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摘要：采用專業的開采技術與針對性的巷道防護方法是順利完成采礦工程生產的關鍵，在實際工作中需根據工程的實際情況進行采掘，以維護工程現場作業人員的生命安全。就當前采礦工程中常見的巷道掘進與支護技術進行分析，首先闡述了巷道掘進與支護技術應(ying)用(yong)的(de)重要性與影響因素，其次總結(jie)了(le)技術應(ying)用(yong)要點，然后結(jie)合工程實例對掘進(jin)與支護技術的(de)具(ju)體應(ying)用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)論證，旨在促進(jin)相關技術體系的(de)完善，促進(jin)采礦行(xing)業的(de)可持續發(fa)展。

關鍵詞：采礦(kuang)工程；巷(xiang)道掘進；支護技術；應(ying)用方(fang)法(fa)

1概述

隨著我國社會經濟的(de)快速發展，采礦(kuang)工(gong)程行業面臨的(de)市(shi)場(chang)環境日(ri)益嚴峻，作為企業，要想占據一(yi)定(ding)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)份(fen)額，提升社會信(xin)譽，則必(bi)須注重(zhong)采礦(kuang)過程中的(de)細節把控，做好人、物、環境等因(yin)素(su)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)。作為技(ji)術人員，也需(xu)結合(he)工(gong)程現場(chang)情況編制轉向(xiang)掘進(jin)與支護(hu)方案，以提高掘進(jin)支護(hu)效率，有效避免安全事故的(de)發生(sheng)。

2采礦工程巷道掘進與支護概述

采(cai)礦(kuang)時，需(xu)先對(dui)(dui)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)技(ji)術進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)比對(dui)(dui)，采(cai)用(yong)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械設備(bei)，建立科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)體系，以確(que)保采(cai)礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。在巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)作結(jie)束(shu)后(hou)，需(xu)立即進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)，在維護(hu)煤礦(kuang)巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)周邊(bian)地(di)(di)(di)質穩(wen)定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，也(ye)(ye)可保障巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)整體結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)固。在實(shi)際工(gong)(gong)作中，存(cun)在較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)，主要包括巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)圍(wei)巖強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)、地(di)(di)(di)質環境(jing)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)以及(ji)地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)。其中，圍(wei)巖強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定，需(xu)提前對(dui)(dui)圍(wei)巖進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)確(que)定強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)，應(ying)用(yong)錨(mao)桿技(ji)術可提高圍(wei)巖強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)，加(jia)固巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)效(xiao)果。地(di)(di)(di)質應(ying)力(li)荷載(zai)(zai)能力(li)也(ye)(ye)是勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點，荷載(zai)(zai)關系著頂(ding)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位移，而地(di)(di)(di)質應(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)與荷載(zai)(zai)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升，可減(jian)少頂(ding)板位移。采(cai)礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質環境(jing)復雜多變，會(hui)遇(yu)到(dao)軟巖、硬巖、斷層或褶皺(zhou)等不同問題(ti)，若盲目(mu)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)則會(hui)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)生(sheng)產(chan)風險。為此(ci)，必須對(dui)(dui)地(di)(di)(di)表與地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)質情(qing)況進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)勘(kan)察(cha)，采(cai)用(yong)差(cha)異性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)案(an)。此(ci)外，地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)也(ye)(ye)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)區(qu)開采(cai)造成(cheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)大，則巖體位移增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，從而引發支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)設備(bei)變形。巷(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)作影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)與解決方(fang)(fang)法如(ru)表1所示。

3采礦工程巷道掘進與支護技術應用分析

3.1掘進技術要點

3.1.1掘進方式

在(zai)采礦(kuang)工程巷道(dao)掘進時(shi)，可有效運(yun)用(yong)鉆(zhan)眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破法，配(pei)合多臺(tai)鉆(zhan)機進行施(shi)工。在(zai)施(shi)工前，需對(dui)(dui)炮(pao)眼(yan)布設(she)(she)數量和(he)掘進深度等參數進行合理設(she)(she)置。對(dui)(dui)于一般金屬非金屬礦(kuang)層來說(shuo)，周邊地層較為(wei)堅(jian)固(gu)，可采用(yong)單向掏(tao)(tao)槽(cao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。但就炮(pao)眼(yan)來說(shuo)，若斷(duan)面較小，則應(ying)采用(yong)復合式掏(tao)(tao)槽(cao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)；若存在(zai)軟弱(ruo)夾層，則需布設(she)(she)三個掏(tao)(tao)槽(cao)眼(yan)，而傾(qing)角必(bi)須控制(zhi)在(zai)60°~90°范(fan)圍內，斷(duan)面較小則需布設(she)(she)輔助炮(pao)眼(yan)。在(zai)鉆(zhan)眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破過(guo)程中，需注意裝礦(kuang)環節，通常采用(yong)STB-22L型扒裝機進行作業。

