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)設(she)(she)(she)法提(ti)升施(shi)(shi)工(gong)參與者的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作能(neng)力和(he)責任心，對(dui)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)控制(zhi)。對(dui)于出(chu)現(xian)違規(gui)操作的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)及個人，需(xu)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)質量監督部(bu)門出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)懲處(chu)，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)水工(gong)建(jian)筑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)造價管(guan)(guan)控、進(jin)度控制(zhi)、質量保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)目標順(shun)利實(shi)現(xian)。在(zai)處(chu)理變更(geng)(geng)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)遵循提(ti)高效益、優化設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、降低投資(zi)原則，如設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)較大，必須嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)概算，充分結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)方案變更(geng)(geng)情況，概算需(xu)要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)向主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門上報，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)投資(zi)增加能(neng)夠在(zai)一(yi)定范(fan)圍(wei)內控制(zhi)，具體(ti)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)得到各方批(pi)準(zhun)。如變更(geng)(geng)較小(xiao)且滿(man)足合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)規(gui)定，具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)變更(geng)(geng)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)程序規(gui)定，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)僅需(xu)要(yao)(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)程序進(jin)行(xing)(xing)批(pi)準(zhun)。對(dui)于變更(geng)(geng)過程，具體(ti)審核需(xu)要(yao)(yao)重點圍(wei)繞單(dan)價和(he)工(gong)程量進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)現(xian)場(chang)實(shi)測工(gong)作需(xu)要(yao)(yao)由施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)完成，現(xian)場(chang)確認由監理單(dan)位(wei)負責，進(jin)而保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)更(geng)(geng)為準(zhun)確變更(geng)(geng)順(shun)利完成。

3.3.2提升合(he)同管理(li)水平

為解決(jue)案例(li)水工(gong)(gong)建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)暴露出的(de)(de)合同(tong)管理不(bu)善問題(ti)，必須(xu)設(she)(she)法提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)合同(tong)管理水平，建設(she)(she)單位(wei)需要在合同(tong)中(zhong)明確各方(fang)面細(xi)節，避免糾紛在施工(gong)(gong)、結算等環(huan)(huan)節出現。在水工(gong)(gong)建筑施工(gong)(gong)環(huan)(huan)節，合同(tong)規定(ding)的(de)(de)計費規范、標準、原則、時間(jian)等規定(ding)需要嚴格(ge)落實(shi)，合同(tong)執行(xing)也需要全面貫(guan)徹“互信互助(zhu)”原則，以此(ci)強(qiang)化承發包雙方(fang)合作，各方(fang)權利的(de)(de)行(xing)使及合同(tong)的(de)(de)執行(xing)屬(shu)于其中(zhong)關鍵(jian)，這直接(jie)影響不(bu)同(tong)單位(wei)的(de)(de)義務(wu)履行(xing)。必須(xu)設(she)(she)法提(ti)(ti)高(gao)參建單位(wei)對合同(tong)的(de)(de)重視程(cheng)度(du)，保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)預期實(shi)現，因扯(che)皮導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)期延誤、彼此(ci)浪費等問題(ti)能夠(gou)更好(hao)規避。

3.3.3提高監理單位水平

為解決案例工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)暴露出的(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)低下問題(ti)，必須(xu)設(she)法更(geng)新(xin)監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員知識(shi)結構和(he)實踐能(neng)力，樹立終身學習理(li)(li)念(nian)，及時(shi)掌握新(xin)材料(liao)、新(xin)技術(shu)，持續更(geng)新(xin)技術(shu)規范、標準(zhun)及規程(cheng)(cheng)，通過樹立良好(hao)形(xing)象(xiang)并(bing)提升(sheng)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)能(neng)力，監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員能(neng)夠(gou)較(jiao)好(hao)滿足水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)需要(yao)。對于相關政府部門來說，為促進(jin)監(jian)理(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)，還(huan)需要(yao)適(shi)當提升(sheng)該行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)收(shou)費標準(zhun)。只(zhi)有(you)監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員的(de)(de)素(su)質達標，同時(shi)提升(sheng)其工(gong)作收(shou)入，才能(neng)夠(gou)有(you)力推(tui)動監(jian)理(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)，逐步(bu)形(xing)成高(gao)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)高(gao)素(su)質的(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)隊伍，監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)地位(wei)在水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)地位(wei)也將持續提升(sheng)，進(jin)而更(geng)好(hao)參(can)與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)控效(xiao)果也將顯著(zhu)提升(sheng)。

4結論

綜(zong)上所述(shu)，水工(gong)建筑實(shi)施階段造(zao)(zao)價管控(kong)需要(yao)關注多方面因素影響。在此基礎上，本(ben)文涉及的優化設計變(bian)更方案、提高(gao)監理單位水平(ping)等內容，則提供了可(ke)行(xing)性較高(gao)的造(zao)(zao)價管控(kong)路(lu)徑(jing)。為更好(hao)開展造(zao)(zao)價管控(kong)工(gong)作，智能(neng)化管理探索、新(xin)型(xing)造(zao)(zao)價軟件應(ying)用、相關人才培養同樣需要(yao)得到重視。

參考文獻：

[1]胡(hu)海濤.卡拉貝利水利樞(shu)紐工(gong)程施工(gong)全(quan)過(guo)程造價管理措施[J].珠江(jiang)水運，2021（23）：24-25.

[2]丁濤.淺談施工(gong)階段水利工(gong)程(cheng)造價控制(zhi)中的問題及對策(ce)[J].地下水，2021，43（06）：306-307.

[3]趙旭升.水利(li)工程(cheng)全過(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)價管理探討——評《水利(li)工程(cheng)造(zao)價管理》[J].人民黃河，2021，43（10）：162.

作者(zhe)：曾尚偉 單位(wei)：廣(guang)東省源天工程有限公司