導語：儒家哲學多(duo)重(zhong)含義分析(xi)一(yi)文(wen)(wen)來源于(yu)網友上(shang)傳，不(bu)代表本站觀點，若需要原創文(wen)(wen)章可(ke)咨詢(xun)客(ke)服老(lao)師，歡迎參考(kao)。

摘要：在儒家哲學中，“天”是一個非常重要的概念。而從先秦儒家三大代表“孔、孟、荀”對于“天”內涵的理解看，可以說是一個非完全哲學不斷向著完全哲學轉變的全過程。文章主要以先秦三大代表對“天”的理解，來詮釋儒家哲學中“天”的多重含義。

關鍵詞：儒家；哲學；“天”；多重(zhong)含義

在(zai)中國(guo)古代哲(zhe)學(xue)中，“天”是最早出現的(de)(de)哲(zhe)學(xue)概(gai)念，尤其在(zai)儒(ru)家哲(zhe)學(xue)中更為顯著。可以說，先(xian)秦時期中國(guo)人對于“天”的(de)(de)理(li)解，是一個非(fei)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)哲(zhe)學(xue)向(xiang)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)哲(zhe)學(xue)轉變的(de)(de)過程。這一點(dian)，從(cong)先(xian)秦儒(ru)家三大代表對于“天”的(de)(de)不同理(li)解，就可以詮釋。

