導(dao)語：如何(he)才能寫(xie)好一篇深基坑(keng)監理(li)安全控制要點，這就需要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更多的資料(liao)和文(wen)獻，歡迎(ying)閱讀由公務員之(zhi)家整(zheng)理(li)的十篇范文(wen)，供你借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：建筑工程；深基坑支護施工；質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全控制；要點分析

中圖分(fen)類(lei)號(hao)：TU198文(wen)獻標識碼： A 文(wen)章編號(hao)：一、引(yin)言(yan) 建(jian)設部(bu)建(jian)質(zhi)（2009）87號(hao)文(wen)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)印發《危險性較大(da)得分(fen)部(bu)分(fen)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安全管理辦法的(de)(de)(de)通知》規定(ding)：一般深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)是指開挖深度(du)超過5米(mi)（含(han)5米(mi)）或地下室(shi)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)上（含(han)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)），或深度(du)雖(sui)未超過5米(mi)，但地質(zhi)條件和周圍環境及地下管線特(te)別復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。而目(mu)前我(wo)國高(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)筑地下室(shi)最深到(dao)地下六層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之多(duo)，最深度(du)達-30多(duo)米(mi)。深基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)是大(da)型和高(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中極(ji)其重要的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，而合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)方案和質(zhi)量安全控制(zhi)措施(shi)是保證深基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)順利施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵。文(wen)章就加強(qiang)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量安全控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)要點(dian)談談自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)，以(yi)供同仁參考。

二、建筑工(gong)程(cheng)深基(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護施工(gong)前(qian)的質量控制要(yao)點分(fen)析(xi) （1）設(she)(she)計(ji)方案(an)及其審查。設(she)(she)計(ji)方案(an)是(shi)否合(he)理性是(shi)直接影響深基(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護工(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)敗的關鍵因素，一(yi)個成(cheng)功的深基(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)護設(she)(she)計(ji)方案(an)應當經濟(ji)合(he)理、安全可靠、施工(gong)技

術可行。它要求巖土工程和結構工程技術人員密切配合。同時監理工(gong)程師要(yao)熟悉(xi)并掌握(wo)工(gong)程的(de)地(di)(di)(di)質勘察報告，熟悉(xi)基坑(keng)開挖(wa)所在地(di)(di)(di)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)形、地(di)(di)(di)貌和(he)地(di)(di)(di)質特點，分析深(shen)基坑(keng)可(ke)能導(dao)致(zhi)邊坡(po)土體滑坡(po)的(de)各(ge)種可(ke)能，對(dui)影響邊坡(po)穩定性的(de)關(guan)鍵地(di)(di)(di)段、重(zhong)要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)層和(he)土質技術指標做到(dao)心中有數。在進(jin)入施工(gong)現場時(shi)，監(jian)理人員應對(dui)施工(gong)方(fang)案進(jin)行審查，深(shen)入了解(jie)設計(ji)方(fang)案，發現問(wen)題及(ji)時(shi)與設計(ji)人員溝交流，使得(de)各(ge)個程序順暢有效的(de)進(jin)行，從而可(ke)以真正地(di)(di)(di)保障工(gong)程的(de)質量。

（2）施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)專項方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)審(shen)定。建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位應(ying)該認真編制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)，但目前有(you)(you)些施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位往往是照搬他人的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)；有(you)(you)的(de)雖說是按(an)具(ju)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實際情況編制(zhi)的(de)，但控制(zhi)要點(dian)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)體，措施(shi)(shi)針對(dui)性(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)強，基(ji)本上(shang)無(wu)指導意義。因此，監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師應(ying)認真審(shen)核(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位提交(jiao)的(de)專項方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)，對(dui)不(bu)(bu)能滿(man)足施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要求的(de)，堅決(jue)要求其修改完善(shan)后(hou)按(an)程(cheng)(cheng)序申報，特別復雜(za)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)可(ke)組(zu)織專家匯(hui)審(shen)，待總監審(shen)批后(hou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)能實施(shi)(shi)。審(shen)核(he)內容主要有(you)(you)：施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平面圖、基(ji)坑的(de)支護方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、基(ji)坑開挖方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、降水措施(shi)(shi)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、監測布置的(de)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)等。

（3）分(fen)包(bao)單位(wei)的(de)選擇。由于深基(ji)坑支護工程(cheng)具有(you)的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)性和特殊性，一般來說，總包(bao)單位(wei)選定具有(you)實力(li)和能力(li)資質都合格的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)隊(dui)(dui)伍，組織(zhi)隊(dui)(dui)伍進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)包(bao)施(shi)(shi)工。監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師應嚴格執行(xing)(xing)職責，協助業(ye)主(zhu)審查總包(bao)單位(wei)選定的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)隊(dui)(dui)伍，選擇社會信譽好、技術力(li)量強、施(shi)(shi)工經驗豐富的(de)分(fen)包(bao)單位(wei)，最好有(you)類似工程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工經歷，同時應防止施(shi)(shi)工過程(cheng)中(zhong)再次出現轉包(bao)，嚴格保證工程(cheng)質量。

三(san)、建筑工程深基坑支護施工過程中的(de)質量控制要(yao)點分析

在(zai)此階(jie)段(duan)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)(yao)遵循(xun)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)規劃，需要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘探(tan)資料(liao)和當(dang)地(di)(di)條件(jian)(jian)，結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合本地(di)(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)況，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)專(zhuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案。監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)人(ren)(ren)員對(dui)(dui)(dui)此進(jin)行(xing)(xing)審核，通過后(hou)方(fang)(fang)可(ke)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。這個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)是項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)階(jie)段(duan)，特(te)別要(yao)(yao)注意突發事(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)，最好(hao)是提前制(zhi)訂好(hao)預防(fang)(fang)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 （1）深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是集挖(wa)(wa)土、擋土、圍(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、防(fang)(fang)水(shui)等(deng)(deng)多項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，任何項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)錯都(dou)很(hen)有(you)可(ke)能(neng)會導致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)整體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)敗。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)，這就要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)我(wo)們(men)(men)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中盡職盡責(ze)，敦(dun)促(cu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)按照規程(cheng)(cheng)和預先(xian)設(she)(she)定(ding)(ding)(ding)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范(fan)組織施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，盡量(liang)將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)環節都(dou)納于監(jian)(jian)(jian)控之下，確(que)保(bao)不(bu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)事(shi)(shi)故，順利按期完成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。 （2）深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)周(zhou)圍(wei)土體止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。在(zai)地(di)(di)下水(shui)位(wei)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區，地(di)(di)下水(shui)對(dui)(dui)(dui)深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶來(lai)了(le)相(xiang)當(dang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應(ying)該(gai)從(cong)防(fang)(fang)水(shui)、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)和排(pai)(pai)水(shui)三(san)方(fang)(fang)面來(lai)制(zhi)訂止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)方(fang)(fang)案，根據(ju)掌握的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)資料(liao)，駛入了(le)解周(zhou)圍(wei)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情(qing)(qing)(qing)況，制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)出(chu)(chu)(chu)切實(shi)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。不(bu)能(neng)一(yi)味簡單地(di)(di)靠抽水(shui)來(lai)達到止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帷幕(mu)是高(gao)水(shui)位(wei)地(di)(di)區深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)高(gao)壓(ya)噴(pen)(pen)射注漿法(fa)、漿噴(pen)(pen)深層攪(jiao)拌(ban)法(fa)、粉噴(pen)(pen)深層攪(jiao)拌(ban)法(fa)和壓(ya)力(li)注漿法(fa)等(deng)(deng)。使用這種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)難度較(jiao)大(da)，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)復雜，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)以(yi)下幾個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面嚴加(jia)注意：①保(bao)證樁(zhuang)(zhuang)體質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，注意水(shui)泥漿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攙加(jia)量(liang)，保(bao)證樁(zhuang)(zhuang)體攪(jiao)拌(ban)均勻，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)達到設(she)(she)計深度，避免樁(zhuang)(zhuang)頭(tou)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)攪(jiao)而無漿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)況，特(te)別是在(zai)土層情(qing)(qing)(qing)況變(bian)異較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區，因攪(jiao)拌(ban)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)徑不(bu)易控制(zhi)，容易導致(zhi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)失(shi)效(xiao)。②保(bao)證樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)搭接長(chang)度和密實(shi)度，杜絕出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)空洞、蜂窩及(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)頭(tou)開(kai)(kai)叉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)。③不(bu)能(neng)隨(sui)意在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)上開(kai)(kai)口以(yi)便(bian)運(yun)土，否則會破壞止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帷幕(mu)，造成地(di)(di)下水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲入等(deng)(deng)問(wen)(wen)題。 （3）深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)應(ying)安排(pai)(pai)專(zhuan)業施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)人(ren)(ren)員對(dui)(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)現(xian)場及(ji)周(zhou)圍(wei)建筑(zhu)物進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，將(jiang)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)期間(jian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)或(huo)巖土變(bian)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)況數據(ju)化(hua)，比照勘察、設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預期性狀，及(ji)時(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中可(ke)能(neng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)險情(qing)(qing)(qing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)預報，超過預警值時(shi)可(ke)及(ji)時(shi)采取有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)除(chu)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)，確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安全。深基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容主要(yao)(yao)安排(pai)(pai)以(yi)下幾項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)：①支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)頂部水(shui)平位(wei)移；②支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)沉降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)；③臨近建筑(zhu)物、道路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、傾斜(xie)和裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)；觀測(ce)(ce)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果要(yao)(yao)真實(shi)反映所(suo)(suo)測(ce)(ce)因素影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態趨勢(shi)，并繪出(chu)(chu)(chu)變(bian)化(hua)曲線(xian)圖，以(yi)傳(chuan)遞險情(qing)(qing)(qing)前兆，找(zhao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)險情(qing)(qing)(qing)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)條件(jian)(jian)，如地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性、支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、臨近建筑(zhu)物、地(di)(di)下設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)，結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誘發條件(jian)(jian)，如氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)條件(jian)(jian)、開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、地(di)(di)下水(shui)變(bian)化(hua)等(deng)(deng)，根據(ju)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)性計算結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果進(jin)行(xing)(xing)科(ke)學決策(ce)，以(yi)排(pai)(pai)除(chu)險情(qing)(qing)(qing)。開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)較(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)，還應(ying)測(ce)(ce)試支(zhi)(zhi)撐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內應(ying)力(li)，當(dang)應(ying)力(li)達設(she)(she)計值90％時(shi)(或(huo)支(zhi)(zhi)撐變(bian)形(xing)達10mm時(shi))，要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)采取防(fang)(fang)范(fan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 （4）突發事(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決。建筑(zhu)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參與人(ren)(ren)員多、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)復雜、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)期長(chang)，從(cong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)(kai)始施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到完成，會發生(sheng)很(hen)多不(bu)可(ke)預料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，這要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)(yao)具備良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)素質(zhi)(zhi)，遇事(shi)(shi)不(bu)可(ke)慌(huang)亂，然后(hou)需要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)可(ke)能(neng)要(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題心里有(you)數，事(shi)(shi)先(xian)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)準備，免得事(shi)(shi)到臨頭(tou)，手足無措。一(yi)般情(qing)(qing)(qing)況下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突發事(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)有(you)：①基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)內管(guan)涌、流(liu)砂；②基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)局部出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)成因不(bu)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)、沉降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)；③氣(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)異常(chang)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)連(lian)續多日的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狂(kuang)風(feng)暴雨；④相(xiang)鄰工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)影響(xiang)如降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)、打樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)土方(fang)(fang)；⑤地(di)(di)下障礙(ai)物妨礙(ai)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)或(huo)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帷幕(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

四、加強建筑工程深基坑支護施工質量安全控制的(de)(de)(de)幾點(dian)體(ti)會 （1）基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)隱(yin)蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)每一個(ge)(ge)(ge)環節、每一個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序均要(yao)嚴格(ge)把關(guan)；對重要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序、關(guan)鍵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序要(yao)設(she)立停止點(dian)，要(yao)進行監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)旁(pang)站。 （2）在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，隨著地質條件的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)及(ji)某些情況的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)變(bian)，往往要(yao)涉及(ji)到增減工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量。此時監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)要(yao)及(ji)時地與設(she)計、建設(she)單位(wei)(wei)取(qu)得(de)聯系(xi)，按照設(she)計變(bian)更(geng)文(wen)件，認(ren)真地核實(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量，如(ru)實(shi)地做(zuo)好簽證。 （3）基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)涉及(ji)到的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)多，如(ru)土方單位(wei)(wei)、基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)、主體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)測單位(wei)(wei)等，容易造成各方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾和(he)不協調(diao)，所以各方要(yao)相(xiang)互支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)、相(xiang)互配合(he)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)順利地進行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。 （4）基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)是(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)技術專業性較強的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)公司應有(you)這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)專業人(ren)才(cai)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)確(que)實(shi)做(zuo)好深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。 （5）有(you)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)單位(wei)(wei)對支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性認(ren)識(shi)不夠(gou)，不愿多投(tou)入，常(chang)干擾監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，所以監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)人(ren)員在堅持(chi)原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時要(yao)耐心細致地做(zuo)好建設(she)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)解釋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，經常(chang)溝通加(jia)強聯系(xi)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)取(qu)得(de)建設(she)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任和(he)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)。

