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[摘要]為了促進新時代庫區鄉村振興戰略目標的實現，從要素流動、城鄉居民收入差距、城鄉產業融合、城鄉公共服務配置等方面對重慶三峽庫區城鄉融合發展進(jin)行深入研(yan)究(jiu)。結(jie)果表(biao)明，重慶三(san)峽庫(ku)區城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨勢(shi)向好(hao)，城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)差距(ju)不斷縮小，但庫(ku)區城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)高質(zhi)量融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)仍面臨諸多(duo)問(wen)題，應深化體(ti)制改革，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)要素(su)雙向流通(tong)，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)產業融(rong)合與鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)經濟多(duo)樣化，多(duo)渠道增加庫(ku)區居民尤其是農(nong)(nong)民的收入，完善(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)，補齊農(nong)(nong)村(cun)短板，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)重慶三(san)峽庫(ku)區城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)高質(zhi)量融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

[關鍵詞]新時代；鄉村振興；城鄉融合；重(zhong)慶(qing)三峽庫區

“三峽庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)”是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)一個相(xiang)對獨立(li)的(de)(de)地域環(huan)境單元，具有(you)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)+大農村+大庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)特點(dian)，重慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)三峽庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)主體，集移(yi)民(min)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)態脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)、經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展滯(zhi)后區(qu)(qu)(qu)于一體，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展地域差異明顯(xian)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)二元結(jie)構(gou)極(ji)為典型(xing)。2007年(nian)，重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)成(cheng)為我(wo)(wo)國(guo)首(shou)批全國(guo)統籌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)綜合(he)配套改(gai)革試驗(yan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，并于2019年(nian)成(cheng)為全國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展試驗(yan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。已(yi)有(you)研究表明，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)整(zheng)體水平(ping)偏(pian)低，但(dan)總體呈(cheng)上(shang)升(sheng)狀態，空(kong)間布局為由東到西(xi)呈(cheng)遞減趨勢[1-2]。近年(nian)來，隨著新型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化和鄉(xiang)(xiang)村振興戰略的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)，重慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展趨勢向(xiang)好，水平(ping)有(you)所提(ti)升(sheng)，但(dan)仍是(shi)重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展“洼地”，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)水平(ping)偏(pian)低，有(you)待向(xiang)高質量融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展邁進。因此本研究在論(lun)述城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展理念(nian)演變(bian)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，探討了(le)新時代背(bei)(bei)景(jing)下重慶(qing)(qing)三峽庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)問(wen)題，提(ti)出了(le)適合(he)新時代背(bei)(bei)景(jing)下重慶(qing)(qing)三峽庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)路徑，以期為相(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)面提(ti)供參考。

1我國城鄉發展理念的演變

自新中國成立以來，城鄉融合發展理念經歷了一個不斷發展變化的過程。在馬克思主義科學發展觀的指導下，黨和國家基于我國國情，出臺了一系列的城鄉發展政策，依次為城市偏向、城鄉統籌、城鄉一體化、城鄉融合發展，在城鄉關系上也發生了重大轉變，從城鄉分割逐步走向融合。城鄉關系是一個國家或地區最基本的經濟社會關系，是城鄉兩個地域系統相互作用、相互影響、相互制約的普遍聯系與互動關系，城鄉融合是城鄉關系的最新發展階段[6]。新中國成立以來我國的城鄉關系極大程度受國家政策的影響。新中國成立以來至改革開放前，隨著計劃經濟體制、工業城市偏向政策以及戶籍制度的實施，城鄉二元結構逐步形成并且不斷固化，逐步形成城鄉分裂格局，具體為三個層面，即城市與農村分離、工業與農業分離、市民與農民分離。改革開放之后，我國城鄉融合體新時代重慶三峽庫區城鄉融合發展面臨的主要問題及對策曾(ceng)佳(jia)麗1，蘇維詞1，2（1.重(zhong)慶(qing)師范大(da)學(xue)地理與旅游學(xue)院，重(zhong)慶(qing)401331；2.貴(gui)州省山地研究所，貴(gui)州貴(gui)陽(yang)550001）[摘要]為了(le)促進(jin)新(xin)時代庫(ku)區鄉(xiang)村(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)戰略目標的實現，從要素(su)流動、城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民收入差距、城(cheng)鄉(xiang)產業(ye)融合、城(cheng)鄉(xiang)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)逐步(bu)(bu)建立，城(cheng)鄉(xiang)關系由分裂逐步(bu)(bu)走向融合。

