污泥處理的難點范文

時間:2023-12-25 17:37:45

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篇1

關鍵詞 新舊污水場;并網;難點;污泥引(yin)種(zhong)馴化;新(xin)、舊(jiu)系統切(qie)換

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao):X703 文(wen)獻標識碼:A 文(wen)章編號(hao):1671-7597(2014)07-0193-01

1 新舊污水場并(bing)網運(yun)行難點(dian)概述

在設計中,設計單位只考慮新污水場建好即全面投產的情況,未充分考慮回用水系統與污水處理系統不能同步開工,利舊區域與新系統的碰頭以及舊污水場繼續使用等復雜情況,開工面臨部分難點

2 結(jie)合“三查(cha)四定”的(de)處置(zhi)方案(an)

2.1 新、舊系統切換問題的解決

1)難點。基于安全生產的因素,在新污水場(chang)(chang)未能平穩(wen)運(yun)行前,舊污水場(chang)(chang)要(yao)繼續(xu)運(yun)行,一(yi)方面車間(jian)要(yao)創造(zao)條(tiao)件進行利舊區域與新系(xi)統碰頭,以保證(zheng)新建(jian)污水場(chang)(chang)正常(chang)開工,另一(yi)方面又要(yao)增加(jia)流程,保證(zheng)舊系(xi)統的正常(chang)運(yun)行。

2)處(chu)置方(fang)案(an)。技術人員(yuan)指出(chu)相(xiang)應問題(ti),并結合現場實(shi)際提(ti)出(chu)了整(zheng)改方(fang)案(an),即利舊含油(you)污(wu)水(shui)提(ti)升(sheng)泵(beng)出(chu)口按照設計引入集(ji)合管,在(zai)利舊除(chu)油(you)調節罐出(chu)口管線(xian)上增加三通及去(qu)新處(chu)理系(xi)(xi)(xi)統出(chu)口閥(fa),在(zai)目前運行情況下,關閉A罐至新系(xi)(xi)(xi)統出(chu)口閥(fa),打(da)開去(qu)舊系(xi)(xi)(xi)統隔油(you)池入口閥(fa),將(jiang)污(wu)水(shui)引入舊污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理場。

3)運(yun)行效(xiao)果。現(xian)除油(you)調節(jie)罐(guan)交替進水(shui)(shui),A罐(guan)出水(shui)(shui)進入舊(jiu)(jiu)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)系(xi)統,處理(li)(li)上限值約為200 m3/h,在(zai)豎(shu)流隔油(you)池(chi)(chi)調節(jie)出水(shui)(shui)堰(yan)板高度和(he)浮(fu)選(xuan)池(chi)(chi)加裝液(ye)位調節(jie)堰(yan)板兩次新污水(shui)(shui)全(quan)系(xi)統停(ting)工檢修(xiu)中(zhong),舊(jiu)(jiu)污水(shui)(shui)場的正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)運(yun)行,極大的緩解了上游來水(shui)(shui)量大的壓力(li),保證了公司正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)開工進度。

2.2 回(hui)用水單元未開工情況下外排污水去路問題

1)難點。原設計是氣(qi)浮濾池(chi)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后150 m3/h進入回(hui)(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)單元(yuan),反滲透出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再與(yu)氣(qi)浮濾池(chi)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)300 m3/h進行混合,由外送水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)提升泵(beng)送至(zhi)清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)罐,再由循環水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)補水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)至(zhi)第一循環水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)場,由于回(hui)(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)未(wei)能(neng)與(yu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)系統(tong)同(tong)時(shi)投用(yong),未(wei)經深度(du)處理(li)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不能(neng)進入清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)罐回(hui)(hui)用(yong),而金橋污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠施工(gong)未(wei)完成,濃鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)送出(chu)(chu)線也未(wei)貫(guan)通(tong),處理(li)后的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沒有去路,嚴重制(zhi)約新污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)場開工(gong)。

2)處置方案。與設(she)計(ji)單位積極溝通(tong)(tong),共(gong)增加2條跨(kua)線(xian)、4個(ge)(ge)閥(fa)門,并(bing)利用現有(you)設(she)備設(she)施,更改(gai)流(liu)程(見圖1),解決了這個(ge)(ge)制約開工(gong)的難題,即打開濾后水(shui)(shui)池(chi)至(zhi)(zhi)監測池(chi)閥(fa)門FJ-19,將出(chu)水(shui)(shui)溢流(liu)至(zhi)(zhi)監測池(chi),同時在濃(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)送(song)出(chu)線(xian)上安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一個(ge)(ge)總閥(fa)門,并(bing)增加與事(shi)(shi)故(gu)線(xian)、含油污水(shui)(shui)格柵池(chi)兩條跨(kua)線(xian)并(bing)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)閥(fa)門,借用原本是從(cong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)池(chi)至(zhi)(zhi)集合管這根事(shi)(shi)故(gu)線(xian),在事(shi)(shi)故(gu)泵出(chu)口線(xian)加裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一個(ge)(ge)至(zhi)(zhi)雨水(shui)(shui)池(chi)明溝的出(chu)水(shui)(shui)閥(fa),當新污水(shui)(shui)場運行時,關(guan)閉濃(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)送(song)出(chu)線(xian)總閥(fa)門,打開濃(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)至(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)線(xian)跨(kua)線(xian)閥(fa)門,關(guan)閉事(shi)(shi)故(gu)線(xian)進集合管閥(fa)門,打開事(shi)(shi)故(gu)線(xian)的臨時出(chu)水(shui)(shui)閥(fa)門,通(tong)(tong)過濃(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)外排泵將污水(shui)(shui)引至(zhi)(zhi)雨水(shui)(shui)池(chi),再通(tong)(tong)過雨水(shui)(shui)泵外排至(zhi)(zhi)什拉烏素河(he)。

圖1 回用系(xi)統未開(kai)工出(chu)水(shui)流(liu)程

3)運行效果。現新系(xi)統處理后污水按照更改(gai)后流程進入(ru)雨(yu)水池,嚴格執行國家和公(gong)司各類外排指標,生產正常(chang),未由于污水去路問題影(ying)響到(dao)公(gong)司開工。

2.3 污泥引種(zhong)馴化問題

1)難點。新污水場(chang)能否正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)在于生(sheng)化(hua)池(chi)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)工況,而生(sheng)化(hua)池(chi)的(de)核心在于活性(xing)污泥的(de)各類指標(biao),大(da)連院的(de)設(she)計中只提到新污水場(chang)菌種來源為舊(jiu)生(sheng)化(hua)池(chi),但(dan)沒有具(ju)體的(de)引泥管(guan)線設(she)計,車(che)間技術人員面臨著(zhu)如何不影響舊(jiu)污水場(chang)正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)前(qian)提下最(zui)簡單的(de)將2000~3000 m3污泥引至(zhi)新系統的(de)難題。

2)處(chu)置方案。技術人(ren)員提早介入,在施工單位進行污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)濃(nong)縮罐入口線(xian)施工的(de)時候,即提出加裝原污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)泵出口管線(xian)與新(xin)系(xi)統泥(ni)(ni)線(xian)的(de)跨線(xian)及閥(fa)(fa)門,為污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)引(yin)泥(ni)(ni)提前做好準備,再在氣浮濾池(chi)浮渣泵出口至污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)濃(nong)縮罐管線(xian)上增加至新(xin)生(sheng)化池(chi)跨線(xian)及進生(sheng)化池(chi)閥(fa)(fa)門和北側渣線(xian)總閥(fa)(fa),引(yin)泥(ni)(ni)時,通過相反的(de)流程將污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)引(yin)至新(xin)系(xi)統。

3)運行效果。在(zai)B系(xi)列(lie)(lie)引(yin)種(zhong)過程中(zhong),安排(pai)專人負責,每四小時(shi)切換一次流(liu)程,將剩余(yu)活性(xing)污泥(ni)分別引(yin)至舊生化(hua)池(chi)和新生化(hua)池(chi),而在(zai)B系(xi)列(lie)(lie)污泥(ni)馴化(hua)成功后,及時(shi)做出(chu)流(liu)程調(diao)整,利用二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)污泥(ni)回流(liu)泵將污泥(ni)循(xun)環池(chi)的(de)(de)污泥(ni)引(yin)至A系(xi)列(lie)(lie),A系(xi)列(lie)(lie)引(yin)種(zhong)時(shi)采(cai)用舊系(xi)統(tong)與(yu)B系(xi)列(lie)(lie)交替引(yin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)方式,既降低(di)了舊污水(shui)場污泥(ni)濃度(du)下降的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li),又在(zai)三(san)泥(ni)單(dan)元未開(kai)工的(de)(de)前提(ti)下,緩解了B系(xi)列(lie)(lie)沉(chen)淀池(chi)污泥(ni)總量較高的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)。

3 結論

通過(guo)對(dui)流程的認真(zhen)學習、研究,及時與(yu)設計、施工單位溝通,對(dui)各類難題的逐(zhu)一解決克服,保證了(le)我公司污水場的順利開工,其中也得出了(le)部分經驗(yan)性的結論:

1)未雨綢(chou)繆,及早規劃。通過對開工(gong)時會(hui)遇到的(de)(de)問題的(de)(de)提(ti)早考慮,通過“三查四定(ding)”的(de)(de)推動作用(yong),在施工(gong)前拿出具體的(de)(de)整改方(fang)案,解決相應難(nan)題;

2)加強理論學習,制訂最(zui)優(you)化(hua)方(fang)案(an)。從新(xin)舊污水系統的切換到污泥不同系列(lie)引種(zhong)流程的更改(gai),全部是車(che)間技(ji)術人員通(tong)過(guo)多次對新(xin)流程和舊有流程的學習、研究,一同制訂出來的最(zui)優(you)化(hua)方(fang)案(an),最(zui)大程度降低了施(shi)工難度及工作總量;

3)明確(que)責(ze)任(ren)(ren),專(zhuan)(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)作專(zhuan)(zhuan)人負(fu)責(ze)。面對舊有系(xi)統不停工(gong),較為復雜的(de)施工(gong)條(tiao)件,各項(xiang)工(gong)作全部(bu)安排為技(ji)(ji)術過(guo)硬的(de)技(ji)(ji)術人員(yuan)負(fu)責(ze),開(kai)工(gong)期間(jian)(jian),車間(jian)(jian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家擔任(ren)(ren)污水主操,技(ji)(ji)術人員(yuan)任(ren)(ren)外操,設(she)計單位(wei)、施工(gong)單位(wei)保(bao)運人員(yuan)隨時待命,積極與主管處室聯動,及時安排上游(you)來水調整(zheng)、水質加(jia)樣等,齊心戮力,共同保(bao)證了這(zhe)次(ci)污水場開(kai)工(gong)的(de)平穩、順暢(chang)。

參考文獻

篇2

關鍵詞:草甘(gan)膦廢(fei)水;微(wei)電(dian)解;臭氧-生物(wu)炭

中圖(tu)分類(lei)號:X78 文獻標識(shi)碼:A

1 現有系統及工程分析

1.1 現有工(gong)藝流程

現(xian)有廢水(shui)處理系統(tong)采(cai)用厭氧(yang)(yang)+好氧(yang)(yang)工藝。

流程說明:廢水首先(xian)進入調節池,均(jun)勻水質水量(liang);調節池廢水經提(ti)升泵進入UASB系統,對污染物進行有效去(qu)除;UASB出水進入接觸(chu)氧化系統,徹底(di)去(qu)除有機污染物;生(sheng)化出水經過濾池排放(fang)。

1.2 現有系統運行情況及(ji)分析

1.2.1 由于草甘膦廢水(shui)鹽份過(guo)高,水(shui)質不(bu)穩(wen)定,導致現(xian)有系統無(wu)法滿足生產要(yao)求。總結現(xian)有系統工藝流程,存在以(yi)下(xia)問(wen)題:

(1)高(gao)鹽份(fen)母液廢水沒有(you)經過(guo)脫鹽預處(chu)理,直接混合綜合廢水,導(dao)致生(sheng)化系統崩潰(kui),微生(sheng)物無法存活、增殖。

(2)綜合廢水沒有經(jing)過(guo)有效的物化(hua)預(yu)處理(li),系統負荷高,生化(hua)能(neng)力(li)有限,無法滿足達標排放要求(qiu)。

(3)綜合廢水生化(hua)處理(li)(li)系統(tong)末端沒有強化(hua)物(wu)化(hua)、生化(hua)處理(li)(li)措施(shi),不能保(bao)證系統(tong)穩定達標,沒有保(bao)證措施(shi)。

1.2.2 通過我單位技術人員現(xian)場調(diao)查,現(xian)有(you)系統還存在工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計和設(she)備上的(de)一些問題,主(zhu)要表現(xian)以下幾點(dian):

(1)有些設(she)備(bei)年(nian)久(jiu)失修,已經不能滿足生(sheng)產(chan)要求(qiu),需(xu)要更換,比如部分(fen)生(sheng)物填料、閥門、部分(fen)管道等(deng)(deng)。(2)板框壓濾機(ji)的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)尚(shang)未完(wan)(wan)成(cheng),出(chu)水裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)未安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)完(wan)(wan)畢(bi),另外,考(kao)慮到(dao)操(cao)作工人操(cao)作方便(bian),板框壓濾機(ji)需(xu)要增加基礎抬高,并設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)水系統。(3)需(xu)要設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)專門的(de)藥劑、污泥(ni)堆放場地,并設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)防(fang)(fang)雨、排(pai)水措(cuo)施(shi)。(4)風(feng)機(ji)的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)缺少出(chu)口消音器,噪聲無法滿足相關標準要求(qiu)。(5)管道及(ji)部分(fen)設(she)備(bei)防(fang)(fang)腐措(cuo)施(shi)不夠(gou)完(wan)(wan)善,比如進水管、UASB出(chu)水槽等(deng)(deng)。(6)沉淀池(chi)沒有相應的(de)污泥(ni)、污水消能裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(導流(liu)筒)以及(ji)出(chu)水堰等(deng)(deng),會導致污泥(ni)沉淀不完(wan)(wan)全,出(chu)水攜帶大量懸浮物或者生(sheng)化污泥(ni)。

1.3 改造工程(cheng)重點、難點及應(ying)對措施

廢(fei)水(shui)處理(li)工程(cheng)是一項系(xi)統工程(cheng),涉及(ji)多種學(xue)科技術,受(shou)各種影響因素制約。本研究小組在企業生產工藝以(yi)及(ji)廢(fei)水(shui)排放情況進行深(shen)入調查基礎上,總結該(gai)廢(fei)水(shui)處理(li)改(gai)造工程(cheng)重點、難點如(ru)下:

