核電池范文

時(shi)間:2023-03-14 00:15:40

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核電池

篇1

【關鍵詞】電磁感應;熱電偶;轉換效率;核電池

當今,電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)作為潮流正(zheng)在慢慢占領傳統燃油汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)市(shi)場(chang),但是電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)電能供應時間短,給用(yong)戶生活(huo)帶(dai)(dai)來(lai)不便,也限制(zhi)了(le)它的(de)發(fa)展,并且電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)電池更(geng)換和充電站設備帶(dai)(dai)來(lai)的(de)后(hou)續成本會使(shi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)成本過高(gao)。新能源的(de)發(fa)展和高(gao)科技共(gong)同推進(jin)核電能源的(de)進(jin)步。

核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),又稱同位素(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),它是(shi)利(li)用(yong)放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)同位素(su)衰(shuai)變放(fang)出載能(neng)粒(li)子(zi)(zi)(如α粒(li)子(zi)(zi)、β粒(li)子(zi)(zi)和γ射(she)(she)線)并將其能(neng)量轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi),目前應用(yong)最廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)溫差(cha)式(shi)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和熱機(ji)轉(zhuan)換核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。直接充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)型(xing)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓型(xing))利(li)用(yong)放(fang)射(she)(she)源(yuan)發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粒(li)子(zi)(zi)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)差(cha)。放(fang)射(she)(she)源(yuan)放(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi),給(gei)絕緣導體充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后被收集器收集起來。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)都選(xuan)用(yong)金屬,發(fa)射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)一端(放(fang)射(she)(she)源(yuan))為(wei)正極(ji)(ji)(ji),接收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)一端為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)。這種核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可產生(sheng)高(gao)達150千伏的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)小(xiao),最大短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流只(zhi)有10-11安。

溫差電(dian)(dian)偶型核(he)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(低電(dian)(dian)壓型)利用放(fang)射源(yuan)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)能實(shi)現能量轉換。作為一種(zhong)成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)電(dian)(dian)池(chi) 它所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量轉換材(cai)料為熱(re)電(dian)(dian)材(cai)料,是核(he)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要部件,其功能是將放(fang)射性同位素衰變時(shi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)能轉變成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能。由(you)于其具有體積小、重量輕和壽命長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),而(er)且其能量大(da)小、速(su)度(du)不(bu)受外界(jie)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)、化(hua)學反(fan)應、壓力、電(dian)(dian)磁場等(deng)影響,因此(ci)它可以(yi)在很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)范(fan)圍和惡劣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境中工作而(er)得到(dao)青睞。

一、核電池的發展

第一(yi)個(ge)放射(she)性同位素電(dian)(dian)池是在(zai)(zai)(zai)1959年1月16日由美國人制成的(de),在(zai)(zai)(zai)此之后,核(he)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)發展頗(po)快,并在(zai)(zai)(zai)重多探測器(qi)中(zhong),都使用了同位素溫(wen)差發電(dian)(dian)器(qi)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)源。前蘇聯在(zai)(zai)(zai)1967~1982年期間,共發射(she)了24顆核(he)動力衛星,都屬于海洋(yang)監視(shi)衛星。衛星帶有以濃縮鈾(you)235為燃料的(de)熱離子反應(ying)堆,不過核(he)動力并不是用來驅動衛星,只是利用放射(she)性元素衰變時(shi)放出(chu)的(de)熱量,通(tong)過熱電(dian)(dian)偶產生電(dian)(dian)能給衛星上的(de)設備供電(dian)(dian)。

中國第一塊放射性同位素(su)電池以釙(li)210為燃料,輸出電功率(lv)為1.4瓦,熱功率(lv)35.5瓦,并進行了模擬太空(kong)應用的(de)地面試驗。隨著我(wo)國核電站數量的(de)增加,由乏燃料后(hou)處理(li)提(ti)取(qu)的(de)镎237原料的(de)逐漸積累,為后(hou)來開(kai)發钚238電池,提(ti)供了物質基礎。

我國(guo)首次實(shi)用核電池將(jiang)隨“嫦娥三(san)號”軟著(zhu)陸月球,并用于嫦娥三(san)號的著(zhu)陸器和月球車(che)上。這種原子能電池可以連(lian)續工作30年。

二、研究主題

通過(guo)了解學習放射性同位(wei)素衰變知識,研究(jiu)電(dian)磁感應(ying)式核電(dian)池(chi),選(xuan)用合適的核燃料(liao)并(bing)設計合理的核電(dian)池(chi)模型,同時結合溫差發電(dian),增(zeng)大電(dian)池(chi)輸出功率(lv)。嘗(chang)試在核電(dian)池(chi)屏蔽方面做出設計,符(fu)合高(gao)效經濟安全要(yao)求。

三、原理介紹及分析(xi)

1.裝置簡述

圖(tu)1 高效(xiao)綜合核電池原理(li)圖(tu)

圖2 RLC諧振電路

圖(tu)1所示(shi)為(wei)燃料棒:采用(yong)(yong)(yong)Sr90作為(wei)放射(she)源(yuan)(yuan),Sr90的(de)(de)(de)半衰期為(wei)28.79年,為(wei)恒穩功率源(yuan)(yuan);圖(tu)2所示(shi)為(wei)銅絲繞組,以(yi)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形密集(ji)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在燃料棒周圍,每(mei)個線(xian)圈(quan)之間(jian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)串聯連接(jie),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)疊加。放射(she)出的(de)(de)(de)β粒子(zi)(zi)帶(dai)(dai)正電(dian)(dian)荷并且帶(dai)(dai)有一定的(de)(de)(de)速度,當打到吸收粒子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)圈(quan)時(shi)(shi),撞擊(ji)到銅絲中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi),使這些電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)離開軌道,增加了(le)自由電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang),增強(qiang)了(le)銅絲的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力,同時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)β粒子(zi)(zi)速度變(bian)為(wei)零(ling),引起磁場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化,產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)感(gan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)場(chang),這就使銅絲中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)定向移動(dong),從而(er)輸出電(dian)(dian)流;3所示(shi)溫差發電(dian)(dian)模塊,在PN結的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)側(ce)(ce)為(wei)熱端(duan),外側(ce)(ce)為(wei)冷(leng)端(duan),利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)β粒子(zi)(zi)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)損失產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)余熱與電(dian)(dian)池部分(fen)(fen)形成的(de)(de)(de)溫差來(lai)發電(dian)(dian);4所示(shi)為(wei)變(bian)壓器部分(fen)(fen),上面是一次繞組和二次繞組,將輸出電(dian)(dian)壓調整到額(e)定值;5所示(shi)為(wei)內(nei)部發電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱體容器,在圓(yuan)(yuan)柱體內(nei)壁(bi)和外壁(bi)上分(fen)(fen)別繞有線(xian)圈(quan),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)輸出。

