導語：VR技術在土木工程教學的應用(yong)一文來源于網友(you)上傳，不代表本(ben)站觀點，若需(xu)要(yao)原創(chuang)文章可咨詢客服老師(shi)，歡迎(ying)參考。

摘要：基于vr技術在我國高校土木工程專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)建設與應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)現狀，從研究探索、應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)推廣及(ji)(ji)網絡共享三個(ge)主要階段，系統闡述(shu)了(le)VR技術在土(tu)木(mu)工程(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展歷(li)程(cheng)，指出目前VR技術形成了(le)高校(xiao)數(shu)量多、課(ke)程(cheng)范圍廣、項(xiang)目效(xiao)果好(hao)、資源(yuan)云共享的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)現狀，解決了(le)傳統實驗課(ke)程(cheng)存在的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分問題，激發(fa)了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習興趣(qu)、提升了(le)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)質(zhi)量、實現了(le)教育(yu)公平，取得了(le)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效(xiao)果。但VR技術的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)存在部(bu)分專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業建設薄弱、部(bu)分課(ke)程(cheng)重復建設、部(bu)分實驗亟(ji)須(xu)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)等問題，隨著(zhu)技術的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)以及(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)場景的(de)(de)(de)增多，這些問題終(zhong)將迎刃而解，VR技術終(zhong)將在我國高校(xiao)土(tu)木(mu)工程(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)(de)參考(kao)價(jia)值(zhi)和廣闊的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前景。

關鍵詞：VR技(ji)術；土木(mu)工程專業；虛擬仿真；實(shi)驗教(jiao)學；云(yun)平臺

VR技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)是涵蓋了(le)計算機(ji)圖形學、仿(fang)真(zhen)、多(duo)媒體與人工(gong)智能(neng)等(deng)多(duo)種技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，可(ke)模擬人的(de)視覺、聽覺、觸覺等(deng)感官功能(neng)的(de)計算機(ji)高級人機(ji)交互技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，具有(you)多(duo)感知(zhi)性(xing)(xing)、浸沒性(xing)(xing)、交互性(xing)(xing)、可(ke)控性(xing)(xing)等(deng)特點[1]，在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)育、軍(jun)事(shi)等(deng)領域(yu)獲得了(le)廣(guang)泛的(de)應用。土木工(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)所開設(she)(she)的(de)各種實(shi)踐課程(cheng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)風險(xian)大(da)、成本(ben)(ben)高、周期長(chang)等(deng)問題，VR技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)多(duo)感知(zhi)性(xing)(xing)、交互性(xing)(xing)和可(ke)控性(xing)(xing)等(deng)特點在(zai)(zai)解決這些問題上具有(you)天然(ran)的(de)優勢。本(ben)(ben)文基于VR技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國高校土木工(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)教(jiao)學領域(yu)的(de)建設(she)(she)與應用現狀，從(cong)研究探索(suo)、應用推(tui)廣(guang)及(ji)網(wang)絡共享三個主要階段(duan)，系統闡述了(le)VR技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)土木工(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)教(jiao)學領域(yu)的(de)發展(zhan)歷(li)程(cheng)。

1VR技術在土木工程專業教學的研究探索階段

21世紀初，土木工程專業教學實驗成本高、風險大等問題日益突出，國內部分高校嘗試將VR技術和土木工程實驗教學相結合，開發出適用于土木工程教學的虛擬仿真實驗項目。2008年，江西理工大學嘗試將VR技術融入土木工程實踐教學領域，并于2017年開發出一套“組合結構構件力學性能虛擬仿真實驗”系統[2]。2011年，寧夏大學開始研究探索VR技術在土木工程專業實驗教學當中的應用，建立“新工(gong)科(ke)背景下土木(mu)(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)技術虛擬(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)及(ji)(ji)VR模擬(ni)實驗室”；同年，大(da)(da)連大(da)(da)學展開VR技術在(zai)土木(mu)(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)專業(ye)路(lu)橋方(fang)向(xiang)實驗教學應用研(yan)究，對橋梁質量檢測(ce)(ce)及(ji)(ji)荷載測(ce)(ce)定存在(zai)的高(gao)風險等(deng)(deng)問(wen)題(ti)，利用Unity3D等(deng)(deng)工(gong)具，開發出了(le)一套“橋梁檢測(ce)(ce)及(ji)(ji)荷載試驗虛擬(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實驗”；2012年前后(hou)，山東建筑大(da)(da)學、蘭州(zhou)理工(gong)大(da)(da)學、北京工(gong)業(ye)大(da)(da)學等(deng)(deng)高(gao)校(xiao)開展了(le)VR技術在(zai)混凝土結構設計原理等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面的教學應用研(yan)究[3-6]。