2新時代重慶三峽庫區城鄉融合發展的現實困境

2.1城鄉融(rong)合存在體制機制障(zhang)礙，阻礙城鄉人口(kou)要(yao)素自(zi)由流通

重(zhong)慶市(shi)于(yu)2007年成為(wei)我(wo)國首批城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發展試驗(yan)區，土地(di)(di)改革(ge)(ge)制(zhi)(zhi)度與(yu)戶(hu)籍(ji)改革(ge)(ge)制(zhi)(zhi)度施行較早，城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)初步建立，但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元(yuan)結(jie)構影(ying)響深(shen)遠(yuan)，資源要(yao)素(su)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)仍(reng)以(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)村單向輸出為(wei)主，城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)素(su)雙向流(liu)動(dong)(dong)不暢。2020年，重(zhong)慶庫區常住(zhu)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)率(lv)達58.94%，低于(yu)我(wo)國平(ping)均水(shui)平(ping)（60%），戶(hu)籍(ji)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)率(lv)為(wei)40.07%，兩者(zhe)相差高達18.87個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)，由(you)此可見，庫區城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元(yuan)結(jie)構依(yi)舊顯著，大量(liang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村剩余(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力往城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)，但(dan)仍(reng)難以(yi)(yi)在城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)落(luo)戶(hu)定居。2010年以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，重(zhong)慶市(shi)雖啟動(dong)(dong)農(nong)(nong)民(min)工戶(hu)籍(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度改革(ge)(ge)，但(dan)三(san)(san)峽庫區外出務工人(ren)(ren)數基(ji)數較大，且(qie)戶(hu)籍(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度影(ying)響深(shen)遠(yuan)，同(tong)時遵循人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)梯度轉移的自(zi)然規律，是(shi)改革(ge)(ge)處于(yu)持續(xu)漸(jian)進的過程。2020年庫區農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)流(liu)出率(lv)為(wei)44.44%，庫區大量(liang)剩余(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力流(liu)向重(zhong)慶主城(cheng)(cheng)及長(chang)三(san)(san)角(jiao)、珠(zhu)三(san)(san)角(jiao)地(di)(di)區。隨著新型城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)的發展，城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)水(shui)平(ping)顯著提高，但(dan)戶(hu)籍(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度仍(reng)是(shi)阻(zu)礙城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)要(yao)素(su)自(zi)由(you)流(liu)通的重(zhong)要(yao)障(zhang)礙因素(su)。

2.2鄉(xiang)村產業空心化(hua)，城鄉(xiang)產業融合度較低

在二(er)元社會經濟(ji)結構的影響下，重(zhong)(zhong)慶三峽庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)城鄉(xiang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)長期割裂分離，同(tong)時受庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)建設和三峽移民工程的影響，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)根基重(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，鄉(xiang)村產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)空(kong)心化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，內生(sheng)(sheng)動力有待(dai)激發(fa)，重(zhong)(zhong)慶庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)城鄉(xiang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合水平有待(dai)提升。2020年重(zhong)(zhong)慶庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)一二(er)三產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構比為8.99∶41.91∶49.10，農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)非農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)占比為28.30∶71.7，第一產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)占比仍較(jiao)大，第一產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)較(jiao)低，農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)非農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)比較(jiao)勞(lao)動生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)相差較(jiao)大，與(yu)此同(tong)時，再加(jia)上(shang)農(nong)村人(ren)口(kou)大量流(liu)失，尤(you)其是高(gao)(gao)素質(zhi)勞(lao)動力外流(liu)，鄉(xiang)村空(kong)巢(chao)化老(lao)弱化，導致(zhi)鄉(xiang)村產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)空(kong)心化。三峽庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)為生(sheng)(sheng)態脆(cui)弱區(qu)(qu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態功能(neng)限制開發(fa)區(qu)(qu)，對產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)引(yin)進有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)要求，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)引(yin)入困(kun)難。