2.原理探究

(1)直接(jie)將α衰變轉化成電(dian)能

鑒于經濟(ji)性和安全性,制作(zuo)的核電池燃料(liao)不(bu)采用鈾,钚等元素(su),而采用鍶。作(zuo)為核電站(zhan)的反應堆廢料(liao),Sr90含量(liang)豐富,并且其(qi)放射性較強,一方(fang)(fang)面可以實(shi)現能源的再利用,另一方(fang)(fang)面還可以實(shi)現減輕核廢料(liao)污染(ran)處(chu)理(li)的困擾。

因此,核(he)電池(chi)的燃料棒材料選擇為(wei)Sr90,其(qi)半衰(shuai)期T1/2為(wei)28.79年,Sr90集中放(fang)射β粒(li)子,當Sr90粒(li)子衰(shuai)變成Y90的時候釋放(fang)最大的粒(li)子能量為(wei)0.546MeV,可視為(wei)恒(heng)穩(wen)功率源。

1)Sr90元(yuan)素的放射性活度[1]

依據相(xiang)關資料:元素的(de)(de)放射性(xing)活度A為每秒衰變(bian)的(de)(de)原(yuan)子數。

處于(yu)該定(ding)能態下(xia)的一定(ding)量(liang)放射性核(he)素(su),發生自發核(he)轉變(bian)的核(he)數目(mu)N在(zai)實(shi)驗結果中均值(zhi)為1.2×1011 ,再依(yi)據以上公式(shi)可以計(ji)算出(chu)相(xiang)應的Sr90元素(su)的放射性活度A=92.88Bq/g。

2)衰變的β撞擊到(dao)金屬板前能(neng)量

在(zai)Sr90衰變的過(guo)程中,β粒(li)子帶負電(dian)荷(he)以一(yi)定的速度放射出,其最(zui)大的動(dong)能為0.546MeV。在(zai)本次計算中宜采(cai)用平均值0.196MeV,并(bing)且運動(dong)的電(dian)荷(he)會(hui)產生(sheng)磁(ci)場帶電(dian)粒(li)子受磁(ci)場作用也會(hui)有(you)部(bu)分能量,根據帶電(dian)粒(li)子的能量公式:

貝塔粒(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)即β粒(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi),是指(zhi)當放(fang)射(she)性物質發(fa)生β衰(shuai)變(bian),所釋出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)高能量電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi),Sr90發(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)(de)β粒(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度達到光速(su)的(de)(de)(de)70%,電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)徑為(wei)2.8×1013m,從而(er)求解得(de)出(chu)β粒(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)能量為(wei)0.779Mev,因此每(mei)克(ke)Sr90元素每(mei)秒衰(shuai)變(bian)產生的(de)(de)(de)粒(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)能量為(wei)E0=A×E=72.35Mev。

這個能(neng)量值(zhi)可以作為簡(jian)易(yi)模型求(qiu)解的總能(neng)量值(zhi)來(lai)計算效(xiao)率。

3)RLC諧振電(dian)路的(de)電(dian)流(liu)分析

核電(dian)池燃(ran)料元(yuan)素(su)的(de)(de)衰變(bian)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)經過電(dian)感(gan)線(xian)圈的(de)(de)阻礙收集離(li)子輻射能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang),將粒(li)(li)子能(neng)(neng)轉變(bian)成電(dian)能(neng)(neng),通過電(dian)路輸出;當粒(li)(li)子動能(neng)(neng)變(bian)為零時,伴隨著熱能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)放出,利用熱電(dian)偶的(de)(de)溫差原(yuan)理收集殘余的(de)(de)熱能(neng)(neng)。將兩(liang)部分電(dian)能(neng)(neng)統一(yi)到一(yi)條線(xian)路輸出,外面(mian)連接的(de)(de)RLC諧振電(dian)路可以用如(ru)圖3的(de)(de)模型摸近似(si)計算:

如圖(tu)3所示(shi):電(dian)(dian)路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)i(t),電(dian)(dian)容器極板電(dian)(dian)荷量qi(t),極板電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)uci(t),自感電(dian)(dian)動勢El ;

經過再(zai)次對(dui)時間(jian)求導,整(zheng)理可得(de):

求解(jie)二階非齊次方程的解(jie)可以進(jin)一步得(de)出電(dian)感線(xian)圈的電(dian)壓ul:

可(ke)以得到(dao)結論:輸入電(dian)(dian)壓落在電(dian)(dian)感上的電(dian)(dian)壓較小,主要的輸入電(dian)(dian)壓落在電(dian)(dian)容C上,并且其暫態部分衰減很快,主要是穩態部分,近(jin)似為:

當電(dian)容由uc放(fang)電(dian)至(zhi)0的過程中,電(dian)容的電(dian)能通過RLC諧振電(dian)路釋放(fang),能量為:

電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)選(xuan)擇聚四氟乙烯電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi),其電(dian)容(rong)損耗小,耐熱性(xing)好,工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)度(du)可(ke)達150-200℃,電(dian)參數(shu)的溫(wen)度(du)頻率(lv)特性(xing)穩定,主(zhu)要應用(yong)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)(gao)絕緣,高(gao)(gao)頻的場合。CBF10容(rong)量取(qu)5pF,額(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)(wei)160V。衰變(bian)出(chu)β粒子(zi)后的能(neng)(neng)量有一部(bu)分作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)線圈上產生(sheng)的電(dian)能(neng)(neng),另一部(bu)分轉變(bian)成熱能(neng)(neng),依據實驗數(shu)據可(ke)以得(de)知,衰變(bian)能(neng)(neng)大部(bu)分轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸(shu)出(chu),比(bi)例(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)73%,其余的部(bu)分成為(wei)(wei)(wei)了熱能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的輸(shu)出(chu)效率(lv)由模擬實驗數(shu)據可(ke)以得(de)出(chu),由此可(ke)以計算出(chu)核電(dian)池的轉換效率(lv)。