2VR技術(shu)在土木工程專業(ye)教學的應用推廣階段

經過(guo)多年(nian)的(de)探索實(shi)(shi)踐，教(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)以“科(ke)學(xue)(xue)規劃、共(gong)享資源、突(tu)出重點、提高效益(yi)、持續發(fa)展”為指(zhi)導(dao)思想(xiang)，2014年(nian)~2015年(nian)間(jian)在(zai)全(quan)國范圍(wei)內(nei)建立(li)了(le)(le)兩批國家級虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，在(zai)東南大(da)學(xue)(xue)、長沙理工大(da)學(xue)(xue)、同濟大(da)學(xue)(xue)等高校設立(li)了(le)(le)“土(tu)木工程虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)”、“公路交通虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)”等8個(ge)國家級虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，VR技術在(zai)土(tu)木工程專業教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)領域進(jin)入(ru)了(le)(le)應用(yong)(yong)推廣(guang)階段(duan)，在(zai)課內(nei)、外實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)課程中(zhong)得到了(le)(le)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)，取(qu)得了(le)(le)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)效果(guo)[7]。

2.1課內實驗課

2.1.1專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)與(yu)(yu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)，力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)《土(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》；材(cai)料(liao)(liao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)《土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)》和(he)(he)(he)《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》；結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)《混(hun)凝土(tu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)原理(li)(li)》和(he)(he)(he)《鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)》。2015~2018年，西南交通(tong)(tong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)圍繞《土(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)重力(li)(li)(li)(li)離心模擬(ni)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、三軸(zhou)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展了(le)(le)(le)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)保證實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下(xia)(xia)，解決了(le)(le)(le)此類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)長、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題[3、8]。2015年前(qian)后(hou)(hou)，青島(dao)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，針對(dui)(dui)《土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)》多種環境(jing)下(xia)(xia)混(hun)凝土(tu)劣(lie)化實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)，還原了(le)(le)(le)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境(jing)中(zhong)混(hun)凝土(tu)劣(lie)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[9]。2014~2018年間，山東建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)分(fen)別(bie)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)凝土(tu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)針對(dui)(dui)受彎(wan)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件承載力(li)(li)(li)(li)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)，精準還原了(le)(le)(le)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土(tu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種受力(li)(li)(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)變(bian)(bian)形過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[3、6]。2016~2018年，上海大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，涉(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)半剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)框(kuang)架擬(ni)靜力(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)內實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)可進(jin)行鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)搭建(jian)(jian)以及(ji)(ji)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)相(xiang)(xiang)關系數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量[3]。對(dui)(dui)于土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)一些特殊結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入使用(yong)(yong)(yong)也取(qu)得了(le)(le)(le)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成效。2017年，江西理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于《組合結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)原理(li)(li)》教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)，首(shou)次開(kai)(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)FRP復合梁(liang)受彎(wan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)[10]。2018年，南京航空(kong)航天大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)《結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)，呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)荷(he)載作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)壓、測(ce)振、測(ce)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[3]。2.1.2專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于給排水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。其(qi)中(zhong)，給排水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)質工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》和(he)(he)(he)《人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)濕(shi)地(di)(di)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)論與(yu)(yu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)》；巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)《巖(yan)石力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》和(he)(he)(he)《巖(yan)石工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原位測(ce)試(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)》；建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)《裝配式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)》和(he)(he)(he)《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》等(deng)；交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)《路(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》和(he)(he)(he)《橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》等(deng)；地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)《隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》和(he)(he)(he)《地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)給排水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向，2017~2018年，青島(dao)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)廣州大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)別(bie)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)凝血實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，開(kai)(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)平臺(tai)(tai)。以VR的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式展現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選址、水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)平面(mian)與(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)置、水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)混(hun)凝過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以及(ji)(ji)各(ge)種參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化[3]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向，2017年，河南工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)《巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原位測(ce)試(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)》實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行靜力(li)(li)(li)(li)觸探實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。2019年，武漢(han)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)《巖(yan)石力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖三維地(di)(di)質力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模型試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，展示(shi)了(le)(le)(le)模型制作(zuo)、加(jia)載、開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖、超(chao)載、失(shi)效、數據分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[3]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向，2012年，寧夏大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)《土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆孔灌注(zhu)樁施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，首(shou)次建(jian)(jian)成國內建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)[3]。2016年，河南工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)《糧倉建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)(yu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)》教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，幫(bang)助學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)空(kong)間當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)完成園(yuan)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、建(jian)(jian)造和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)營[11]。2018年，蘭州理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)針對(dui)(dui)《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量事故分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)糾傾(qing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，引入VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發出了(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)，真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)因濕(shi)陷、鹽脹而傾(qing)斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象[3]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向，2012年，大(da)(da)(da)(da)連大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)把VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)《橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)檢測(ce)與(yu)(yu)荷(he)載實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合到(dao)一起，開(kai)(kai)(kai)發了(le)(le)(le)國內第一批交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平臺(tai)(tai)。交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。2015~2018年期(qi)間，河北工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)先后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)，涉(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)《橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》《大(da)(da)(da)(da)跨空(kong)間結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)》等(deng)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)內課(ke)(ke)(ke)后(hou)(hou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，包(bao)括(kuo)索結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)預應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)[3]。2016~2017年期(qi)間，長沙理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)先后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)，涉(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)《路(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》和(he)(he)(he)《道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)勘測(ce)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)內課(ke)(ke)(ke)后(hou)(hou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，包(bao)括(kuo)攪拌站(zhan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，幫(bang)助學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)掌握了(le)(le)(le)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)(jian)造過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)生(sheng)(sheng)產、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)點[3]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向，2015~2018年，西華大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)分(fen)別(bie)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)VR技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方向隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合，對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)《隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》《地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，包(bao)括(kuo)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)爆破施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)地(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)深埋(mai)軟巖(yan)洞(dong)室(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖及(ji)(ji)支護實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)火災現(xian)(xian)場試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)(ji)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)，克服(fu)了(le)(le)(le)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)難開(kai)(kai)(kai)展、不可逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端[3]。