(1)廢(fei)(fei)水中有(you)機物(wu)含(han)量高,達(da)標處理難度(du)(du)較大(da)(da)。(2)廢(fei)(fei)水中過高濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)鹽分對微生(sheng)物(wu)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)抑制(zhi)作用(yong),當(dang)廢(fei)(fei)水中的(de)(de)氯根離子(zi)超過3000mg/L時,一(yi)(yi)些未經馴化(hua)的(de)(de)微生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)活性(xing)將受到抑制(zhi),COD去除(chu)率會明顯下降;當(dang)廢(fei)(fei)水中的(de)(de)氯離子(zi)濃度(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)8000mg/L時,會造(zao)成污泥(ni)體積膨脹水面(mian)泛起大(da)(da)量泡沫,微生(sheng)物(wu)相繼(ji)死亡。(3)高濃度(du)(du)有(you)機物(wu)濃度(du)(du)對生(sheng)化(hua)系統(tong)中微生(sheng)物(wu)具有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)抑制(zhi)性(xing)甚(shen)至毒性(xing),嚴重影響生(sheng)化(hua)效率。(4)現有(you)處理設施(shi)常年不(bu)使(shi)用(yong),有(you)些設備(bei)陳(chen)舊、不(bu)完善,需要(yao)(yao)更換或者新增。(5)建設工期(qi)短(duan),企業環保壓力大(da)(da),要(yao)(yao)求短(duan)時間內完成工程建設。

針對本工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)重點難點分(fen)析,本小組結合大量工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實踐經驗,采用先進的廢(fei)水處理技(ji)術(shu),將微電解(jie)技(ji)術(shu)、催化氧化技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)生(sheng)物技(ji)術(shu)結合,優(you)化控制參數,主要從(cong)以下幾(ji)方面著手滿足工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)需要:

(1)進(jin)行清污分(fen)流、濃(nong)淡分(fen)流,嚴格控制進(jin)水污染(ran)物濃(nong)度,特(te)別(bie)是COD濃(nong)度不高于6000mg/L。

(2)將高含鹽(yan)廢水單獨(du)收集,單獨(du)處理,避免混合后對綜合廢水造成不良影響。

(3)采用先進(jin)的微(wei)電解(jie)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),對綜合(he)廢(fei)水進(jin)行預(yu)處(chu)理;后續催化(hua)氧化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與生物(wu)(wu)活(huo)性炭技(ji)術(shu)(shu)作為廢(fei)水處(chu)理保障(zhang)措(cuo)施,保證處(chu)理出水穩定達標;采用新型生物(wu)(wu)工藝(yi),密切結合(he)微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)固(gu)定化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),引進(jin)高(gao)效菌種,提高(gao)生化(hua)效率,特別是脫氮(dan)效果(guo)。

(4)充分(fen)(fen)利用現有設備(bei),對(dui)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)設備(bei)進行(xing)維(wei)修(xiu),更換部(bu)分(fen)(fen)設備(bei)。

(5)充(chong)分利(li)用現在構筑(zhu)物,不新建土建工程;優化(hua)施工組織(zhi)設計方案(an),保質保量完成廢(fei)水處理(li)改造工程。

2 工藝選擇

生物技術是(shi)精細化(hua)工廢水處理的(de)主(zhu)要手段,傳統的(de)生物技術對有機(ji)物的(de)脫(tuo)除效率(lv)在60%~80%之(zhi)間,還有相當(dang)一部分(fen)處理不能(neng)達到國家和(he)地方排放標準,其(qi)主(zhu)要原因是(shi)微(wei)生物收到這(zhe)些有機(ji)污染(ran)物的(de)毒害(hai)和(he)抑制(zhi)作用。

物化法成為精(jing)細化工(gong)廢(fei)水必選的處理方(fang)法,正在精(jing)細化工(gong)行業環(huan)境保護中起著越(yue)來越(yue)重要的作用,許多(duo)新方(fang)法也在不斷地涌現,他們為我(wo)國的環(huan)境保護和精(jing)細化工(gong)行業發展起到了都很大(da)的促進作用。

母液(ye)廢水含鹽(yan)(yan)量較高,約在200000mg/L左右,考慮到(dao)廢水的達標(biao)處理,并(bing)且結(jie)合(he)廢水中具有較大的氯(lv)化鈉回收價值,故(gu)該廢水需要進(jin)行(xing)脫(tuo)鹽(yan)(yan)處理。母液(ye)的蒸發處理保證冷凝水鹽(yan)(yan)份低于1000mg/L。

微電(dian)解反(fan)應器(qi)技術(shu)主要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用機(ji)(ji)理為:(1)絡合、混凝作(zuo)(zuo)用,微電(dian)解反(fan)應連續釋(shi)放的(de)Fe2+成(cheng)為絡合劑和高效混凝劑;(2)還原作(zuo)(zuo)用,微電(dian)解產生(sheng)的(de)新(xin)生(sheng)態(tai)氫使某(mou)些染(ran)料的(de)顯色基團脫色;(3)氧(yang)化作(zuo)(zuo)用,微電(dian)解產生(sheng)一(yi)定量(liang)的(de)新(xin)生(sheng)態(tai)氧(yang)具有很強的(de)氧(yang)化性,可氧(yang)化一(yi)部分無機(ji)(ji)物(wu)和有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)。

臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)生物活性炭(tan)采取先(xian)臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)后(hou)活性炭(tan)吸(xi)附,在活性炭(tan)吸(xi)附中又繼(ji)續氧(yang)(yang)化(hua),充分發(fa)揮活性炭(tan)吸(xi)附和臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)的作用(yong)。

3 工程設計

3.1 工藝流程說(shuo)明(ming)

綜合(he)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)調節池(chi)(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)置穿(chuan)孔(kong)曝氣管,鼓風(feng)曝氣,改善廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)特性。調節池(chi)(chi)(chi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)提(ti)升進(jin)入微(wei)電解池(chi)(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)保持酸性,利用鐵碳微(wei)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的作用去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)污染(ran)物(wu)。微(wei)電解出水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)和(he)、混凝(ning)反(fan)應(ying),經(jing)沉(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)離。綜合(he)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)提(ti)升進(jin)入A2/O生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處理(li)系統,利用微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的作用去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)污染(ran)物(wu)。厭氧工(gong)藝采用UASB形式,池(chi)(chi)(chi)底設(she)置循環泵布(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)裝置,池(chi)(chi)(chi)頂設(she)置三相分(fen)離器,兼氧生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、好氧生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)置高效生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)填料(liao),兼氧池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)置穿(chuan)孔(kong)曝氣管,好氧池(chi)(chi)(chi)設(she)置風(feng)機(ji)等(deng)。生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)(shui)混合(he)物(wu)在二沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)分(fen)離,上清(qing)液(ye)進(jin)入后續混凝(ning)沉(chen)淀(dian)處理(li),底部污泥(ni)經(jing)污泥(ni)回流泵輸(shu)送(song)至(zhi)前端生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統,剩(sheng)余(yu)污泥(ni)至(zhi)污泥(ni)濃縮池(chi)(chi)(chi)。生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入混凝(ning)沉(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),徹底去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)膠(jiao)體污染(ran)物(wu)及生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)污泥(ni)碎片,確(que)保達(da)標排放。

3.2 技術特點

微(wei)電解技(ji)(ji)術(shu)作為預處理,能除部分(fen)有機物(wu)(wu),提(ti)高廢水(shui)可生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing),B/C比(bi)可提(ti)高0.2~0.3左右;采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)A2/O工藝(yi),具有脫氮(dan)除磷效(xiao)果,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)缺氧(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)能耗(hao)低,提(ti)高廢水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)的(de)(de)特點(dian),引入(ru)高效(xiao)菌種,培養優(you)勢菌群(qun);采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高效(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)填料(liao),利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)固定化(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu);引入(ru)高效(xiao)脫氮(dan)菌,氨氮(dan)負荷(he)達(da)到0.2kg/m3od;采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu),氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)難生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)降解有機物(wu)(wu),提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing);采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活(huo)性(xing)炭技(ji)(ji)術(shu),利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)活(huo)性(xing)炭吸(xi)附和生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)再生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)雙重作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),確保廢水(shui)達(da)標排放;設置高效(xiao)濾池-吸(xi)附池結合技(ji)(ji)術(shu),為達(da)標排放提(ti)供保障。

參考文獻

篇3

關鍵詞:污泥處理;污染物凈化(hua);廢(fei)水處理

中圖分類號:X505 文獻標識碼:A 文章編(bian)號:1009-2374(2013)20-0098-02

1 污泥處理處置原則

污泥的處理(li)處置同(tong)其(qi)他固體廢棄(qi)物的處理(li)處置一(yi)樣(yang),應遵循減(jian)量化、穩定化、無害化和資源化的原(yuan)則。

減(jian)量化:污(wu)泥(ni)含水量高(gao)、體(ti)積大,呈流動性,不利(li)于貯存、運輸和消納。污(wu)泥(ni)減(jian)量是要降低(di)污(wu)泥(ni)含水率、減(jian)小體(ti)積和重(zhong)量。

穩定化:污(wu)泥中有機物(wu)(wu)含(han)量高,易腐敗(bai)并產(chan)生刺激性(xing)氣味。污(wu)泥穩定化是通(tong)過在污(wu)泥中添加化學藥劑或提高pH值抑制細菌(jun)代謝、減少有機物(wu)(wu)的含(han)量,易腐敗(bai)的有機物(wu)(wu)被分解、轉(zhuan)化,刺激性(xing)氣味大幅(fu)度降低,便于(yu)運輸(shu)處(chu)置。

無(wu)害(hai)化(hua):污泥(ni)中(zhong)含有(you)大量的(de)病(bing)(bing)原菌、寄(ji)生(sheng)蟲卵和病(bing)(bing)毒,處置不當極易(yi)造成(cheng)傳染性(xing)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)大范圍擴(kuo)散,大面積傳播,污泥(ni)中(zhong)重金屬離子和有(you)毒有(you)害(hai)物質(zhi)極易(yi)造成(cheng)二次污染,那(nei)么污泥(ni)處理處置過(guo)程(cheng)必須(xu)充分考(kao)慮(lv)無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)的(de)原則。

資源(yuan)化(hua):污(wu)泥(ni)含有(you)非常多的熱量,其熱值高于煤和焦炭(tan)。污(wu)泥(ni)中有(you)豐(feng)富的氮磷鉀,是(shi)具有(you)較高肥效的有(you)機

肥料。

2 污泥處理處置流程(cheng)

污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)理處(chu)置常(chang)見的流程包括四個階(jie)段:污(wu)泥(ni)濃縮、污(wu)泥(ni)消化、污(wu)泥(ni)脫水(shui)和污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)置。

污(wu)泥濃(nong)縮(suo):主要是為降低含水率、減小體積,常用的工(gong)藝形式有(you)三種:重力(li)濃(nong)縮(suo)、氣浮濃(nong)縮(suo)和離心濃(nong)縮(suo),目(mu)前國(guo)內(nei)常采用重力(li)濃(nong)縮(suo)。

污(wu)泥消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua):進一步降低污(wu)泥中的(de)含固(gu)量,提高(gao)污(wu)泥脫水(shui)性能(neng)。通(tong)過消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua),分(fen)解污(wu)泥中的(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu),減小體積。污(wu)泥消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)分(fen)為厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)和好氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua),常用(yong)的(de)是(shi)厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua),厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)包括水(shui)解、酸化(hua)、產乙酸、產甲烷等過程,其中固(gu)態有(you)機(ji)物(wu)水(shui)解、液化(hua)是(shi)污(wu)泥厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)的(de)主要(yao)過程。污(wu)泥經過厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)產生沼氣,沼氣可作為清潔能(neng)源加以利用(yong)。

污泥(ni)(ni)脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui):利用物理、化學方法去除污泥(ni)(ni)中的(de)水(shui)(shui)分,減小體積,減輕質量。經脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理后,污泥(ni)(ni)含水(shui)(shui)率降低20%~35%。主要方法包(bao)括真空(kong)(kong)過濾(lv)法、壓濾(lv)法、離(li)心法和自然干化法,其中真空(kong)(kong)過濾(lv)、壓濾(lv)、離(li)心是機械脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)。

污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)處置(zhi):經過前三道處理后,污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)最終處理處置(zhi)和利用(yong)方法包括污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)填埋、污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)焚燒(shao)、污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)堆肥和污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)工業利用(yong)。

3 污泥處理處置研究

減量化是(shi)國家對污泥(ni)處(chu)理(li)(li)處(chu)置的一個政策要求,我國大(da)中(zhong)型污水處(chu)理(li)(li)廠大(da)多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)厭氧消(xiao)化處(chu)理(li)(li)污泥(ni),基本(ben)可以(yi)解決(jue)污泥(ni)穩定(ding)化、減量化的問題,但厭氧消(xiao)化工藝技(ji)術復雜、處(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)備(bei)多(duo)、設(she)備(bei)硬件要求高(gao)、建設(she)工程資金需求量大(da)、運行成本(ben)高(gao),因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)實(shi)際使用(yong)(yong)的過程中(zhong)受到了(le)規(gui)模(mo)限(xian)制和(he)資金阻礙。大(da)中(zhong)型污水廠在(zai)經過脫水等處(chu)理(li)(li)措(cuo)施后,處(chu)置一般都是(shi)外排或者(zhe)填埋。

目前我(wo)國濕(shi)污泥(ni)標準(zhun)化衛生(sheng)填埋的費用是200元(yuan)/噸(dun),燃煤電廠摻燒(shao)補貼(tie)為(wei)300元(yuan)/噸(dun),熱能干(gan)化成本為(wei)400元(yuan)/噸(dun)。經(jing)濟性決(jue)定了焚燒(shao)、填埋、干(gan)化這些高(gao)投資、高(gao)耗能的污泥(ni)處(chu)理處(chu)置方式(shi)不適合(he)我(wo)國的基本國情。

改變高(gao)投資(zi)、高(gao)能耗處(chu)(chu)理處(chu)(chu)置(zhi)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)的現狀需要(yao)一種能夠取而代之的新技術,生物(wu)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)堆肥(fei)方法處(chu)(chu)理污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)被提上了議事(shi)日程(cheng)。生物(wu)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)堆肥(fei)處(chu)(chu)理污(wu)(wu)泥(ni),其(qi)特點是節(jie)能、低碳(tan)、環(huan)保(bao),符(fu)合科學發展觀的要(yao)求,也符(fu)合全球(qiu)溫(wen)(wen)室(shi)氣體減排的趨勢(shi)。

隨著現代生(sheng)物(wu)技(ji)術和(he)高(gao)度機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化的(de)有機(ji)(ji)結合,堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei)技(ji)術和(he)設備得(de)到優化配置(zhi),堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei)工(gong)藝及(ji)核心(xin)技(ji)術得(de)到進一步改(gai)善和(he)增強,生(sheng)物(wu)堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei)技(ji)術將逐步取代傳統的(de)處理方式,成為(wei)污泥處理處置(zhi)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)手段和(he)方式。

4 污泥(ni)處(chu)理處(chu)置(zhi)設計(ji)

4.1 污(wu)泥量檢(jian)測(ce)

污水(shui)經過濃(nong)縮脫(tuo)水(shui)排放的(de)污泥(ni)(ni)量(liang)(liang),按照污水(shui)處(chu)理量(liang)(liang)減去(qu)生物耗氧量(liang)(liang)和化學(xue)耗氧量(liang)(liang)折(zhe)算出污泥(ni)(ni)量(liang)(liang)的(de)理論(lun)數據(ju),再經濃(nong)縮、脫(tuo)水(shui)的(de)污泥(ni)(ni)含水(shui)率修(xiu)正。