(2)溫差發電

1)溫差技術原理

1821 年(nian)德國科學家(jia)賽(sai)貝克(ke)(T.J.Seebeck)發現了一種熱電轉換效應――塞貝克(ke)效應。

如圖(tu)4所(suo)示,由不(bu)同種材料(liao)AB組成的(de)回(hui)路,當接(jie)點的(de)溫度不(bu)同時(shi)(shi),回(hui)路中會有電流(liu),這就是(shi)所(suo)謂的(de)賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)效應(ying)。假設接(jie)頭1和(he)2處(chu)維持在不(bu)同的(de)溫度T1和(he)T2(T1>T2)。則(ze)在導體A的(de)開(kai)路位(wei)置X和(he)Y之間,將會有一個電位(wei)差(cha)出現,稱之為賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)電壓。當溫差(cha)不(bu)大(da)的(de)時(shi)(shi)候,賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)電壓數(shu)(shu)值為,這個關系就是(shi)線性的(de),為常數(shu)(shu)。該常數(shu)(shu)定(ding)義為兩種異(yi)體的(de)相對賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)系數(shu)(shu)。顯然(ran),賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)系數(shu)(shu)的(de)單(dan)位(wei)是(shi)V/K。但通(tong)(tong)常由于(yu)這個數(shu)(shu)值非常小,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)更常用的(de)單(dan)位(wei)是(shi)。此外,由于(yu)電位(wei)差(cha)可正(zheng)可負(fu),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)系數(shu)(shu)也有正(zheng)負(fu)。通(tong)(tong)常規定(ding):若電流(liu)在接(jie)頭1(熱(re)接(jie)頭)處(chu)由導體A流(liu)入導體B,其(qi)賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)系數(shu)(shu),就為正(zheng),反之為負(fu)。顯然(ran)賽貝(bei)克(ke)(ke)(ke)系數(shu)(shu)的(de)數(shu)(shu)值及其(qi)正(zheng)負(fu)將取決(jue)于(yu)所(suo)用導體A與B的(de)熱(re)電特性,而與溫差(cha)梯度的(de)大(da)小和(he)方向無關,反之為負(fu)。

圖3 賽貝克(ke)(Seebeck)效(xiao)應原(yuan)理(li)圖

圖(tu)4 在開路狀(zhuang)態(a)和閉路狀(zhuang)態

(b)下導體的塞貝(bei)克效應的描述

賽(sai)貝克系數通常也稱為溫差電(dian)動(dong)勢率(lv)。它的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)觀(guan)物理本質可(ke)以(yi)通過溫度梯度作用下導(dao)體(ti)內(nei)載流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)變化加以(yi)說明。以(yi)一(yi)金(jin)(jin)屬棒為例(li),假設金(jin)(jin)屬棒的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)為高溫,另一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)為低溫。如果金(jin)(jin)屬中的(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)看作是(shi)氣(qi)體(ti)時(shi),根據氣(qi)體(ti)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)運(yun)動(dong)論可(ke)以(yi)預測熱端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)平均動(dong)能高于(yu)冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de),與冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)熱端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度相比,熱端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)會以(yi)更大的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan),因此在(zai)導(dao)體(ti)內(nei)部就(jiu)會存在(zai)從熱端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)凈電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)流(liu)(liu),導(dao)致冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)處的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)積(ji)累(lei)(lei),從而產生內(nei)建電(dian)場,阻礙進一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)積(ji)累(lei)(lei),最終(zhong)達到平衡狀(zhuang)態,如圖4a所(suo)示(shi)(shi)。在(zai)閉路狀(zhuang)態,如圖4b所(suo)示(shi)(shi),電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)會減少電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累(lei)(lei),但只(zhi)要有溫度梯度存在(zai)就(jiu)會有連續的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)[18]。

以(yi)上考慮的(de)(de)只(zhi)有一種載流(liu)子,但在半導(dao)體中存在著(zhu)兩(liang)種載流(liu)子即(ji)帶(dai)負(fu)電的(de)(de)自由(you)電子和帶(dai)正電的(de)(de)空(kong)穴(xue)。在以(yi)空(kong)穴(xue)為主要載流(liu)子的(de)(de)P型半導(dao)體中,賽貝克(ke)效應同(tong)樣會使(shi)空(kong)穴(xue)由(you)熱(re)端(duan)流(liu)向冷端(duan)的(de)(de),但是由(you)于它是帶(dai)正電的(de)(de)載流(liu)子,所以(yi)產生的(de)(de)電勢差(cha)的(de)(de)極性與(yu)同(tong)樣條件下的(de)(de)N型半導(dao)體的(de)(de)相反。

圖5 PN結溫差裝置

為了提(ti)高每一單位面積的轉化功率,可(ke)減少半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)溫差(cha)模塊內(nei)各個半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)溫差(cha)元件之(zhi)間(jian)的空隙。

2)電壓的計算

最常應用的情(qing)況(kuang)是半導體(ti)溫(wen)差(cha)發電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊的串(chuan)并(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)情(qing)況(kuang)。在(zai)冷端(duan) Tc介于(yu) 120~130℃之間,熱端(duan) Th介于(yu) 235~245℃之間的條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia),測得(de)半導體(ti)溫(wen)差(cha)發電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊在(zai)不同串(chuan)并(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)組合(he)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)的特性,如表1所示。由表1可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看出,半導體(ti)溫(wen)差(cha)發電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊作為電(dian)(dian)源,其串(chuan)并(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)的情(qing)況(kuang)與其它電(dian)(dian)源的串(chuan)并(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)并(bing)(bing)(bing)無本質區別。由于(yu)只要兩接頭間的溫(wen)差(cha)T=T1-T2不是很(hen)大。賽貝克常數一定,由上表可(ke)(ke)得(de)αAB≈0.036,當核電(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)差(cha)T=80℃時,溫(wen)差(cha)發電(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)得(de)到電(dian)(dian)壓U=2.88V。

四、綜合(he)核能利(li)用(yong)率的提高

經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)上述的(de)(de)介紹,由于衰(shuai)變(bian)能(neng)(neng)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)熱能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)效率較(jiao)低,而衰(shuai)變(bian)能(neng)(neng)直接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中會釋(shi)放較(jiao)多熱量,不僅降低了核能(neng)(neng)利用效率,而且高(gao)溫會影響(xiang)核電(dian)池設備的(de)(de)安全性。因此,我(wo)們設計一(yi)種(zhong)綜合核電(dian)池,將兩種(zhong)發電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)整合在一(yi)起。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應原理,通過(guo)(guo)將(jiang)輻射(she)的(de)(de)(de)β粒子的(de)(de)(de)高動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)吸收轉(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)接收裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)金屬材料的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng),并且加裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi),把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)幾乎完全轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)上,經過(guo)(guo)二次回路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)將(jiang)波動(dong)(dong)不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸出,實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高效(xiao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)。另外,在吸收過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)會伴隨著熱量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)產生,通過(guo)(guo)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)差效(xiao)應,將(jiang)散失的(de)(de)(de)熱能(neng)(neng)利(li)用轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。在中(zhong)(zhong)心結(jie)構之外,將(jiang)兩部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓串聯起來,使核電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)更高,效(xiao)率更高。電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸出后,電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)較(jiao)低(di),不(bu)滿足實際(ji)應用需要(yao),在中(zhong)(zhong)心裝(zhuang)置(zhi)外加裝(zhuang)八個變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi),升高裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,再結(jie)合外圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)線(xian)圈把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸出。為了(le)能(neng)(neng)夠輸出規則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)正弦波信號(hao),消除(chu)各種干擾信號(hao),可以加裝(zhuang)濾波器(qi)(qi)和分頻器(qi)(qi)再輸出。

五、高效綜合核電池的優(you)點(dian)