一、中國儒家哲學中“天”的哲學解釋

對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國儒(ru)家哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幾種(zhong)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，包括(kuo)物質(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)（也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)）、命(ming)運(yun)(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)（道(dao)(dao)德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)）、自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)等(deng)。唯(wei)(wei)心(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)理(li)(li)(li)解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”通常為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)或是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，而(er)(er)(er)唯(wei)(wei)物主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)理(li)(li)(li)解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)世界(jie)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)社會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)眼中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)辰、日(ri)(ri)月、四(si)(si)季、風雨(yu)等(deng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)現(xian)象，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)范(fan)疇，當屬(shu)物質(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)；命(ming)運(yun)(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)某(mou)個(ge)團(tuan)體或個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)氣(qi)，通常被(bei)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令所(suo)(suo)(suo)導(dao)致(zhi)，歸(gui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。唯(wei)(wei)物主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社會(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)法(fa)則(ze)(ze)(ze)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)社會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)非來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蒼(cang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)；而(er)(er)(er)唯(wei)(wei)心(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)(ze)(ze)會(hui)(hui)把道(dao)(dao)德(de)法(fa)理(li)(li)(li)解為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指使而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，被(bei)歸(gui)入(ru)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)疇。古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)猶如(ru)宗(zong)教信仰般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇拜，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)又(you)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，它(ta)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完(wan)全對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)立。被(bei)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儒(ru)家哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩重(zhong)內涵(han)。馮友蘭先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)歸(gui)入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)唯(wei)(wei)心(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)歸(gui)入(ru)唯(wei)(wei)物主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，而(er)(er)(er)荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。[1]1.自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)詮(quan)(quan)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《論語(yu)?易》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)貢提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“夫(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)何(he)以(yi)(yi)老而(er)(er)(er)好”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疑惑進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)闡(chan)述(shu)了(le)(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)與(yu)地道(dao)(dao)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)與(yu)四(si)(si)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，提(ti)出(chu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、地與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)即為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物質(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。同時，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)還(huan)說(shuo)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)言(yan)何(he)哉，四(si)(si)行(xing)時焉(yan)，百物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)焉(yan)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亙古不(bu)變，并(bing)(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)秩序(xu)與(yu)運(yun)(yun)動規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。而(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《離婁(lou)下(xia)(xia)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵(han)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)詮(quan)(quan)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，星(xing)(xing)辰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遠(yuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，茍求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)故，千歲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)至，可(ke)坐(zuo)而(er)(er)(er)致(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”簡(jian)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)，星(xing)(xing)辰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遠(yuan)，若要(yao)尋求(qiu)(qiu)他們(men)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)原，千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)至都(dou)(dou)能(neng)坐(zuo)而(er)(er)(er)得(de)知。《荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)論》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詮(quan)(quan)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)較繁復，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵(han)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)布列于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恒星(xing)(xing)，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)太陽(yang)月亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交替照(zhao)(zhao)耀，四(si)(si)季輪流控制著節氣(qi)，陰陽(yang)二氣(qi)催生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萬(wan)物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長等(deng)。（“列星(xing)(xing)隨旋，日(ri)(ri)月遞(di)照(zhao)(zhao)，四(si)(si)時代御，陰陽(yang)大(da)(da)化(hua)(hua)，風雨(yu)博施”），人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)職(zhi)(zhi)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)無(wu)關。儒(ru)家三大(da)(da)代表人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物孔(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)荀(xun)(xun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)范(fan)疇中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)，雖然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萬(wan)事萬(wan)物都(dou)(dou)變幻莫測，但依(yi)舊遵(zun)循一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，且(qie)(qie)(qie)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)會(hui)(hui)被(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)識、意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)轉移。[2]且(qie)(qie)(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)社會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產實(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，需要(yao)遵(zun)循這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，才能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遇到(dao)(dao)問題時有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨利避害，否則(ze)(ze)(ze)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)(hui)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懲(cheng)罰。2.主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)詮(quan)(quan)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)濃厚(hou)宗(zong)教色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)殷(yin)周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殷(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)帝”觀(guan)(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)周(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)殷(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)宗(zong)教思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)改(gai)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物。而(er)(er)(er)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)程(cheng)度(du)(du)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)前者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)。《論語(yu)?子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)罕》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)到(dao)(dao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)匡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)圍困時說(shuo)：周(zhou)文死后(hou)，周(zhou)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮樂文化(hua)(hua)豈不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)體現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)身(shen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)(le)？上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)消除(chu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)文化(hua)(hua)，那(nei)我(wo)就(jiu)(jiu)無(wu)法(fa)再(zai)掌握這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)文化(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)(le)，如(ru)果上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)不(bu)消除(chu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)文化(hua)(hua)，那(nei)匡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)能(neng)夠拿我(wo)怎么樣呢？這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)，“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)已(yi)經十分明顯了(le)(le)(le)。孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)更(geng)側重(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立場上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宇宙萬(wan)物皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?梁惠(hui)王章句下(xia)(xia)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)講(jiang)道(dao)(dao)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)降下(xia)(xia)民(min)(min)，作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)，作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)。惟曰(yue)其(qi)助(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)帝，寵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)方(fang)。”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)降生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)民(min)(min)眾(zhong)，再(zai)幫他們(men)降生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)君(jun)王和(he)(he)師(shi)表，而(er)(er)(er)君(jun)王與(yu)師(shi)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)幫助(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)來(lai)愛(ai)護民(min)(min)眾(zhong)百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)政治文化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神圣性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論證。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?離委下(xia)(xia)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)他闡(chan)述(shu)了(le)(le)(le)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社會(hui)(hui)制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)王更(geng)替的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)視”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)其(qi)實(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“民(min)(min)視”，而(er)(er)(er)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)聽”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)意(yi)(yi)(yi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“民(min)(min)聽”。荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很多(duo)互通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處，其(qi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)報之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)福，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)報之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)禍(huo)”認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)會(hui)(hui)懲(cheng)治惡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)給善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)福報。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)論》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提(ti)到(dao)(dao)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亂象與(yu)治理(li)(li)(li)，與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關，與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)無(wu)關。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《宕坐(zuo)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)偏袒“曾(ceng)參、閔(min)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)騫、孝(xiao)己”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)拋棄眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，他們(men)遵(zun)循了(le)(le)(le)孝(xiao)道(dao)(dao)且(qie)(qie)(qie)成就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)孝(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名聲，并(bing)(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)竭(jie)力奉行(xing)禮儀，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)才受(shou)袒護。正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)正(zheng)性(xing)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。3.義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)詮(quan)(quan)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儒(ru)家哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)貫(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)，無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)荀(xun)(xun)，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)董仲舒都(dou)(dou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同。唐君(jun)毅(yi)曾(ceng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)評價(jia)道(dao)(dao)：孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)重(zhong)新建(jian)構了(le)(le)(le)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)”，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)才讓“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)”呈現(xian)出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)力。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)來(lai)承(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)，讓很多(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)世人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《論語(yu)?述(shu)而(er)(er)(er)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)說(shuo)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)德(de)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)予，桓(huan)魅(mei)其(qi)如(ru)予何(he)!”，他認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己懷仁(ren)(ren)行(xing)德(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)護佑，壞人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己無(wu)可(ke)奈(nai)何(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)畏”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)要(yao)表達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)，同時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。而(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)出(chu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?告(gao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)章句上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)講(jiang)“這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)世上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)賜予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)位(wei)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)俗(su)世認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)位(wei)。仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)忠(zhong)信，好善(shan)不(bu)疲，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)賜予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)位(wei)；公(gong)(gong)卿(qing)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)世認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)位(wei)”（有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)忠(zhong)信，樂善(shan)不(bu)倦(juan)，此天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；公(gong)(gong)卿(qing)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)，此人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)），這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爵(jue)(jue)(jue)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)講(jiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)源(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)心(xin)，而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)則(ze)(ze)(ze)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)性(xing)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，才讓人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)安(an)身(shen)立命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“盡心(xin)-知性(xing)-知天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)(si)維模式(shi)。而(er)(er)(er)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)儒(ru)家思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)覺論證。[3]并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)彰顯在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，又(you)體現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)德(de)屬(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)精神實(shi)體，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)賦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)至。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《離妻章句上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)還(huan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)“誠(cheng)”視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)至高(gao)無(wu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫理(li)(li)(li)道(dao)(dao)德(de)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)說(shuo)成是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)身(shen)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“誠(cheng)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準則(ze)(ze)(ze)；而(er)(er)(er)追求(qiu)(qiu)誠(cheng)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準則(ze)(ze)(ze)。荀(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很多(duo)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)與(yu)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)謀而(er)(er)(er)合(he)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)都(dou)(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)德(de)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)邏輯性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延展。