3.1.2瓦斯排放(fang)

采礦工(gong)程巷(xiang)道(dao)(dao)掘進時需注重(zhong)瓦斯氣(qi)體(ti)排(pai)放的(de)(de)控制，對排(pai)放濃度(du)進行(xing)監測，若濃度(du)過高易引發中毒(du)或爆(bao)炸事故。對于瓦斯排(pai)放需注意(yi)以(yi)下幾點(dian)：第(di)一，創造良好的(de)(de)空氣(qi)環境(jing)，確保巷(xiang)道(dao)(dao)中的(de)(de)空氣(qi)流通；第(di)二(er)，定時定點(dian)測量巷(xiang)道(dao)(dao)瓦斯氣(qi)體(ti)濃度(du)，為排(pai)放工(gong)作提供數據支持。

3.1.3通風防塵

根據工程情(qing)況(kuang)選擇(ze)相應的通風(feng)設備型號及適(shi)宜的數(shu)量(liang)，科學(xue)規劃通風(feng)機安裝(zhuang)位置(zhi)(zhi)。同時，需(xu)(xu)參照巷道掘進工作的實(shi)際需(xu)(xu)求設置(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)量(liang)與(yu)風(feng)壓，在安裝(zhuang)通風(feng)機時搭配風(feng)筒(tong)進行(xing)使用，但需(xu)(xu)注意漏(lou)風(feng)和渦(wo)流等(deng)問(wen)題。在設備投入使用前，需(xu)(xu)先(xian)對風(feng)機的性(xing)能進行(xing)測試，確(que)保其(qi)可滿足(zu)不同運行(xing)環境下(xia)的作業需(xu)(xu)求。此外，因粉塵(chen)可燃(ran)，若大量(liang)積聚則(ze)會引發爆(bao)炸等(deng)事(shi)故，所以需(xu)(xu)安裝(zhuang)除塵(chen)系統。

3.2支護技術要點

3.2.1臨時性支(zhi)護(hu)

所謂臨時性(xing)(xing)(xing)支護(hu)(hu)是指(zhi)在巷道(dao)掘進(jin)時采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)臨時性(xing)(xing)(xing)巷道(dao)支護(hu)(hu)結構。臨時性(xing)(xing)(xing)支護(hu)(hu)技術的(de)優勢為(wei)操作便(bian)捷，作業(ye)周期短。在很多采(cai)礦工程中(zhong)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)臨時性(xing)(xing)(xing)支護(hu)(hu)時會采(cai)用(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬支架，強度更高(gao)，也可(ke)反復利用(yong)(yong)，此種(zhong)支護(hu)(hu)結構也可(ke)作為(wei)永久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)支護(hu)(hu)進(jin)行使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

3.2.2永久性支(zhi)護

（1）錨桿(gan)支(zhi)護技術。錨桿(gan)支(zhi)護包括頂板與煤幫(bang)兩種(zhong)結構，因性能(neng)、型號多樣，支(zhi)護形(xing)式也(ye)更為(wei)多樣。例如，復合玻(bo)璃鋼(gang)錨桿(gan)，主要(yao)材料為(wei)玻(bo)璃鋼(gang)，內(nei)端頭為(wei)左旋(xuan)麻(ma)花(hua)結構，桿(gan)體(ti)尺寸(cun)小于(yu)26mm，多用于(yu)孔徑為(wei)28~32mm的(de)鉆孔，可(ke)保(bao)證錨桿(gan)與巖層為(wei)正交，便于(yu)控制(zhi)角(jiao)度。在安裝錨桿(gan)時(shi)，需注重錨固劑的(de)制(zhi)作與使用，控制(zhi)攪拌(ban)時(shi)間，且需一次錨固徹底，中途不得中斷。

（2）錨(mao)索(suo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護。錨(mao)索(suo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護方式的(de)優勢體現在：可充分發揮其在巖層(ceng)上的(de)作用(yong)，也便于巖層(ceng)內部的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護處理。實踐表明采用(yong)錨(mao)索(suo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護方式進(jin)行處理，可提高巖層(ceng)結構的(de)穩固性，有效避免在生產后期巷(xiang)道(dao)頂(ding)板離層(ceng)或者(zhe)是巷(xiang)道(dao)頂(ding)板下沉(chen)、垮落等問題(ti)。在實際(ji)操作時，技術人員應使(shi)用(yong)專業的(de)墩(dun)座或托盤等工(gong)(gong)具進(jin)行施工(gong)(gong)，選(xuan)用(yong)性能較強的(de)錨(mao)索(suo)設備，以確保最終的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護效果。