該裝置巧(qiao)妙地利用(yong)了放射性物質(zhi)發(fa)射帶電粒子(zi),將粒子(zi)運動中(zhong)的(de)磁場能(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接轉(zhuan)化(hua)成電場能(neng)(neng),并(bing)且綜(zong)合利用(yong)電磁轉(zhuan)換過程中(zhong)的(de)熱能(neng)(neng),把散發(fa)的(de)熱能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成電能(neng)(neng),提高了用(yong)電效率,是(shi)核電池利用(yong)上(shang)的(de)一個突(tu)破。但是(shi),我們經(jing)過研究發(fa)現,該裝置存在以下幾點不足:

(1)裝置僅(jin)給出了宏觀(guan)電流的(de)(de)形成,沒有精(jing)準的(de)(de)微觀(guan)分析,我們(men)要進(jin)一步合理(li)(li)地探究其(qi)發電的(de)(de)微觀(guan)原理(li)(li)。

(2)裝置電壓不(bu)夠穩(wen)定,我們(men)通過改進外電路(lu)及設計相應的開(kai)關來(lai)實現較簡易(yi)的電壓輸出形式(shi)

(3)核電(dian)池的(de)安(an)全問題還沒有徹底解(jie)決(jue),目前的(de)技(ji)術還不能保證核電(dian)池的(de)推廣(guang)應(ying)用。

(4)生產成(cheng)本高,利用(yong)價值(zhi)還(huan)不能確定。

參考文獻

[1]呂峰,陳國(guo)安.Sr90~Y90放射性活度的絕(jue)對測(ce)量[J].中國(guo)核科技報(bao)告,1986.

篇2

日前,美國科學家成(cheng)功研(yan)制(zhi)出一種叫做(zuo)“鐵磁紙”的(de)納米等級材料,它是用納米等級鐵磁微(wei)粒灌(guan)注(zhu)在普通紙張上,它可用于制(zhi)造手術儀器(qi)(qi)中的(de)低成(cheng)本“微(wei)型(xing)發動機”,研(yan)究(jiu)細胞的(de)微(wei)型(xing)鑷子、微(wei)型(xing)機器(qi)(qi)人以及小型(xing)揚聲器(qi)(qi)等。

移動花園

美國(guo)一(yi)名熱愛(ai)戶外(wai)生活的藝(yi)術家利(li)用自(zi)己獨特創(chuang)意將大(da)篷車改(gai)造成移(yi)動花園。這輛車從外(wai)部(bu)看和其(qi)他車沒(mei)什(shen)么不同,可是打(da)開后,其(qi)內(nei)部(bu)裝飾卻會讓人大(da)為驚(jing)嘆。車內(nei)裝飾材料來自(zi)草坪、樹木、鮮(xian)花和絲綢(chou)等。一(yi)旦接通電源,此(ci)車能播放(fang)鳥兒(er)清脆悅耳的鳴叫聲,夏天還(huan)能燒烤,儼然置身(shen)于大(da)自(zi)然中。

普(pu)通(tong)復(fu)印(yin)紙的不(bu)普(pu)通(tong)造型

丹麥(mai)世界紙(zhi)藝大師彼(bi)得?卡羅森能用膠水、手術刀和一張普通的A4復(fu)印(yin)紙(zhi)制作(zuo)出包括骷(ku)髏、昆蟲和建筑(zhu)等各(ge)種驚人作(zuo)品。

彼得能把(ba)一張(zhang)價值幾元錢的(de)紙變(bian)成(cheng)一件藝(yi)術(shu)品(pin),每件藝(yi)術(shu)品(pin)從繪制草圖(tu)、裁剪(jian)到折疊大約需要(yao)兩周時間。

透明金魚

日本的科學家利用三年時(shi)間,用基因突然出現變異的淺(qian)色金魚,最終培育(yu)出一(yi)種透明金魚。這(zhe)種金魚不需解剖,即可觀(guan)察(cha)內臟和(he)血液狀(zhuang)態。這(zhe)種金魚今后有望廣泛應用于實(shi)驗研究。

吃冰棍的考拉

看(kan),這只考拉在(zai)(zai)干什么?不用(yong)懷疑你的眼睛(jing),它(ta)正在(zai)(zai)吃冰(bing)棍呢!這只生活在(zai)(zai)澳(ao)大利亞佩斯的考拉名叫Jumbuck,在(zai)(zai)夏天的時候,它(ta)最愛的就是戴著(zhu)遮陽草帽和墨鏡,趴在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)上(shang)享(xiang)受它(ta)的美味冰(bing)棍!

可待機五(wu)千年的(de)微型核電池

今(jin)后只需(xu)要一個硬幣大小的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi),就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)讓你的(de)手(shou)機不充電(dian)(dian)使用五千(qian)年。美國科學家研發(fa)出(chu)(chu)了體積(ji)小但電(dian)(dian)力強的(de)“核電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。這(zhe)種(zhong)核電(dian)(dian)池(chi)只略大于(yu)1美分硬幣(直徑1.95厘米,厚(hou)1.55毫米),卻可(ke)(ke)以(yi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)普(pu)通化學電(dian)(dian)池(chi)需(xu)充電(dian)(dian)100萬次(ci)才能(neng)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力。

木乃伊內藏小鳥

近期,科學家(jia)在(zai)對一(yi)(yi)具4千年前埃及木乃伊(yi)尸(shi)(shi)體(ti)進行掃(sao)描檢查時(shi),發現這具木乃伊(yi)尸(shi)(shi)體(ti)內包(bao)裹著一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)木乃伊(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)鳥。在(zai)多數情況(kuang)下,古埃及人會(hui)將死者的器(qi)(qi)官包(bao)裹起來(lai)放(fang)入(ru)木乃伊(yi)尸(shi)(shi)體(ti)中,期望死者轉生后能夠重新使(shi)用這些器(qi)(qi)官。然而在(zai)尸(shi)(shi)體(ti)中保存著一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)鳥,這是非常罕見,令人驚奇(qi)。

智能鬧鐘

美國一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)大學畢(bi)業(ye)生發明了一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)智能(neng)(neng)鬧(nao)(nao)鐘(zhong),能(neng)(neng)在人睡(shui)意最淺的(de)時(shi)候響鈴(ling)。人體睡(shui)眠(mian)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定周期,在睡(shui)眠(mian)程度最淺的(de)時(shi)候鬧(nao)(nao)鈴(ling),人最容(rong)易結(jie)束睡(shui)眠(mian),醒來時(shi)心(xin)情較(jiao)好頭(tou)腦(nao)也較(jiao)清醒。不過,這(zhe)種(zhong)鬧(nao)(nao)鐘(zhong)也有(you)(you)“缺(que)點”:使用(yong)者在睡(shui)覺時(shi),頭(tou)部必須安放一(yi)(yi)(yi)個帶(dai)有(you)(you)電極(ji)的(de)裝置和一(yi)(yi)(yi)個微處理器,這(zhe)樣才能(neng)(neng)分析睡(shui)眠(mian)周期中每一(yi)(yi)(yi)個階段的(de)腦(nao)電波(bo),而智能(neng)(neng)鬧(nao)(nao)鐘(zhong)通過無線方式接收腦(nao)電波(bo)信息。