污泥(ni)泥(ni)質基本控制項目和限值為:

pH值:5~10、含水率0.01

細菌(jun)總(zong)數MPN/kg干污泥(ni)

重金屬:鎘、汞、鉛、鉻、砷、銅、鋅、鎳

礦(kuang)物油、揮(hui)發分(fen)、總氰化物

4.2 工程選址原則

位于城市的(de)下風(feng)向;硬化路面可(ke)以直接(jie)進入(ru)污(wu)泥(ni)排放車(che)間;交通運輸便利;處(chu)理(li)處(chu)置的(de)污(wu)泥(ni)有專門(men)的(de)貯存地(di)點。

4.3 污(wu)泥(ni)堆肥物(wu)料預處理(li)

污泥(ni)(ni)具有高(gao)親水性,污泥(ni)(ni)中的水分與固態顆(ke)粒有很強(qiang)的粘(zhan)合力(li),與輔料(liao)(liao)混合難以(yi)(yi)分解(jie),用(yong)常(chang)規的混合、攪(jiao)拌機(ji)械(xie)對污泥(ni)(ni)進(jin)行預處(chu)理(li),效率低、能耗高(gao),效果不明顯,故而成為污泥(ni)(ni)堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)技術的難點。污泥(ni)(ni)堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)流程中,物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)調質預處(chu)理(li)的工作(zuo)量比重占到堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)全過程的80%以(yi)(yi)上,是堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)技術的關鍵(jian)環節。在進(jin)行預處(chu)理(li)時(shi),將破碎、攪(jiao)拌、混合、均(jun)質、脫水、接(jie)種(zhong)等工序一次完(wan)成,因為物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)已經(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)過調質機(ji)處(chu)理(li),粒度均(jun)勻、水分分布均(jun)勻、物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)空隙(xi)大、通風暢(chang)通、供(gong)氧(yang)能力(li)提(ti)升、微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)接(jie)種(zhong)菌群與物(wu)(wu)料(liao)(liao)接(jie)觸的面(mian)積(ji)擴(kuo)大,為高(gao)溫(wen)發酵提(ti)供(gong)有利(li)條件,縮短了堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)處(chu)理(li)的時(shi)間。

4.4 污泥堆(dui)肥集成(cheng)技(ji)術

污(wu)泥(ni)堆肥集(ji)成技術包括物料調質、高(gao)溫發酵除(chu)臭、重(zhong)金屬消解(jie)和污(wu)泥(ni)堆肥產品研發。

除臭(chou)(chou):污泥(ni)(ni)中水含量和固態有機質含量高(gao),散發出惡臭(chou)(chou),采用物(wu)理、化(hua)學、生物(wu)組合方法對污泥(ni)(ni)惡臭(chou)(chou)進(jin)行降解、吸附、分(fen)散、氧化(hua)。

重(zhong)(zhong)金屬消解:污(wu)泥堆肥(fei)產生的(de)腐(fu)殖質對污(wu)泥中的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬進行整合,通過礦(kuang)物環境材料的(de)吸附(fu)、鈍化、微生物降(jiang)解抑制其生物有效(xiao)性(xing)。

產(chan)品研發:污泥堆肥養分齊全,供(gong)肥持久(jiu)恒(heng)定(ding),還能夠(gou)改善(shan)土壤結(jie)構,可以在農業生產(chan)中發揮一(yi)定(ding)的作(zuo)用。

5 污泥堆肥(fei)基本原(yuan)理

污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)堆肥是在一(yi)定的(de)水(shui)分、溫(wen)度、碳氮比和通風條件下,經過微生物的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)發酵(jiao),將污(wu)(wu)水(shui)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為有機(ji)肥料。經過堆肥流程,污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)中的(de)有機(ji)物轉(zhuan)化(hua)為腐殖質,其不含病原體和寄(ji)生蟲卵,無刺(ci)激性(xing)氣味,可(ke)安全貯存(cun)和運輸。

6 污泥堆肥土地利用

科學合理地處理處置城(cheng)市(shi)污水(shui)污泥(ni),是亟待解決的(de)環保問題之(zhi)一,污泥(ni)來源范(fan)圍廣、產(chan)量大,經堆肥(fei)處理的(de)污泥(ni),可安(an)全利(li)用。污泥(ni)中含有(you)大量的(de)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)和微量元素,具有(you)良好的(de)肥(fei)效(xiao)性,能(neng)緩解土壤(rang)鹽漬化現象。

污(wu)泥(ni)土地(di)利用是污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)理最終消納的(de)方式,通過覆蓋、噴(pen)灑、注射(she),將污(wu)泥(ni)肥料施入土壤。

污(wu)(wu)水(shui)污(wu)(wu)泥與(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)之(zhi)間(jian)存在相容性,為(wei)利用污(wu)(wu)泥提供了重要科學依據,污(wu)(wu)泥與(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)化學結構相近,污(wu)(wu)泥回歸土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),符合客觀規律(lv)和科學發展觀的(de)要求。污(wu)(wu)泥還可以改善土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)理化性質,提高(gao)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥力,促進植物(wu)生長。

7 結語

我國是世(shi)(shi)界上最大(da)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)中國家,也是一(yi)個農(nong)業(ye)大(da)國,但人均擁有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)土(tu)地(di)面積僅為(wei)世(shi)(shi)界平均水平的(de)(de)三分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi),人口眾(zhong)多(duo),土(tu)地(di)資源緊張。合理、充分(fen)地(di)利(li)(li)用土(tu)地(di),采(cai)用科學的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)模式,成為(wei)了我國經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)首要問題。城市(shi)污(wu)水污(wu)泥含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機質和(he)(he)(he)(he)氮(dan)磷鉀(jia)等(deng)植物生(sheng)長需要的(de)(de)營養(yang)元素(su),污(wu)泥堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei)為(wei)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)增添了活力(li)。堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei)工(gong)程有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于環境保護和(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)循環經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于環保設施(shi)的(de)(de)不斷完善,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于環境工(gong)程的(de)(de)合理布局和(he)(he)(he)(he)縱深配置,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于改善生(sheng)態和(he)(he)(he)(he)農(nong)業(ye)條(tiao)件。

參考文獻

[1] 趙麗(li)君,范淑平,梁力.污水(shui)處理(li)廠除臭技(ji)術及工程化[J].中國給水(shui)排水(shui),2009,(6):3-8.

[2] 朱石(shi)清(qing),張(zhang)善發,張(zhang)辰,王(wang)國(guo)華,孫(sun)曉(xiao).上海(hai)市污(wu)泥處理處置專(zhuan)項(xiang)規(gui)劃簡介(jie)[J].中(zhong)國(guo)給水排(pai)水,2010,(5):26-29.

 [3] 李元寧,王敏,王琦,韓正(zheng)平,姚(yao)杰,閔海(hai)華.污泥處置技(ji)術分析與探討[J].環境衛生工(gong)程,2009,(2):77-82.

篇4

生產實(shi)習是學(xue)(xue)(xue)生大學(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)。實(shi)習是每一個大學(xue)(xue)(xue)畢業(ye)生必的(de)(de)必修(xiu)課,它(ta)不(bu)僅讓我(wo)們(men)(men)學(xue)(xue)(xue)到了很(hen)多在課堂上根(gen)本就學(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)到的(de)(de)知(zhi)識,還使我(wo)們(men)(men)開闊了視(shi)野,增長了見識,為我(wo)們(men)(men)以后更好把所(suo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)知(zhi)識運用到實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)打下(xia)堅實(shi)的(de)(de)基礎。通過(guo)生產實(shi)習使我(wo)更深入地接(jie)觸專業(ye)知(zhi)識,進一步了解(jie)(jie)環(huan)(huan)境保護工(gong)作的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji),了解(jie)(jie)環(huan)(huan)境治理過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)(de)問題(ti)和(he)理論和(he)實(shi)際(ji)相沖突的(de)(de)難(nan)點問題(ti),并通過(guo)撰(zhuan)寫實(shi)習報告,使我(wo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)會綜合應(ying)用所(suo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識,提高(gao)分(fen)析和(he)解(jie)(jie)決專業(ye)問題(ti)的(de)(de)能力。二、二郎廟污水(shui)處(chu)理廠

二、工廠概況:

作用(yong):將(jiang)上游(you)來水的(de)高(gao)度提高(gao)到后處理所需要的(de)高(gao)度,使其實現重(zhong)力自(zi)流。

作用:通(tong)過污泥(ni)重(zhong)力(li)沉淀降低污泥(ni)含(han)水率(lv)和減(jian)少污泥(ni)體積。

設備:橋(qiao)式濃縮機2臺

(六)污泥脫水機(ji)房

作(zuo)用:用離心式脫(tuo)水機是固液分(fen)開,是污泥進(jin)一步減容,便于(yu)污泥的最終處理。

設備(bei):離心機2臺,螺旋輸(shu)送機2臺,絮凝劑自動配置系統1套(tao)

工藝參數:進泥(ni)量:241立方米/天,進泥(ni)含(han)(han)水(shui)率:92,出(chu)泥(ni)含(han)(han)水(shui)率:78

三(san)、**省環境監(jian)測中心站(**省環境科學研究院)

生產(chan)廠(chang)家:美國瓦里(li)安

性能(neng)及(ji)參數:四個獨立的即(ji)插即(ji)用的色譜通道(dao),可根據不同的應用隨意(yi)組合成新的色譜分(fen)析系統

3.EI全掃描靈敏度1pg八氟萘/n>50:1RM

特點:

1.對于多種模式(shi),Saturn是靈敏(min)度最高的臺(tai)式(shi)質譜儀

3.選擇性拋出(chu)CI模式與EI模式切(qie)換不需要更換離子(zi)源

1.波長范圍(wei):175-785nm波長連續覆蓋,完全無(wu)斷(duan)點

2.RF發生(sheng)器頻率:40.68MHz

3.信號穩定性:≤1RSD>

4.雜(za)散(san)光(guang):〈2.0mA

5.完成EPA22個元素系列測定時間小于5分鐘

特點:

參數:

2.CARY5000波長范圍(wei):190-3300nm

3.CARY5000將波長延伸(shen)到近紫外區(qu)多(duo)種(zhong)附件適(shi)合于各種(zhong)光學材料性(xing)能測定

四、實結:

200x年7月5日(ri)~7月6日(ri)我們武漢科技學(xue)院(yuan)200x級環(huan)境工程專業(ye)的70多名同學(xue)在老師的帶領下先后在二郎廟(miao)污水處理(li)廠和**省(sheng)環(huan)境監測中(zhong)心(xin)站(**省(sheng)環(huan)境科學(xue)研究(jiu)院(yuan))實習。

在實(shi)郎廟污水處理廠(chang)時間里,對我(wo)們(men)來講是一(yi)個理論(lun)與實(shi)際相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)過程(cheng)。在工(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)(de)仔細講解(jie)(jie)和演(yan)示下,我(wo)們(men)對工(gong)廠(chang)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)、生產(chan)設備等各(ge)個方面(mian)有了(le)深(shen)刻的(de)(de)理解(jie)(jie)和認識。并且鞏固了(le)書本(ben)上的(de)(de)知識。將理論(lun)運用到實(shi)際中去(qu),從(cong)實(shi)際生產(chan)中豐富(fu)自己的(de)(de)理論(lun)知識。:

篇5

滲濾液污染特性處理技術(shu)

一、垃圾滲(shen)濾液的來源(yuan)和(he)污染特性

垃圾滲濾液(ye)(ye)是液(ye)(ye)體在填埋(mai)場受(shou)重力流動(dong)的產物(wu)。主要有以下來源:

1.自然降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水:自然降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水包括(kuo)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)和降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪(xue),它是滲濾液產生(sheng)的主要(yao)來(lai)源。降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水沖刷(shua)填埋場(chang),使滲濾液水質嚴重惡化(hua)。影響滲濾液產生(sheng)數(shu)量的降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)特性有降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)強度、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)頻率、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)持續時(shi)間等(deng)。

2.廢(fei)物(wu)中的水(shui)分:隨固(gu)體廢(fei)物(wu)進入(ru)填(tian)埋場中的水(shui)分,包括固(gu)體廢(fei)物(wu)本身攜(xie)帶的水(shui)分以及從大氣(qi)和雨水(shui)中的吸附(當儲水(shui)池密封不好時(shi))量。入(ru)場廢(fei)物(wu)攜(xie)帶的水(shui)分是滲濾液的主要(yao)來源之(zhi)一(yi)。

3.地(di)(di)表徑(jing)(jing)流:地(di)(di)表徑(jing)(jing)流是指來自(zi)場地(di)(di)表面上坡方向的徑(jing)(jing)流水,對滲濾液的產生(sheng)量(liang)也有較大的影(ying)響。

4.有(you)機(ji)物分(fen)解生(sheng)成(cheng)水:垃(la)圾(ji)中的有(you)機(ji)組分(fen)在填埋場內經厭氧分(fen)解會產生(sheng)水分(fen),其(qi)產生(sheng)量(liang)與垃(la)圾(ji)的M成(cheng)、PH值、溫度和菌種有(you)關。

5.地(di)下(xia)水:如(ru)果填埋(mai)場地(di)的(de)底部(bu)在(zai)地(di)下(xia)水位以下(xia),地(di)下(xia)水就可能滲入填埋(mai)場內,滲濾液的(de)數量和性質與地(di)下(xia)水同垃圾的(de)接觸情況(kuang)、接觸時(shi)間(jian)及流動方向有關。但一般在(zai)設計施工(gong)中采取防滲措施,可以避(bi)免或減少(shao)地(di)下(xia)水的(de)滲入量。

垃圾滲濾液是一種成份復雜的高濃度有機廢水,其(qi)性(xing)質取決于垃圾成份、垃圾粒徑、壓實(shi)程度、現場氣候、水文條件、和(he)填埋(mai)時間等因素,主要有以下特性(xing):

1.污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)種(zhong)類繁(fan)多(duo),成分復雜。垃圾滲濾液(ye)水(shui)質(zhi)復雜,含有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)有(you)毒有(you)害的物(wu)質(zhi)。其中有(you)機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)徑技術檢測(ce)有(you)99種(zhong)之多(duo),有(you)22種(zhong)已(yi)經(jing)列(lie)入我(wo)國(guo)和美國(guo)重點控(kong)制名單(dan),一種(zhong)可以(yi)直接(jie)致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai),五種(zhong)可誘發致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)。

2.水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)變(bian)化大。垃圾(ji)滲濾(lv)液的(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)會隨(sui)著外界水(shui)(shui)文地質(zhi)降(jiang)雨量(liang)堆地高(gao)度及(ji)方式、填(tian)埋(mai)(mai)規模、填(tian)埋(mai)(mai)工藝、填(tian)埋(mai)(mai)時間、垃圾(ji)本身成份的(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化,隨(sui)機性很大。

3.金(jin)屬含量高垃圾滲濾(lv)液。中含有10多種(zhong)金(jin)屬離子,其中鐵(tie)、鉛、鋅和鈣的濃度可分(fen)別高達(da)2050mg/L12.3mg/L,130mg/L和4200mg/L。