2.3城鄉(xiang)居民收(shou)入消(xiao)費存在(zai)較大(da)差距，區(qu)域經濟社(she)會發展(zhan)水平差異顯著(zhu)

隨(sui)著中國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)迅速發展(zhan)(zhan)，以及西部大(da)(da)開發等(deng)(deng)政策的(de)(de)扶持，重(zhong)慶三峽(xia)(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)增(zeng)長(chang)迅速，但與此(ci)(ci)同(tong)時(shi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)不斷(duan)拉大(da)(da)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)距絕對值不斷(duan)增(zeng)大(da)(da)。2020年重(zhong)慶庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)常(chang)住(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)人(ren)均可支(zhi)配(pei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)38282元(yuan)(yuan)，同(tong)比增(zeng)幅為5.63%，農(nong)(nong)村常(chang)住(zhu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)人(ren)均可支(zhi)配(pei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)16627元(yuan)(yuan)，同(tong)比增(zeng)幅為8.41%,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)人(ren)均收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)比為2.34，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)距較(jiao)大(da)(da)。農(nong)(nong)村常(chang)住(zhu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)可支(zhi)配(pei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)增(zeng)長(chang)速率高(gao)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)，但庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)人(ren)均收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)距絕對值卻在不斷(duan)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，由2007年的(de)(de)7435元(yuan)(yuan)增(zeng)長(chang)為2020年的(de)(de)21655元(yuan)(yuan)。此(ci)(ci)外，重(zhong)慶庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)恩格爾系(xi)數逐年降低(di)(di)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)活水平(ping)(ping)整體上有所提升，但農(nong)(nong)村居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)恩格爾系(xi)數常(chang)年高(gao)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)恩格爾系(xi)數，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)活水平(ping)(ping)仍存(cun)在較(jiao)大(da)(da)差(cha)距。與此(ci)(ci)同(tong)時(shi)，重(zhong)慶三峽(xia)(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)不平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)問題依舊突(tu)出(chu)，重(zhong)慶三峽(xia)(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平(ping)(ping)存(cun)在較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)地域(yu)差(cha)異。由表1可知，2020年，主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其周邊地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)如(ru)長(chang)壽(shou)、渝北(bei)、江津、涪陵等(deng)(deng)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)由于(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)條件優越，又位(wei)于(yu)平(ping)(ping)行嶺谷地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，地形平(ping)(ping)坦開闊，社(she)會(hui)(hui)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平(ping)(ping)較(jiao)高(gao)。相較(jiao)而言，石柱、奉節(jie)、巫山、巫溪縣等(deng)(deng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)縣位(wei)于(yu)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)腹(fu)地，離主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)遠，受主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)輻射帶動作用(yong)小，同(tong)時(shi)位(wei)于(yu)武(wu)陵山、大(da)(da)巴山等(deng)(deng)山區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，社(she)會(hui)(hui)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平(ping)(ping)較(jiao)為滯后，人(ren)均GDP和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化率相對較(jiao)低(di)(di)。

2.4基礎設施差距仍較大，城鄉公共服務配置(zhi)失(shi)衡

重慶(qing)市(shi)于(yu)(yu)2013年(nian)加大鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)投入，完(wan)善(shan)美麗鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)建設(she)(she)，重慶(qing)三峽(xia)庫區(qu)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)水(shui)平不(bu)斷提(ti)升。但(dan)(dan)由于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)二元結構(gou)及區(qu)域經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水(shui)平的(de)影響(xiang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)間(jian)及各區(qu)縣間(jian)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)水(shui)平仍存在(zai)較(jiao)大差距，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)配(pei)置失衡，阻(zu)礙城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)質量融(rong)合。鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)短板突出，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)水(shui)平差距較(jiao)大，隨著新(xin)型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化建設(she)(she)的(de)推(tui)進(jin)及政府財政偏向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)水(shui)平較(jiao)高(gao)且(qie)較(jiao)為(wei)完(wan)善(shan)，而(er)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)由于(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟社會(hui)發展(zhan)水(shui)平滯(zhi)后于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，且(qie)地形以(yi)山區(qu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，地形坡(po)度(du)和(he)起伏較(jiao)大，基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)難度(du)較(jiao)大且(qie)投入較(jiao)多，鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)有待(dai)完(wan)善(shan)，水(shui)平有待(dai)提(ti)高(gao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合最終目(mu)標是實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民(min)生活等值(zhi)化，其中重要前提(ti)之(zhi)一(yi)就是實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)均等化，近年(nian)來(lai)，重慶(qing)三峽(xia)庫區(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)社會(hui)保障(zhang)制度(du)逐步推(tui)進(jin)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)社會(hui)保障(zhang)體系逐步完(wan)善(shan)，但(dan)(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)配(pei)置仍處(chu)于(yu)(yu)失衡狀態(tai)，主(zhu)(zhu)要體現在(zai)醫療、養老、教育等層面(mian)，農村(cun)居(ju)民(min)難以(yi)享有與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)民(min)同等水(shui)平的(de)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)。