篇3

【關鍵詞】 鋰離(li)子電池 過(guo)充(chong)保護(hu) 過(guo)放保護(hu) 短路保護(hu) 試(shi)驗要求

Requirements change mine lithium-ion battery power supply of the safety performance test Xu Mingying (Shenyang Institute of Coal Group Co., Ltd, Detection Center,Fushun,Liaoning,113112 , China)

Abstract:Lithium-ion batteries as a reliable power supply equipment has been widely used in coal mine, but the security implications due to the improper use of lithium and its application in the coal field has been largely restricted. Large-capacity lithium-ion battery power coal mine safety issues in the application is the top priority, Mine was the good lithium-ion batteries power products access and in the field, countries have to develop new requirements to stringent production and inspection.Some Changes article describes the mine lithium-ion battery power supply safety performance test requirements, analysis of the reasons for the change and assessment for substance. To implement the new requirements have a positive effect.

Key words: Lithium ion battery; Overcharge protection; Over-discharge protection; Short circuit protection; test system

國家煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)安(an)全監(jian)察局2011年(nian)1月25日下發文件,提出所(suo)有井工(gong)煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)應按照(zhao)規(gui)定要求(qiu)建設完(wan)(wan)善(shan)煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)井下緊急(ji)避險系統(tong),符合“系統(tong)可(ke)靠、設施完(wan)(wan)善(shan)、管理到位、運轉有效”的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu),并規(gui)定完(wan)(wan)成時(shi)限。而(er)緊急(ji)避險系統(tong)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要內容是(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)。隨著煤(mei)(mei)炭工(gong)業發展和礦(kuang)山(shan)裝(zhuang)備(bei)技術(shu)進步,監(jian)測通信(xin)系統(tong)、緊急(ji)避險設施、井下運輸車輛等對防爆(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)要求(qiu)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)高,同(tong)時(shi) GB3836.2-2010《爆(bao)炸性環 境(jing) 第 2 部分:由隔(ge)(ge)爆(bao)外殼“d”保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)》中(zhong)明確禁止“在(zai)正常使(shi)(shi)用時(shi)可(ke)能釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解氣體的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”在(zai)隔(ge)(ge)爆(bao)外殼內使(shi)(shi)用。為滿(man)足目前煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)裝(zhuang)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切需要,在(zai)充分研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)、反(fan)復征求(qiu)各方(fang)面專家意見以及進行相關(guan)試驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上,制定的(de)(de)(de)(de)《礦(kuang)用隔(ge)(ge)爆(bao)(兼本安(an))型鋰離子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源安(an)全技術(shu)要求(qiu)》,在(zai)原有相關(guan)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上,進一(yi)步詳(xiang)細(xi)規(gui)定了(le)20 Ah~100 Ah鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性能要求(qiu),為鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源生(sheng)(sheng)產、檢(jian)驗提供了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)依據。而(er)對于生(sheng)(sheng)產和質檢(jian)部門,研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)、落實新要求(qiu)成為目前亟待解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。

一、礦用(yong)鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電池電源(yuan)安(an)全性能試驗(yan)要(yao)求變化(hua)內容

礦用(yong)鋰離子蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)性能試驗原要求執行(xing)MT/ T408-1995《煤礦用(yong)直流穩壓電(dian)源》和MT/T1078-2008《礦用(yong)本質安全輸(shu)出直流電(dian)源》行(xing)業標準,包括(kuo)過(guo)壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、過(guo)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、短路保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、過(guo)充保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、過(guo)放保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)要求。

在(zai)《礦用隔爆(兼本安)型鋰(li)離子蓄電池電源(yuan)安全技術要(yao)求(qiu)》新要(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)對“過壓保(bao)護、過流(liu)保(bao)護、短路保(bao)護、過充(chong)保(bao)護、過放保(bao)護”的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)有較大改變(bian),并(bing)增加溫度(du)保(bao)護和具體的(de)保(bao)護時間。具體變(bian)化如下(xia):

1.1過壓保護

過壓保護試驗要求變化可以用“定模(mo)組(zu),定單體,定保護值和定狀態”概括(kuo)。具體見(jian)表1。

1.2過流保護

過流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)試驗(yan)要求(qiu)變化可以用(yong)“定(ding)模(mo)組,定(ding)單(dan)體,定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)值和(he)定(ding)狀(zhuang)態(tai)”概括。具體見(jian)表2。

1.3短路

短路試驗要求變(bian)化突(tu)出了核心問(wen)題短路電(dian)阻和短路時間。

1.4 溫度保護

為新增試驗項目,內容(rong)為:將電(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)檢(jian)測元件置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)中,從室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)不(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu) 3℃/min 升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速率調(diao)整溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)中的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)至(zhi)低于(yu)(yu)規定(ding)的單體電(dian)池最高表面溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的 5℃,電(dian)源應處(chu)于(yu)(yu)正常工(gong)作(zuo)狀態(tai);以(yi)不(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu) 1℃/min 升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速率平穩(wen)調(diao)整溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)中的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)至(zhi)電(dian)源斷 開與(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)連(lian)接(jie),記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)動作(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)和動作(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du);動作(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)應為的保護溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)值±2℃。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)停(ting)止升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),至(zhi)電(dian)源報警(jing)或顯(xian)示(shi),記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)時(shi)間(jian),電(dian)源斷開與(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)連(lian)接(jie)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)源 顯(xian)示(shi)或報警(jing)的時(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)應小(xiao)于(yu)(yu) 20s。 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)以(yi)不(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)1℃/min 速率降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),至(zhi)電(dian)源與(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)恢復連(lian)接(jie),記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)恢復時(shi) 間(jian)和恢復溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du),恢復溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)應為單體電(dian)池最高表面溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)值±2℃;至(zhi)電(dian)源溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)保護顯(xian)示(shi)或報警(jing)消失(shi),記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)時(shi)間(jian),電(dian)源恢復與(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)連(lian)接(jie)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)源顯(xian)示(shi)或報警(jing)消失(shi)的時(shi) 間(jian)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)應小(xiao)于(yu)(yu) 20s。 試驗過程溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)(xiang)最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的設(she)(she)置(zhi)宜(yi)不(bu)超過 65℃。

二、鋰離子電池安(an)全性能試驗要求變化(hua)分析

2.1過壓保護

原試驗要(yao)求中(zhong)對單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)保護和(he)報警顯示沒有要(yao)求,電(dian)(dian)源中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)多以模組的(de)(de)(de)型式出現(xian),由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)衡導(dao)致單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)一(yi)致,在模組未過充和(he)過放的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可能(neng)存(cun)在一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)過充、過放的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性,從而(er)帶(dai)來安全隱患。新要(yao)求中(zhong)增加了單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保護要(yao)求和(he)報警顯示能(neng)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)降低鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)安全因(yin)素,也能(neng)保證單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)間的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡性,進而(er)保證電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性能(neng)和(he)延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命。