4.營養比例失調,氨氮(dan)含量高。

二、垃(la)圾滲透液處理技術

1.物理(li)(li)(li)化(hua)學(xue)法。主要有活(huo)性(xing)炭吸附、化(hua)學(xue)沉淀、密度(du)分(fen)離、化(hua)學(xue)氧化(hua)、化(hua)學(xue)還原(yuan)、離子交換、膜滲(shen)析、氣提及(ji)濕式氧化(hua)法等(deng)多種方法,在COD為(wei)2000~4000mg/L時,物化(hua)方法的(de)COD去除(chu)率可達50%~87%。和生(sheng)(sheng)物處理(li)(li)(li)相比(bi),物化(hua)處理(li)(li)(li)不(bu)受水(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)量變動的(de)影響,出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質比(bi)較穩定,尤(you)其是對BOD5/COD比(bi)值較低(0.07~0.20)難以生(sheng)(sheng)物處理(li)(li)(li)的(de)垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾(lv)液,有較好的(de)處理(li)(li)(li)效果(guo)。但(dan)物化(hua)方法處理(li)(li)(li)成本較高,不(bu)適于大水(shui)(shui)量垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾(lv)液的(de)處理(li)(li)(li),因此目(mu)前垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾(lv)液主要是采用生(sheng)(sheng)物法。

2.生物(wu)法(fa)。分為好氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處理(li)(li)、厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處理(li)(li)以及二(er)者的結(jie)合。好氧(yang)(yang)處理(li)(li)包括活性(xing)污泥法(fa)、曝氣氧(yang)(yang)化池(chi)、好氧(yang)(yang)穩定(ding)塘(tang)(tang)、生物(wu)轉盤和滴濾池(chi)等。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)處理(li)(li)包括上向流污泥床、厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)固定(ding)化生物(wu)反應(ying)器、混(hun)合反應(ying)器及厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)穩定(ding)塘(tang)(tang)。

(1)活性污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)。好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)(yang)處理(li)用活性污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)、氧(yang)(yang)化溝、好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)(yang)穩(wen)定塘、生(sheng)物(wu)轉(zhuan)盤等(deng)好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)(yang)法(fa)(fa)處理(li)滲濾液都有(you)成(cheng)功的經驗,好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)(yang)處理(li)可(ke)(ke)有(you)效地降低BOD5、COD和氨氮(dan),還(huan)可(ke)(ke)以去(qu)除(chu)另一些污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)質如鐵(tie)、錳等(deng)金屬。在好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)(yang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)又以延時曝氣法(fa)(fa)用得最多,還(huan)有(you)曝氣穩(wen)定塘和生(sheng)物(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(主要(yao)用以去(qu)除(chu)氮(dan))。

活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa),傳統活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)滲(shen)濾液(ye)可用(yong)生物法(fa)、化(hua)(hua)學絮(xu)凝、炭(tan)吸(xi)附、膜(mo)過(guo)濾、脂吸(xi)附、氣提等方(fang)法(fa)單獨或(huo)聯合處(chu)(chu)(chu)理,其中(zhong)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)因其費用(yong)低、效(xiao)率高而得到最廣泛的(de)應用(yong)。美國和德國的(de)幾個活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)的(de)運行結(jie)果表明(ming),通過(guo)提高污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)濃度來降低污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)有(you)機(ji)負(fu)荷,活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)可以獲(huo)得令人(ren)滿(man)意的(de)垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾液(ye)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理效(xiao)果。采用(yong)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)能夠有(you)效(xiao)地(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾液(ye)。許多學者也發現活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)能去除滲(shen)濾液(ye)中(zhong)99%的(de)BOD5,80%以上的(de)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)能被活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)去除,即使進水中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)高達1000mg/L,污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)生物相也能很快適應并起(qi)降解(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)。眾多實際運行的(de)垃(la)圾滲(shen)濾液(ye)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理系統表明(ming),活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法(fa)比(bi)化(hua)(hua)學氧化(hua)(hua)法(fa)等其它方(fang)法(fa)的(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理效(xiao)果更(geng)佳。

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜法(fa)與活性(xing)污泥法(fa)相比,生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜法(fa)具有抗水(shui)量、水(shui)質(zhi)沖(chong)擊負荷的(de)優(you)點,而且生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜上(shang)能生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)世代時(shi)間較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu),如硝化(hua)菌之類。當(dang)溫(wen)度回升(sheng),微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)硝化(hua)能力隨即(ji)恢復。但是應當(dang)指出,這種(zhong)滲濾液的(de)性(xing)質(zhi)與城(cheng)市污水(shui)相近(jin),對于較(jiao)強的(de)滲濾液此方法(fa)是否適用還待研(yan)究。

(2)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)目的(de)(de)運用已有(you)(you)近百年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史。但直到近20年(nian)來,隨著微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)化學(xue)等學(xue)科發(fa)(fa)展和(he)(he)工程實(shi)踐的(de)(de)積累,不斷開發(fa)(fa)出新的(de)(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)處(chu)理(li)工藝,克(ke)服了(le)傳統工藝的(de)(de)水(shui)力(li)停(ting)留時間長(chang),有(you)(you)機負荷低等特(te)點,使它在理(li)論和(he)(he)實(shi)踐上有(you)(you)了(le)很大(da)進步,在處(chu)理(li)高濃度(BOD5≥2000mg/L)有(you)(you)機廢水(shui)方面(mian)取得了(le)良好效果。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)有(you)(you)許多優點,最主要的(de)(de)是能(neng)耗(hao)少(shao),操作簡單(dan),因此(ci)投資及(ji)運行費用低廉,而且(qie)由于產生(sheng)的(de)(de)剩(sheng)余污泥(ni)量少(shao),所需的(de)(de)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)質也少(shao)。近年(nian)來,開發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)方法有(you)(you):厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾池、厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)接觸池、上流(liu)式厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)污泥(ni)床反(fan)應器及(ji)分(fen)段厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)硝化等。

(3)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)與好氧(yang)(yang)的(de)結合(he)方式。雖(sui)然實踐已經(jing)證(zheng)明厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物法對高濃(nong)度(du)有(you)機廢水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)有(you)效性,但單獨(du)采(cai)(cai)用厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)法處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)滲(shen)濾液也很少見。對高濃(nong)度(du)的(de)垃圾滲(shen)濾液采(cai)(cai)用厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)好氧(yang)(yang)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工藝既經(jing)濟合(he)理(li)(li),處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)效率又(you)高。COD和BOD的(de)去除率分別(bie)達86.8%和97.2%。

三、結語

垃(la)圾滲濾(lv)液是一種有毒有害的(de)高(gao)濃度(du)有機(ji)廢水,控制不好將產(chan)生(sheng)二次(ci)污染,是衛生(sheng)填(tian)埋場失去應有的(de)價值和意義。要(yao)解決(jue)滲濾(lv)液污染問題,除(chu)了對垃(la)圾填(tian)埋場進行控制,盡量減(jian)少滲濾(lv)液的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)外(wai),關鍵是要(yao)對滲濾(lv)液進行處理,使其達(da)標(biao)排放(fang)。近(jin)年來(lai)采用(yong)厭氧與好氧結合處理滲濾(lv)液的(de)較多(duo),在選擇生(sheng)物處理工藝時,必(bi)須詳細測(ce)定滲濾(lv)液的(de)成份,分(fen)析(xi)其特點,通過小試或(huo)中試來(lai)獲(huo)得組合處理工藝,才能達(da)到排放(fang)。生(sheng)物法(fa)是今后垃(la)圾滲濾(lv)液處理研究的(de)主要(yao)方(fang)向。

參考文獻:

篇6

關鍵詞(ci):含油污泥(ni);橇(qiao)裝式(shi)移動;離心處理

中(zhong)圖(tu)分(fen)類號:X74 文獻標識(shi)碼:A

1 概述

在油(you)(you)(you)田(tian)生(sheng)產(chan)、儲(chu)運(yun)、煉制及含(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水處(chu)理過程中(zhong),都會產(chan)生(sheng)大量的(de)含(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)。將(jiang)會對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)區域(yu)和周邊環(huan)(huan)境造成不同程度的(de)影(ying)響,國家已頒布(bu)實(shi)施了《中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和國固體(ti)廢物環(huan)(huan)境污(wu)(wu)(wu)染防治法》、《排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)費征收(shou)使用管理條例》,含(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)已被(bei)列為危險固體(ti)廢棄物。采用一定的(de)回(hui)收(shou)處(chu)理技術(shu),可將(jiang)含(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)中(zhong)相當量的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)回(hui)收(shou),在實(shi)現(xian)環(huan)(huan)境治理和防止污(wu)(wu)(wu)染的(de)同時,具備一定的(de)經濟效(xiao)益和巨大的(de)社會效(xiao)益。

根據(ju)邊遠油田、煉(lian)油廠、油品儲藏區(qu)等含油污泥產(chan)量低、區(qu)塊(kuai)(kuai)分散、地(di)面環(huan)境(jing)條件差的特點(dian),以(yi)簡單、適用、安(an)全、可靠(kao)、滿足生產(chan)為設(she)計(ji)原則,我(wo)公司專門研制出(chu)模塊(kuai)(kuai)式(shi)橇(qiao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)移動(dong)含油污泥處(chu)(chu)理(li)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi),采(cai)用化(hua)(hua)學(xue)熱(re)洗、離心(xin)(xin)分離、重力沉降的工藝處(chu)(chu)理(li)含油污泥。模塊(kuai)(kuai)式(shi)橇(qiao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)移動(dong)含油污泥處(chu)(chu)理(li)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的設(she)備(bei)復雜多樣(yang),結構(gou)要(yao)求緊湊。裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)內各設(she)備(bei)的合理(li)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)成為設(she)計(ji)的重點(dian)、難(nan)點(dian)。離心(xin)(xin)處(chu)(chu)理(li)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)可歸結為:露天化(hua)(hua)、流程化(hua)(hua)、模塊(kuai)(kuai)化(hua)(hua)、集中化(hua)(hua)。

2 離心(xin)處理裝置設備選型(xing)

離(li)心(xin)(xin)處理裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置為該(gai)套裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)核心(xin)(xin)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置,包括(kuo)臥螺離(li)心(xin)(xin)機、換(huan)熱(re)器、螺旋(xuan)輸(shu)送(song)(song)器、中間(jian)罐(guan)、提(ti)升泵(beng)以及控制系統(tong)組成,具(ju)有自(zi)動(dong)沖洗(xi)、報警等(deng)功能(neng),自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)程度高。流(liu)程如下:從調質污(wu)泥(ni)提(ti)升泵(beng)來的(de)含油污(wu)泥(ni)首先(xian)經(jing)過過濾器去(qu)除(chu)殘留的(de)較大顆粒,經(jing)換(huan)熱(re)器加熱(re),與化(hua)學藥劑混(hun)(hun)合后送(song)(song)至兩(liang)相(xiang)離(li)心(xin)(xin)機;進(jin)入兩(liang)相(xiang)離(li)心(xin)(xin)機的(de)污(wu)泥(ni)在(zai)離(li)心(xin)(xin)力作用下實現固液分離(li),分離(li)出的(de)固體(ti)污(wu)泥(ni)通過螺旋(xuan)輸(shu)送(song)(song)機排出;液相(xiang)進(jin)入中間(jian)緩沖罐(guan),由油水(shui)混(hun)(hun)合物(wu)提(ti)升泵(beng)外(wai)輸(shu)。

2.1 泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的選擇(ze)。根(gen)據工藝流程中,泵(beng)(beng)(beng)輸(shu)送物(wu)(wu)料(liao)的物(wu)(wu)理性(xing)質、化(hua)學性(xing)質、物(wu)(wu)料(liao)組成,結(jie)合不(bu)同類型泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的工作原理,綜合考(kao)慮(lv)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的選擇(ze)類型。初(chu)步選定一(yi)臺(tai)結(jie)構尺寸(cun)較小且能(neng)滿足(zu)工藝要求的離心泵(beng)(beng)(beng)用于輸(shu)送清水,一(yi)臺(tai)螺桿(gan)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)輸(shu)送含泥(ni)污油。

2.2 換(huan)熱器(qi)的選擇。受裝置(zhi)空間的限制,換(huan)熱器(qi)不能過于(yu)龐大,考慮到設備一般用于(yu)較偏遠地區,所選設備要結構簡(jian)單(dan),維修更(geng)換(huan)方便。根據(ju)工藝要求(qiu),選用板式換(huan)熱器(qi)。

2.3 閥(fa)(fa)門的(de)選擇。閥(fa)(fa)門籠統的(de)劃分為通(tong)用閥(fa)(fa)門、特(te)殊閥(fa)(fa)門。離心處理裝置中(zhong)只涉及到通(tong)用閥(fa)(fa)門,即:球閥(fa)(fa)、閘閥(fa)(fa)、蝶閥(fa)(fa)、截止閥(fa)(fa)等。

3 總布置圖設計

總布(bu)置(zhi)圖設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)包括設(she)(she)(she)備布(bu)置(zhi)、管(guan)道(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。根據工(gong)藝流程要求,該裝置(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)成二層(ceng)橇裝式設(she)(she)(she)備,既節省(sheng)了(le)空間(jian),又使管(guan)道(dao)整齊美觀,在經(jing)過離心(xin)裝置(zhi)處理后,固液物料可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接進(jin)入下(xia)游裝置(zhi)。

3.1 設(she)備布置設(she)計

3.1.1 設備(bei)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。設備(bei)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)一般(ban)要求(qiu)(qiu):(1)要滿足工藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)要求(qiu)(qiu),按照物流(liu)順序(xu)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設備(bei);(2)設備(bei)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要符合安全生產(chan)和環境保護要求(qiu)(qiu);(3)應考慮管道布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安裝(zhuang)經濟合理(li)和整齊美(mei)觀,節(jie)省材料,便于(yu)施工、操作、維(wei)修;(4)離心處理(li)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),設備(bei)的(de)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)據工藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng),分(fen)為二層布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),充分(fen)考慮安全生產(chan)、外(wai)形美(mei)觀的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。

3.1.2 泵布(bu)置(zhi)設(she)計。離心處理裝置(zhi)中采用(yong)了露(lu)天布(bu)置(zhi)、半露(lu)天布(bu)置(zhi),主要與工藝要求保持(chi)一致。泵底座采用(yong)型(xing)鋼焊接而成,跟設(she)備主框架(jia)采用(yong)螺(luo)栓活連接,既能固定設(she)備,又便于泵的(de)維(wei)檢修。

3.1.3 換熱(re)(re)設備的布置設計。在離(li)心處理裝置中有兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)換熱(re)(re)器(qi),根據規范要求,宜集中布置在一起,便于(yu)熱(re)(re)源(yuan)進出管(guan)線的設計。離(li)心處理裝置中兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)換熱(re)(re)設備集中布置在一層(ceng)橇座(zuo)上,靠近上下(xia)游設備,且布置在主框架邊(bian)緣位(wei)置,便于(yu)設備的操(cao)作、維(wei)檢修。