2.5庫區(qu)生態(tai)環境脆弱(ruo)，鄉村(cun)生態(tai)環境短(duan)板(ban)突(tu)出

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)融合(he)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要內容(rong)之一(yi)，也是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)協調可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要前提(ti)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)三(san)峽(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境脆弱，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境短板(ban)突出(chu)，主要體(ti)現在以(yi)下三(san)個方面(mian)(mian)。一(yi)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境脆弱，水土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形以(yi)中低(di)山丘(qiu)陵為(wei)(wei)主，坡度在15°以(yi)上的區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)占重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總體(ti)的34.57%。2020年重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)積達43976.26km2，占區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)總面(mian)(mian)積的34.57%，水土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)利于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居民生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及基礎設施建(jian)設。二是(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)三(san)峽(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)壓力較大，人(ren)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)矛盾突出(chu)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)(qing)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)空間(jian)狹(xia)窄，受三(san)峽(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)移民工程的影響，人(ren)口(kou)密度驟增，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)空間(jian)有(you)限，同時(shi)農村(cun)人(ren)均(jun)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)足(zu)，農村(cun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)居民難以(yi)靠土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)謀生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)矛盾加劇(ju)。三(san)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環境壓力轉移到(dao)農村(cun)的同時(shi)農村(cun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)短板(ban)突出(chu)。農村(cun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)作為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)壓力的轉嫁地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境改善的犧牲品(pin)。由于農業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的過程中對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)膜、農藥和化肥的過度使(shi)用造成鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)“白(bai)色污染”嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同時(shi)對農地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和水源形成連片、連面(mian)(mian)污染，農村(cun)居民生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)習慣有(you)待提(ti)高，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)容(rong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)貌(mao)有(you)待提(ti)升。

3新時代重慶三峽庫區城鄉融合發展措施

3.1深化體制(zhi)機制(zhi)改革，促進城(cheng)鄉要素雙向自由流通

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)融鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的過程，是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)，功(gong)能互(hu)(hu)補的過程，是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)兩大(da)子系(xi)統互(hu)(hu)利共(gong)生的過程[7]。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)質量融合(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)建立在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)的基礎之上。要(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)雙向自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)，需從以(yi)下三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)方(fang)面著手。一是(shi)建立健全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的體制機制，促進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)間(jian)的自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)與(yu)優化配置，尤(you)其是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)勵和支(zhi)持(chi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)合(he)理有(you)序向鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)，以(yi)工(gong)促農，以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)輔鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)期縮小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差距，實(shi)現(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)全面振興。二是(shi)持(chi)續(xu)深化農村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)制度改革(ge)，盤活農村(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)市(shi)場(chang)，探索農村(cun)(cun)承包土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)“三(san)(san)(san)權分置”的有(you)效實(shi)施方(fang)案，實(shi)現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)資源的自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通，釋放偏(pian)遠(yuan)農村(cun)(cun)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)活力。三(san)(san)(san)是(shi)持(chi)續(xu)深化戶(hu)籍二元制度改革(ge)，盤活“勞動(dong)力”要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)，實(shi)現(xian)勞動(dong)力資源要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)的自(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通，同時增強農業、農村(cun)(cun)、農民(min)的競爭力，吸引人才支(zhi)持(chi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