2.2單獨實驗課

2.2.1基(ji)礎(chu)單(dan)獨(du)(du)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課近年，南昌大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、天津工(gong)(gong)業(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)高(gao)校建成虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)物(wu)理(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室，建立(li)了(le)(le)力、熱、電、光、磁等(deng)(deng)30多個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項目的(de)(de)虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，例如(ru)示(shi)波器實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、邁(mai)克爾(er)遜(xun)干涉儀實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、多用(yong)表改裝實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)。在虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)中，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生根據(ju)系統指(zhi)示(shi)進(jin)行操作(zuo)，系統自動(dong)進(jin)行數據(ju)記錄(lu)匯(hui)總(zong)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)節省(sheng)了(le)(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材(cai)料(liao)和相應(ying)(ying)(ying)儀器維護成本，并(bing)且提高(gao)了(le)(le)《大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)物(wu)理(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)》的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)效率(lv)[12]。2.2.2專(zhuan)業(ye)單(dan)獨(du)(du)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課2015年起，部分高(gao)校建成了(le)(le)土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)單(dan)獨(du)(du)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平(ping)(ping)臺。2015~2018年，西(xi)南交通大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)高(gao)校分別(bie)將(jiang)(jiang)VR技術應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到(dao)結構(gou)(gou)測試類實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)中，典型實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有鋼筋混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)樓(lou)蓋承載破壞實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)，虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平(ping)(ping)臺將(jiang)(jiang)結構(gou)(gou)所受荷載大(da)(da)小與變(bian)形(xing)情(qing)況同步(bu)展現(xian)(xian)出來；也將(jiang)(jiang)建筑結構(gou)(gou)因地震或(huo)承受荷載而導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)變(bian)呈現(xian)(xian)在學(xue)(xue)(xue)生面前(qian)，激發了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生對結構(gou)(gou)受力變(bian)形(xing)的(de)(de)研究興趣[3]。2015~2019年，河北大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)高(gao)校成功將(jiang)(jiang)VR技術應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到(dao)結構(gou)(gou)設計類實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)當(dang)中，涉及隧(sui)道(dao)設計和施工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)，在虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)情(qing)景中實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)對理(li)論知(zhi)識的(de)(de)運用(yong)，達到(dao)了(le)(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)根本目的(de)(de)[3]。高(gao)校在安全與現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)前(qian)提下，利用(yong)VR技術建立(li)了(le)(le)各種虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)平(ping)(ping)臺，鞏固了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生對理(li)論知(zhi)識的(de)(de)認知(zhi)。VR技術在土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中的(de)(de)不斷(duan)推廣和應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)，提升了(le)(le)一(yi)些高(gao)校在新工(gong)(gong)科(ke)背(bei)景下的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)質(zhi)量，為(wei)VR技術進(jin)入網(wang)絡(luo)共享階段奠定了(le)(le)堅(jian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)資源基(ji)礎(chu)。