3.1.4 閥(fa)門的(de)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)設計。閥(fa)門安裝的(de)總體要求就是要便于操作、維修。離心處理(li)裝置(zhi)中,經常(chang)操作的(de)閥(fa)門均布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)在裝置(zhi)邊緣(yuan)處,便于操作,對于平行管(guan)線(xian)(xian)上的(de)閥(fa)門,其閥(fa)門中心盡(jin)量(liang)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)在一條直線(xian)(xian)上,且(qie)管(guan)線(xian)(xian)底(di)標(biao)高取一直,便于管(guan)線(xian)(xian)支架設計。

3.2 管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計。管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)一般要(yao)求有;(1)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計應(ying)(ying)符合工(gong)藝(yi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)及儀表流程圖的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求;(2)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)(ying)統(tong)籌規(gui)劃,做到安(an)(an)全可靠、經濟合理(li)、滿足施(shi)工(gong)、操作(zuo)、維修等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,并力求整齊美觀;(3)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不應(ying)(ying)妨礙設(she)備、機(ji)泵及其內部構件的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝、檢修;(4)設(she)計輸送(song)固體物料管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi),應(ying)(ying)使管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)盡可能短;(5)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)轉(zhuan)動機(ji)械設(she)備連接的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi),應(ying)(ying)使管(guan)(guan)系具(ju)有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)柔性,以滿足設(she)備管(guan)(guan)口的(de)(de)(de)允許受力要(yao)求;(6)對于管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)表面溫度超過60℃的(de)(de)(de)不保溫管(guan)(guan)線,在距(ju)離面或操作(zuo)平(ping)臺2.1m以內者(zhe)、距(ju)操作(zuo)面0.75m以內者(zhe),應(ying)(ying)考慮人員防燙保護(hu)。

離心(xin)處理(li)裝置中,管道布置嚴格按照管道設(she)計(ji)(ji)一般要求(qiu)進行設(she)計(ji)(ji),具體從四個方面體現:泵管道設(she)計(ji)(ji)、換熱器管道設(she)計(ji)(ji)、管道放凈設(she)計(ji)(ji)、管道人員防燙(tang)保(bao)護設(she)計(ji)(ji)、管道支架設(she)計(ji)(ji)。

3.2.1 泵(beng)(beng)管(guan)道設(she)計。離(li)心處理裝置中(zhong),泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)類型(xing)有離(li)心泵(beng)(beng)、正位(wei)移泵(beng)(beng),泵(beng)(beng)吸(xi)入管(guan)道在(zai)滿足熱應(ying)力的(de)(de)前提下盡量短、少拐(guai)彎,裝置中(zhong)充分考慮了設(she)備(bei)與(yu)泵(beng)(beng)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)位(wei)置關系,進口的(de)(de)減(jian)震措(cuo)施(shi)采用改變管(guan)道走向(xiang),增(zeng)強自然補償能力,節(jie)約材料,同(tong)時還節(jie)省了空間(jian)。

3.2.2 換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)設計。換(huan)熱(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的布(bu)置方便(bian)操作,不影響換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)的維檢(jian)修。離心處理裝(zhuang)置中(zhong),兩臺(tai)換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)熱(re)(re)介質出(chu)口管(guan)(guan)線在橇(qiao)內合(he)并(bing)到一(yi)起(qi),共用一(yi)臺(tai)疏水閥,管(guan)(guan)道(dao)簡單,布(bu)置緊湊。根據工藝流程,蒸(zheng)汽進換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)、冷介質出(chu)換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao),其操作溫(wen)度均高于60℃,在管(guan)(guan)線沒有保溫(wen)層的情況下,在操作側的管(guan)(guan)道(dao),以及(ji)經常操作的閥門,均考慮了人員(yuan)防燙措施。

3.2.3 管(guan)道(dao)低(di)點放(fang)凈設計(ji)。根據工(gong)藝(yi)管(guan)道(dao)輸送介(jie)質的(de)不(bu)同,離心(xin)處理裝置(zhi)中的(de)低(di)點放(fang)凈閥選用(yong)了兩種類型:輸送含(han)泥介(jie)質的(de)管(guan)線上(shang),低(di)點放(fang)凈閥采(cai)用(yong)球閥,有利于防止泄(xie)露;輸送不(bu)含(han)泥介(jie)質的(de)管(guan)線上(shang),低(di)點放(fang)凈閥采(cai)用(yong)閘閥。放(fang)凈管(guan)線的(de)末端(duan)均采(cai)用(yong)管(guan)帽(mao)擰緊,防止誤操作或者閥門(men)忘(wang)關的(de)情況下,介(jie)質泄(xie)露。

3.2.4 管(guan)道(dao)支架(jia)設計(ji)。根據管(guan)道(dao)的直徑、壁(bi)厚、管(guan)道(dao)上(shang)閥門等的重(zhong)量,初步提出支架(jia)的荷載、位(wei)置、形式(shi),將(jiang)相關資料(liao)提供給管(guan)道(dao)應力(li)分析人員,由(you)其核(he)算(suan)并最(zui)終確(que)認支架(jia)位(wei)置、形式(shi)。

結語

該套裝(zhuang)置在洛(luo)陽(yang)石化污(wu)泥(ni)處理(li)中(zhong),應用效果較好(hao)(hao),處理(li)后的污(wu)泥(ni)已經達到(dao)(dao)掩(yan)埋要求,污(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)的油回收率(lv)較高,取得了很好(hao)(hao)的經濟效益,以及巨大社會(hui)效益。該裝(zhuang)置已經推廣(guang)到(dao)(dao)大慶油田、廊坊(fang)管道局(ju)的污(wu)泥(ni)處理(li)項目中(zhong)。

篇7

1市政生活污水處理系統的過(guo)程控制概述

1.1污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)優(you)勢。通過(guo)(guo)(guo)構建市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),主要(yao)(yao)(yao)具有(you)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)幾方面目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao):第(di)(di)(di)(di)一,確保(bao)(bao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質達到質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準;第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er),市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐沖擊性(xing)(xing)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)抗干擾性(xing)(xing)比較強,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)抵抗各種污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)外在(zai)(zai)因素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾和(he)影響;第(di)(di)(di)(di)三,必須(xu)確保(bao)(bao)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)各個(ge)單元具有(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)降解有(you)機物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物時,真正(zheng)(zheng)達到生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物脫(tuo)(tuo)氮除磷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);第(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si),必須(xu)確保(bao)(bao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)費用較低(di)(di)(di),才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)全(quan)面普及(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)用。市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)操作污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)比,其主要(yao)(yao)(yao)具有(you)這樣(yang)幾點顯著優(you)勢:第(di)(di)(di)(di)一,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)縮減(jian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費用,擴大經濟(ji)效(xiao)益;第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er),在(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)進(jin)行(xing)升級改造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)節(jie)約大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費用;第(di)(di)(di)(di)三,污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)更(geng)(geng)(geng)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng);第(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si),在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)全(quan)面優(you)化(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)制細(xi)節(jie),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)負(fu)(fu)荷;第(di)(di)(di)(di)五,市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之后,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)確保(bao)(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達標(biao)(biao)(biao)。因此,必須(xu)加強對市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制,減(jian)少(shao)外部(bu)因素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響和(he)干擾,才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、節(jie)約運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費用,使(shi)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)(geng)(geng)加高(gao)效(xiao)、穩定地運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)下(xia)(xia)去。1.2污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分析。在(zai)(zai)調節(jie)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制時,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)存在(zai)(zai)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)幾種過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可調節(jie)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang):1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)調控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)(hua),很容易造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)。當(dang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)調控(kong)(kong)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態出(chu)現(xian)(xian)變(bian)化(hua)(hua),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)流(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)、濃縮狀態、流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)速(su)(su)率都(dou)將(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)滯留時間出(chu)現(xian)(xian)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。具體(ti)而(er)言,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)調控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)為污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、回流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、流(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)(su)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位、控(kong)(kong)制流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)外回流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)等等幾大重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分。2)空氣以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)氧氣供(gong)應(ying)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),DO作為至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),DO濃度出(chu)現(xian)(xian)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)后,將(jiang)(jiang)會嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物細(xi)菌群。為了降低(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費用,減(jian)少(shao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)損耗,可以(yi)適(shi)當(dang)地把DO濃度降低(di)(di)(di),這樣(yang)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。如果DO的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度過(guo)(guo)(guo)低(di)(di)(di),將(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),而(er)且會降低(di)(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉降性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絮體(ti)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。3)各種化(hua)(hua)學(xue)藥劑(ji)(ji)和(he)碳源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投放(fang)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)投放(fang)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)藥劑(ji)(ji),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)消(xiao)除其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無機元素(su),避免污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥絮體(ti)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)沉淀反(fan)應(ying)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。但是(shi)如果沒有(you)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)地投放(fang)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)藥劑(ji)(ji),將(jiang)(jiang)會導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)負(fu)(fu)荷大大降低(di)(di)(di),甚至導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)逐漸降低(di)(di)(di),防止(zhi)沉降性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)也將(jiang)(jiang)顯著降低(di)(di)(di)。在(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)投放(fang)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳源(yuan)(yuan),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)使(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)(geng)(geng)好(hao)(hao)地進(jin)行(xing)反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua),使(shi)碳氧比例(li)保(bao)(bao)持在(zai)(zai)合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)。如果碳源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)低(di)(di)(di),將(jiang)(jiang)會導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)非常困難,不利于系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脫(tuo)(tuo)氧正(zheng)(zheng)常進(jin)行(xing)。如果碳源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)多,將(jiang)(jiang)會導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥劑(ji)(ji)投加費用成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大大提(ti)(ti)升,污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷也將(jiang)(jiang)擴大,所以(yi)必須(xu)確定合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳源(yuan)(yuan)投加量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。4)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),需要(yao)(yao)(yao)對進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)嚴(yan)格管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),只有(you)進(jin)行(xing)科學(xue)、合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)防止(zhi)外部(bu)因素(su)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)干擾,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)使(shi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)負(fu)(fu)荷大大降低(di)(di)(di)。

2市政生活污水處理系統中比(bi)較常用的過(guo)程(cheng)控制策略

在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)比(bi)較簡單,而且能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)反饋機理(li)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包含(han)了曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)機、污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥回流(liu)泵、混(hun)合(he)液回流(liu)泵、化(hua)學(xue)(xue)藥(yao)劑添加(jia)(jia)等系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),這(zhe)些(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)很(hen)容易受到進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)以及(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質變(bian)(bian)化(hua)等外在(zai)(zai)(zai)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)和(he)干擾,而且當內部回流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)以及(ji)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)之后,也(ye)會產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)利(li)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)線傳感器(qi)和(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)獲(huo)取相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)信(xin)息,然后做好(hao)模擬分析,從而確(que)保(bao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運行。當前,在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)這(zhe)樣幾種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略。2.1溶解(jie)氧控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施這(zhe)種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)把曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)單元中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)DO濃度(du)(du)(du)來(lai)作(zuo)為變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),然后控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)DO濃度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。但是(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)DO濃度(du)(du)(du)只是(shi)一部分東西(xi),必須(xu)按照設(she)定值(zhi)有效調節(jie)空氣(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),才能(neng)(neng)更(geng)好(hao)地控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)DO濃度(du)(du)(du)。通過利(li)用(yong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi),能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)有效對比(bi)DO濃度(du)(du)(du)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)以及(ji)設(she)定值(zhi),從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現兩者間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi),通過進(jin)行準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan),能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)把DO需要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)清楚地計算(suan)出(chu)來(lai),主(zhu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)自動調節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。2.2回流(liu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)基于二(er)沉池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥層活性和(he)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),從而有效控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回流(liu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。并(bing)且能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)剩余(yu)(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥排放量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、各個(ge)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)以及(ji)回流(liu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),從而更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。如果在(zai)(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥,就會滋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)許(xu)多微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu),微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長速度(du)(du)(du)也(ye)會大(da)大(da)加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)(kuai),所以必須(xu)嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)剩余(yu)(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥排放量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),防止微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長。2.3化(hua)學(xue)(xue)藥(yao)劑投(tou)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)投(tou)放化(hua)學(xue)(xue)藥(yao)劑,能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)進(jin)行脫氮除磷處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li),這(zhe)種(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)瞬間(jian)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)作(zuo)用(yong),避(bi)免外界(jie)干擾帶來(lai)不利(li)影響(xiang)(xiang),從而使污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)便、快(kuai)(kuai)捷。通過投(tou)放化(hua)學(xue)(xue)藥(yao)劑來(lai)進(jin)行污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包含(han)了流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)投(tou)加(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以及(ji)反饋控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi),必須(xu)根(gen)據污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)成分、水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)其(qi)他干擾因素選擇應用(yong)合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)。

3市(shi)政生活污水處理系統過程控(kong)制的難點和注意(yi)事項

在市政生活污水(shui)處理(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)中,必(bi)須(xu)通過各個(ge)單元(yuan)進行協(xie)作,才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)達(da)到良好的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li)效果,在控(kong)制(zhi)過程(cheng)時,必(bi)須(xu)充分考慮(lv)幾者之間的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)調(diao)性(xing),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使它們獨立出來(lai),采用全(quan)套控(kong)制(zhi)工藝。在污水(shui)處理(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)中,必(bi)須(xu)消除外界干擾因素,避免有害物質(zhi)產生不(bu)(bu)利影響(xiang)。必(bi)須(xu)合理(li)(li)調(diao)節(jie)污泥(ni)回流量(liang),注意解決反硝化污水(shui)廠兼氧(yang)區(qu)以及溶解氧(yang)等問題,嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)DO濃度、上清液回流量(liang)。合理(li)(li)設置(zhi)排(pai)水(shui)管網,才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)降低污水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放量(liang),由于(yu)污水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)質(zhi)存在較大的(de)(de)(de)差異,所以需要側重不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)去除能(neng)力,才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)達(da)到彈性(xing)調(diao)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

4結語

在市政(zheng)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)控制過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),必須(xu)根(gen)據實際情況進行科學(xue)、合理(li)的(de)(de)設計,采用合適的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)來控制污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),才能確保污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠能夠高效、穩(wen)定運行,提高市政(zheng)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)質量,促進我國(guo)環保型城市建設發展,滿足(zu)現代化新(xin)型城市建設發展要求。

參考文獻:

[1]王炯琦,林慧.市政污水處理中膜處理技術(shu)的(de)運用[J].城市建設理論研(yan)究(jiu)(電子版),2016,6(8):33-34.