篇2

關鍵詞：建筑(zhu)工程 建設單位 深基坑(keng)支護 安(an)全(quan)管理

中圖分類號(hao)：[F406.8]

隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)我國經濟(ji)發(fa)展蒸蒸日上，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)也(ye)朝著(zhu)(zhu)大體(ti)量(liang)、高(gao)(gao)難(nan)度方向發(fa)展，開(kai)始了(le)(le)“高(gao)(gao)度”競賽。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨勢，必(bi)然(ran)(ran)導(dao)致上部結(jie)構(gou)傳至基(ji)(ji)底載(zai)荷壓強的(de)(de)(de)顯著(zhu)(zhu)增(zeng)大。為(wei)了(le)(le)滿足基(ji)(ji)礎承載(zai)能力的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，加(jia)大基(ji)(ji)礎埋(mai)深(shen)是有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)途徑之(zhi)一；而且(qie)，國家現行結(jie)構(gou)設(she)計規范明確規定了(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物地上高(gao)(gao)度與地下深(shen)度之(zhi)比的(de)(de)(de)限制。這(zhe)兩點必(bi)然(ran)(ran)導(dao)致基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)深(shen)度不斷增(zeng)加(jia)來(lai)滿足單純技術(shu)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。另(ling)一方面(mian)，經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)繁榮與地價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)飆升相(xiang)互支(zhi)撐，建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)為(wei)了(le)(le)追求(qiu)利益的(de)(de)(de)最大化(hua)，將減小建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物間距、減少“空閑(xian)”土(tu)地作(zuo)為(wei)必(bi)用手段之(zhi)一。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)距離越來(lai)越小，限制了(le)(le)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)場地的(de)(de)(de)空間。在(zai)(zai)保證既(ji)有(you)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物結(jie)構(gou)安全的(de)(de)(de)前提下進行新(xin)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)，必(bi)然(ran)(ran)采取基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)護(hu)措施。各方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)，使(shi)得深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)變(bian)為(wei)常態。作(zuo)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)者，面(mian)對愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)多的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，安全生產的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理責任越來(lai)越大。下面(mian)就自(zi)己在(zai)(zai)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)分(fen)項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安全管(guan)理方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)心得、體(ti)會，與大家共同交流。

1組織專家會議，精心(xin)論證

對(dui)于深基坑(keng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)，首先，建設單位(wei)嚴格遵守國家(jia)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)范、規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)，組(zu)織巖(yan)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)專(zhuan)家(jia)，對(dui)于施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)提交的(de)(de)(de)深基坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案進(jin)行論證。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前的(de)(de)(de)源(yuan)頭，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)生產進(jin)行有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)控制。本階(jie)段安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)控制，是(shi)決策(ce)階(jie)段預(yu)先控制，將施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中可(ke)能發生的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患消滅在(zai)“可(ke)能”狀態，從而(er)得到事(shi)半功(gong)倍的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。這就要(yao)(yao)求我們，不僅要(yao)(yao)認真組(zu)織專(zhuan)家(jia)論證會(hui)(hui)(hui)，而(er)且要(yao)(yao)仔(zi)細斟(zhen)酌(zhuo)與(yu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)專(zhuan)家(jia)：要(yao)(yao)滿足現(xian)階(jie)段“三(san)個注冊巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師、兩個高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)硬性指標，且專(zhuan)家(jia)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)具備(bei)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論知識和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)經驗，對(dui)待工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)積極、負(fu)責。對(dui)于某新建住宅樓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，X公司聘(pin)請了(le)五位(wei)專(zhuan)家(jia)：全(quan)(quan)部具備(bei)高級職稱，其(qi)(qi)中四(si)位(wei)注冊巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師、一位(wei)本項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)結(jie)構(gou)設計(ji)總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。其(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)深基坑(keng)支護方(fang)(fang)(fang)案論證會(hui)(hui)(hui)，是(shi)巖(yan)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)項(xiang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案評(ping)審會(hui)(hui)(hui)，與(yu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)土(tu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)專(zhuan)家(jia)占總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)百分(fen)之八十。之所(suo)以聘(pin)請本項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)設計(ji)總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師，是(shi)因為他對(dui)本項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)結(jie)構(gou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)十分(fen)了(le)解，使(shi)得到場專(zhuan)家(jia)能夠在(zai)較短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)時間內對(dui)本項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)所(suo)了(le)解。專(zhuan)家(jia)組(zu)成員能夠迅速(su)進(jin)入角(jiao)色，避免細節(jie)上的(de)(de)(de)遺漏，降(jiang)低了(le)風險(xian)。合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)家(jia)分(fen)布，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)臨各方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)問題考慮全(quan)(quan)面(mian)，有(you)(you)助于X公司控制深基坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低了(le)決策(ce)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)，為深基坑(keng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)控制打下良好的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

2按照規范，認真施工

在深基(ji)坑工程施(shi)工過程中，X公司嚴格執行施(shi)工規(gui)范、落實(shi)論證專(zhuan)家提出的控制(zhi)要點。

針對(dui)規范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)求、專(zhuan)家(jia)提出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)點，X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)在(zai)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)助下(xia)，督(du)促(cu)(cu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)遵(zun)守國家(jia)規范(fan)(fan)、專(zhuan)家(jia)提出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)點，逐(zhu)一落實到(dao)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。第一步，X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)、監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴格(ge)(ge)控(kong)制施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料。對(dui)于(yu)X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)新建住宅樓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支護，雖然是(shi)(shi)臨時性結構(gou)，僅在(zai)基(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)起到(dao)支撐(cheng)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)土體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)作用。但是(shi)(shi)，在(zai)基(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)，坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)的(de)(de)(de)作業面(mian)上有(you)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機具。如果(guo)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)土體(ti)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)坍塌，將會(hui)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)、機具被掩埋(mai)的(de)(de)(de)危險(xian)，后果(guo)不(bu)堪設想。所(suo)以，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)配合下(xia)，X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理(li)嚴格(ge)(ge)控(kong)制進(jin)場材料，劣質(zhi)(zhi)、不(bu)合格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)材料決(jue)不(bu)能用于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理(li)發現(xian)一批直徑(jing)8mm的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋直徑(jing)小(xiao)于(yu)國家(jia)規范(fan)(fan)，堅決(jue)要(yao)(yao)求施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)將此批次(ci)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋退(tui)場。X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)明(ming)確施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)得(de)再(zai)次(ci)購(gou)買(mai)(mai)同一鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)廠的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品，而(er)(er)且不(bu)得(de)購(gou)買(mai)(mai)此批次(ci)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)商(shang)品。嚴格(ge)(ge)控(kong)制安(an)全設施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)用材料質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，為安(an)全生產(chan)提供有(you)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障。第二步，X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)、監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)督(du)促(cu)(cu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)按照施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規范(fan)(fan)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案嚴格(ge)(ge)按照深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)坡(po)噴錨(mao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，保(bao)證(zheng)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支護分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理(li)對(dui)噴錨(mao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)行不(bu)間(jian)(jian)斷(duan)巡視，及時糾(jiu)正(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中不(bu)規范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。例如，固定鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)網的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)釘出(chu)(chu)現(xian)遺漏，建立人(ren)員(yuan)督(du)促(cu)(cu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)補齊，保(bao)證(zheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)網不(bu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)移(yi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)現(xian)象(xiang)；對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)進(jin)行高技術指導(dao)，使其(qi)掌握(wo)動作要(yao)(yao)領，從(cong)而(er)(er)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)，X公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)落實專(zhuan)家(jia)會(hui)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)意見(jian)，要(yao)(yao)求施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)限期(qi)完成排水管施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，保(bao)證(zheng)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支護結構(gou)在(zai)正(zheng)常工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作狀態。

3穩妥處理突發事件

在深基(ji)坑施(shi)(shi)工過程，X公司組織監(jian)理(li)、施(shi)(shi)工單位對(dui)深基(ji)坑邊坡的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)進行(xing)觀測，定(ding)(ding)期(qi)、不定(ding)(ding)期(qi)巡查相(xiang)結合，發(fa)現有(you)(you)危險傾向(xiang)馬上采取有(you)(you)效措施(shi)(shi)，將危險因素消滅在萌芽階段。做到這一點，非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)。

新(xin)建(jian)(jian)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓的(de)車庫及A住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓，緊鄰B大(da)廈：基礎外邊(bian)線水平間距2.7m；B大(da)廈基底標高(gao)(gao)為(wei)(wei)-3.7m，車庫及A住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓基底標高(gao)(gao)為(wei)(wei)-6.3m，高(gao)(gao)差2.6m。此段(duan)基坑采用微型(xing)鋼(gang)管樁加預應(ying)(ying)力(li)錨(mao)桿(gan)的(de)支(zhi)護形(xing)式進行支(zhi)護。根據國(guo)家(jia)規范(fan)、規程(cheng)進行結(jie)構設(she)計(ji)時(shi)，計(ji)算鋼(gang)管樁樁頂的(de)水平位(wei)移為(wei)(wei)32mm，滿足國(guo)家(jia)規范(fan)、規程(cheng)的(de)要求。但是，在新(xin)建(jian)(jian)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)樓深基坑施工過程(cheng)中，X公司、監理及施工單(dan)位(wei)在不定期的(de)巡查時(shi)，發現(xian)深基坑東(dong)側臨近(jin)B大(da)廈一段(duan)邊(bian)坡地面(mian)(mian)出現(xian)裂(lie)紋，相應(ying)(ying)工地臨時(shi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體也出現(xian)細(xi)小(xiao)裂(lie)紋。此時(shi)，圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)側下(xia)方約-4.5m的(de)施工作業面(mian)(mian)上，七、八(ba)個工人(ren)正在用鉆機進行錨(mao)桿(gan)施工。這樣的(de)變形(xing)已經遠遠超(chao)出了(le)設(she)計(ji)計(ji)算范(fan)圍(wei)。經現(xian)場討論，X公司、監理單(dan)位(wei)、施工單(dan)位(wei)認為(wei)(wei)應(ying)(ying)當拆除此段(duan)臨時(shi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。就在完(wan)成拆墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)工作兩個小(xiao)時(shi)后，此段(duan)邊(bian)坡頂部突然向深基坑內(nei)傾斜了(le)76mm，險(xian)些造成圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)倒塌，發生(sheng)人(ren)員傷亡的(de)安全事故。

經分析原因，鋼管樁(zhuang)支(zhi)護的(de)土(tu)體是B大(da)(da)廈施工(gong)的(de)回(hui)填土(tu)，回(hui)填土(tu)還沒有(you)完全固(gu)結，土(tu)體內摩擦角很小，土(tu)體粘聚(ju)力(li)較小，造成土(tu)體的(de)側壓力(li)超出(chu)設計預(yu)期。工(gong)地圍墻拆(chai)除后，對(dui)B大(da)(da)廈的(de)回(hui)填土(tu)進(jin)行注漿加固(gu)處理。根據觀測，此段邊坡變形(xing)(xing)已經穩(wen)定，變形(xing)(xing)沒有(you)大(da)(da)幅增加，基本與計算結果吻合。

另外一(yi)(yi)點，在建設周期可控的(de)條件下，盡(jin)量將深基坑施工期間避開雨季，減小基坑、基坑邊坡(po)土體被雨水浸泡(pao)的(de)幾率，減少引起(qi)基坑邊坡(po)土體坍(tan)塌的(de)因素，也是(shi)有效降(jiang)低危險成的(de)手段之一(yi)(yi)。

4簡(jian)論深基坑支護的(de)經濟效益

在深(shen)基坑工(gong)程管(guan)理方面(mian)，我們尊重科學(xue)(xue)、經(jing)驗，依據科學(xue)(xue)規律、實(shi)踐經(jing)驗辦事，能夠(gou)收到良好的(de)經(jing)濟效益(yi)。

篇3

關鍵詞：深基坑(keng)；支護；質量控制

Abstract: With the rapid development of economic construction, large high-rise buildings have emerged in the city. In order to ensure the stability of the building, the building foundation must meet a buried embedded requirements, building height is high, the buried depth is deep. Wall of deep foundation pit is required not only to guarantee the operation safety, but also to prevent the foundation and soil movement. This paper taking the actual project as the example, the deep foundation pit support for quality control in the process of carefully researched.