3.2促進(jin)城鄉產(chan)業(ye)融合(he)與鄉村經濟多樣化

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)抓手，是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)內(nei)容之(zhi)一，有(you)(you)助于促進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)素的(de)(de)流動暢通、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關系更加(jia)密切。一是(shi)促進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)經濟多(duo)樣化發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)特色產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、特色農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、旅(lv)游業(ye)(ye)(ye)、康養業(ye)(ye)(ye)等。二是(shi)促進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，尤其是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)一二三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，通過轉(zhuan)變農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式，調整農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)結構，同(tong)時引進農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)代化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式，實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增效、農(nong)(nong)民(min)增收目標。三是(shi)建立健全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)協調發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)平(ping)臺，在鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)創造更多(duo)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位，延長農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈，提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)附(fu)加(jia)值，提(ti)升農(nong)(nong)村(cun)文化底蘊，實現(xian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)與品(pin)控的(de)(de)雙贏。人(ren)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體，只有(you)(you)真(zhen)正實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活等值化，實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市居民(min)和農(nong)(nong)村(cun)居民(min)享有(you)(you)同(tong)等的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)機會和權利，才能真(zhen)正實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)合，最終實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)協調可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

3.3多渠道增加庫(ku)區居民尤(you)其是農民收(shou)(shou)入，縮小城鄉居民收(shou)(shou)入差(cha)距

要實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)高質(zhi)量融合的(de)(de)當(dang)務之急是解(jie)決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)平衡，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)充分的(de)(de)重(zhong)大社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)矛盾，要實(shi)現庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，需(xu)從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)地(di)域(yu)差(cha)距(ju)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民收入(ru)差(cha)距(ju)、各(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)縣經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)差(cha)距(ju)三個方面(mian)入(ru)手(shou)。一是激發(fa)(fa)(fa)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內生動力(li)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)出鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)自(zi)然人(ren)文優(you)勢(shi)，把(ba)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)自(zi)然資(zi)源(yuan)與文化(hua)歷史(shi)底(di)蘊(yun)轉化(hua)為區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)生產資(zi)料。促(cu)(cu)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，逆轉鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)衰(shuai)弱的(de)(de)現實(shi)格局，最終(zhong)實(shi)現鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)。二是縮小(xiao)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民收入(ru)差(cha)距(ju)，提升農村(cun)(cun)居(ju)民擇業(ye)就業(ye)能力(li)，為鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)勞動力(li)提供(gong)職業(ye)培訓，促(cu)(cu)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)素質(zhi)教育的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，促(cu)(cu)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)勞動力(li)結構(gou)和人(ren)口結構(gou)的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)，提升農村(cun)(cun)居(ju)民收入(ru)水平，促(cu)(cu)進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民生活質(zhi)量朝著(zhu)等值(zhi)化(hua)方向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。三是精準施策，促(cu)(cu)進各(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)縣社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)協調可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。

3.4完善鄉村基礎設(she)施建設(she)，實現基本公共(gong)服(fu)務均等化

在新時(shi)代背(bei)景下，持(chi)續完善(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，逐步(bu)實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)本(ben)公共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)均等(deng)化(hua)，為城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)融(rong)合(he)發展提(ti)供物質(zhi)保(bao)障。在實現(xian)基(ji)本(ben)公共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)均等(deng)化(hua)的(de)道路上，政(zheng)(zheng)府部(bu)門要加大(da)對農村(cun)的(de)投(tou)入(ru)，補齊基(ji)本(ben)公共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)短板，不斷縮小城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)本(ben)公共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)差距。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，對鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)交通網絡(luo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行合(he)理(li)規(gui)劃布(bu)局，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)道路班車通達率，實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)路網的(de)互(hu)聯互(hu)通，同(tong)時(shi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)自來水普及(ji)率、燃(ran)氣普及(ji)率，完善(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)融(rong)合(he)。二是(shi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)教育(yu)水平，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)教育(yu)機(ji)制建(jian)立(li)，政(zheng)(zheng)府部(bu)門加大(da)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)地區教育(yu)投(tou)入(ru)，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)教育(yu)資源要素雙向(xiang)流通，對城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)教育(yu)資源進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行合(he)理(li)配置(zhi)。三是(shi)建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)醫療機(ji)制，提(ti)升(sheng)農村(cun)醫療服務(wu)水平，探索城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)養(yang)(yang)老及(ji)康養(yang)(yang)保(bao)障體(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)銜接(jie)機(ji)制。四是(shi)建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)社會(hui)保(bao)障體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，穩步(bu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)農村(cun)居民養(yang)(yang)老保(bao)險(xian)(xian)、醫療保(bao)險(xian)(xian)覆(fu)蓋率及(ji)其保(bao)障水平，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)農村(cun)居民抵(di)御風險(xian)(xian)的(de)能力，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)社會(hui)保(bao)障體(ti)(ti)(ti)系并(bing)軌發展。