篇8

關(guan)鍵詞:水污(wu)染治理技術;仿(fang)真(zhen)實訓教(jiao)學

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao):G712 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號(hao):1672-5727(2012)12-0175-02

高等職(zhi)業教育(yu)培養目(mu)標是:以(yi)服(fu)務為宗旨(zhi),以(yi)就業為導向(xiang),培養具有一(yi)定理論知識和較強(qiang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)能力,面向(xiang)基層(ceng)、面向(xiang)生(sheng)產、面向(xiang)服(fu)務和管理第(di)一(yi)線職(zhi)業崗(gang)位(wei)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用型、技(ji)能型專門人才。因此,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)環(huan)節(jie)在高職(zhi)教學中(zhong)占有非常重要的(de)(de)地位(wei)。目(mu)前,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教學環(huan)節(jie)以(yi)校內實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓和企業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習為主。筆者擔任環(huan)境監測與治(zhi)理技(ji)術(shu)專業《水污(wu)(wu)染治(zhi)理技(ji)術(shu)》任課教師多年(nian),發(fa)現(xian)單開(kai)展兩種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教學存在一(yi)定的(de)(de)問題。教育(yu)部《關于全(quan)面提(ti)高高等職(zhi)業教育(yu)教學質量的(de)(de)若干意見》提(ti)出(chu):要充(chong)分利用現(xian)代信息技(ji)術(shu),開(kai)發(fa)虛(xu)擬(ni)工廠、虛(xu)擬(ni)車間、虛(xu)擬(ni)工藝、虛(xu)擬(ni)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。筆者利用現(xian)代信息技(ji)術(shu),對(dui)《水污(wu)(wu)染治(zhi)理技(ji)術(shu)》實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教學部分內容開(kai)展了(le)仿(fang)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓,收(shou)到(dao)了(le)較好(hao)的(de)(de)教學效(xiao)果。

《水(shui)污染(ran)治(zhi)理技術》課程實踐教(jiao)學存在的問題

目(mu)前,大(da)多數(shu)高(gao)職院(yuan)校(xiao)環境監測與治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)污染治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術》課的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)都是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)校(xiao)內實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)和校(xiao)外實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)完成的(de)(de)(de)。校(xiao)內實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)內容(rong)主要為課本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)所列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)項目(mu),如(ru)沉淀實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、氣浮實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)等(deng)(deng)。校(xiao)內實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)增加了對(dui)(dui)知識的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)解,提高(gao)了實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐技(ji)能,對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)理(li)(li)(li)解和掌握這(zhe)門課的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)和相(xiang)關技(ji)能起到了非常重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,但(dan)部(bu)分(fen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)內容(rong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)陳舊,落后于現(xian)代水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際。而校(xiao)外實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)往往就(jiu)是(shi)參觀(guan)(guan)污水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠或一(yi)(yi)些(xie)工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施。當然,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)參觀(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習,可以加深對(dui)(dui)污水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)(de)直觀(guan)(guan)印象,但(dan)對(dui)(dui)于污水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)和設(she)(she)備、運(yun)行參數(shu)、處理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)果等(deng)(deng),無法通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)參觀(guan)(guan)來掌握。而學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)自己(ji)建設(she)(she)污水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)設(she)(she)施也很(hen)不現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi):第(di)一(yi)(yi),投(tou)資太(tai)大(da),一(yi)(yi)般職業(ye)院(yuan)校(xiao)難以承擔基建和運(yun)行費用;第(di)二,占地面積很(hen)大(da),職業(ye)院(yuan)校(xiao)很(hen)難配套相(xiang)應場地;第(di)三,在實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),污水(shui)大(da)多有臭味,導致(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)興趣不高(gao)。

職業(ye)教育的重要(yao)特點是強調實(shi)踐教學,培養學生獲得實(shi)踐應用能力(li)。但實(shi)踐教學受到資金、場地、專(zhuan)業(ye)因素等限(xian)制,難以順利(li)開展和(he)真(zhen)正達到實(shi)踐教學要(yao)求。針對上述問(wen)題,不妨在(zai)實(shi)踐教學中利(li)用現代(dai)信(xin)息技術(shu),對部分(fen)實(shi)踐內容進行仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)訓(xun)教學。

仿真教學內容

仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實訓(xun)是一種虛(xu)擬實訓(xun),即(ji)借助現代信息(xi)技術手段,將必要的(de)專業實訓(xun)內(nei)容與實訓(xun)過程數字(zi)化(hua)(hua),實現有(you)關工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)的(de)直(zhi)觀性(xing)、透明性(xing)并對(dui)其進(jin)行(xing)虛(xu)擬、仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)。我院環境監測(ce)與治(zhi)理(li)技術仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實訓(xun)室已經建成(cheng),購(gou)買了東方仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)軟件(jian)技術有(you)限公(gong)司的(de)水(shui)(shui)污染控制(zhi)模擬軟件(jian),包括了大量的(de)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)實驗及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)處理(li)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)訓(xun)練項目(mu)。筆者先對(dui)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠和環保公(gong)司污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設計調試部門進(jin)行(xing)調研,了解(jie)水(shui)(shui)污染治(zhi)理(li)崗(gang)位(wei)所(suo)需實踐(jian)技能等信息(xi),根據調研信息(xi),咨詢相關專家(jia),對(dui)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)教學內(nei)容進(jin)行(xing)了優化(hua)(hua)。因就(jiu)業崗(gang)位(wei)中處理(li)生活污水(shui)(shui)的(de)技術崗(gang)位(wei)較多,重點對(dui)城市(shi)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)進(jin)行(xing)仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)實訓(xun)。仿(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)教學內(nei)容如表1所(suo)示。

針對崗(gang)位需求設(she)計仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)訓內(nei)(nei)容(rong)的同時,制定了相(xiang)應的課程(cheng)標(biao)準(zhun)。在仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)訓室(shi)利用模擬(ni)軟(ruan)件對上述實(shi)(shi)訓內(nei)(nei)容(rong)進行(xing)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)踐教學,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)模擬(ni)仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)訓內(nei)(nei)容(rong)中出現的問題,并進行(xing)仿(fang)真(zhen)解決。如仿(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)訓教學中曝(pu)氣池(chi)(chi)MLSS過(guo)高(gao)問題,MLSS過(guo)高(gao)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由于回(hui)(hui)流(liu)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)量(liang)過(guo)大引起曝(pu)氣池(chi)(chi)中微生物量(liang)過(guo)高(gao),因此需要(yao)(yao)減少污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)回(hui)(hui)流(liu)量(liang),在模擬(ni)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)中,要(yao)(yao)找到(dao)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)控制的閥(fa)門(men),關小回(hui)(hui)流(liu)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)閥(fa)門(men),增(zeng)大剩余污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)排放閥(fa)門(men),并根據MLSS過(guo)高(gao)的程(cheng)度,找到(dao)合適的閥(fa)門(men)控制范圍。

仿真實訓具有的優(you)勢

在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)污染(ran)治理(li)技(ji)(ji)術》課(ke)程實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong),筆者發(fa)現(xian),開展仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)有(you)不(bu)少優勢:(1)使用靈活,便(bian)于學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自主(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習。仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)軟件(jian)安裝在(zai)(zai)電腦上可以(yi)(yi)很(hen)方(fang)便(bian)地(di)應用,非(fei)常(chang)(chang)靈活,學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)可以(yi)(yi)利(li)用課(ke)余時間(jian)(jian)根據自身情(qing)況自主(zhu)安排實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun),克服了一(yi)(yi)(yi)般實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場地(di)、時間(jian)(jian)限制等缺陷。(2)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)只(zhi)要(yao)建設一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)室,購買相(xiang)關仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)軟件(jian),并進行相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)(xun),無需(xu)價格昂貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)精(jing)密儀(yi)器、高(gao)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室設備、高(gao)花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗耗(hao)材,就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)開展豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)項目,以(yi)(yi)滿足新形勢下實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求。(3)便(bian)于解(jie)(jie)決(jue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)難(nan)點(dian)問(wen)題(ti)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)些工作難(nan)點(dian)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)規操(cao)(cao)作實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)再現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de),如水(shui)污染(ran)治理(li)技(ji)(ji)術中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)及其處理(li)。問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再現(xian)與(yu)處理(li)對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)而言非(fei)常(chang)(chang)必要(yao),但依(yi)靠操(cao)(cao)作實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)困(kun)難(nan)很(hen)大。水(shui)污染(ran)治理(li)技(ji)(ji)術操(cao)(cao)作實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)在(zai)(zai)污水(shui)處理(li)廠時間(jian)(jian)較短,不(bu)可能經歷全(quan)部水(shui)處理(li)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)和解(jie)(jie)決(jue)。而計(ji)算機仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)是(shi)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(duan),可以(yi)(yi)無數次地(di)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再現(xian)與(yu)模擬處理(li)。(4)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗易耗(hao)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量消耗(hao)會(hui)(hui)帶來環(huan)境污染(ran)問(wen)題(ti),而仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)可避免這(zhe)些問(wen)題(ti)。(5)虛擬現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉浸(jin)性(xing)(xing)和交(jiao)互性(xing)(xing),使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)中(zhong)能像玩游戲一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣全(quan)身心地(di)投入到學(xue)(xue)(xue)習環(huan)境中(zhong),非(fei)常(chang)(chang)有(you)利(li)于學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)能提高(gao)。同時,在(zai)(zai)虛擬現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)仿(fang)(fang)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)系統中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)獲得與(yu)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)體會(hui)(hui),甚至(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)使他(ta)們(men)比在(zai)(zai)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境中(zhong)更(geng)加(jia)投入,既保證實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)效果,又能極(ji)大地(di)提高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習積極(ji)性(xing)(xing)。

仿真(zhen)實訓中出現的問題及優化

《水污(wu)染(ran)治理技術(shu)》部(bu)分(fen)(fen)實踐(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)內容開(kai)展(zhan)仿真教(jiao)學(xue),在(zai)展(zhan)現優勢的同時,也出現了不少問題,主要表現為兩個方面(mian):一是仿真軟(ruan)件(jian)存在(zai)設計(ji)不合(he)理的地方,比如(ru),部(bu)分(fen)(fen)學(xue)生計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)應用水平較高,在(zai)模(mo)擬(ni)實訓(xun)時,把全部(bu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)按鈕操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一遍,軟(ruan)件(jian)最(zui)終(zhong)顯(xian)示操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)正確。這(zhe)與開(kai)展(zhan)仿真教(jiao)學(xue)提(ti)高實踐(jian)技能的初衷相違背。二是仿真教(jiao)學(xue)考核方式(shi)需要改進。仿真軟(ruan)件(jian)一般有顯(xian)示分(fen)(fen)數的功(gong)能,但往(wang)往(wang)難以(yi)真實反映出學(xue)生的實際操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)水平。

針對(dui)以(yi)上問題(ti),對(dui)仿真(zhen)(zhen)教學(xue)(xue)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行優化(hua),主(zhu)要是改進(jin)(jin)了(le)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)考(kao)核方式(shi)(shi)(shi)。以(yi)往仿真(zhen)(zhen)教學(xue)(xue)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)就是用電腦軟件(jian)模(mo)擬操(cao)作,軟件(jian)顯(xian)示分數為(wei)學(xue)(xue)生考(kao)核成績(ji),存在著很(hen)大(da)弊端。為(wei)此,優化(hua)為(wei)以(yi)電腦軟件(jian)模(mo)擬操(cao)作和(he)(he)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)報告相結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)。增(zeng)加的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)報告內容主(zhu)要為(wei)水處理問題(ti)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)、處理操(cao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據等,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)較(jiao)為(wei)全(quan)面地(di)衡量學(xue)(xue)生對(dui)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)技能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握程度。以(yi)水處理技術仿真(zhen)(zhen)教學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)泥(ni)膨脹問題(ti)為(wei)例,模(mo)擬操(cao)作是打(da)開藥劑(ji)罐向回流污(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添加氯氣(qi)和(he)(he)增(zeng)大(da)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)污(wu)泥(ni)排(pai)放閥門,實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)報告中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應寫明(ming)由于曝(pu)氣(qi)池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)絲狀(zhuang)菌增(zeng)多才引(yin)起污(wu)泥(ni)膨脹,向回流污(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添加氯氣(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達(da)到破(po)壞絲狀(zhuang)菌的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo),而增(zeng)大(da)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)污(wu)泥(ni)排(pai)放閥門,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)大(da)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)污(wu)泥(ni)排(pai)放,加快曝(pu)氣(qi)池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)性污(wu)泥(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更新,這(zhe)些(xie)都是操(cao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。學(xue)(xue)生懂得原因(yin)和(he)(he)依(yi)據,再加上模(mo)擬操(cao)作,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達(da)到很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教學(xue)(xue)效果(guo)。考(kao)核方式(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)同(tong)時優化(hua)為(wei)以(yi)軟件(jian)顯(xian)示分數和(he)(he)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)報告評(ping)分相結合(he)(he),改變了(le)以(yi)往單一的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi),強調過程和(he)(he)效果(guo)考(kao)核。

通過以(yi)上優(you)化,教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)效果(guo)明(ming)顯提高(gao)。模擬(ni)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)仍存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的優(you)化空間,在(zai)日(ri)后的教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)中需要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)改進(jin)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)現款(kuan)模擬(ni)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)畫(hua)面較(jiao)為簡(jian)單,多為平面形式,需要(yao)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)公司進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)完善畫(hua)面,多采用(yong)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠實(shi)物圖片,最好是(shi)(shi)三維顯示,這樣更(geng)(geng)加直觀,給學(xue)生(sheng)的印象更(geng)(geng)深(shen)刻。二是(shi)(shi)目前模擬(ni)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)以(yi)活性污(wu)泥(ni)法工(gong)藝為主,現在(zai)水(shui)治理(li)技術中,工(gong)藝方法較(jiao)多,應開(kai)(kai)發(fa)多種(zhong)常用(yong)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝,使仿真實(shi)訓更(geng)(geng)貼近水(shui)處(chu)理(li)技術發(fa)展和應用(yong)實(shi)際。三是(shi)(shi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)設計存(cun)在(zai)不合理(li)之處(chu),需要(yao)優(you)化,避免(mian)學(xue)生(sheng)沒掌握實(shi)踐技能,軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)卻顯示高(gao)分的漏洞(dong)。軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)公司可(ke)以(yi)考慮,組織富(fu)有教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)和專(zhuan)業(ye)實(shi)踐經驗的人員參與開(kai)(kai)發(fa)仿真軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian),提供給教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)線(xian)的廣大教(jiao)(jiao)師使用(yong)。

實(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是高(gao)職教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中極(ji)其(qi)重要的(de)(de)一環,部分實(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)采用(yong)仿(fang)真(zhen)的(de)(de)形式能(neng)夠更好地提(ti)高(gao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效果,在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過程中強調把模擬操作和(he)實(shi)踐(jian)報告有機結合(he),可(ke)克服純粹模擬仿(fang)真(zhen)存在(zai)的(de)(de)缺陷,有利于全面(mian)提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)技(ji)能(neng)。仿(fang)真(zhen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)職業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育中的(de)(de)作用(yong)是不可(ke)忽略的(de)(de),如何讓仿(fang)真(zhen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)更好地提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)技(ji)能(neng),還(huan)需(xu)要積極(ji)探索。除了在(zai)仿(fang)真(zhen)軟件上優(you)化(hua)外,職業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育工作者更應去摸索新的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法,使其(qi)與目前水治(zhi)理技(ji)術崗位的(de)(de)需(xu)要相(xiang)吻合(he)。

參考文獻:

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[2]馬中一.仿(fang)真教學在高等職業教育中的應用研究[J].中國科技信息,2011(11):205.

[3]徐立,趙平.現代信息(xi)技術(shu)在職(zhi)業教育(yu)實訓(xun)教學中的應用[J].中國職(zhi)業技術(shu)教育(yu),2007(28):13.