Key words: deep foundation； pit support; quality control

中圖分類號: TV551.4

前(qian)言(yan)：近年來，隨(sui)著大批的(de)(de)(de)高層(ceng)(ceng)和超高層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，開發(fa)商為提高建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)用地(di)率，加之(zhi)國家有(you)(you)關規范對(dui)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)埋置(zhi)深(shen)度和人防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，多層(ceng)(ceng)、高層(ceng)(ceng)、超高層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)地(di)下(xia)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)必不可少，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)甚至有(you)(you)三四層(ceng)(ceng)，深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)達十多米(mi)，于(yu)是，地(di)下(xia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)開挖時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)成為一個(ge)(ge)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)。但由(you)于(yu)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)為臨時(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，不在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)主體施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內，為節(jie)省投(tou)資、降低成本及加快進度，業(ye)主、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位往(wang)往(wang)只(zhi)強(qiang)調基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)臨時(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)，而忽略了基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)、復雜(za)性(xing)(xing)及風險性(xing)(xing)，認為只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)完成時(shi)(shi)，基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)未垮(kua)掉便解(jie)決問題，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位甚至認為挖一個(ge)(ge)大坑(keng)(keng)(keng)、簡單地(di)處理一下(xia)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)壁即(ji)可，致使深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)安全(quan)質量事故時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)發(fa)生，不僅延誤了工(gong)(gong)(gong)期，還造(zao)成了巨大的(de)(de)(de)經濟損失。

一、工程簡介

某商住樓基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)平面尺寸122.4×71.5米(mi)(mi)，周(zhou)長442米(mi)(mi)，開挖(wa)深度12.6～18.1米(mi)(mi)，屬一級深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)。基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)北(bei)鄰(lin)(lin)田(tian)貝二路(lu)，東鄰(lin)(lin)翠竹(zhu)路(lu)主干道，開挖(wa)范(fan)圍(wei)占用(yong)了部(bu)分道路(lu)用(yong)地(di)，緊鄰(lin)(lin)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)設有(you)供水、排水、電纜、煤氣、通訊光纜等大量(liang)(liang)市政管線，西側為住宅小區(qu)(qu)，南側也(ye)是住宅小區(qu)(qu)，小區(qu)(qu)居(ju)民樓緊鄰(lin)(lin)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)，距離最(zui)近(jin)處(chu)不到(dao)5米(mi)(mi)，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)環境(jing)非常復雜(za)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)性要求(qiu)極高，必須進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)的質量(liang)(liang)、安(an)全(quan)(quan)控制，全(quan)(quan)力確保基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)及周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)居(ju)民建(jian)筑、城(cheng)市道路(lu)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)。

二(er)、質量監(jian)控的重點(dian)和(he)難(nan)點(dian)分(fen)析

基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)工(gong)過程對(dui)周邊道(dao)路(lu)、居民樓造成影響(xiang)；地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水位下(xia)(xia)降可能引起周邊建筑、道(dao)路(lu)及(ji)市政管線下(xia)(xia)沉(chen)、拉(la)裂；本項(xiang)目屬舊改項(xiang)目，地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條件復雜，地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)舊基(ji)礎較多(duo)，施(shi)工(gong)難(nan)度(du)大；施(shi)工(gong)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)狹窄；支護(hu)樁及(ji)錨(mao)索(suo)為(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程，影響(xiang)因素多(duo)，質(zhi)量難(nan)控(kong)制；基(ji)坑(keng)監測期長：對(dui)基(ji)坑(keng)及(ji)周邊環境在土(tu)方開挖至(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)室回填長約一年時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)，需定期進行沉(chen)降、水平位移、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水位、土(tu)體深層測斜(xie)、支護(hu)樁內(nei)力、錨(mao)索(suo)應力等(deng)六項(xiang)監測。地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)沉(chen)降容許值為(wei)0.2%H，基(ji)坑(keng)水平位移容許值為(wei)0.25%H。

三、施工準備階段的控(kong)制要點

1、設計管理

設(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)是直接影響深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成敗的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)因素，一個成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案(an)應(ying)(ying)當經(jing)濟合(he)理(li)(li)、安全可靠、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術可行(xing)。在(zai)我(wo)國，深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現較晚，深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)日(ri)趨成熟(shu)，但設(she)計(ji)(ji)參(can)數眾多，地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)不明因素的(de)(de)(de)影響，使設(she)計(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)難度(du)加大。據(ju)2000年的(de)(de)(de)資料統計(ji)(ji)，在(zai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量事故(gu)中，由于設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)因造成的(de)(de)(de)事故(gu)占總數的(de)(de)(de)43%。設(she)計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)因主(zhu)要表現在(zai)：無證掛單設(she)計(ji)(ji)、盲目(mu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)、參(can)數取值錯誤、地(di)下水(shui)處理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)失誤、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)方(fang)案(an)選擇(ze)不當等。要改變這(zhe)種狀況(kuang)，首(shou)先(xian)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)具有(you)(you)較強力(li)學(xue)知(zhi)識（理(li)(li)論、材(cai)料、結構、流體、土力(li)學(xue)）和地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)等多學(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識，又(you)要有(you)(you)豐富邊坡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)經(jing)驗(yan)，熟(shu)悉當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)文地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)狀況(kuang)和特點，在(zai)結合(he)建筑及周圍(wei)環境特點的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上，設(she)計(ji)(ji)出(chu)經(jing)濟合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)方(fang)案(an)。其次，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程人(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)應(ying)(ying)對方(fang)案(an)進行(xing)認真審核，理(li)(li)解設(she)計(ji)(ji)意圖，及時與(yu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)溝通以(yi)掌握方(fang)案(an)，在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織時，使各個組成部(bu)分、各道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)協調(diao)有(you)(you)序(xu)。再次，業主(zhu)方(fang)應(ying)(ying)了解深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)，選擇(ze)有(you)(you)經(jing)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)單位設(she)計(ji)(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)方(fang)案(an)。

2、施工專項方案(an)審(shen)定

施工(gong)(gong)專(zhuan)項方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)是具(ju)體指(zhi)導(dao)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)重要文件。但(dan)(dan)在目前，有些施工(gong)(gong)單位往往是照搬(ban)他(ta)人的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)；有的(de)雖說是按具(ju)體工(gong)(gong)程的(de)實際情(qing)況編(bian)制的(de)，但(dan)(dan)控制要點不(bu)具(ju)體，措施針(zhen)對性(xing)不(bu)強(qiang)，基(ji)本上無指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)義。因此(ci)，監理工(gong)(gong)程師應(ying)認真審(shen)(shen)核施工(gong)(gong)單位提交的(de)專(zhuan)項方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)，對不(bu)能滿足施工(gong)(gong)要求(qiu)的(de)，堅決(jue)要求(qiu)其修改完善后按程序申報，特別復雜的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)可組織專(zhuan)家匯審(shen)(shen)，待總監審(shen)(shen)批后方(fang)(fang)(fang)能實施。審(shen)(shen)核內容(rong)主要有：施工(gong)(gong)平面(mian)圖、基(ji)坑的(de)支護方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、基(ji)坑開挖方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、降水措施、施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期、監測布(bu)置的(de)合(he)理性(xing)等。

四(si)、現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)關鍵(jian)環節進行全(quan)過程質量控制

本(ben)工程(cheng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)樁(zhuang)最長24.1米(mi)，本(ben)地(di)塊為山坡地(di)形，地(di)質(zhi)復雜，地(di)質(zhi)土層(ceng)軟硬不一(yi)，巖面起伏(fu)變(bian)化大，支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)樁(zhuang)在施工過程(cheng)中極(ji)易偏(pian)(pian)位(wei)，項目(mu)(mu)部與監(jian)(jian)理對(dui)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)樁(zhuang)軸線進行(xing)多(duo)次(ci)復核檢查后(hou)才開孔，并施工過程(cheng)中隨時(shi)進行(xing)校(xiao)核、糾(jiu)偏(pian)(pian)，防止偏(pian)(pian)樁(zhuang)、斜(xie)樁(zhuang)、分叉，保證樁(zhuang)間(jian)咬合尺寸。項目(mu)(mu)部與監(jian)(jian)理共同對(dui)每根樁(zhuang)進行(xing)終孔驗收，控(kong)制樁(zhuang)長必(bi)須達(da)設計深度，監(jian)(jian)理在澆(jiao)注(zhu)樁(zhuang)砼過程(cheng)進行(xing)旁站，控(kong)制支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)樁(zhuang)澆(jiao)筑質(zhi)量。

旋噴樁(zhuang)、攪(jiao)拌(ban)樁(zhuang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)：三管旋噴樁(zhuang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前先做工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝性試(shi)樁(zhuang)，以確定各項施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)參數，如鉆(zhan)進深(shen)度(du)、輸(shu)漿量(liang)、水(shui)灰比、摻入量(liang)、攪(jiao)拌(ban)軸轉速(su)和提升(sheng)(sheng)速(su)度(du)等；施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中檢查水(shui)壓(ya)、氣(qi)壓(ya)是否(fou)達到(dao)設計值，水(shui)泥溢漿量(liang)是否(fou)正常；攪(jiao)拌(ban)樁(zhuang)嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)水(shui)泥用量(liang)達到(dao)設計值，控(kong)制(zhi)鉆(zhan)桿(gan)提升(sheng)(sheng)速(su)度(du)，保證攪(jiao)拌(ban)均勻等。

預應力(li)(li)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)是(shi)保(bao)障(zhang)基坑安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)最重要(yao)(yao)受力(li)(li)構件，其中壓(ya)力(li)(li)注漿(jiang)又是(shi)保(bao)證預應力(li)(li)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)抗拔(ba)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵工序，項目部和監(jian)理對(dui)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)角度(du)、深度(du)、清孔(kong)質(zhi)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤控(kong)(kong)制，遇碎石層(ceng)(ceng)及砂層(ceng)(ceng)等易塌孔(kong)土層(ceng)(ceng)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)采用(yong)套管跟(gen)(gen)(gen)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鉆(zhan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)成孔(kong)：對(dui)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)制作長度(du)、根數進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)逐根檢查，對(dui)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)一(yi)次(ci)注漿(jiang)、二次(ci)注漿(jiang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)旁站，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)水泥(ni)漿(jiang)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)均勻(yun)，隨(sui)攪(jiao)(jiao)隨(sui)用(yong)、連續灌注，觀察(cha)溢漿(jiang)情況，對(dui)每(mei)根錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)水泥(ni)漿(jiang)配比、注漿(jiang)壓(ya)力(li)(li)、注漿(jiang)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)監(jian)督(du)，并進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)詳細、準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)記錄(lu)。現場實(shi)際表(biao)明，錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)成孔(kong)干鉆(zhan)法比濕(shi)鉆(zhan)法更容易達(da)到設(she)計張拉(la)強度(du)，錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)注漿(jiang)后養護約10天(tian)能夠達(da)到張拉(la)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。全(quan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤監(jian)控(kong)(kong)預應力(li)(li)錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)張拉(la)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及檢測過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)逐級加(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)，每(mei)級穩定5分(fen)鐘后再進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)下一(yi)級的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)，對(dui)每(mei)根錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)加(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、張拉(la)力(li)(li)、位移等過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)做詳細記錄(lu)，確(que)保(bao)每(mei)根錨(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)索(suo)都能達(da)到設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

五(wu)、深基坑周圍土(tu)體止水效果的控制

在地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位較高的(de)地區(qu)，地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)對深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工帶來的(de)危險程(cheng)(cheng)度是相當高的(de)。地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)來源(yuan)一般為(wei)上層滯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、承壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)的(de)滲漏管道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，由于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)來源(yuan)復雜，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期和(he)豐(feng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位變化(hua)的(de)影響，在制(zhi)定(ding)止水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)案時應從(cong)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)防水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)3個方(fang)面(mian)考慮，根據地質勘察部門提(ti)供的(de)地質資料(liao)，深(shen)(shen)入(ru)分析地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)成(cheng)因，了(le)解深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)環(huan)境，對周(zhou)邊有建(jian)筑(zhu)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，宜采用以(yi)堵為(wei)主，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)輔，否則會導致基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)土(tu)體與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體的(de)流(liu)(liu)失，使建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)不均(jun)勻沉陷，甚(shen)至(zhi)發生坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底流(liu)(liu)沙、管涌(yong)等現象(xiang)，增大了(le)處理難度，拖(tuo)延了(le)工期，反(fan)之，以(yi)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)主。

止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帷幕(mu)是高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)位(wei)地區深(shen)基坑(keng)(keng)支護工程中常用的止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)措(cuo)施，其施工方法主要有高(gao)(gao)壓噴(pen)(pen)射(she)注(zhu)漿法、漿噴(pen)(pen)深(shen)層攪拌(ban)法、粉(fen)噴(pen)(pen)深(shen)層攪拌(ban)法和(he)壓力(li)注(zhu)漿法等。采用漿噴(pen)(pen)深(shen)層攪拌(ban)法進行止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帷幕(mu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)施工時，如果止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帷幕(mu)的攪拌(ban)樁成樁質量不好(hao)，深(shen)基坑(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)后會出現滲水(shui)(shui)較(jiao)多的現象。若此時再(zai)采用灌漿的方法進行處理，則延誤工期、增(zeng)加造價。因此，在該類(lei)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帷幕(mu)施工時要注(zhu)意(yi)以下幾點：

1、保證樁(zhuang)體(ti)質(zhi)量。確定合(he)理的水(shui)泥漿摻(chan)加(jia)量，保證樁(zhuang)體(ti)攪(jiao)拌(ban)均(jun)勻、樁(zhuang)長(chang)達到(dao)設計(ji)深度，避免樁(zhuang)頭出現(xian)攪(jiao)而無漿的情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)，特別是(shi)在(zai)土層情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)變異較大的地區，因攪(jiao)拌(ban)樁(zhuang)的樁(zhuang)徑(jing)不(bu)易控制，容(rong)易導(dao)致止水(shui)失效。

2、保證(zheng)樁的(de)搭接長度(du)和密(mi)實度(du)，杜(du)絕空洞、蜂窩及(ji)樁頭開叉的(de)現象。

3、不得隨意在基坑支護結構上開口，否(fou)則會影(ying)響支護結構的安全，也(ye)破壞了止水帷幕，導致地下(xia)水的滲入。

六、突發事件的處理

建筑施(shi)工(gong)是一個投資大、周期長、參與人員多的(de)過(guo)程，施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程中會發(fa)生許多不可預見(jian)的(de)事件(jian)。對于基(ji)坑(keng)支護結構的(de)施(shi)工(gong)，更要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)應對突發(fa)事件(jian)的(de)技術準備。常(chang)見(jian)的(de)突發(fa)事件(jian)有：基(ji)坑(keng)內管涌、流沙；基(ji)坑(keng)支護局部出(chu)現(xian)成因不明的(de)裂縫、沉降；氣象異常(chang)，出(chu)現(xian)持續多日的(de)狂風暴雨；相(xiang)鄰工(gong)地施(shi)工(gong)的(de)影響，如降水(shui)、打樁、開挖土方；地下障礙物妨礙基(ji)坑(keng)支護結構或止(zhi)水(shui)帷幕(mu)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)等等。事件(jian)發(fa)生后，及時啟動(dong)應急預案，并會同相(xiang)關(guan)單位研究解決辦法。

參考文獻：

【1】朱(zhu)嘉(jia)旺，謝昊.大型(xing)深基坑支(zhi)護、降水工(gong)程的施工(gong)質量控制要點(dian)[J].金陵科技學院學報，2007，23(2)：41-44.