二、儒家三大代表對“天”的含義的理解

1.孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)（公元前(qian)551-479年(nian)）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先秦(qin)儒家代(dai)(dai)表人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)(dai)著(zhu)名思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)家、教育(yu)家。其(qi)(qi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)、言(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由(you)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)及再傳(chuan)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記(ji)載于(yu)(yu)《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語》。關于(yu)(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)，《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)除去(qu)(qu)復音(yin)詞(ci)，共出現(xian)了(le)(le)十(shi)八次。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)含(han)義(yi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命(ming)(ming)運之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)義(yi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)；還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。但關于(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詮釋較(jiao)少(shao)，更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傾向(xiang)于(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，且對(dui)(dui)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”含(han)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)復雜(za)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)遠，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)邇”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)如(ru)何都(dou)比天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)快(kuai)速、明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)善作(zuo)惡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)果報(bao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)很(hen)快(kuai)看到(dao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)還(huan)以(yi)(yi)奴(nu)隸(li)主(zhu)(zhu)貴族為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立(li)場(chang)，將意(yi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)據(ju)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“知(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必備條件，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)者(zhe)，無(wu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語?為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)“吾十(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)學(xue)，三十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)，四十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惑，五(wu)十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)，六十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)耳順，七十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)從(cong)心所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)踰矩。”他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)，即便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)也(ye)(ye)依(yi)舊適用(yong)。學(xue)術界(jie)將孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)”論(lun)(lun)(lun)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)禮(li)(li)，無(wu)以(yi)(yi)立(li)也(ye)(ye)”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結。根(gen)據(ju)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表述，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)通(tong)過(guo)努力(li)(li)學(xue)習，充分(fen)掌(zhang)握“禮(li)(li)”，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)三十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)；只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)別(bie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辨思(si)(si)(si)，對(dui)(dui)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)全面(mian)、充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)，才可(ke)(ke)四十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)惑；而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)做(zuo)到(dao)了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)五(wu)十(shi)知(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)；順應(ying)(ying)(ying)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，達(da)到(dao)六十(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)耳順；最終讓(rang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)舉(ju)止都(dou)符合“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)”，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)踰矩。由(you)此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春秋(qiu)“禮(li)(li)崩(beng)樂(le)壞(huai)(huai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)社會環境(jing)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)覺思(si)(si)(si)考，并(bing)(bing)(bing)建立(li)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)形(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)可(ke)(ke)供指(zhi)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)體(ti)系，以(yi)(yi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)論(lun)(lun)(lun)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎，結合當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)求，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社會生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活提(ti)供了(le)(le)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)南(nan)，透露(lu)著(zhu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光輝。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念里，政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)張是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得通(tong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)”來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)并(bing)(bing)(bing)非(fei)某(mou)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語?堯曰》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)見（“道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)將行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)；將之(zhi)廢也(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)。”）簡言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)要(yao)興(xing)，那(nei)(nei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)；大(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)要(yao)衰落，那(nei)(nei)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)公伯寮又能(neng)(neng)(neng)把天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)怎么樣呢？當然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宣揚(yang)、講(jiang)(jiang)述天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，也(ye)(ye)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種對(dui)(dui)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別(bie)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)對(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)神(shen)(shen)(shen)鬼保持(chi)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保留與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)懷疑。從(cong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)看，正處(chu)于(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)統奴(nu)隸(li)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰敗，與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)興(xing)封(feng)建制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交替時(shi)期，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，傳(chuan)統制度受到(dao)了(le)(le)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)，但典(dian)章禮(li)(li)制及某(mou)些思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)依(yi)舊存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”始終被認(ren)作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)，受到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇拜，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地間(jian)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《論(lun)(lun)(lun)語》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)講(jiang)(jiang)“祭(ji)(ji)如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，祭(ji)(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)如(ru)神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰：吾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)，如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)祭(ji)(ji)。”，簡言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)：祭(ji)(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)，神(shen)(shen)(shen)便(bian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)祖宗及祈禱(dao)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)時(shi)表里如(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誠敬，才是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肅齋莊敬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。如(ru)果本人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)親自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)典(dian)，只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)象征性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)別(bie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)表祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)，那(nei)(nei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)(yu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)地注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)非(fei)全是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)鬼神(shen)(shen)(shen)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)希望通(tong)過(guo)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)(si)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祭(ji)(ji)者(zhe)保持(chi)聯系，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)死的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題上(shang)(shang)獲得安(an)慰，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)實生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表里由(you)衷(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)貫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念。2.孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)（公元前(qian)372-289年(nian)），是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)后(hou)儒家思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)表人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。但與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比較(jiao)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會形(xing)態(tai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)極(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)取舍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延續與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發展。孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)意(yi)”便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“民(min)意(yi)”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)章上(shang)(shang)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)記(ji)載，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)章問(wen)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“堯拿天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)舜，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)回事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嗎？”