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篇9

關鍵詞(ci):空氣源熱泵;污(wu)泥(ni)減量化(hua);污(wu)泥(ni)干化(hua);脫水污(wu)泥(ni)

DOI:10.16640/ki.37-1222/t.2017.13.061

0 引言

污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)處(chu)(chu)置方式(shi)有填埋(mai)、土地(di)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)、干(gan)(gan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)焚燒和協同焚燒[1,2]。填埋(mai)法仍是我(wo)國(guo)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)現階段主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)置方式(shi)[3,4,5],目前市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)占(zhan)比(bi)約65%,技(ji)術(shu)(shu)成熟,但(dan)填埋(mai)場(chang)庫容有限;在(zai)土地(di)資源緊張地(di)區被(bei)作為(wei)一(yi)種應(ying)急手段,未(wei)來(lai)不可持續。污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)土地(di)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)對(dui)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)進行穩定化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理,與土地(di)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理工藝包括好氧堆肥、厭氧消化(hua)(hua)(hua)(含(han)熱(re)水解)的(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理技(ji)術(shu)(shu),目前在(zai)華北地(di)區應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較多,市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)約占(zhan)15%。污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)焚燒(包括污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)摻燒)是最徹底(di)的(de)(de)一(yi)種處(chu)(chu)置方式(shi),目前市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)約占(zhan)11%,而在(zai)日(ri)本和德國(guo)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)焚燒規模(mo)占(zhan)比(bi)約68%和52%。但(dan)由于國(guo)內污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)熱(re)值低,相(xiang)當(dang)于日(ri)本和德國(guo)1/3~1/2,焚必須對(dui)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)進行干(gan)(gan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)[6]。但(dan)是利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)干(gan)(gan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)往往需要(yao)配套(tao)蒸汽和周邊余熱(re)資源,利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)外部熱(re)源導(dao)致干(gan)(gan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)價(jia)格較高(gao),項(xiang)目直接運行成本較高(gao)。實踐表明(ming),污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)減水減量化(hua)(hua)(hua)是打通污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)資源的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)前提,當(dang)前污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)處(chu)(chu)置遭遇瓶頸與污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)減量化(hua)(hua)(hua)不足(zu)、傳統技(ji)術(shu)(shu)裝備(bei)相(xiang)對(dui)落后密切(qie)相(xiang)關(guan),亟需技(ji)術(shu)(shu)升級和突(tu)破。本文從(cong)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)減量化(hua)(hua)(hua)角度出發,探(tan)討空氣(qi)源熱(re)泵應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)減量化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)可行性。

1 簡介

空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣源熱(re)(re)泵干(gan)(gan)(gan)化(hua)是一種(zhong)新型的(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)技術(shu),目(mu)前(qian)主(zhu)要應用于木(mu)材、煙草、食品等行(xing)業的(de)物料(liao)干(gan)(gan)(gan)化(hua)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣源熱(re)(re)泵干(gan)(gan)(gan)化(hua)利用逆卡諾原(yuan)理[7,8],回收空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)水份凝(ning)結的(de)潛熱(re)(re)以對循(xun)環(huan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣再加熱(re)(re)的(de)一種(zhong)裝置(zhi)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣源熱(re)(re)泵干(gan)(gan)(gan)化(hua)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要存在兩個(ge)循(xun)環(huan),詳(xiang)見(jian)附圖1。其一是制(zhi)冷循(xun)環(huan),制(zhi)冷循(xun)環(huan)是指內(nei)部的(de)制(zhi)冷劑經過壓(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)壓(ya)縮(suo)做功后(hou)(hou)轉變為高溫(wen)高壓(ya)氣體(ti),在冷凝(ning)器(qi)內(nei)放熱(re)(re)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)入蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi),在蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)內(nei)吸(xi)收干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)箱體(ti)內(nei)的(de)水蒸(zheng)氣熱(re)(re)量進(jin)入下一個(ge)循(xun)環(huan);其二是濕空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣循(xun)環(huan),進(jin)入干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)箱內(nei)的(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)熱(re)(re)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣經過與(yu)物料(liao)直接接觸(chu)后(hou)(hou),吸(xi)收物料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水分降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)溫(wen)度,在蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)內(nei)與(yu)制(zhi)冷劑間接接觸(chu),溫(wen)度降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)從而去(qu)處濕空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水分,最后(hou)(hou)與(yu)冷凝(ning)器(qi)間接接觸(chu)吸(xi)收熱(re)(re)量提高溫(wen)度,再次(ci)進(jin)入干(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)箱體(ti)內(nei)。

空氣(qi)源熱泵干(gan)燥系統由蒸發器、壓縮(suo)機(ji)、冷凝器、膨脹(zhang)閥、循環風機(ji)和(he)干(gan)燥室等組成,見圖(tu)1。

空氣源熱泵(beng)污(wu)(wu)泥干(gan)(gan)化可直接應(ying)用(yong)于污(wu)(wu)水處理廠常規(gui)脫水設(she)備(離(li)心、帶式等(deng)(deng))后,可通過污(wu)(wu)泥泵(beng)或螺旋輸(shu)送機等(deng)(deng)設(she)備將污(wu)(wu)泥送入切條成(cheng)型機,形成(cheng)φ5mm左右的面條狀,最(zui)終污(wu)(wu)泥在熱泵(beng)干(gan)(gan)化設(she)備內一(yi)次干(gan)(gan)化成(cheng)型,干(gan)(gan)化后含水率可降(jiang)低至20~30%,干(gan)(gan)化停留(liu)時間約2~3h,其工藝流程簡圖如(ru)下。

2 特征與結構

如(ru)圖(tu)1所采用的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)熱泵干(gan)化系(xi)統是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)封閉式一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)化系(xi)統,濕空(kong)氣(qi)和制冷劑在(zai)(zai)各自的(de)(de)風(feng)道和管路內(nei)循(xun)環利用。污(wu)泥(ni)通過切(qie)條(tiao)或破碎后(hou)送(song)入(ru)干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)體(ti)(ti)內(nei),干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)布置(zhi)2~3層網(wang)帶(dai)輸送(song)機(ji)(ji),污(wu)泥(ni)經過切(qie)條(tiao)機(ji)(ji)進入(ru)干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)體(ti)(ti)內(nei),被(bei)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)攤鋪在(zai)(zai)網(wang)帶(dai)機(ji)(ji)上,隨(sui)著網(wang)帶(dai)機(ji)(ji)傳動然(ran)后(hou)落(luo)入(ru)下層網(wang)帶(dai),最終通過排(pai)(pai)泥(ni)口排(pai)(pai)出(chu)。干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)體(ti)(ti)保溫(wen)處理防止熱量(liang)散失,可視為絕熱等焓過程(cheng)(cheng)。干(gan)熱空(kong)氣(qi)通過風(feng)機(ji)(ji)被(bei)引(yin)入(ru)至網(wang)帶(dai)機(ji)(ji)下部(bu),熱風(feng)溫(wen)度(du)約65~70℃,經過穿流數層網(wang)帶(dai)后(hou),與物(wu)料(liao)接觸,溫(wen)度(du)降低至50~55℃。污(wu)泥(ni)中水分蒸發過程(cheng)(cheng)伴隨(sui)少量(liang)H2S、NH3等臭性氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)析出(chu),但由于(yu)空(kong)氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)不斷(duan)循(xun)環,在(zai)(zai)源(yuan)(yuan)頭避免了產生(sheng)的(de)(de)臭氣(qi)污(wu)染問題。

制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑在(zai)熱(re)泵(beng)系統中,包括(kuo)蒸(zheng)發(fa)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)、節流(liu)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)過(guo)程,其(qi)中蒸(zheng)發(fa)過(guo)程和(he)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)過(guo)程不斷(duan)為空氣(qi)吸收和(he)釋放熱(re)量,低溫(wen)低壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑氣(qi)體通過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)機(ji)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)成(cheng)(cheng)高溫(wen)高壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體。節流(liu)過(guo)程為冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)出來的(de)(de)中溫(wen)高壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑液體,經(jing)過(guo)節流(liu)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)節流(liu),變成(cheng)(cheng)了低溫(wen)低壓(ya)(ya)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑液體。應用于污(wu)泥干化的(de)(de)熱(re)泵(beng)系統,所選用的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)和(he)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)為管翅片換熱(re)器(qi),一(yi)般為銅鋁結構,換熱(re)效(xiao)果(guo)好;所選用的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)機(ji)有螺(luo)桿式(shi)和(he)渦旋式(shi)。目前(qian)常用的(de)(de)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑有R22、R134a、R407c等,不同的(de)(de)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑與采用的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)機(ji)型(xing)式(shi)、熱(re)力循環效(xiao)率、制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)工(gong)況、對材料的(de)(de)腐蝕性、與油的(de)(de)相溶性、以及經(jing)濟性、安全性等關(guan)系密切。

3 可行性分析

污泥減量化技術方法主(zhu)要(yao)有改性壓榨法、熱(re)干化法等,其中熱(re)干化法主(zhu)要(yao)有間(jian)接熱(re)干化法。本文以10t/d規模(含水率80%的污泥干化)為例,從處理效果(guo)、投資運行費(fei)用(yong)、環境衛(wei)生等方面對照比較。

3.1 處理效果

從上(shang)表可以(yi)看出,三種減(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)工藝原理(li)差別較大,改性壓榨法減(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)效果較差,由于(yu)增加40~50%/DS的調理(li)劑,實(shi)際減(jian)量(liang)約在40~50%左右(you),且(qie)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)相對(dui)較低。熱干化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)通常(chang)需要(yao)配套熱源,干化(hua)(hua)后物料粒徑呈不(bu)規則狀。而空氣源熱泵由于(yu)經過(guo)污泥切條成型,最終(zhong)污泥出料較為均勻。

3.2 投資運行費用(yong)

注:1、蒸汽成本按230元(yuan)/t計,電(dian)價(jia)費用為0.65元(yuan)/kwh,改性藥劑價(jia)格(ge)按市(shi)場價(jia)估算;

2、本表計算的減水量指熱(re)干化(hua)和(he)空氣源熱(re)泵干化(hua)干化(hua)至20%,改性脫水技術60%。

從上(shang)表可以看出,通過(guo)熱(re)(re)干(gan)化法(fa)和空(kong)氣(qi)源熱(re)(re)泵都能(neng)獲得較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)脫水量,減量化程度較(jiao)(jiao)高,改(gai)性壓榨(zha)法(fa)由(you)于固化劑(ji)等藥(yao)劑(ji)用量較(jiao)(jiao)多,實際減水量約為40%;改(gai)性壓榨(zha)和熱(re)(re)干(gan)化技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)主要(yao)藥(yao)劑(ji)消耗(hao)和能(neng)源消耗(hao)占(zhan)主要(yao)成(cheng)本費(fei)用的(de)80%左右,空(kong)氣(qi)源熱(re)(re)泵干(gan)化僅消耗(hao)電能(neng)。從噸(dun)泥費(fei)用計算來看,由(you)于能(neng)源價格較(jiao)(jiao)高,熱(re)(re)干(gan)化法(fa)成(cheng)本費(fei)用最高,其次為空(kong)氣(qi)源熱(re)(re)泵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和改(gai)性壓榨(zha)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu);但由(you)于空(kong)氣(qi)源熱(re)(re)泵減水量大(da),實際蒸(zheng)發(fa)噸(dun)水成(cheng)本最低。系統設(she)備投(tou)資方面,熱(re)(re)干(gan)化法(fa)和空(kong)氣(qi)源熱(re)(re)泵設(she)備投(tou)入相(xiang)差不(bu)大(da),較(jiao)(jiao)高于改(gai)性壓榨(zha)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。

3.3 環境衛生

空氣源(yuan)熱(re)泵由(you)于采(cai)用封閉式(shi)循環(huan)運行,對外無直接氣體(ti)排放(fang),相比熱(re)干(gan)化法對環(huan)境的(de)影響(xiang)較(jiao)小(xiao),產(chan)生的(de)粉塵、臭(chou)氣及(ji)廢(fei)水的(de)量(liang)較(jiao)少。由(you)于采(cai)用低溫干(gan)化,污泥(ni)干(gan)化過程中產(chan)生的(de)揮發性有機物較(jiao)少,污泥(ni)的(de)熱(re)值保存較(jiao)好,便于最終焚(fen)燒或其他資源(yuan)化處置。

4 小結

(1)綜合對照不同減量化(hua)技術的(de)減量化(hua)效果(guo)、投資運行(xing)成本(ben)與環境(jing)衛(wei)生方面的(de)因素,空(kong)氣源(yuan)熱(re)泵應(ying)用(yong)于污泥干化(hua)有(you)較(jiao)明顯的(de)優(you)勢(shi)。

(2)首先(xian)是減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化效果明顯,可直接(jie)干化至(zhi)含水率(lv)20~40%,減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化程度高,干化后(hou)污泥(ni)呈(cheng)條狀或柱狀,便于外運,可有效防(fang)止轉(zhuan)運過(guo)程中的“跑冒滴漏”,提高污水廠出(chu)泥(ni)標準。

(3)其(qi)次(ci),相比其(qi)他脫(tuo)水(shui)減量技(ji)術,空氣(qi)源熱泵干化(hua)技(ji)術在(zai)噸水(shui)的蒸發(fa)成本費用上甚(shen)至優于,投資費用與(yu)熱干化(hua)費用相當,具有經濟(ji)性優勢。

(4)在安(an)全環(huan)境(jing)衛(wei)生方面,由于(yu)空氣源熱泵工藝氣體循(xun)環(huan)利用(yong),封閉式運行,與污泥物料接觸的溫(wen)度較低(di)(70℃以下),綜合環(huan)境(jing)影響較小。

(5)空(kong)氣源(yuan)熱泵(beng)污(wu)泥(ni)干化設(she)備可直(zhi)接在污(wu)水處理(li)廠配套建設(she),避免(mian)了脫水污(wu)泥(ni)的(de)二次轉運(yun),對于提高污(wu)水處理(li)廠出泥(ni)標準及污(wu)泥(ni)資源(yuan)化處置有(you)重要(yao)價值。

5 展望與建議

(1)空氣(qi)(qi)源(yuan)熱泵(beng)應(ying)用于脫水污泥干化(hua)還處(chu)于起步階段,與(yu)污泥干化(hua)相(xiang)匹配(pei)的空氣(qi)(qi)源(yuan)熱泵(beng)還需要進一(yi)步的理(li)論研究和實踐(jian)檢驗。

(2)空氣源(yuan)熱泵(beng)利用逆(ni)卡諾(nuo)循環效率的原理,能效高于其他(ta)形(xing)式干(gan)化;但熱泵(beng)系統內(nei)制(zhi)冷量大(da)于制(zhi)熱量,制(zhi)冷劑(ji)蒸發溫度偏高,這對系統的穩定(ding)性有一定(ding)的負面影(ying)響(xiang)。因此,系統內(nei)部熱量再平衡與(yu)利用以及專用的壓縮機選型還需(xu)要進一步(bu)的研究。

(3)尋求(qiu)環境友好(hao)、熱(re)力(li)性質穩定、系統性能(neng)良好(hao)的高(gao)溫制冷劑,是目前空氣源熱(re)泵干化研究的一個(ge)重(zhong)要內容。

(4)污(wu)泥在干化過程中產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)少量粉塵和(he)腐蝕(shi)性氣體對(dui)換(huan)熱器的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)污(wu)堵和(he)腐蝕(shi),需要進一步研究防(fang)塵和(he)防(fang)腐措施。

(5)目前國(guo)產(chan)空氣源熱泵污泥干(gan)化設備還較為落后,需要進行針(zhen)對性的a品研發和產(chan)業(ye)化政策支持。

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篇10

關(guan)鍵詞: 生物(wu)柴油(you)廢水;高COD高硫酸根;厭氧反應(ying)器

Abstract: biological diesel oil waste water containing large amounts of sulfuric acid, and COD concentrations are higher, in the domestic biodiesel industry rapid development today, the biodiesel industry wastewater treatment such as can not discharge standards, will become the bottleneck of the development of industries and enterprises, this article combined with the engineering practice has been running on biodiesel, wastewater characteristics and selection of treatment process of review.