篇4

【關鍵詞】建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)；深基坑支(zhi)護；安全技術；措施(shi)

一、前言

作為建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程深基坑支護(hu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的重要內容，其安全技術(shu)措施(shi)在近期得(de)到了有(you)關方(fang)面(mian)的高(gao)度重視。該項課題的研究(jiu)，將會更好地提升其安全技術(shu)措施(shi)的實(shi)踐水(shui)平，從(cong)而有(you)效優化建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程深基坑支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)作的順利進行。

二、深基坑支護施工現狀分析(xi)

1.目前深基(ji)坑支護工程(cheng)中的常見問題(ti)

深基坑支護工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)比較常見的(de)問題有(you)：擋土墻(qiang)移位(wei)連帶造成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)樁(zhuang)的(de)移位(wei)、傾斜、開(kai)裂(lie)；旋噴樁(zhuang)和鉆孔樁(zhuang)出現(xian)不同程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)偏位(wei)，導致(zhi)的(de)止水效果比較差；降(jiang)水情(qing)況(kuang)與土方開(kai)挖的(de)要求不相符，導致(zhi)土體滑動等情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)出現(xian)；基坑周圍大(da)量鋼筋、管材堆積(ji)，增(zeng)大(da)了(le)擋土墻(qiang)的(de)壓力，出現(xian)塌方的(de)幾率(lv)比較高；支撐(cheng)結(jie)構不夠合理等。這(zhe)些現(xian)象的(de)存在，不僅(jin)降(jiang)低了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量，還造成施工(gong)作業出現(xian)事故的(de)概率(lv)大(da)大(da)增(zeng)加。

2.深基(ji)坑支(zhi)護(hu)工程(cheng)出現問題的影響因(yin)素

（一）施工(gong)技術的影(ying)響。深基坑支護(hu)工(gong)程(cheng)是(shi)一項十分復(fu)雜的施工(gong)項目，施工(gong)過程(cheng)中存在很大變數。基坑支護(hu)工(gong)程(cheng)出現事故的原(yuan)因(yin)有(you)很多，開挖時(shi)沒有(you)考慮地下水(shui)處理等各(ge)種(zhong)因(yin)素都有(you)可(ke)能造(zao)成事故的發生。

（二）對于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)沒(mei)有進行有效的(de)管理和(he)控制，這一(yi)點是造成深基坑支護工(gong)程(cheng)出現質量(liang)問題(ti)的(de)關(guan)鍵影響(xiang)因素。比較常(chang)見的(de)是隨意改變施(shi)工(gong)圖紙的(de)要求，造成錨桿長(chang)度不(bu)(bu)夠、注漿壓(ya)力不(bu)(bu)達(da)標等，這些情況得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)有效的(de)監(jian)管和(he)控制，導致支護工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)達(da)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)標準要求。

三(san)、深基坑支護安全施工要點分(fen)析(xi)

1.研究土體特點

在對(dui)支護(hu)樁進行(xing)結(jie)構(gou)設(she)計時應當充(chong)分(fen)考慮各(ge)方(fang)面的(de)(de)因(yin)素對(dui)土體(ti)的(de)(de)影響，慎重設(she)計各(ge)個(ge)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)物(wu)理數值，比如可以通過對(dui)土體(ti)做相關檢(jian)測的(de)(de)工作(zuo)，進而對(dui)土質的(de)(de)各(ge)項物(wu)理力學性質指標進行(xing)取值，以詳細確定(ding)的(de)(de)數值作(zuo)為(wei)依據決(jue)定(ding)支護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)中各(ge)個(ge)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)設(she)計工作(zuo)，尤其是在特定(ding)的(de)(de)支護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)中，還應當特別(bie)注(zhu)意支撐的(de)(de)形(xing)式及位置，因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們反過來對(dui)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)變形(xing)和內力都(dou)具有顯著的(de)(de)影響，任何細節都(dou)可能直接決(jue)定(ding)整個(ge)施工過程(cheng)的(de)(de)成敗(bai)。

2.基坑坡頂堆載

對于坡(po)(po)頂(ding)堆(dui)(dui)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，應結合(he)現(xian)場(chang)實(shi)際情況，充分考(kao)慮結構(gou)施工階段現(xian)場(chang)堆(dui)(dui)載(zai)(zai)(zai)要求(qiu)，在(zai)進行基(ji)坑(keng)支護(hu)設(she)(she)計(ji)荷載(zai)(zai)(zai)選擇時進行全面考(kao)慮。在(zai)設(she)(she)計(ji)說明中，應明確(que)邊坡(po)(po)堆(dui)(dui)載(zai)(zai)(zai)量與坡(po)(po)頂(ding)距離的關系。這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)將來的結構(gou)施工時非(fei)常明確(que)基(ji)坑(keng)邊坡(po)(po)堆(dui)(dui)載(zai)(zai)(zai)要求(qiu)，有(you)效(xiao)避免(mian)了基(ji)坑(keng)坡(po)(po)頂(ding)過(guo)里堆(dui)(dui)載(zai)(zai)(zai)而(er)導致的基(ji)坑(keng)邊坡(po)(po)變(bian)形(xing)或破壞。

3.塔(ta)吊的(de)布(bu)置與吊裝

塔吊的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)選擇應(ying)根據總承(cheng)包(bao)單位(wei)的(de)(de)要(yao)求，但是在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護及(ji)土方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)時必須考慮(lv)，如果(guo)布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)槽內，則需進行塔吊位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)的(de)(de)土方(fang)(fang)挖(wa)(wa)除；如果(guo)塔吊布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)基(ji)(ji)坑邊(bian)坡(po)(po)處(chu)并(bing)與基(ji)(ji)坑邊(bian)坡(po)(po)下(xia)口線重(zhong)合(he)，則需考慮(lv)塔吊處(chu)的(de)(de)土方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)和邊(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)護。在(zai)進行塔吊安裝時，基(ji)(ji)坑支(zhi)護應(ying)給出大(da)噸位(wei)吊車離開(kai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)上口線的(de)(de)最小距離。

4.專項施(shi)工方案的編制與下發

在(zai)基(ji)坑支護(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)，應編制專項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)。考慮(lv)到上(shang)報(bao)、審閱與返回(hui)周(zhou)期，專項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)應在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)幾天編制，并及時(shi)上(shang)報(bao)監理(li)。監理(li)應抓緊批復(fu)，在(zai)批復(fu)后及時(shi)返回(hui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)，以便(bian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)能夠及時(shi)準(zhun)確下發(fa)到各(ge)相關部門和(he)人員。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)在(zai)接(jie)到正式批復(fu)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)前(qian)不得進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。在(zai)當前(qian)的基(ji)坑支護(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)未批復(fu)前(qian)就開始施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的情況(kuang)時(shi)有發(fa)生，這作為(wei)深基(ji)坑支護(hu)規(gui)范化施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)應當避(bi)免的。

四(si)、深基坑支護施工的安全技(ji)術措(cuo)施

1.深基坑(keng)施工過程中的安全(quan)管理(li)措施

（一(yi)）深(shen)基坑施工(gong)未進行時，要(yao)求施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)組織專家對(dui)基坑工(gong)程(cheng)專項施工(gong)方案(an)進行論證、審(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，審(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)應有書面審(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)意(yi)見(jian)，對(dui)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)意(yi)見(jian)施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)要(yao)進行回(hui)復(fu)。依據(ju)審(shen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)結果，對(dui)專項施工(gong)方案(an)進行補充、修(xiu)改是施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)項目經理(li)部必須做的(de)，經施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)技術負責(ze)人重(zhong)新審(shen)批(pi)后報(bao)項目監理(li)機構審(shen)核。

（二）深基坑施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中的技術措施和(he)安全管理(li)在施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，分(fen)層分(fen)段開挖與支護的原則一定要(yao)遵(zun)守，不能(neng)超挖。邊(bian)坡土體能(neng)量的釋(shi)放在分(fen)層分(fen)段開挖時(shi)可以實(shi)現(xian)。除此(ci)之外，還要(yao)同(tong)步進行全面的管理(li)，施工(gong)的每一個(ge)工(gong)序(xu)和(he)細節(jie)上都(dou)要(yao)貫徹(che)管理(li)理(li)念(nian)，同(tong)時(shi)要(yao)保證按(an)相(xiang)關規范(fan)以及設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)施工(gong)。

（三）對(dui)施工(gong)過程中可能(neng)出現(xian)的(de)情(qing)(qing)況進(jin)(jin)行預(yu)測，在深基坑(keng)施工(gong)之前(qian)是十分必要的(de)，同(tong)時將相應(ying)的(de)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)預(yu)案(an)做(zuo)出來。流砂、管涌(yong)、周邊(bian)環境(jing)塌陷、圍護(hu)體的(de)坍(tan)塌是深基坑(keng)的(de)常出現(xian)的(de)幾種(zhong)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)。但無(wu)論哪種(zhong)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)都是由(you)量(liang)變的(de)積(ji)累才促成(cheng)質(zhi)變的(de)，作為安(an)全控制(zhi)要對(dui)各(ge)種(zhong)先兆進(jin)(jin)行捕捉，將風(feng)險(xian)(xian)提前(qian)化解。針(zhen)對(dui)施工(gong)單位(wei)制(zhi)訂的(de)險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)預(yu)案(an)，要落實(shi)、要有搶(qiang)險(xian)(xian)物(wu)資儲備；做(zuo)到程序合法、齊(qi)全記(ji)錄。對(dui)重大問題要多召(zhao)開專家會或(huo)專題安(an)全技術會提前(qian)進(jin)(jin)行分析，將風(feng)險(xian)(xian)化解；在施工(gong)過程中，要每天(tian)組織各(ge)參(can)建單位(wei)的(de)專職(zhi)安(an)全管理人員進(jin)(jin)行深基坑(keng)專項安(an)全檢查，一旦發現(xian)有險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)征兆立即啟動應(ying)急(ji)(ji)預(yu)案(an)。在險(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)消除之前(qian)，不能(neng)進(jin)(jin)行施工(gong)。

2.深基坑施工過程中注意要點(dian)

 （一）基坑土方(fang)開挖應在降(jiang)水(shui)排(pai)水(shui)施工(gong)完成且(qie)運轉正常達到預期要求后方(fang)可進(jin)行。基坑周(zhou)(zhou)圍地面應采取防水(shui)、排(pai)水(shui)措施，避免地表水(shui)滲入(ru)基坑周(zhou)(zhou)圍土體和(he)流入(ru)坑內。坑內應設(she)置排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou)和(he)集水(shui)井(jing)，及時抽除積水(shui)。

（二）土(tu)(tu)方(fang)和建筑材料不(bu)宜在(zai)坑(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)堆(dui)放，假如必須要堆(dui)放，一般應距基(ji)坑(keng)上部(bu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)緣(yuan)不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)2m，棄土(tu)(tu)堆(dui)高不(bu)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)1.5m，并且不(bu)應該超(chao)(chao)設計荷(he)載(zai)值。在(zai)垂直的坑(keng)壁邊(bian)(bian)(bian)適當(dang)(dang)增(zeng)大距離。不(bu)應該在(zai)軟土(tu)(tu)地區坑(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)堆(dui)置棄土(tu)(tu)。當(dang)(dang)重型機(ji)械在(zai)坑(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)作業時，專(zhuan)門的平臺(tai)應適當(dang)(dang)設置。還要隔(ge)離或(huo)者限制坑(keng)頂四周振動荷(he)載(zai)的作用(yong)。