（3）錨、網、噴(pen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。所謂(wei)錨、網、噴(pen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，是指先綜合使用(yong)(yong)錨桿、錨索、錨網形式(shi)，后對巷(xiang)道均勻噴(pen)漿的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)方式(shi)。該支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)方式(shi)的(de)優(you)點為(wei)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)安全系數(shu)更(geng)高，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)性更(geng)強，可應用(yong)(yong)于所有掘進巷(xiang)道類型。但是弊端(duan)也十分(fen)顯著(zhu)，操作工(gong)序(xu)繁雜(za)，成本較高。因此，該支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)形式(shi)多應用(yong)(yong)于地質條件復(fu)雜(za)且施(shi)工(gong)要求較高的(de)工(gong)程中(zhong)，如井下專用(yong)(yong)回風巷(xiang)、小煤柱巷(xiang)道以及為(wei)整個礦井服務的(de)開拓巷(xiang)道。

4實例分析

4.1工程概況

某煤(mei)礦工(gong)程擬建8203回風順槽巷(xiang)道(dao)，巷(xiang)道(dao)斷(duan)面呈矩形，其規格為4000mm×2400mm（寬×高），此巷(xiang)道(dao)主要(yao)作(zuo)為8203工(gong)作(zuo)面回采(cai)過(guo)程中(zhong)的進風巷(xiang)使用，設計服務年(nian)限大于1年(nian)。

4.2回風順(shun)槽(cao)系統巷道掘(jue)出(chu)技術

該(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆爆法(fa)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)YT28型氣腿式(shi)(shi)(shi)風動(dong)鑿巖(yan)機進行(xing)打(da)(da)眼，斷面爆破一(yi)(yi)次(ci)完成(cheng)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)循環進尺深(shen)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8m。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程前(qian)期，巷道采用(yong)(yong)(yong)楔形方(fang)案(an)(an)，四周的(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)眼與(yu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)中設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輪廓線(xian)間隔距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)控制在160~250mm左(zuo)右(you)。爆破使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2#煤礦(kuang)許(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)乳化炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，設(she)(she)(she)有(you)毫秒延時起(qi)爆網路(lu)，配(pei)(pei)合使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)MFB-200型隔爆電容式(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)爆裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)爆破。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍內(nei)炮(pao)孔(kong)均設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)連(lian)續性裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)構，爆破網絡通過(guo)(guo)串并(bing)聯方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)處理。在裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時，為(wei)(wei)(wei)盡量(liang)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)接近炮(pao)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)底部(bu)(bu)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雷(lei)管段別。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水孔(kong)，設(she)(she)(she)有(you)防水套(tao)，通過(guo)(guo)此種(zhong)保護(hu)(hu)方(fang)法(fa)保證炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)干燥，避(bi)免因潮濕而拒(ju)爆問題。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程炮(pao)孔(kong)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)案(an)(an)如圖1所示。依據(ju)非(fei)金屬(shu)礦(kuang)巷道錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)支護(hu)(hu)理論，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)螺(luo)紋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)各項物理參數(shu)(shu)需進行(xing)深(shen)入分析，后(hou)再(zai)進行(xing)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尤(you)其是(shi)鉆孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)、錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)和樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)劑(ji)(ji)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)，通過(guo)(guo)耦(ou)合配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)確保支護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構穩定(ding)。按照規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，鉆孔(kong)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)與(yu)錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)桿(gan)體直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)差值應控制在6~10mm區間內(nei)，鉆孔(kong)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)與(yu)樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)劑(ji)(ji)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)差值應控制在4~8mm區間內(nei)。該(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)鉆孔(kong)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)28mm，樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)23mm，錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)18mm，參數(shu)(shu)符合“三(san)徑(jing)(jing)”匹配(pei)(pei)要求。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程回風巷道頂部(bu)(bu)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)?18mm×2000mm左(zuo)旋(xuan)無縱筋(jin)螺(luo)紋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)，托盤(pan)則(ze)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)150mm×150mm×10mm鐵材質，布(bu)設(she)(she)(she)參數(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：間距(ju)(ju)(ju)950mm，排(pai)距(ju)(ju)(ju)1000mm，一(yi)(yi)排(pai)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5根(gen)(gen)(gen)。樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)劑(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)MSK2360，錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)力大于(yu)(yu)(yu)60kN，預緊力距(ju)(ju)(ju)大于(yu)(yu)(yu)100N?m。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)，錨(mao)(mao)索(suo)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)?15.24mm×4300mm鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絞(jiao)線(xian)，而托盤(pan)則(ze)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)300mm×300mm×10mm鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材質板(ban)，排(pai)距(ju)(ju)(ju)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3000mm，一(yi)(yi)排(pai)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1根(gen)(gen)(gen)，單(dan)根(gen)(gen)(gen)錨(mao)(mao)索(suo)需使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩支MSK2360樹(shu)脂(zhi)錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)劑(ji)(ji)，錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)力不低于(yu)(yu)(yu)150kN。巷道的(de)(de)(de)頂部(bu)(bu)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了金屬(shu)防護(hu)(hu)網，選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6mm的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)進行(xing)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)，網格為(wei)(wei)(wei)100mm×100mm，防護(hu)(hu)網規(gui)(gui)格為(wei)(wei)(wei)1100mm×2100mm（長×寬），相鄰網的(de)(de)(de)搭接寬度為(wei)(wei)(wei)100mm，并(bing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)16號鉛(qian)絲扭結(jie)，扭結(jie)3圈，間隔100mm則(ze)需扭結(jie)一(yi)(yi)匝(za)。參照“敲幫(bang)問頂”法(fa)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位決定(ding)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)長度大于(yu)(yu)(yu)2m的(de)(de)(de)長柄設(she)(she)(she)備完成(cheng)找盡浮(fu)煤、懸(xuan)矸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，打(da)(da)眼過(guo)(guo)程中安排(pai)專人全(quan)(quan)程監測頂板(ban)狀態。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面進行(xing)臨時支護(hu)(hu)時，多優選(xuan)(xuan)前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)。該(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)部(bu)(bu)位設(she)(she)(she)有(you)3根(gen)(gen)(gen)12#槽鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎，單(dan)根(gen)(gen)(gen)槽鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)長度為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.0m，每(mei)根(gen)(gen)(gen)前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)均聯合使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)2個方(fang)形吊環和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面頂錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)予以固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)。方(fang)形吊環規(gui)(gui)格為(wei)(wei)(wei)400mm×200mm（寬×高(gao)）。每(mei)次(ci)放炮(pao)結(jie)束(shu)后(hou)，需移動(dong)前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，由外(wai)側(ce)向里推移，直(zhi)至工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面迎頭(tou)300mm以內(nei)。后(hou)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)8根(gen)(gen)(gen)剎頂木將前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)背緊，剎頂木的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)格為(wei)(wei)(wei)2400mm×150mm×50mm（長×寬×厚），施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員在前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)掩護(hu)(hu)下即可安全(quan)(quan)作業。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時會遇到頂板(ban)結(jie)構損壞等(deng)意外(wai)情況(kuang)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位則(ze)視情況(kuang)增加1根(gen)(gen)(gen)前(qian)探(tan)(tan)梁(liang)即可。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程支護(hu)(hu)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)如圖2所示。