Key words: biodiesel wastewater; high COD high sulfate; anaerobic reactor

中圖分類號(hao): U473.1+2文獻標識碼: A 文章編(bian)號(hao):

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)是(shi)以動植物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)脂、廢(fei)棄(qi)油(you)(you)(you)脂和微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)脂等為(wei)原(yuan)料制備而成(cheng)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)能(neng)源,被公認為(wei)是(shi)石化柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)優良替代(dai)品(pin)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)行業是(shi)近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)新興的(de)(de)一個行業,隨(sui)著國家整治地(di)溝油(you)(you)(you)回流餐(can)桌的(de)(de)力度加大,越(yue)(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)的(de)(de)以餐(can)飲(yin)廢(fei)油(you)(you)(you)為(wei)原(yuan)料的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)企業發展(zhan)起來(lai)(lai)。隨(sui)著生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)行業的(de)(de)發展(zhan),該行業的(de)(de)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)也越(yue)(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)(yue)受到企業重視。

1 廢水特點

我們調(diao)研了國內幾家生(sheng)物柴油企業的生(sheng)產廢水的情(qing)況,雖(sui)然各家工藝(yi)不(bu)同,但是其水質也有一些共性,基(ji)本特點如下:

①廢水中(zhong)硫酸根(gen)(gen)離子含(han)量較高(gao),pH值低,硫酸根(gen)(gen)含(han)量能夠高(gao)達(da)20%。

②有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)污染物(wu)(wu)(COD)濃(nong)度(du)(du)高,B/C比(bi)高,脫除(chu)硫酸后屬于(yu)高濃(nong)度(du)(du)有(you)(you)機(ji)廢水,可生化性好;污水各項指標如下(由于(yu)各廠家生產工(gong)藝略(lve)有(you)(you)不(bu)同(tong),故(gu)水質情(qing)況有(you)(you)較大差(cha)別):

2 廢水處理方法

2.1 廢水(shui)特點(dian)分析及處理思路

生(sheng)物柴油生(sheng)產廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)屬于典型的(de)(de)高濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)有機廢(fei)水(shui)(shui),但(dan)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)根(gen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)過高,pH過低,不宜(yi)采(cai)用(yong)生(sheng)化處(chu)理。針對(dui)該廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)特(te)點,先(xian)對(dui)污水(shui)(shui)采(cai)用(yong)石灰水(shui)(shui)中和預(yu)處(chu)理,脫除大(da)部分(fen)硫(liu)酸(suan)根(gen)離子,經過預(yu)處(chu)理后的(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)硫(liu)酸(suan)根(gen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)降至3000mg/l以(yi)下。脫除硫(liu)酸(suan)根(gen)后的(de)(de)原水(shui)(shui)COD含量很高,最高檢(jian)測(ce)到的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)樣(yang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)達到480000mg/l左右(you),B/C比高,可生(sheng)化性好,工程經驗表明,宜(yi)采(cai)用(yong)生(sheng)物法處(chu)理。

眾所周知,針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)高(gao)濃度有(you)機(ji)(ji)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)生物處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)是非常經(jing)濟(ji)的技(ji)術(shu),在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)成(cheng)本上(shang)比好(hao)氧(yang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)便宜(yi)得(de)多(duo),中等(deng)以上(shang)濃度(COD>1500mg/L)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)成(cheng)本優勢更加(jia)明顯;而且厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)不(bu)但(dan)能(neng)耗少(shao)少(shao)還(huan)能(neng)產生大量(liang)能(neng)源;厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)備(bei)的負荷(he)高(gao),占地少(shao);厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)方法(fa)(fa)產生的剩(sheng)余污(wu)(wu)泥量(liang)比好(hao)氧(yang)法(fa)(fa)少(shao)得(de)多(duo),而且剩(sheng)余污(wu)(wu)泥處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)也比好(hao)氧(yang)法(fa)(fa)容易得(de)多(duo);厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)方法(fa)(fa)可處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)高(gao)濃度的有(you)機(ji)(ji)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),當污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濃度較(jiao)高(gao)時(shi),不(bu)需要(yao)大量(liang)稀釋(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)系統規(gui)模靈活,可大可小(xiao),設(she)備(bei)簡單,易于制作,無需昂貴的設(she)備(bei)。鑒于厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)相對(dui)(dui)于好(hao)氧(yang)方法(fa)(fa)的這些優點,宜(yi)采用厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)生物處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方法(fa)(fa)來處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)該污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。厭(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)生物技(ji)術(shu)近年廣(guang)泛(fan)應用的是UASB技(ji)術(shu)和IC技(ji)術(shu)。IC技(ji)術(shu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)負荷(he)高(gao),但(dan)是對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)高(gao),生物柴油廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)過(guo)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的硫酸根離子及揮(hui)發(fa)酸等(deng)指標不(bu)適宜(yi)采用IC反應器,故推薦(jian)使用對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)較(jiao)寬泛(fan)的UASB反應器技(ji)術(shu)。

厭氧(yang)方法(fa)雖然負荷高(gao)(gao)、去除有機物的絕(jue)對(dui)量(liang)與(yu)進(jin)液濃度(du)高(gao)(gao),但其(qi)出水COD濃度(du)依然較(jiao)高(gao)(gao),不能達到排放的要求,根據各地要求的不同,需在厭氧(yang)工(gong)藝后(hou)增(zeng)加好氧(yang)處(chu)理工(gong)藝或者深度(du)處(chu)理工(gong)藝。

2.2 處理工藝(yi)流程

通過分(fen)析該(gai)污水特點(dian),針對各難點(dian)進行的(de)處(chu)理原(yuan)理討論,結合我公司(si)多(duo)年的(de)實踐經驗,本(ben)著“加(jia)強預處(chu)理、重(zhong)點(dian)做好生物處(chu)理”的(de)原(yuan)則,該(gai)類污水推薦采用“預處(chu)理+UASB反應器+A/O法”的(de)處(chu)理方(fang)法,該(gai)方(fang)法不僅(jin)COD、SS降(jiang)解效果好,而且還具有投資省,運行成本(ben)低、耐沖擊負荷和(he)自動化(hua)程度高等諸多(duo)優點(dian)。工藝流程圖如下:

①絮凝沉淀池

去除污水中的(de)大部(bu)分動植(zhi)物(wu)油及懸浮物(wu)和部(bu)分COD

污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中含有大量動植物(wu)(wu)油及懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)物(wu)(wu),通過管道混合器(qi)加入(ru)PAC,與(yu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)進行充分的混合,再進入(ru)絮凝(ning)沉淀(dian)池(chi)進行絮凝(ning)沉淀(dian),絮凝(ning)沉淀(dian)池(chi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)豎流(liu)式沉淀(dian)池(chi),運用(yong)(yong)重力沉淀(dian)法去(qu)除(chu)(chu)水(shui)中絮凝(ning)的懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)。能夠去(qu)除(chu)(chu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中大多數的動植物(wu)(wu)油及懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)以及污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中30%左右的COD。豎流(liu)式沉淀(dian)池(chi)有排泥(ni)(ni)方(fang)便(bian),管理簡單,占地面積小的優點。絮凝(ning)沉淀(dian)池(chi)出水(shui)自流(liu)進入(ru)曝氣調節池(chi),沉淀(dian)下來的污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)自流(liu)至污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)干化場(chang)晾干后外(wai)運。

②水解酸化池

降解(jie)大分子(zi)顆粒(li)為小分子(zi)物(wu)質,提高水的生(sheng)化性,是(shi)其中的有(you)機物(wu)能夠直接被(bei)細菌(jun)分解(jie)。

水解(jie)可定義(yi)為復雜的(de)非(fei)溶解(jie)性的(de)有(you)機物(wu)質在產酸細菌胞外(wai)水解(jie)酶的(de)作(zuo)用下轉化為簡(jian)單的(de)溶解(jie)性單體(ti)(ti)活二聚體(ti)(ti)的(de)過程(cheng)。非(fei)溶解(jie)性有(you)機物(wu)是以膠體(ti)(ti)或者懸浮固體(ti)(ti)形態(tai)存在的(de)高分(fen)子(zi)有(you)機物(wu),因相對分(fen)子(zi)質量(liang)大,不能(neng)(neng)(neng)頭透(tou)過細胞膜(mo),不可能(neng)(neng)(neng)為細菌直接利(li)用,他們(men)需在第一階段被胞外(wai)酶分(fen)解(jie)為小分(fen)子(zi)有(you)機物(wu)。這(zhe)些小的(de)水解(jie)產物(wu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠溶解(jie)于水并透(tou)過細胞膜(mo)為細菌所(suo)利(li)用。

在水(shui)(shui)解(jie)(jie)酸化池(chi)內(nei),利用水(shui)(shui)解(jie)(jie)和產(chan)酸菌,將(jiang)不溶(rong)性有(you)機物(wu)水(shui)(shui)解(jie)(jie)成溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)性有(you)機物(wu)、大分(fen)子物(wu)質分(fen)解(jie)(jie)成小(xiao)分(fen)子物(wu)質,大大提高(gao)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)可生化性,經過水(shui)(shui)解(jie)(jie)酸化處理(li),有(you)機物(wu)在微生物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)謝(xie)途徑(jing)上減少(shao)了(le)一個重要環節,將(jiang)加速(su)有(you)機物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)降解(jie)(jie)。存(cun)在于(yu)水(shui)(shui)解(jie)(jie)酸化池(chi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)膨脹污(wu)泥(ni)層對懸浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)泥(ni)顆粒或絮體具有(you)很強的(de)(de)(de)網捕作(zuo)用。

③UASB反應器

消耗(hao)大部分有(you)(you)機(ji)物,大幅降低污水中污染物的濃度(du),提高出(chu)水水質,同(tong)時產生具(ju)有(you)(you)利用價值的沼氣。原水COD太高,一級厭氧處理(li)達(da)標的難度(du)較(jiao)大,設計兩級厭氧串聯運(yun)行的污水處理(li)工藝流程,保證污水最(zui)終能夠達(da)標排放。

UASB即上(shang)流式厭(yan)氧(yang)污泥床,是(shi)該污水處(chu)(chu)理工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)主體構筑物。由(you)于上(shang)流式厭(yan)氧(yang)污泥床(UASB)在反(fan)應器(qi)中集有大(da)量高(gao)(gao)效顆(ke)粒化(hua)的(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)污泥,因而大(da)大(da)提高(gao)(gao)了(le)COD去除率(lv),其(qi)效果高(gao)(gao)出一般(ban)傳統(tong)的(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)消(xiao)化(hua)池(chi)2-3倍,減小了(le)后續處(chu)(chu)理段的(de)進(jin)水負荷,降低(di)工(gong)程(cheng)造價。

污(wu)水在(zai)UASB反應器(qi)內均勻穩定的(de)分(fen)布(bu),在(zai)上(shang)升過程中(zhong)與反應器(qi)內大量污(wu)泥接(jie)觸,經(jing)厭氧污(wu)泥內大量微(wei)生物降解,有機物經(jing)過水解、酸(suan)化、產酸(suan)、產甲(jia)烷(wan)四個階段后,90%以(yi)上(shang)的(de)有機物被降解生成CH4、CO2等(deng)氣(qi)體。工程實踐證(zheng)明,經(jing)過二(er)級(ji)UASB反應器(qi)后,COD去除率達(da)到95%以(yi)上(shang)。

UASB反應(ying)器成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)關鍵(jian)為三(san)相分離器、勻(yun)質布水(shui)系統及(ji)工(gong)藝條(tiao)件的(de)控制(zhi),特別是形成(cheng)顆粒(li)污(wu)(wu)泥的(de)工(gong)藝條(tiao)件是使UASB裝置高效的(de)重點技(ji)術。冬(dong)季給污(wu)(wu)水(shui)適當加(jia)溫,以保(bao)證厭氧污(wu)(wu)泥的(de)活性。

④ A/O活性污泥池

去除厭氧殘留(liu)的有機(ji)物,使污水(shui)達標排放。

活(huo)性污泥法(fa)應用好(hao)氧微生物(wu)的(de)代謝作用,使(shi)污水中的(de)有機(ji)物(wu)降(jiang)解,穩(wen)定和無害化(hua)的(de)處理方法(fa),能(neng)夠去除剩余的(de)COD,使(shi)污水達標排放。

曝(pu)氣裝置(zhi)采(cai)用氧利(li)(li)用率能夠達到25%的(de)微孔(kong)管式曝(pu)氣器,曝(pu)氣均勻、氣泡微小、氧利(li)(li)用率高、動力效率高;阻(zu)力小、低能耗(hao)。

⑤ 污泥的處理

有機物(wu)被(bei)微生物(wu)降解(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)過程(cheng),也是微生物(wu)生長(chang)繁殖的(de)(de)過程(cheng),經過微生物(wu)的(de)(de)生長(chang)周期后,需要(yao)對(dui)剩余污(wu)泥(ni)進(jin)(jin)行外(wai)排(pai)。水解(jie)(jie)酸(suan)化(hua)池(chi)及活性污(wu)泥(ni)二沉池(chi)產生的(de)(de)污(wu)泥(ni),進(jin)(jin)入污(wu)泥(ni)濃縮池(chi)濃縮減量后,排(pai)入污(wu)泥(ni)干化(hua)場進(jin)(jin)行晾干,干泥(ni)外(wai)運。

2.3工(gong)程處理效果

表1原水水質表

表3 出水水質表

《污水排入(ru)城鎮下水道水質標準》(CJ343-2010),出(chu)水水質指標如下表:

工程實施中調試初期水(shui)量較小時,出水(shui)濃度(du)達(da)到(dao)過100 mg/L以(yi)下(xia),表明生物柴油(you)廢(fei)水(shui)最終靠生物處理可以(yi)達(da)到(dao)國家一級排放(fang)標準。

3 經濟性分析

實際工程運(yun)(yun)行費(fei)用為:硫酸根去除的(de)藥劑費(fei)、PH調節(jie)費(fei)及運(yun)(yun)行電費(fei),合計噸水處(chu)理費(fei)用為3.50元。

若考慮沼(zhao)氣利(li)用(yong),1m3沼(zhao)氣的熱值(zhi)相當于1kg標準(zhun)煤產(chan)生的熱量,若標煤按800元/噸(dun)計算,則污水處理系統可產(chan)生一定(ding)的經濟效(xiao)益。