（三）基坑(keng)開挖(wa)應連續施工，盡量(liang)減少無支(zhi)護暴(bao)露時間，開挖(wa)必須遵循“自上而(er)下，先(xian)撐后挖(wa)，分層開挖(wa)，嚴禁超挖(wa)”的原則(ze)。支(zhi)護利用(yong)錨桿(gan)做結構時，要嚴格遵守設計要求，錨桿(gan)施工及時進(jin)(jin)行，而(er)且必須待(dai)錨桿(gan)張拉鎖定(ding)后方(fang)可進(jin)(jin)行下一(yi)步開挖(wa)。

（四）基坑四周設(she)安(an)全(quan)(quan)標志和圍護(hu)欄(lan)桿，嚴禁從坑頂扔拋物體。安(an)全(quan)(quan)出口(kou)在坑內要(yao)(yao)有(you)，方便人員撤離現場。所(suo)有(you)機械(xie)行(xing)駛(shi)、停放要(yao)(yao)平穩，坡(po)道應牢固可靠，必要(yao)(yao)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)加固。

（五）要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)挖土時，車輛、挖土機械的通道布置(zhi)，將(jiang)挖土順序安(an)排好(hao)，碰撞圍護(hu)(hu)結構要(yao)在挖土過程中(zhong)盡量避免。機械上下(xia)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)坡道的支護(hu)(hu)要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)。

3.在深基坑內作業的安全技術措施

（一）深基坑上(shang)、下應先挖好階(jie)梯或搭設(she)防(fang)護樓梯，或開斜(xie)坡便(bian)道(dao)，并(bing)采取防(fang)滑措(cuo)施，基坑四周設(she)安全欄桿。

（二）基(ji)坑開挖時，多(duo)臺機(ji)械開挖，挖土(tu)機(ji)間距(ju)應大于10m。在工(gong)作范(fan)圍(wei)內，不(bu)許進行其他作業。挖土(tu)應由上而(er)下逐層進行，嚴(yan)禁先挖坡腳或逆坡挖土(tu)。

（三）吊運(yun)土方時，應檢查(cha)起吊工(gong)具，繩索是否牢(lao)靠。吊斗下面不得站(zhan)人。

（四）為防坑壁坍(tan)方，重物距邊坡安全距離：自卸汽車(che)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小于3m；起重機不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小于4m，土方堆放不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小于1m，堆土高度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超過1.5m，材料(liao)堆放應不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)小于1m。

（五）挖土工(gong)人(ren)之間的操(cao)作距離應在安全范(fan)圍以內，兩人(ren)操(cao)作間距應大于2.5m，工(gong)人(ren)不得在靠近邊(bian)坡處休息。

（六）對(dui)地下(xia)的(de)管道，電纜、溝(gou)道和地質情況(kuang)要了解清楚，并繪制在平面圖上，和各主管部門進行通報并征(zheng)得他們的(de)處理(li)意見。

（七）在施(shi)工總平面圖中(zhong)要(yao)包括運輸道路，土的堆放及排(pai)水溝等內容。基坑開挖遇(yu)有不(bu)明異(yi)物和地下建筑物時應(ying)(ying)采取相應(ying)(ying)安全(quan)技術措施(shi)

五、結束語

綜上所述，加強(qiang)對(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支護安(an)全技術措施的(de)(de)研究(jiu)分(fen)析，對(dui)于深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支護施工(gong)的(de)(de)順利(li)進行有著十分(fen)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義，因此(ci)在今后的(de)(de)實(shi)踐中，應該加強(qiang)對(dui)其安(an)全技術措施的(de)(de)重(zhong)視程度，注重(zhong)其整體性與(yu)協調性，以(yi)獲得最為優化的(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支護施工(gong)效果。

參考文獻：

[1] 孔麗.淺論(lun)深基坑施工技術與管理問題(ti)[J].城市建設理論(lun)研(yan)究(jiu)（電子版(ban)）.2012（33）：04―05.

篇5

中圖分類號(hao)：TV551文獻標(biao)識碼(ma)： A

一、工程概況

鄒城三十米橋上跨(kua)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)立交(jiao)橋建(jian)設(she)(she)工程為(wei)主跨(kua)110m斜拉(la)(la)橋，位(wei)于鄒城火車站站區，橫跨(kua)京滬(hu)等14股鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)電化既有線，為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)既有線的(de)營運安全(quan)，設(she)(she)計為(wei)水平(ping)轉體斜拉(la)(la)橋，轉體重量21000噸。斜拉(la)(la)橋轉體主墩18#墩緊靠既有線，18#墩基礎為(wei)21根直徑(jing)φ2m鉆孔灌注樁，承臺(tai)為(wei)直徑(jing)φ22m的(de)圓形承臺(tai)，厚度7m，承臺(tai)底距地(di)面11.5m，靠近(jin)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)側邊緣距最近(jin)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)中心11.9m，為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)基坑開挖時既有線的(de)安全(quan)，基坑采用鋼筋混凝土地(di)下連續墻作(zuo)為(wei)圍護結(jie)構。

1、地質情況

18#墩附近地質情(qing)況：素(su)填土，土的重度(du),內(nei)摩擦(ca)(ca)角(jiao)(jiao)=15°，粘聚(ju)力(li)(li)C＝10kPa，厚度(du)9m；花崗巖(yan)殘積(ji)土，土的重度(du),內(nei)摩擦(ca)(ca)角(jiao)(jiao)=22°，粘聚(ju)力(li)(li)C＝10kPa；強風花巖(yan)層，土的重度(du),內(nei)摩擦(ca)(ca)角(jiao)(jiao)=38°，粘聚(ju)力(li)(li)C＝2kPa，地下水位高+66.33。

2、地下連續墻(qiang)設計

1.1 地下連續墻中心直徑φ26.2m，厚度0.8m，深度16.37m。

1.2 腰梁(liang)中(zhong)心設(she)計位(wei)于連(lian)(lian)續墻頂(ding)6m以下，腰梁(liang)鋼筋(jin)同(tong)墻體鋼筋(jin)之間采用機械(xie)連(lian)(lian)接。

1.3 導墻(qiang)墻(qiang)間距離(li)為(wei)0.9m，墻(qiang)高1.2m，墻(qiang)厚0.8m，導墻(qiang)的(de)縱(zong)向(xiang)分段(duan)與(yu)地下連續墻(qiang)的(de)分段(duan)接頭(tou)錯開(kai)。

1.4 地下連續墻的冠梁為導墻同連續墻后(hou)澆段現澆為整體結構，共同構成冠梁結構。

1.5 地(di)下連(lian)續墻(qiang)槽(cao)段接(jie)縫(feng)采用鎖口(kou)管地(di)下連(lian)續墻(qiang)槽(cao)段連(lian)接(jie)方式(shi)。

1.6 地(di)下連續墻(qiang)(qiang)槽(cao)(cao)段的(de)劃(hua)(hua)分。圓形地(di)連墻(qiang)(qiang)軸線直(zhi)徑為(wei)26.2 m，周(zhou)長82.3m。地(di)連墻(qiang)(qiang)主要采用(yong)液(ye)壓銑槽(cao)(cao)機進行成槽(cao)(cao)施(shi)工(gong),劃(hua)(hua)分19個(ge)(ge)槽(cao)(cao)段, Ⅰ期(qi)槽(cao)(cao)段2個(ge)(ge)，Ⅱ期(qi)槽(cao)(cao)段15個(ge)(ge)，三(san)期(qi)槽(cao)(cao)段2個(ge)(ge)。靠近鐵路(lu)側Ⅱ、Ⅲ的(de)6個(ge)(ge)槽(cao)(cao)段長2.5m，其(qi)余(yu)槽(cao)(cao)段長5.11m。

1.7 為保證基坑鐵路(lu)安全，明(ming)挖(wa)排水施工會造成鐵路(lu)側(ce)的沉降(jiang)，設計采用水中開(kai)挖(wa)取土的方式(shi)進(jin)行基坑開(kai)挖(wa)。開(kai)挖(wa)完(wan)成后，采用C30水下混(hun)凝(ning)土進(jin)行封底，封底混(hun)凝(ning)土厚度2m。

1.8 若(ruo)開挖過(guo)程中(zhong)，地連墻(qiang)墻(qiang)體滲漏，則對該處土體進行旋噴加固封(feng)堵處理。

1.9 地(di)下(xia)連續墻(qiang)施(shi)工確保路(lu)基穩定(ding)措施(shi)。一(yi)是(shi)施(shi)工前在(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)側(ce)緊(jin)靠地(di)下(xia)連續墻(qiang)用一(yi)排φ1,0m、長(chang)20.7m高壓旋(xuan)噴樁加固土體；二是(shi)鄰近鐵(tie)路(lu)側(ce)6個(ge)槽段長(chang)由5.11m 減至2.5m。

二、施工工藝控制要點

1、地下連續墻施工

1.1 地下連續墻施工順序

導(dao)墻；成(cheng)槽(cao)；下(xia)鋼筋籠及注漿管；插入導(dao)管；澆筑(zhu)水下(xia)混凝土(tu)；循環下(xia)一槽(cao)段施工；完成(cheng)地(di)連墻；往下(xia)開挖(wa)基坑6.6m；施工腰(yao)梁(liang)；開挖(wa)至(zhi)設計基坑底；澆筑(zhu)封底混凝土(tu)；基坑內(nei)抽水。

1.2 導墻

現澆(jiao)導墻及養護期間，重(zhong)型機械不得在(zai)附近作業或停(ting)留。

導墻內墻面垂直度容(rong)許偏(pian)差為0.5%，內墻面平整(zheng)度容(rong)許偏(pian)差為3mm。

導墻平面誤(wu)差不大于±10mm，導墻間距容許誤(wu)差±5mm，導墻頂面平整度容許誤(wu)差±5mm。

1.3 槽段附近堆載。

地連墻槽段(duan)施工時，為(wei)確(que)保槽壁(bi)的穩定，必須(xu)嚴格控制槽壁(bi)附近的堆(dui)載，不得大于20kN/m2。

1.4 成槽和泥漿

1.4.1成(cheng)槽過程中應隨時檢(jian)查槽寬及垂(chui)直(zhi)度(du)，成(cheng)槽至設計標高(gao)后，應嚴格檢(jian)查各(ge)項指(zhi)標，合(he)格后方可進行清底。

1.4.2成槽垂直度(du)不得大(da)(da)于1/ 400墻(qiang)高，接頭處相鄰(lin)兩槽段的(de)中(zhong)心線在任意深度(du)的(de)偏差(cha)均(jun)不大(da)(da)于60mm，地連(lian)墻(qiang)厚度(du)誤(wu)差(cha)為(wei)0~30mm，地連(lian)墻(qiang)平面誤(wu)差(cha)小于±30mm。

1.4.3 槽內泥漿液(ye)面應保持高于地(di)下水(shui)位0.5m以上。

1.4.4 成槽后清底(di)厚(hou)度(du)應(ying)小于10cm，并應(ying)避免鋼(gang)筋籠下放后二次清孔。待混(hun)凝土強度(du)達到80%后進行墻底(di)止水帷幕施工。

1.4.5 為保證槽(cao)段(duan)接頭(tou)(tou)(tou)的施工及后期的防(fang)水(shui)質量，在吊放地下連續墻鋼(gang)筋籠前對槽(cao)段(duan)接頭(tou)(tou)(tou)和相(xiang)鄰墻段(duan)的槽(cao)壁混凝土面采用刷槽(cao)器等方(fang)法進(jin)行清刷，清刷后的槽(cao)段(duan)接頭(tou)(tou)(tou)不得(de)夾泥。

1.5 鋼筋籠制作

為確保鋼(gang)筋(jin)籠(long)吊裝安全，將鋼(gang)筋(jin)籠(long)分節(jie)制作(zuo)、吊裝，每節(jie)長度不大于9m，節(jie)間采用直螺紋(wen)連接(jie)。鋼(gang)筋(jin)籠(long)制作(zuo)時，應按設計要求預埋腰梁鋼(gang)筋(jin)連接(jie)的鋼(gang)筋(jin)連接(jie)器(qi)，位置要準。

2、基(ji)坑開(kai)挖及冠梁施工

2.1 基坑開(kai)(kai)挖需在(zai)帽(mao)梁(liang)混凝土(tu)達(da)(da)到設(she)(she)計強度的80%后才(cai)能開(kai)(kai)挖，開(kai)(kai)挖順序如下：施(shi)工(gong)(gong)冠梁(liang)、分層向下開(kai)(kai)挖土(tu)體6.6m、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)腰梁(liang)、待(dai)腰梁(liang)達(da)(da)到設(she)(she)計強度后開(kai)(kai)挖至基坑至設(she)(she)計位置(zhi)、澆筑封(feng)底混凝土(tu)、基坑內抽水、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)承臺。

2.2 坑內(nei)各(ge)層土(tu)體開挖(wa)(wa)采用島式開挖(wa)(wa)，先(xian)分區對稱開挖(wa)(wa)周邊土(tu)體，后(hou)開挖(wa)(wa)中間土(tu)體。