，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回答(da)說“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)拿天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)章再說“那(nei)(nei)么舜得到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)誰(shui)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回答(da)說：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)予人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)時(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會反(fan)復叮嚀告誡，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會用(yong)實際(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動和事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)表示(shi)。君(jun)權(quan)誰(shui)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)？在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念里，君(jun)權(quan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)禪讓(rang)制時(shi)期，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)則認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并(bing)(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)利(li)(li)把天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)拿來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)誰(shui)，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)及下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)民(min)才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)(li)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)民(min)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)百姓。很(hen)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“君(jun)權(quan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)秘色彩，同時(shi)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“民(min)約(yue)論(lun)(lun)(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)味。“究(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)際(ji)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)(dai)哲學(xue)家探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)核心問(wen)題，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)則在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)意(yi)”與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“民(min)意(yi)”間(jian)尋求到(dao)平衡點(dian)(dian)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“民(min)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)”，客觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、冷靜地強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“以(yi)(yi)民(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)味。孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)承認(ren)各事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)規律(lv)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?離(li)(li)(li)婁下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曾講(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)說萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)本性(xing)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)只要(yao)弄(nong)清萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)龍去(qu)(qu)脈，遵循事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)規律(lv)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)按照規律(lv)辦事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)都(dou)成了(le)(le)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。我們(men)厭惡聰明(ming)(ming)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)聰明(ming)(ming)會讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)鉆(zhan)牛(niu)角尖。若是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聰明(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)像禹疏導(dao)河道(dao)(dao)(dao)讓(rang)它(ta)順其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，那(nei)(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)討厭聰明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)。禹治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水患(huan)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讓(rang)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)遵從(cong)本性(xing)，順流而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)奔騰入海。如(ru)果聰明(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)遵循大(da)(da)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法則，那(nei)(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)智(zhi)(zhi)慧了(le)(le)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)極(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)，星(xing)辰極(ji)(ji)遠，要(yao)遵循事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冬至(zhi)，坐著(zhu)都(dou)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)推算出來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”內(nei)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比較(jiao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)。3.荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)（公元前(qian)313-238年(nian)），他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)看來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”會發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規律(lv)可(ke)(ke)循的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)現(xian)象，但對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)世間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉兇禍福等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)干涉。荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)慧與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)信“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社會制度要(yao)遵循人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)規律(lv)。荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)極(ji)(ji)力(li)(li)反(fan)對(dui)(dui)對(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迷信，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)很(hen)多學(xue)者(zhe)看來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)，荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)代(dai)(dai)表。其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“明(ming)(ming)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分(fen)”與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)合一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別(bie)。根(gen)據(ju)司馬(ma)遷對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)傳(chuan)描(miao)述可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)現(xian)象。其(qi)(qi)“明(ming)(ming)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分(fen)”從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，對(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)證明(ming)(ming)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)深化，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會受到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)轉移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)用(yong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)釋人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)亂。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職責(ze)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建立(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)科學(xue)、合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會秩(zhi)序，并(bing)(bing)(bing)對(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)規律(lv)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)規律(lv)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)認(ren)知(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)利(li)(li)用(yong)規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獲得自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)體(ti)現(xian)，荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)將陰陽風雨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)”，將無(wu)形(xing)機(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”，并(bing)(bing)(bing)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)力(li)(li)量(liang)或上(shang)(shang)帝所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地合氣與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)晝夜交替所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)離(li)(li)(li)開了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識后(hou)，依(yi)舊獨(du)立(li)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)厭惡寒冷而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)讓(rang)冬季消亡，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)厭惡距離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遙遠而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)縮小面(mian)積(ji)，其(qi)(qi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)恒常規律(lv)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“制天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming)(ming)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)之(zhi)”，通(tong)過(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)認(ren)知(zhi)去(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”并(bing)(bing)(bing)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)己(ji)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)用(yong)，造福人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”面(mian)前(qian)，荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)對(dui)(dui)無(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消極(ji)(ji)態(tai)度。荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)還(huan)講(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)本惡，他(ta)從(cong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)禽獸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)認(ren)識人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)講(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)“水火有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)氣而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)無(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，草(cao)木(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)無(wu)知(zhi)，禽獸有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)無(wu)義(yi)；人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)氣、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)知(zhi)，亦且有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)義(yi)，故(gu)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)貴也(ye)(ye)”，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)成了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，關鍵在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)義(yi)”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“義(yi)”與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)講(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“義(yi)”并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同。荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)且有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)辨別(bie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該趨利(li)(li)避害。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)倡導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)荀(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)則認(ren)識到(dao)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)量(liang)，他(ta)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)關系”實際(ji)上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。