3.5補齊農村生態環境短板，促(cu)進區域(yu)協調可持續發展

三(san)(san)峽庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)脆(cui)弱(ruo)，人(ren)地(di)(di)矛(mao)盾突出(chu)，生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)壓力(li)(li)大，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)短板突出(chu)，要實(shi)現區(qu)(qu)域協調(diao)可持(chi)續(xu)發展，可從以(yi)下三(san)(san)個方(fang)面(mian)出(chu)發。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)綠水青山就是(shi)(shi)金山銀山，將(jiang)經濟發展與(yu)生(sheng)態保護放在同(tong)等重要的地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)，合理(li)(li)利用耕(geng)地(di)(di)，坡(po)度太大的耕(geng)地(di)(di)實(shi)行退耕(geng)還林(lin)還湖政(zheng)策或(huo)進行果樹種植，降低(di)水土(tu)流失率，同(tong)時減少(shao)農(nong)藥化(hua)肥施用量，減少(shao)農(nong)業面(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染。二(er)是(shi)(shi)減少(shao)城市(shi)(shi)對(dui)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的生(sheng)態壓力(li)(li)轉移，提(ti)升城市(shi)(shi)垃圾處理(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)推(tui)廣工(gong)業清(qing)潔生(sheng)產技(ji)術、倡導(dao)人(ren)民綠色生(sheng)活，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)積極引進新型垃圾處理(li)(li)技(ji)術，提(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活垃圾處理(li)(li)效率。三(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)建立健全農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理(li)(li)體制機制，持(chi)續(xu)推(tui)進農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)垃圾治(zhi)理(li)(li)、“廁(ce)所革命”、生(sheng)活污(wu)水治(zhi)理(li)(li)等舉措，進一(yi)步改善(shan)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。四是(shi)(shi)貫徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)生(sheng)態文明(ming)理(li)(li)念，將(jiang)重慶三(san)(san)峽庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)建設為山青水秀美(mei)(mei)麗(li)之地(di)(di)，通過不(bu)斷地(di)(di)宣傳教育(yu)，提(ti)升農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)居民的環(huan)保意識(shi)，同(tong)時設立護林(lin)員和道(dao)路清(qing)理(li)(li)員崗位(wei)(wei)，讓有勞動(dong)能(neng)力(li)(li)的低(di)保人(ren)員從事相關崗位(wei)(wei)的工(gong)作(zuo)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)有利于美(mei)(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建設，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)也有有助于農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)扶貧工(gong)作(zuo)，實(shi)現人(ren)與(yu)自然的和諧(xie)共生(sheng)。

4結語

在中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會(hui)主義新(xin)(xin)時代(dai)(dai)，重慶三峽(xia)庫區應把握好鄉村(cun)振興這個歷史(shi)機(ji)遇，致力于“三農”問題的(de)解(jie)決及加速實現(xian)農業農村(cun)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)目標。堅持走城鄉融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)展(zhan)之路(lu)，不斷完善城鄉融(rong)(rong)合(he)的(de)體制機(ji)制、逐步實現(xian)基本公共服務均(jun)等(deng)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)、不斷縮小城鄉差距，促進城鄉兩個子(zi)系(xi)統間的(de)協調可持續發(fa)展(zhan)，奮(fen)力譜(pu)寫(xie)新(xin)(xin)時代(dai)(dai)庫區城鄉融(rong)(rong)合(he)與高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)新(xin)(xin)篇(pian)章。

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作者(zhe)：曾佳麗 蘇維詞 單位(wei)：重慶(qing)師范大(da)學地(di)理與旅游學院 貴州省山(shan)地(di)研究所