2.3 開挖6.6m深度后(hou)，應在36小(xiao)時內完成腰梁混(hun)凝土的(de)施工。

2.4 腰梁(liang)混(hun)凝土澆筑前，應對(dui)地連墻內(nei)側進(jin)行(xing)清洗鑿毛，確保連接鋼(gang)筋位(wei)置，保證內(nei)襯與地連墻形成(cheng)整體。

2.5 內襯混凝(ning)(ning)土澆筑(zhu)時，應采(cai)取必(bi)要(yao)的施工措施保證兩層內襯間(jian)混凝(ning)(ning)土的密實性。

2.6 為防止施工棄土(tu)對地(di)連墻的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，棄土(tu)場離地(di)連墻的(de)距離應大于50m。

2.7 基(ji)坑開挖(wa)時，基(ji)坑周邊(bian)允(yun)許超載不得大于20kN/m2。

三、施工安全(quan)控(kong)制要點(dian)

鐵(tie)路營業(ye)線(xian)及(ji)鄰近營業(ye)線(xian)施工(gong)(gong)必(bi)(bi)須以保(bao)證(zheng)列車(che)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)為(wei)前(qian)提，特別是旅(lv)客(ke)列車(che)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)，必(bi)(bi)須確保(bao)萬無(wu)一(yi)失(shi)；在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程中，必(bi)(bi)須保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)員、料具、機械等不侵(qin)入運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)設備限界，并(bing)(bing)保(bao)持其在(zai)(zai)良好環境下運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)。因此(ci)，這就要求(qiu)各參(can)建單(dan)位必(bi)(bi)須嚴格遵守《鐵(tie)路營業(ye)線(xian)施工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理辦法》及(ji)各鐵(tie)路局《鐵(tie)路營業(ye)線(xian)施工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理細(xi)則》，施工(gong)(gong)前(qian)與設備管(guan)理單(dan)位認(ren)真(zhen)仔細(xi)勘察施工(gong)(gong)現場，簽訂施工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)配合協議，編制(zhi)(zhi)施工(gong)(gong)方案，制(zhi)(zhi)定切實可行(xing)的措施并(bing)(bing)逐(zhu)項落實到位。

1、防挖斷光電纜

1.1 與(yu)設備管(guan)理單位(wei)(wei)共同(tong)確認光電纜位(wei)(wei)置。

1.2 在設備(bei)管理(li)單位指導下(xia)開挖探(tan)溝，探(tan)明光電(dian)纜位置及走向。

1.3 對影響(xiang)施工(gong)的進(jin)行(xing)遷(qian)改、對不影響(xiang)施工(gong)但(dan)施工(gong)有可能對其產(chan)生(sheng)侵(qin)害的進(jin)行(xing)防護或設置醒目的警示標志。

2、防人員(yuan)上(shang)道(dao)、料具、設備(bei)侵限

2.1 在施(shi)工作業場地(di)與鐵路運行(xing)設備間(jian)采取硬隔離措施(shi)。

2.2 在就近(jin)車站(zhan)設(she)置駐(zhu)站(zhan)聯絡(luo)員、施工(gong)現場(chang)設(she)置防護員，配備有效可(ke)靠的聯絡(luo)工(gong)具，并(bing)保(bao)持通(tong)話暢通(tong)。列車通(tong)過時，有可(ke)能危(wei)及列車運(yun)行安全的作業或大型(xing)設(she)備停止作業。

2.3 對運行(xing)設(she)備(bei)始(shi)終保持有效安(an)全(quan)距離，相關(guan)設(she)備(bei)管(guan)理單位現場盯(ding)控，確保設(she)備(bei)運行(xing)及施工安(an)全(quan)。

2.4 嚴格鋼筋籠吊裝控制措施的落實

2.4.1 將鋼筋籠分節制作吊(diao)裝，降(jiang)低吊(diao)裝難度(du)，提高吊(diao)裝安全可靠性。

2.4.2 編(bian)制吊(diao)裝(zhuang)方案，根(gen)據起吊(diao)鋼(gang)筋(jin)籠(long)重量等(deng)條件通(tong)過(guo)計算確定吊(diao)車型號。

2.4.3 采取措施(shi)確保(bao)地基承載(zai)力滿足要求。

2.4.4 吊(diao)車順線路(lu)擺放，并(bing)打好支腿。

2.4.5 在鋼(gang)筋籠上部(bu)系(xi)兩根牽(qian)引繩，橫線路方向牽(qian)引，防止吊(diao)裝(zhuang)過(guo)程中鋼(gang)筋籠擺動，提(ti)高吊(diao)裝(zhuang)穩(wen)定(ding)性。

3、防坍塌失穩

3.1 連續(xu)墻施工(gong)前在(zai)鐵路側緊靠地下(xia)連續(xu)墻用(yong)一(yi)排φ1,0m、長20.7m高壓(ya)旋噴樁加(jia)固土體，確保路基側土體穩(wen)固。

3.2 鄰近鐵路側6個槽段長由(you)5.11m 減至2.5m。

3.3 在成(cheng)槽施工過(guo)程中，合理(li)保持槽內泥(ni)漿比重(zhong)，并且泥(ni)漿液(ye)面保持高于(yu)地下水位0.5m以上。

3.4 嚴格施工工藝控制，確保(bao)連續(xu)墻(qiang)(qiang)槽段(duan)接(jie)頭、圈梁、腰(yao)梁與墻(qiang)(qiang)結合緊(jin)密形成整體，確保(bao)地下連續(xu)墻(qiang)(qiang)整體穩定性。

3.5 合(he)理設置觀測樁，實施施工(gong)監測

分別在鄰近路基、軟橫(heng)跨支柱(zhu)基礎(chu)、地(di)連墻等處所設(she)置觀測樁，定期進行觀測，發現異常及時采(cai)取有(you)效(xiao)措施，確(que)保施工安全。

由(you)于地下連續墻圍護方式實(shi)現了深基(ji)坑無支撐支護，從而使基(ji)坑開挖及坑內施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業提(ti)供了良好環(huan)境條件，工(gong)作(zuo)效率(lv)大(da)幅(fu)提(ti)升(sheng)。

結束語:地下連續(xu)墻(qiang)(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)震動小、噪聲低(di)，墻(qiang)(qiang)體剛度大，防滲性能好，對(dui)周圍地基無擾動，可(ke)以貼(tie)近(jin)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，工(gong)(gong)效高、工(gong)(gong)期短、質量(liang)可(ke)靠(kao)，用(yong)于基坑開挖時，可(ke)承受很大的土壓力。非常適宜鄰近(jin)鐵路深基坑支護的要求和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)特點，因此地下連續(xu)墻(qiang)(qiang)必將成為(wei)鄰近(jin)鐵路深基坑支護工(gong)(gong)程中必不(bu)可(ke)少的擋土結構。

參考文獻:

1、中鐵大橋局股份有限公司(si)設(she)計(ji)分公司(si)鄒城三十米橋上(shang)跨(kua)鐵路立交橋建設(she)工程(cheng)臨近(jin)營業線基坑防護設(she)計(ji)．

2、《濟南鐵(tie)路(lu)局營業線施工安全管理細則》

篇6

中圖分類號： TU714文獻(xian)標識(shi)碼： A

關鍵詞：工程監理安全施工管理與控制

一、安全監理(li)主要工作內容(rong)

現(xian)場安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)主要工(gong)作內容包括1、協助(zhu)建設(she)單位(wei)加強對發包工(gong)程的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)；2、督(du)促(cu)、審查施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)編(bian)制安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生產技術方案(an)、措施(shi)(shi)，并(bing)監(jian)督(du)實施(shi)(shi)；3、督(du)促(cu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)按規定搭設(she)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生產設(she)施(shi)(shi)（如：基坑圍護(hu)、臨時用電、腳手(shou)架、塔吊和井(jing)架等）；4、核查安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生產方面(mian)的(de)(de)材(cai)料和設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)原始憑證(zheng)、檢(jian)測報告與(yu)準用證(zheng)；5、監(jian)督(du)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程中的(de)(de)人、機和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)環(huan)境的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)狀態，督(du)促(cu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)及時消除隱患；6、協助(zhu)參與(yu)對工(gong)程安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)的(de)(de)分(fen)析和處理(li)；7、定期向建設(she)單位(wei)報告工(gong)程建設(she)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生產情況。

二、安全監理保證(zheng)體系

1、安全監理工(gong)作按照“統一領(ling)導(dao)、分級(ji)管(guan)理、專(zhuan)人負責”的原則進行網絡化(hua)管(guan)理；

2、工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設監理(li)(li)項(xiang)目(mu)部現(xian)場監理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)實行總監理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程師負責(ze)制，由經公司正式任命(ming)的項(xiang)目(mu)總監負責(ze)在監理(li)(li)項(xiang)目(mu)部按照相關規定(ding)落實各項(xiang)安全監理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)；

3、公司(si)技術(shu)管(guan)理(li)部門負責對監理(li)項目部實施(shi)安全監理(li)工作(zuo)進行業務(wu)上的指導及監督檢查工作(zuo)；

4、各項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)應負責配備符合條件的安(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)人員和與安(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作相關的法律(lv)、法規、規范(fan)和標準，并定(ding)期監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查監(jian)理(li)(li)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)按照工(gong)作相關法律(lv)法規及規定(ding)的各項(xiang)規定(ding)實(shi)施安(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作的情(qing)況(kuang)，定(ding)期向公司匯報所(suo)屬監(jian)理(li)(li)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)安(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)作情(qing)況(kuang)；

5、監(jian)理(li)項目部應設立專(zhuan)職(zhi)或(huo)兼職(zhi)的(de)安全監(jian)理(li)工程師（市政工程監(jian)理(li)項目部和承擔施(shi)工安全監(jian)理(li)責任(ren)的(de)監(jian)理(li)項目部必須專(zhuan)職(zhi)設立），在(zai)項目總監(jian)的(de)領導(dao)下(xia)開展安全監(jian)理(li)工作。

三、安全(quan)監理(li)工作程序(xu)及(ji)要求

1、項目總監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)(cheng)師在編制項目監(jian)理(li)規(gui)劃時(shi)(shi)應明確(que)開展現場安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工作(zuo)的組織機構、安(an)全監(jian)理(li)人員職責和(he)(he)權(quan)限、安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工作(zuo)程(cheng)(cheng)序和(he)(he)工作(zuo)制度，依據建設(she)行政(zheng)主管(guan)部門的具(ju)體(ti)要(yao)求，必要(yao)時(shi)(shi)應報建設(she)單位備案；

2、安(an)全監理(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)應(ying)根據工(gong)程建設的(de)實際情況、施工(gong)承包(bao)單位編制的(de)施組設計及(ji)本工(gong)作相(xiang)關法律(lv)法規及(ji)規定的(de)規定，在工(gong)程開工(gong)前編制“安(an)全監理(li)(li)工(gong)作實施細(xi)則(ze)”，大型復(fu)雜(za)工(gong)程項目也可按階段分別編制。監理(li)(li)細(xi)則(ze)應(ying)明確(que)施工(gong)安(an)全監理(li)(li)的(de)風險點及(ji)其控制要點，總(zong)監理(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)應(ying)審核并批(pi)準“安(an)全監理(li)(li)工(gong)作實施細(xi)則(ze)”，必要時召開專(zhuan)題(ti)會議向施工(gong)承包(bao)單位進行交底；

3、在施工(gong)安全(quan)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)中總監(jian)理(li)工(gong)程師應及時組織監(jian)理(li)人員研(yan)究設計(ji)文件(jian)、有(you)關規定(ding)、規范、標準、監(jian)理(li)委托合同(tong)和安全(quan)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)細則等文件(jian)；及時傳達(da)建設單位的文件(jian)和會(hui)議精神等，并在監(jian)理(li)項(xiang)目部內部建立起定(ding)期(qi)學習和交流制度；

4、總(zong)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師應組織安全(quan)(quan)(quan)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師審查施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)編制(zhi)的(de)各類(lei)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)，并收集與安全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相關(guan)的(de)“安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)協(xie)議(yi)書(shu)”和“施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)總(zong)交底記錄”，發現與法律、法規(gui)和安全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)強制(zhi)性標準(zhun)不(bu)符(fu)的(de)應書(shu)面要求施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)調整或補(bu)充；

5、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)師必須在監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)日(ri)記(ji)中填寫安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作內(nei)容(rong)（市(shi)政工(gong)程(cheng)或(huo)承擔施工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)責任(ren)的應獨(du)立記(ji)錄(lu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)日(ri)記(ji)，記(ji)錄(lu)每天開展的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作內(nei)容(rong)及(ji)(ji)交接注意事(shi)項（包括安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作，施工(gong)現場安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)狀況、處理(li)(li)(li)意見等內(nei)容(rong)）。日(ri)記(ji)中涉及(ji)(ji)書(shu)面(mian)整改要求的應記(ji)錄(lu)相關文件(jian)的備存地點。項目總監(jian)(jian)應每周不少于一次(ci)進行檢查，并簽署安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)日(ri)記(ji)；