4.3效果分析

采用上(shang)述施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)結(jie)束后對巷(xiang)道進(jin)(jin)行(xing)監測，由監測數據可知(zhi)，8203回風順槽(cao)巷(xiang)道變(bian)形均符(fu)合要求，如(ru)頂板和底板下沉的最(zui)大變(bian)形值分別(bie)為121mm、114mm，巷(xiang)道兩幫壁的變(bian)形值為106mm，依此可判斷整體巷(xiang)道較為穩定。對巷(xiang)道頂板的離層角(jiao)度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析，錨桿受力狀態正(zheng)常，回風順槽(cao)巷(xiang)道的頂板擾動較小，其影響可直(zhi)接忽略。所(suo)以，該工(gong)(gong)程巷(xiang)道掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)與支護效(xiao)果良好，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案具有可參考性。

5結束語

綜上所述(shu)，在采(cai)礦工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，為保(bao)證巷道掘(jue)進(jin)質量和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的安(an)全性，應提前掌(zhang)(zhang)握各類(lei)掘(jue)進(jin)與(yu)支護技(ji)術的優缺點(dian)，依據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)產(chan)環境和(he)作(zuo)業(ye)需(xu)求，經過技(ji)術評選后確(que)定最佳方案。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，還需(xu)建(jian)立相應的監測體系，營造良好(hao)的通風環境，減少(shao)粉塵。對于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位來說(shuo)，應充分發揮(hui)專業(ye)設備和(he)技(ji)術優勢，準確(que)掌(zhang)(zhang)握掘(jue)進(jin)與(yu)支護施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術要點(dian)，保(bao)證采(cai)掘(jue)安(an)全性和(he)采(cai)掘(jue)品(pin)質。同時，也可(ke)提高礦業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)的安(an)全性和(he)經濟效(xiao)益。

作者(zhe)：田明富(fu) 單位：貴(gui)州(zhou)省煤(mei)礦設計(ji)研究院有限公司