2.2過流保護

原試驗要求(qiu)中對單(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)報(bao)警顯(xian)示(shi)沒(mei)有要求(qiu),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)多以模組的(de)(de)(de)型式(shi)出(chu)現,由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)導(dao)致單(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)一致,在模組未過充和(he)過放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)情況下,單(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可能(neng)(neng)存在一定的(de)(de)(de)過流的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性,從而帶來安全隱(yin)患。新要求(qiu)中增(zeng)加了單(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)要求(qiu)和(he)報(bao)警顯(xian)示(shi)能(neng)(neng)更大的(de)(de)(de)降低(di)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)安全因素(su),也能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)間的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)性,進(jin)而保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)性能(neng)(neng)和(he)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)。新標準中增(zeng)加在100ms 內斷開(kai)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器連(lian)接(jie)(對于(yu)運(yun)輸車輛和(he)柴油(you)機起動(dong)機用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),動(dong)作時(shi)間為(wei) 2s)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)時(shi)間,能(neng)(neng)在時(shi)間上保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施。更能(neng)(neng)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)安全。

2.3短路

鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池內(nei)阻(zu)(zu)一(yi)般為50 mΩ。電(dian)源(yuan)模組的(de)(de)(de)(de)總計內(nei)阻(zu)(zu)未50N mΩ原標準要(yao)求未規定短(duan)路電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),在(zai)這種條件(jian)下短(duan)路時,電(dian)池內(nei)部電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和外(wai)(wai)加(jia)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)共同(tong)分擔(dan)電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya),內(nei)阻(zu)(zu)與外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)(zu)為串聯狀態,阻(zu)(zu)值越大分擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)越大,即(ji)在(zai)其上產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)功率越大、相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量也越大。即(ji)外(wai)(wai)部短(duan)路電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)大于內(nei)阻(zu)(zu)時,大部分能量都釋放在(zai)外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)(zu)上了,這樣電(dian)池在(zai)短(duan)路時內(nei)部溫度升小,達不(bu)到考核電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

新標(biao)準要(yao)求的(de)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小于5 mΩ,在(zai)(zai)此條(tiao)件下(xia)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)時,內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)分擔(dan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)會(hui)為外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)的(de)十倍,內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)上(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率也會(hui)相應的(de)為外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率的(de)十倍。相應內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)上(shang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量也會(hui)遠(yuan)大于外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量。結(jie)果就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)部的(de)溫(wen)度會(hui)急劇升高。進而能(neng)(neng)(neng)考(kao)(kao)(kao)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)隔膜的(de)質量優劣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)外(wai)(wai)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)越小理論上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)分擔(dan)到的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量就(jiu)會(hui)越高。這樣(yang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)質量考(kao)(kao)(kao)核(he)就(jiu)越苛(ke)刻。但(dan)是基于實(shi)際安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)核(he)和試驗(yan)成本兩方面(mian)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)慮,外(wai)(wai)阻(zu)5 mΩ即能(neng)(neng)(neng)節約試驗(yan)成本又能(neng)(neng)(neng)考(kao)(kao)(kao)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。新標(biao)準要(yao)求中增加使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出(chu)處于短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)狀態(tai),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)應實(shi)現放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護,50ms 內(nei)(nei)斷開(kai)與(yu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備連接,停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并在(zai)(zai) 10s 內(nei)(nei)報警或顯示。在(zai)(zai)時間上(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證了保(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)實(shi)施(shi),能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障在(zai)(zai)短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)狀態(tai)下(xia),減少對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)破壞,降低不(bu)安全(quan)因素,從源(yuan)頭上(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)安全(quan)。

2.4 溫度保護

新標準增加(jia)了(le)溫(wen)度保(bao)護(hu)試驗,主(zhu)要原因(yin)是原標準要求的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)一般10 Ah以下,電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)積和(he)質量都很小(xiao)(xiao),發生短路、過(guo)(guo)流、過(guo)(guo)壓時溫(wen)度升(sheng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)幅度小(xiao)(xiao),造(zao)成不(bu)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)性小(xiao)(xiao)。新標準是針對(dui)20 Ah~100 Ah的(de)(de)(de)大(da)體(ti)(ti)積、大(da)質量鋰電(dian)池(chi)。在(zai)使用(yong)中發生短路、過(guo)(guo)流、過(guo)(guo)壓時,溫(wen)度升(sheng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)幅度加(jia)大(da),造(zao)成不(bu)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素加(jia)大(da),溫(wen)度過(guo)(guo)高(gao)在(zai)煤礦井(jing)下容易引起(qi)瓦(wa)斯(si)爆炸。新標準不(bu)但增加(jia)了(le)溫(wen)度保(bao)護(hu),而(er)且還(huan)增加(jia)了(le)保(bao)護(hu)時間(jian),能(neng)在(zai)時間(jian)上保(bao)證保(bao)護(hu)功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)實施。

三、結論

通過礦用鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)源安全性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)求變化分析可得(de)出以下結論:1)礦用鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)源安全性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)求適應范圍更(geng)(geng)廣了(le)。2)試驗要(yao)求對礦用鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)源安全性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)求更(geng)(geng)高、更(geng)(geng)苛刻(ke)。3)試驗要(yao)求兼顧了(le)試驗的(de)可行性(xing)(xing)和可操作性(xing)(xing)。4)試驗要(yao)求突出具(ju)體化、短時間(jian)的(de)要(yao)求。

參 考 文 獻

篇4

1、燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不能儲電(dian)(dian),也就(jiu)是立即使用的,沒有加燃料就(jiu)沒有電(dian)(dian)的。鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是可(ke)(ke)以儲電(dian)(dian)的,方便攜帶,可(ke)(ke)以作為移動電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)使用。

2、燃料電(dian)池的工(gong)作原理(li):它的電(dian)池通過氫和氧的化學作用直(zhi)接變成電(dian)能,而不(bu)經過燃燒,因此(ci)不(bu)產生污染物,燃料利(li)用率(lv)很高。鋰電(dian)池的工(gong)作原理(li)也就是(shi)混合(he)動力的工(gong)作原理(li),混合(he)動力車型中(zhong),現在(起步(bu)階段)大多數(shu)用的是(shi)鋰電(dian)池。

(來(lai)源:文章屋網 )

篇5

1、清潔環保,產(chan)物是水(shui)。

2、容易持(chi)續通氫氣(qi)和氧氣(qi),產生持(chi)續電流。

3、能量轉換率較高,超過(guo)百分之80。而普通燃燒(shao)能量轉換率只有百分之30左(zuo)右(you)。

4、可以組合為燃(ran)料(liao)電池發電站,排(pai)放廢棄物少,噪音低。

5、容量大、比能量高、功率范圍廣且不用充電。

篇6

1、在手表(biao)的(de)背面(mian)找到比較凸起的(de)地方(fang),可以用專用工具或者尖頭的(de)小刀(dao),沿(yan)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)縫(feng)隙輕輕一撬就行(xing)了。