結語

在儒家哲學中，三大代表對于“天”的含義的不同理解，可以窺見先秦儒家哲學的思想發展與進步。從孔孟的主宰之天及義理之天，到了荀子的自然之天，先秦儒家的“天”，從不完全哲學意義發展到完全哲學意義。這種轉變，是社會發展的必然產物，也是現實生活、哲學家主觀因素、歷史傳統等因素相互作用的結果。可以說，儒家哲學中對于“天”的意義的探討，其關注的焦點并非世界的本源，而是在于物質世界與精神世界之間呈現的關系，是為人類社會的秩序構建，及道德規范尋求一個更為合理的解釋和依據。本文基于儒家哲學三大代表對于“天”的含義的理解分析，希(xi)望對先秦(qin)時期儒家哲(zhe)(zhe)學的(de)發展軌跡有更加清晰(xi)的(de)了解。并(bing)且反思到我們(men)的(de)現實生活，一(yi)方(fang)面要(yao)遵循自然的(de)“天”之規律(lv)，充分發揮人的(de)主觀能動性，順應自然界(jie)的(de)內在規律(lv)，以謀求發展平衡點。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面，也要(yao)以人的(de)內在德行、智慧來(lai)約束自己的(de)言行，并(bing)形成(cheng)被大眾(zhong)認(ren)知的(de)社會禮(li)儀規范(fan)，讓政治哲(zhe)(zhe)學以道德哲(zhe)(zhe)學的(de)形式(shi)來(lai)呈現，促進社會的(de)和諧發展。

參考文獻：

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作者：李(li)陽中(zhong) 廖耀強 劉(liu)正平 單位(wei)：昆(kun)明理(li)工大(da)學(xue)