3VR技術在土木工(gong)程專業(ye)教學的網絡共(gong)享階(jie)段

近幾年(nian)，國內(nei)外涌現出云平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)、5G等一系列新興技(ji)術(shu)，云平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)是(shi)通過網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)以按需、易擴展的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)獲得(de)所需資源(yuan)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)服務(wu)技(ji)術(shu)，該(gai)(gai)技(ji)術(shu)鑄就了(le)(le)虛(xu)擬仿真(zhen)(zhen)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)的(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)[13]。VR技(ji)術(shu)和(he)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)共(gong)享技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)融合(he)，助力了(le)(le)VR技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)高校教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)中的(de)(de)應用逐漸步入到(dao)了(le)(le)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)共(gong)享階段。2017年(nian)，隨著(zhu)我國虛(xu)擬現實技(ji)術(shu)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)項目(mu)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)出現，教(jiao)(jiao)育部選(xuan)擇示(shi)范(fan)虛(xu)擬仿真(zhen)(zhen)項目(mu)，基于道德培養的(de)(de)基本任務(wu)，建立了(le)(le)虛(xu)擬仿真(zhen)(zhen)實驗教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)課程(cheng)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)：。虛(xu)擬仿真(zhen)(zhen)實驗教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)對國內(nei)各高校開放服務(wu)，截(jie)至2021年(nian)4月30日，該(gai)(gai)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)已(yi)收納包括(kuo)法學(xue)類、土木類等41類專(zhuan)業共(gong)2079個(ge)虛(xu)擬仿真(zhen)(zhen)實驗項目(mu)。土木工程(cheng)專(zhuan)業是(shi)工科(ke)(ke)類高校的(de)(de)重點專(zhuan)業，平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)收錄此專(zhuan)業課內(nei)實驗課、單獨實驗課等共(gong)計119項。網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)建設不僅促進了(le)(le)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，而且實現了(le)(le)社會(hui)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)共(gong)享，帶動了(le)(le)國內(nei)普通高校教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)方(fang)法的(de)(de)創新和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)水平(ping)的(de)(de)提(ti)高[15,16]。

4結語

（1）在(zai)研究探索(suo)階段(duan)(duan)，部(bu)(bu)分工(gong)(gong)科院校(xiao)針對(dui)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)當(dang)中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)大、成本(ben)高(gao)(gao)、周期長等缺點，以(yi)《土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)》《橋梁工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》等實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)性(xing)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為例，利用(yong)VR技術(shu)(shu)，運用(yong)Unity3D創作開(kai)(kai)發引擎等工(gong)(gong)具，初步建(jian)成了(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)關實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)擬仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)平(ping)臺(tai)，開(kai)(kai)創了(le)(le)一種新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模(mo)式。（2）在(zai)應用(yong)推(tui)廣階段(duan)(duan)，VR技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)課(ke)(ke)內(nei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)和單(dan)獨實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)當(dang)中(zhong)得到了(le)(le)廣泛應用(yong)，并具有以(yi)下特點：①應用(yong)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)數(shu)量多，截至目(mu)(mu)(mu)前，我國有100余所(suo)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)相(xiang)(xiang)繼開(kai)(kai)發出了(le)(le)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業各(ge)(ge)(ge)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)擬仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)119項；②應用(yong)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍(wei)廣，包括專業基礎類(lei)、專業課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)類(lei)、基礎單(dan)獨實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)等約(yue)77門課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；③應用(yong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)效果(guo)好(hao)(hao)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，解決了(le)(le)傳統(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些問題(ti)，激發了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習興趣、提高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)，取(qu)得了(le)(le)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)效果(guo)。（3）在(zai)網絡共(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)階段(duan)(duan)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育部(bu)(bu)利用(yong)云平(ping)臺(tai)等技術(shu)(shu)創建(jian)了(le)(le)國家(jia)虛(xu)擬仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)平(ping)臺(tai)，標(biao)志著高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)利用(yong)VR技術(shu)(shu)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)進入了(le)(le)一個(ge)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)(duan)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)使(shi)用(yong)，避免(mian)了(le)(le)各(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)虛(xu)擬仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重復性(xing)建(jian)設(she)，改變了(le)(le)各(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資源分配(pei)不均衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，在(zai)一定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上帶動了(le)(le)各(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)。（4）目(mu)(mu)(mu)前，我國高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)在(zai)利用(yong)VR技術(shu)(shu)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)取(qu)得了(le)(le)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究成果(guo)，但還是(shi)存在(zai)部(bu)(bu)分專業建(jian)設(she)薄(bo)弱(ruo)、部(bu)(bu)分課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重復建(jian)設(she)、部(bu)(bu)分實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)亟(ji)須完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)可依托(tuo)國家(jia)虛(xu)擬仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)平(ping)臺(tai)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)同建(jian)設(she)，繼續(xu)完(wan)善，切實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)好(hao)(hao)，讓(rang)VR技術(shu)(shu)真(zhen)(zhen)正為學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)、專業和學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)服(fu)務。

作者：王世(shi)鵬 桂勇 劉(liu)湘萍 熊定凱 田(tian)震 單位：贛南科技(ji)學院