2、起開之(zhi)后(hou),將固定表的內部結構的白(bai)色塑料圈拿走(zou),找到紐(niu)扣(kou)電池(chi)的位置,剝開后(hou)拿走(zou)電池(chi),換上(shang)新的紐(niu)扣(kou)電池(chi)。

3、觀察手表的指針有沒有正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)行走,行走正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)的話就可(ke)以將白色結構圈轉回表內了,雙手稍微用力合(he)上(shang)手表的后蓋就成(cheng)功換好手表的電池了。

(來源:文章屋網 )

篇7

用(yong)蓄電(dian)池給臺式電(dian)腦供(gong)電(dian)步驟:

1、需要購買用逆變器(qi)。逆變器(qi)工作原理先將相(xiang)(xiang)同電(dian)壓直流(liu)電(dian)變成相(xiang)(xiang)同電(dian)壓的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian),再將交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)進行(xing)升壓,變成高壓交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)。

2、將線路準確連接(jie)。

3、線路(lu)連接完畢電(dian)腦即(ji)可通過電(dian)瓶供電(dian)開啟。

(來源(yuan):文章屋(wu)網 )

篇8

鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)區別是鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)自放(fang)電率,遠比鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)(chi)高1.5倍(bei),鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)單位體積(ji)的(de)(de)能量(liang)密度為鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)2倍(bei),存在的(de)(de)缺點是快(kuai)速充電導致比鎳鎘電池(chi)(chi)(chi)更高的(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)。

鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)是一(yi)種直流供(gong)電電池(chi),鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)可重復(fu)500次以上的充放電,經(jing)濟(ji)耐(nai)用。其(qi)內(nei)(nei)部抵制(zhi)力小,既內(nei)(nei)阻很小,可快速充電,又可為負(fu)載提供(gong)大電流,而且放電時電壓變化很小,是一(yi)種非常(chang)理想(xiang)的直流供(gong)電電池(chi)。

(來源:文章屋網 )

篇9

【關(guan)鍵詞】 燃料電池汽車 純電動汽車 混(hun)合動力汽車 發(fa)展現狀

1 引言

近兩(liang)百年來(lai),人(ren)類(lei)(lei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟與(yu)(yu)文明(ming)經(jing)(jing)(jing)歷(li)了高(gao)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),進入了前所未有的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平,汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)成(cheng)(cheng)為人(ren)類(lei)(lei)生產與(yu)(yu)生活(huo)必不可(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)交通工具,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)給人(ren)類(lei)(lei)生產與(yu)(yu)生活(huo)帶來(lai)便利的(de)(de)同時,也給人(ren)類(lei)(lei)帶來(lai)了嚴峻的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。近年來(lai),能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)危機和環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)污染(ran)(ran)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為危及人(ren)類(lei)(lei)生存與(yu)(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要問(wen)題(ti)(ti),被全球各國廣為關注(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)雙重(zhong)壓力(li)下,要解(jie)(jie)決(jue)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)危機問(wen)題(ti)(ti),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)污染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題(ti)(ti),就(jiu)必須將汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)節能(neng)(neng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保作(zuo)為核(he)(he)心(xin)之一,一方面(mian)大力(li)提高(gao)傳統汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)節油能(neng)(neng)力(li),一方面(mian)大力(li)推進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)研發(fa)應用力(li)度(du),而(er)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)更是(shi)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)社(she)會節能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保的(de)(de)根本(ben)途徑之一。我國新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)形成(cheng)(cheng)“三縱三橫”的(de)(de)研發(fa)格局(ju)。“三縱”就(jiu)是(shi)混合(he)動力(li)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、純電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、燃料(liao)電池汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)總稱(cheng),是(shi)當前汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)節能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保技術研究的(de)(de)核(he)(he)心(xin)內容(rong)之一,經(jing)(jing)(jing)過數年的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)取得了不少(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)績,但也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著很多不足之處。

2 燃料電池(chi)汽車發(fa)展現狀(zhuang)與發(fa)展

2.1 燃料電池汽(qi)車發展現狀(zhuang)

燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)一種,其核心部(bu)件(jian)為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi),不會產生有(you)害產物,且能量轉(zhuan)換(huan)效率(lv)比內燃(ran)(ran)(ran)機高2~3倍,節(jie)能與(yu)環保(bao)效果極為理(li)想,被世界各國(guo)(guo)和主要汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車集團所重視,投入(ru)了大(da)量資金進行技術研(yan)發和市場(chang)培育。如德國(guo)(guo)、日(ri)(ri)本(ben)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、加拿大(da)、法國(guo)(guo)、英(ying)國(guo)(guo)等國(guo)(guo)家在(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車方面都投入(ru)了大(da)量的(de)人力(li)、物力(li)和財(cai)力(li),僅日(ri)(ri)本(ben)即先后投入(ru)了上(shang)千(qian)億日(ri)(ri)元(yuan)用于(yu)(yu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)研(yan)發,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)財(cai)政(zheng)僅2011年即安排了5000萬美(mei)元(yuan)用于(yu)(yu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和氫能技術的(de)研(yan)發,福特、通(tong)用、豐田等六個世界主要汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車公司在(zai)于(yu)(yu)2009年簽署的(de)備忘錄中,計劃于(yu)(yu)2015年大(da)力(li)推廣(guang)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車,形成數十(shi)萬輛燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車保(bao)有(you)量。目前,燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車在(zai)可靠性、適(shi)應性等方面均取得了較大(da)的(de)突破。

2.2 燃料(liao)電池汽車的發展方(fang)向

燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池汽車(che)(che)實際上需要機械、化工(gong)、電(dian)子、新材料(liao)(liao)等多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面學科(ke)(ke)支持的(de)復(fu)雜系統,涉(she)及了多(duo)個(ge)基礎學科(ke)(ke)、前沿(yan)學科(ke)(ke)、新技(ji)術學科(ke)(ke)的(de)技(ji)術整合,由于(yu)其結構復(fu)雜、技(ji)術要求高、整合需要強,因此當前還有很多(duo)不足。就目前來(lai)(lai)講(jiang),未來(lai)(lai)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池汽車(che)(che)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)(fang)向,將(jiang)主要集(ji)中于(yu)整車(che)(che)平(ping)臺結構、關鍵零部件開(kai)發(fa)、使用壽命與可靠性、基礎設備研發(fa)幾(ji)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面。包(bao)括(kuo)如智(zhi)能控制技(ji)術、安全碰撞性能、底盤(pan)可靠性、燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池發(fa)動機壽命等等。目前,雖(sui)然燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池汽車(che)(che)整車(che)(che)成本和技(ji)術水平(ping)都阻礙(ai)了應用推廣,但在不久的(de)將(jiang)來(lai)(lai),這些問題都能得到較好的(de)解(jie)決。