6、監(jian)理(li)項目(mu)部應在(zai)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)月(yue)報(bao)中(zhong)同步編制(zhi)“安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)情況”，經安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)程師和總監(jian)理(li)工(gong)程師簽署意見后(hou)，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)月(yue)報(bao)的附件報(bao)建設單位；

7、總監(jian)應組(zu)織安(an)(an)全監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備階段、基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、結構工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、裝飾工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前，編(bian)(bian)制“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)建(jian)設安(an)(an)全監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作計劃表”，確(que)定(ding)各階段的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險點(dian)，并有針對性地(di)明確(que)安(an)(an)全監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作對策，編(bian)(bian)制相應的監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作檢(jian)查要求。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險點(dian)的確(que)定(ding)可參見“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設安(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險點(dian)示例表（表1）”的內容確(que)定(ding)；

8、安(an)全(quan)(quan)監理工(gong)程師(shi)應(ying)(ying)每(mei)周至少一次對施工(gong)現(xian)場進行安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)作巡視(shi)，發現(xian)的(de)重大安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時向總監理工(gong)程師(shi)匯報，有(you)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)監理項目(mu)部(bu)應(ying)(ying)使用照相或攝像(xiang)的(de)手(shou)段正確記錄施工(gong)現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)情況；

9、項(xiang)目總監應(ying)每月組織舉行一至二次安(an)全(quan)監理(li)現場(chang)會(hui)(hui)議(yi)（可與每周(zhou)工(gong)程(cheng)例會(hui)(hui)合并召開），會(hui)(hui)議(yi)的主(zhu)要(yao)議(yi)程(cheng)是：檢查上(shang)次會(hui)(hui)議(yi)執行情況(kuang)，匯(hui)報進度情況(kuang)，施工(gong)單位人員(yuan)、施工(gong)機具(ju)及(ji)現場(chang)施工(gong)安(an)全(quan)狀況(kuang)，及(ji)必要(yao)的新議(yi)程(cheng)，并確(que)定下次會(hui)(hui)議(yi)的時間、地點和內容(rong)。對所發現的安(an)全(quan)施工(gong)隱患(huan)，應(ying)在會(hui)(hui)上(shang)確(que)定整改措施和責任人員(yuan)。由監理(li)項(xiang)目部根據會(hui)(hui)議(yi)情況(kuang)專項(xiang)編制《安(an)全(quan)監理(li)現場(chang)會(hui)(hui)議(yi)紀要(yao)》或在工(gong)程(cheng)例會(hui)(hui)紀要(yao)中反(fan)映上(shang)述內容(rong)；

工程建(jian)設安(an)全風(feng)險點示例表(biao)表(biao)1

風 險 因(yin) 素(su) 典 型 風 險 因(yin) 素(su)

技術(shu)風險 設(she)計(ji) 設(she)計(ji)內容不全、缺陷設(she)計(ji)、錯誤(wu)和(he)遺漏、使用規范不恰當，未考(kao)慮地質(zhi)條件(jian)，未考(kao)慮施工可(ke)能性等

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong) 施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的落(luo)后，不合理的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和方(fang)案，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不當，應用新技術、新方(fang)案的失敗(bai)，未考(kao)慮現場(chang)情況，未按施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組設計(ji)組織(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)等

其(qi)他 工(gong)藝(yi)設(she)計未達到先進性指標，工(gong)藝(yi)流程(cheng)不合理，未考(kao)慮操作安(an)全(quan)性等

非技(ji)術風險 自(zi)然與環境(jing)(jing) 洪(hong)水(shui)、地震、火災、臺風、雷電(dian)等不(bu)可抗拒自(zi)然力不(bu)明的水(shui)文氣象(xiang)條件，復雜的工程地質條件，惡劣的氣候(hou)，施工對環境(jing)(jing)的不(bu)良影響等

組 織(zhi) 管(guan) 理 施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)未建(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)質保體(ti)系，現場安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)管(guan)力度不(bu)足，業主、設(she)計單位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)和監(jian)理單位(wei)組織(zhi)協(xie)調不(bu)夠等

合(he)同(tong) 合(he)同(tong)條款遺漏、表達(da)有(you)誤，合(he)同(tong)類型選擇(ze)不當，承(cheng)發包模式選擇(ze)不當，索(suo)賠管理不力(li)，合(he)同(tong)糾(jiu)紛(fen)等

人員(yuan) 現(xian)場施工人員(yuan)和安(an)全(quan)施工管理(li)人員(yuan)的素質較低（能(neng)力、效率、責任心、品(pin)德等），施工安(an)全(quan)意識薄弱和安(an)全(quan)保(bao)護(hu)措施不到位(wei)等

材料(liao)(liao) 原材料(liao)(liao)、成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品的供(gong)貨不足或拖延，數量(liang)(liang)差錯，質量(liang)(liang)、規(gui)格有問題，特(te)殊材料(liao)(liao)和新材料(liao)(liao)的使(shi)用有問題，損耗和浪費等

設(she)備(bei) 施工設(she)備(bei)供應不足，類型(xing)不配套，故(gu)障為排(pai)除(chu)，安裝失誤，選型(xing)不當等

10、對在(zai)日常巡視檢查過程(cheng)中(zhong)發(fa)現的安(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故(gu)隱患及違反《工程(cheng)建設施工安(an)全(quan)(quan)標(biao)準(zhun)強制性(xing)條文》規定(ding)的情況，安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)應(ying)及時向施工承(cheng)包(bao)單(dan)位開具“安(an)全(quan)(quan)類監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)通(tong)知(zhi)單(dan)”，規定(ding)整改(gai)期限。該通(tong)知(zhi)單(dan)必須經項目總監(jian)簽(qian)字(zi)才(cai)能發(fa)出(chu)。在(zai)施工承(cheng)包(bao)單(dan)位按通(tong)知(zhi)單(dan)要求定(ding)時、定(ding)人、定(ding)措施整改(gai)完畢后(hou)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)及時組織驗收，并(bing)簽(qian)署整改(gai)驗收意見；

11、出現重大(da)安全(quan)事故(gu)隱患（指可能直接影響工程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)和人(ren)員生命安全(quan)的）或未按“安全(quan)類監(jian)理工程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)通知單”的要(yao)求(qiu)限期整改(gai)的情況，應由總監(jian)理工程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)下達工程(cheng)(cheng)暫停令，要(yao)求(qiu)施工承包單位立(li)即對(dui)指定部位停工整改(gai)。工程(cheng)(cheng)暫停令應及時抄送建設(she)單位和項目(mu)經理部相關負責人(ren)，必(bi)要(yao)時應抄報(bao)負責本工程(cheng)(cheng)安全(quan)監(jian)督的政(zheng)府(fu)部門；

12、為加強工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，總監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師應(ying)以(yi)(yi)“監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師聯系單”的(de)(de)形式向工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設參(can)建(jian)(jian)各方書面發(fa)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)議和(he)意(yi)見(jian)，以(yi)(yi)此加強相互(hu)間的(de)(de)溝通(tong)和(he)協調(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作；

監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)項目(mu)部(bu)應嚴(yan)格執行建科院和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)司相關的(de)安全工(gong)作管理(li)(li)(li)(li)規定，對(dui)施工(gong)現場(chang)發生的(de)安全事(shi)(shi)故(gu)和(he)(he)人員傷(shang)(shang)亡事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，項目(mu)總監(jian)應在事(shi)(shi)故(gu)發生后立即(ji)向(xiang)項管部(bu)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)司負責人報告。并(bing)在12小時內向(xiang)項管部(bu)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)司書(shu)面(mian)報告工(gong)程事(shi)(shi)故(gu)情況，具體(ti)內容應包括：簡(jian)要經過(guo)、事(shi)(shi)故(gu)性質、事(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因、人員傷(shang)(shang)亡情況、已采取(qu)的(de)措(cuo)施和(he)(he)監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)所做的(de)相關工(gong)作等(deng)。監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)項目(mu)部(bu)應對(dui)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的(de)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程和(he)(he)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)結果進行跟蹤檢查和(he)(he)驗收。

安全監(jian)理工程(cheng)師通(tong)知(zhi)單簽發程(cheng)序

四、建設工(gong)程施工(gong)監理安全控制要點

監理(li)(li)項(xiang)(xiang)目部安全(quan)監理(li)(li)人員在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)開工(gong)前(qian)，應(ying)(ying)組織全(quan)體人員對該項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)合同文件進行(xing)全(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解(jie)和熟悉，了(le)(le)解(jie)現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)環境、人為障(zhang)礙等因(yin)素，以(yi)便掌握障(zhang)礙所(suo)在(zai)(zai)和不利環境影響的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)資(zi)料，及早提出(chu)防范措施(shi)。為了(le)(le)使建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)順利有序的(de)(de)(de)進行(xing)，可在(zai)(zai)第一(yi)次(ci)工(gong)地會議上，請施(shi)工(gong)承包單位的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)體管理(li)(li)人員參(can)加(jia)，使項(xiang)(xiang)目參(can)建(jian)各(ge)方了(le)(le)解(jie)安全(quan)監理(li)(li)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)和要求。同時工(gong)程(cheng)開工(gong)前(qian)，應(ying)(ying)開展下列安全(quan)監理(li)(li)工(gong)作：

（1）審查承包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)施(shi)工組(zu)織(zhi)設計、施(shi)工方(fang)案(an)中(zhong)的(de)安(an)全(quan)技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)及承包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)各(ge)職能部門的(de)審批意(yi)見、會簽(qian)、企業蓋章等(deng)手續是否齊(qi)全(quan)。施(shi)工組(zu)織(zhi)設計中(zhong)相(xiang)關安(an)全(quan)技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)方(fang)案(an)（如：深基坑、臨時用電、大型機械、井架、腳手架等(deng)）均(jun)要求(qiu)單(dan)獨編制專(zhuan)項安(an)全(quan)技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)方(fang)案(an)；

對施工(gong)(gong)承包單位(wei)提供(gong)的特殊工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)名冊，包括安全員、電(dian)工(gong)(gong)、電(dian)焊工(gong)(gong)、架子工(gong)(gong)、塔吊(diao)、人貨電(dian)梯駕駛員、起重指(zhi)揮、井架搭(da)拆工(gong)(gong)等進(jin)行備案(an)；

（2）對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)承包單位(wei)進場的(de)大型施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機械設(she)備(bei)（如起重設(she)備(bei)、垂(chui)直運(yun)輸設(she)備(bei)、預應力張拉設(she)備(bei)和樁基施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備(bei)等(deng)）要求施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)按批準的(de)施(shi)組設(she)計組織施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，并進行相關的(de)報驗手續；

（3）對施工承包單位選擇的分包單位檢查其資(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)級(ji)證書(shu)，施工承包范圍，注冊資(zi)金、執照有效期限、企業性質(zhi)等(deng)資(zi)料；

（4）安(an)(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程師應(ying)根據建設方與(yu)總包(bao)單位簽訂的合同及安(an)(an)全生產(chan)協議書約定，要(yao)求施工(gong)承(cheng)包(bao)單位書面明(ming)確與(yu)施工(gong)安(an)(an)全管理(li)(li)(li)相應(ying)的管理(li)(li)(li)機構和安(an)(an)全監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)責任(ren)人員；

（5）安(an)全監(jian)理工程師(shi)督促檢查總包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)在分包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)進場，做(zuo)好(hao)安(an)全生產總交底(di)，交底(di)后履行交底(di)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)被交底(di)人(ren)(ren)的簽字手續(xu)，可保存(cun)相(xiang)關交底(di)記錄；

（6）在主要路段、干道、景點(dian)、工業、商業和居民(min)密集區域工程項目(mu)建設(she)現場，安全監(jian)理工程師應檢(jian)查現場圍檔封閉(bi)情況(kuang)，督促施工承包單位按要求設(she)置圍檔高度，并選用合適(shi)的圍檔砌筑材(cai)料；

（7）工程(cheng)施工前安全監理工程(cheng)師(shi)應督促總包單位必須按設(she)計提供的(de)具(ju)有管(guan)理縱、橫斷面的(de)施工圖紙認真核(he)對，摸清地下管(guan)線的(de)位置，走向并加強聯系，采(cai)取相應技術保護措(cuo)施，并核(he)實(shi)保護措(cuo)施落實(shi)情況；

（8）安全監理工程師應(ying)根據工程建(jian)設需(xu)要，可以對新材料、新技術(shu)的(de)應(ying)用進(jin)行(xing)必要的(de)了解和調查，以求(qiu)及時發現施工中(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)安全事故隱(yin)患。

（一）安全管理資料

1、按安(an)監站的有(you)關要求建立安(an)全檔(dang)案；

2、建(jian)立各級安全(quan)(quan)生產責(ze)任制，安全(quan)(quan)網絡健全(quan)(quan)；

3、對分(fen)部、分(fen)項工程進(jin)行(xing)有(you)針對性的安全(quan)交底，建立(li)定(ding)期(qi)檢(jian)查(cha)制度（每(mei)日巡查(cha)、每(mei)周巡檢(jian)、每(mei)月專項檢(jian)查(cha)）；