3 純電動汽車發展(zhan)(zhan)現狀與發展(zhan)(zhan)

3.1 純(chun)電動汽車發展現(xian)狀

純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)是以蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運轉,最終驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)運行(xing)。實(shi)際(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)并不(bu)(bu)是近(jin)幾年出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)新興(xing)產(chan)(chan)品,其發展歷史可(ke)以追(zhui)溯(su)至(zhi)一(yi)百余(yu)年前(qian),不(bu)(bu)過由于(yu)技(ji)術(shu)原(yuan)因不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)熟一(yi)直未(wei)能(neng)實(shi)現(xian)產(chan)(chan)業化。近(jin)年來,隨(sui)著新能(neng)源汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)推(tui)進,純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)技(ji)術(shu)得到了(le)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)發展,并得到了(le)較(jiao)為廣泛的(de)(de)應用。如(ru)英國目前(qian)即(ji)擁有數十萬輛純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)被投(tou)入使(shi)用,法國在巴黎(li)、拉(la)羅舍爾甚(shen)至(zhi)已(yi)經建立(li)起了(le)完善的(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站網基礎設施。相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)歐美國家來說,我國純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)起步較(jiao)晚,但自八(ba)五開始,純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)研(yan)發即(ji)已(yi)經提(ti)(ti)高到了(le)戰(zhan)略高度,純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)已(yi)經通過相(xiang)關(guan)認(ren)證試(shi)驗,并投(tou)入了(le)生產(chan)(chan)和市場(chang)推(tui)廣之中,形成(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)(chan)業規(gui)模。

3.2 純電(dian)動汽車發展方(fang)向

在新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車發(fa)展中,純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車發(fa)展水平相對(dui)較高(gao)(gao),不過(guo)當前在電(dian)池技(ji)術(shu)、電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)控(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)、整車技(ji)術(shu)、能量(liang)管理技(ji)術(shu)四大(da)核心技(ji)術(shu)方面還有所不足,影響了(le)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)應用(yong)效(xiao)能。在未來,純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車將會(hui)在這四大(da)核心技(ji)術(shu)方面進(jin)一步(bu)加大(da)研(yan)發(fa)力(li)度,提高(gao)(gao)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)應用(yong)能力(li),尤(you)其是電(dian)池安全性(xing)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)性(xing)方面,是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車與傳(chuan)統(tong)燃油汽(qi)車競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)核心,急(ji)需(xu)高(gao)(gao)比能量(liang)、高(gao)(gao)功率、高(gao)(gao)使(shi)用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)支持。驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)也需(xu)要更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)調速(su)范圍和(he)(he)更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su),例如(ru)開關磁阻電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa),智能化和(he)(he)數字化電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)等。

4 混合動(dong)力(li)電動(dong)汽車發展(zhan)現狀與(yu)發展(zhan)

4.1 混合動(dong)力電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車發展現(xian)狀(zhuang)

混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)采用油(you)、電(dian)(dian)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)互補工作(zuo)模式,相(xiang)對于同等條件下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)車(che)(che)和(he)柴油(you)車(che)(che)來說,尾氣排(pai)放更少(shao),具有(you)環保、污染小的(de)(de)優(you)點(dian)。目前混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)主要有(you)串聯式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)、并(bing)聯式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)、混(hun)聯式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)、外接充電(dian)(dian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)四大類。據(ju)相(xiang)關報道,美(mei)國計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)于2015年(nian)普及(ji)一(yi)(yi)百萬輛(liang)插電(dian)(dian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che),日(ri)本則計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)于2020年(nian)普及(ji)包(bao)括混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在內的(de)(de)“下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)代汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)”1350萬輛(liang),德國政府也提出了普及(ji)100萬輛(liang)插電(dian)(dian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和(he)純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua),混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)成為新(xin)能源汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)時代的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重要切(qie)入點(dian)。

4.2 混合(he)動(dong)力電動(dong)汽車發展(zhan)方向(xiang)

純(chun)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)是(shi)節(jie)能(neng)與(yu)新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)發展的(de)長期方向,尤其在純(chun)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)技(ji)術相關難點(dian)(dian)未(wei)能(neng)徹底解決之前,混合動(dong)力汽車(che)(che)是(shi)新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)發展的(de)重點(dian)(dian),尤其在石(shi)油危機日益緊張,油價不(bu)(bu)斷攀升的(de)情況下,混合動(dong)力汽車(che)(che)將是(shi)解決燃眉之急(ji)的(de)重要(yao)措施(shi)。據估計,至2020年,全球汽車(che)(che)市(shi)(shi)場混合動(dong)力汽車(che)(che)所(suo)占份(fen)額(e)將增至20%~30%,電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)市(shi)(shi)場份(fen)額(e)也將達到5%,不(bu)(bu)過我國汽車(che)(che)市(shi)(shi)場混合動(dong)力汽車(che)(che)所(suo)占份(fen)額(e)將會略低。

5 結語

在(zai)能源危機和(he)(he)環境污染(ran)問(wen)題日益嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下(xia),大力發展(zhan)新能源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)成(cheng)為全球各國共同關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,而燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、混合(he)動(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)則是解(jie)決這一問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要切入點。雖然目(mu)前燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、混合(he)動(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)均取得(de)了(le)(le)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),并且在(zai)一定范圍內進行了(le)(le)推(tui)廣和(he)(he)應用,但有不(bu)(bu)少技術都(dou)還不(bu)(bu)夠完善,尤其(qi)是燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。在(zai)未來幾年時間里,隨著相關(guan)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)、混合(he)動(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)將會(hui)逐漸取代(dai)傳統(tong)能源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che),成(cheng)為未來汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主流(liu)。

參考文獻:

篇10

1、充電的時間不可以(yi)太(tai)長,正常情況(kuang)下三到四個小(xiao)時即(ji)可。

2、使用時需注意手機剩余電量(liang),不可完全(quan)用完手機的電量(liang)再進行(xing)充電,否則(ze)會(hui)對(dui)電池壽命(ming)造成嚴重影響。

3、充電時盡量使(shi)用手機(ji)原裝充電器(qi)進行充電。非原裝充電器(qi)會(hui)使(shi)電流不穩定,并且質(zhi)量參差不齊。

鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)手機或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后都會自動停充(chong)(chong)(chong),并不(bu)存在鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)所(suo)謂的(de)持續10幾小時的(de)“涓流(liu)”充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。也就是(shi)說,如(ru)果你(ni)的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后,放在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)也是(shi)白充(chong)(chong)(chong)。而我們誰(shui)都無法保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)特性(xing)永不(bu)變化和質量的(de)萬無一失,所(suo)以你(ni)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將長(chang)期處在危(wei)險的(de)邊緣徘徊。這也是(shi)我們反對長(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)另一個(ge)理由。

(來源(yuan):文章屋網 )