4、督(du)促(cu)施(shi)工單位建(jian)立三(san)級安全教育檔案；

5、檢(jian)查施工單位的(de)特殊工種作業人(ren)員(yuan)持證上崗情況；

6、現場“五牌(pai)一圖”齊全(quan)，設(she)置合(he)理；

7、建立專(zhuan)門的安(an)全(quan)資(zi)料(liao)（將(jiang)各相(xiang)關安(an)全(quan)資(zi)料(liao)備(bei)份單獨整理形成(cheng)專(zhuan)門的安(an)全(quan)資(zi)料(liao)備(bei)查）；

（二）現場管理

1、施工現場(chang)采用標準圍欄，圍欄高(gao)度(du)大于1.8米；

2、現場主要(yao)道路硬(ying)化(hua)，設置(zhi)排水溝；

3、材料分類(lei)堆(dui)放，掛牌標(biao)識；

4、現場施工區，生活區，辦公區分隔(ge)明顯，小孩及(ji)閑雜人員不得進入施工現場；

5、宿舍內整潔文(wen)明，無液化氣(qi)灶(zao)、電爐等用電設施；

6、食堂、衛生間內必須(xu)按(an)照(zhao)蘇州市(shi)的相關標準(zhun)布置實(shi)行(xing)，保持衛生；

7、臨時(shi)用(yong)房(fang)必(bi)須達到(dao)防火要求；

8、生(sheng)活(huo)區、辦公區、現場各重要防(fang)火部位(wei)要配(pei)備消防(fang)器材(cai)、設立標志(zhi)、標識、標牌；

（三）施(shi)工用電安全(quan)

1、施工現場臨(lin)時(shi)用電必須(xu)有專項方案，并報監(jian)理審核；

2、配備(bei)專業維修(xiu)電工，須持有(you)效證件上崗；

3、必須按(an)“三級配(pei)電兩級保護”設置(zhi)電箱，做到(dao)“一(yi)機一(yi)閘一(yi)漏一(yi)保”

4、配電(dian)箱(xiang)（間(jian)）的道路必須(xu)暢(chang)通，電(dian)箱(xiang)位(wei)置合理穩(wen)定；

5、宿舍內單獨設置(zhi)電(dian)箱，嚴禁私拉亂接電(dian)線(xian)；

6、定期對漏電保護器(qi)進行測試(shi)，做好原始記錄；

7、電箱(xiang)內(nei)電器配件不(bu)得(de)破損，不(bu)得(de)使用金(jin)屬代替熔絲；

8、對(dui)影響工(gong)程施工(gong)及(ji)對(dui)施工(gong)過程造(zao)成安全(quan)隱(yin)患的施工(gong)臨時高架線路，必須有(you)可靠的安全(quan)防護措施，確保施工(gong)安全(quan)。

（四(si)）塔吊搭設及使(shi)用安全要(yao)求的控(kong)制要(yao)點

1、塔吊必須有(you)合格證、準用證、并經(jing)檢(jian)測合格、經(jing)安全主管部門備案(an)、檢(jian)查驗收合格；

2、上崗人(ren)員(yuan)要持證上崗（安、拆人(ren)員(yuan)、駛機(ji)、指揮、電工(gong)）

3、塔吊要有(you)專項方案，應急預(yu)案并報監理(li)審核，基礎(chu)的鋼筋(jin)必須(xu)經見證(zheng)取樣復試(shi)合格(ge)方可使用(yong)，砼應留(liu)置標準養(yang)護(hu)試(shi)塊（相關檢驗批資料(liao)要齊全(quan)；

4、安裝(zhuang)人員(yuan)衣著要緊身靈便，不準(zhun)穿拖鞋(xie)、高跟鞋(xie)和硬底鞋(xie)。

5、登高作業必須系(xi)好(hao)安全(quan)帶，掛(gua)好(hao)保險鉤。嚴禁(jin)上下(xia)投擲工具(ju)材料等物件。

6、在拼裝(zhuang)和吊裝(zhuang)作業區(qu)域(yu)內應該設(she)置(zhi)明顯的安全圍欄和警示牌(pai)；在主要通道口應設(she) 專人監護，以防閑雜人員進(jin)入(ru)施工現場。

7、班前班中不(bu)準(zhun)飲酒，嚴禁(jin)酗酒者進入施工現場。

8、裝拆銷軸掄(lun)大(da)錘時，嚴禁(jin)戴手套。兩(liang)人(ren)或兩(liang)人(ren)以上一起工(gong)作要注意協調配(pei)合(he)。凡遇到四級以上強風(feng)時應(ying)停止安裝作業。

9、所有工(gong)具必須齊(qi)全，完好可靠，嚴(yan)禁使用(yong)(yong)有裂紋、帶(dai)毛刺、手柄松動(dong)等不(bu)符合安全要求的工(gong)具，并嚴(yan)格遵(zun)守常用(yong)(yong)工(gong)具安全操作(zuo)規(gui)程。

10、在塔(ta)機安裝工序中嚴禁缺螺栓、銷(xiao)軸、開口銷(xiao)等緊固件(jian)。對瞎(xia)眼銷(xiao)、滑牙螺栓、報廢的卸扣(kou)、軋頭鋼絲繩、千(qian)斤頂、手拉葫(hu)蘆等起重工具不得(de)使用

（五）井架(jia)搭設及使用(yong)安全要(yao)求的控制要(yao)點

1、搭設井(jing)架的單位必須有許(xu)可證，操(cao)作(zuo)人員必須有操(cao)作(zuo)上崗證；

2、井(jing)架搭設方(fang)案必(bi)須經施工單位技術部門審批后報監理審核，搭設完(wan)畢須經驗收合格方(fang)準使(shi)用；

3、搭(da)設(she)井(jing)架的基(ji)礎必(bi)須平(ping)整(zheng)堅實，承載力滿足要求，并應(ying)預埋地錨；

4、井架搭(da)設必須按規(gui)定(ding)設置滿足要(yao)求的(de)纜(lan)(lan)風(feng)繩，繩端(duan)使(shi)用與(yu)繩徑相匹(pi)配的(de)“U”型卡三個，嚴(yan)禁絞接鋼絲(si)繩，纜(lan)(lan)風(feng)繩的(de)地錨埋置深度大于2米，嚴(yan)禁將纜(lan)(lan)風(feng)繩拉(la)設在樹、電線桿等不穩定(ding)的(de)物體上；

5、吊籃(lan)載(zai)重不大于500KG，設置(zhi)斷繩和防沖頂保險及停靠裝置(zhi)；

6、井架三(san)面采用30*30MM纖維繩小孔(kong)網維護（下口(kou)自防(fang)護棚起(qi)，上口(kou)超(chao)過吊籃梁運(yun)行高度1.5米；

7、卷揚機繩(sheng)筒(tong)有保險、鋼絲繩(sheng)不拖地，繩(sheng)筒(tong)上(shang)至少保留三圈(quan)鋼絲繩(sheng)；

8、安裝順(shun)序應(ying)先下(xia)后上(shang)，一步(bu)一步(bu)，不準上(shang)下(xia)同時(shi)進行。安裝到(dao)三節應(ying)設臨(lin)時(shi)風纜，確保架體穩(wen)性。操作(zuo)中嚴禁向下(xia)拋物，應(ying)用滑輪運下(xia)。安裝井架必須白天進行，因故中斷時(shi)，應(ying)采(cai)取(qu)臨(lin)時(shi)穩(wen)定措(cuo)施。遇大風、下(xia)雨應(ying)停(ting)止作(zuo)業。

9、井架嚴禁乘人(ren)，專人(ren)持證開機；

10、井(jing)架(jia)在拆除(chu)最上一道纜風(feng)繩前必須(xu)對井(jing)架(jia)進行加固，方(fang)法采用(yong)鋼管(guan)將井(jing)架(jia)軌(gui)道與房屋進行連(lian)接

11、拆除人員必(bi)須(xu)帶好安(an)全帶，必(bi)須(xu)有(you)施工(gong)證(zheng)件(jian)，無心臟病、暈高癥(zheng)等(deng)其(qi)他疾病。

12、拆(chai)(chai)除(chu)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)中，嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)從高處向下拋(pao)擲(zhi)物件。一(yi)天未拆(chai)(chai)完情(qing)況下，必(bi)須(xu)對(dui)井(jing)架進行穩固措施(shi)。拆(chai)(chai)除(chu)時必(bi)須(xu)拉好(hao)警戒(jie)線，施(shi)工(gong)中嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)人員(yuan)進出。拆(chai)(chai)除(chu)的螺絲、鐵板(ban)必(bi)須(xu)歸堆嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)亂扔(reng)。施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)帶好(hao)安全帽，施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)區嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)吸(xi)煙。

（六）腳手(shou)架搭設(she)及(ji)使用要求的控(kong)制(zhi)要點

1、腳手架鋼管、扣件必須經(jing)見證取樣復試(shi)合格(ge)方可(ke)使(shi)用；

2、腳(jiao)手架必須要有防(fang)雷接(jie)地保護措(cuo)施；

3、腳(jiao)手架搭設(she)必(bi)須有(you)針對性的施(shi)工(gong)方案必(bi)須經施(shi)工(gong)單位技術(shu)部(bu)門審(shen)批后報監理(li)審(shen)核，基礎要求平整夯實、硬化，周邊設(she)置排水溝，立桿按規(gui)定要求設(she)置，桿底墊實；

4、審(shen)核腳手架搭(da)設(she)人員(yuan)持證(zheng)上崗(gang)情況(kuang)；

5、彎曲、開裂、嚴重銹(xiu)蝕的鋼管及變形、裂紋、滑絲的扣(kou)件不得(de)使用(yong)；

6、架體與建筑物要有可(ke)靠的連接(jie)，保(bao)證架體穩定(ding)；

7、架體必須高(gao)于操(cao)作層(ceng)一步(bu)架，滿足施(shi)工安全(quan)要求；

8、腳手(shou)架(jia)外側按規定每步設(she)置二道防(fang)護欄(lan)桿，高度在三(san)步起(qi)設(she)置密目(mu)安全網（防(fang)火網）；

9、腳手架搭設完畢，必須經(jing)驗(yan)收合格后(hou)才能使用(yong)；

10、模板施工不得利用(yong)腳手架作為架體；

11、定期做好腳手架的檢查工(gong)作；

（七(qi)）“三寶、四(si)口、五臨邊”

1、三寶：即安全帽、安全帶、安全網；

（1）安全帽

進入施(shi)工(gong)現場必須戴安全(quan)帽(mao)，當(dang)前(qian)的(de)安全(quan)帽(mao)有很多種類，制作安全(quan)帽(mao)的(de)材料有塑料、玻(bo)璃鋼、竹、藤等(deng)。無(wu)論(lun)選(xuan)擇哪個種類的(de)安全(quan)帽(mao)，它必須滿(man)足下列要(yao)求(qiu)：

耐(nai)沖(chong)(chong)擊。將安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)帽在(zai)+50℃及(ji)-10℃的(de)(de)溫度(du)下(xia)(xia)，或用水浸的(de)(de)三種(zhong)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)，然(ran)后(hou)將5kg重(zhong)的(de)(de)鋼錘自1m高處(chu)自由落(luo)下(xia)(xia)，沖(chong)(chong)擊安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)帽，最(zui)大沖(chong)(chong)擊力(li)不應超過500kg（5000N或5KN），因(yin)為(wei)人體的(de)(de)頸椎只能承受500kg沖(chong)(chong)擊力(li)，超過時就易受傷害(hai)。

耐穿透(tou)。根據安(an)全帽(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同材質(zhi)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)+50℃及-10℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度下(xia)(xia)，或用(yong)(yong)水(shui)浸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三種情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)，用(yong)(yong)3kg重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼錐，自安(an)全帽(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上方1m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高處(chu)，自由落(luo)下(xia)(xia)，鋼錐穿透(tou)安(an)全帽(mao)，但不能碰到頭皮(pi)。這就(jiu)要求，選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全帽(mao)，在(zai)戴(dai)帽(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，帽(mao)襯(chen)頂端與帽(mao)殼內面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一側面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平距(ju)離(li)保持在(zai)5—20mm.

耐低(di)溫性能良(liang)好。當在-10℃以下的氣溫中，帽的耐沖(chong)擊和耐穿透性能不改變。

側向剛性能達到規范要求。

（2）安全帶

建筑(zhu)施(shi)工中的(de)攀登作業(ye)、獨立懸空(kong)作業(ye)和(he)打設(she)腳手架(jia)、吊裝混凝土(tu)構件、鋼構件及(ji)設(she)備等，都屬于(yu)高空(kong)作業(ye)，操作人員(yuan)都應系安全(quan)帶。安全(quan)帶應用(yong)選用(yong)符合標準要求的(de)合格產品(pin)。目前常用(yong)的(de)是(shi)帶單邊護(hu)胸的(de)。在使用(yong)是(shi)要注意：

安全帶(dai)應高掛低用(yong)，防(fang)止擺動和碰撞；安全帶(dai)上(shang)的各種部(bu)件不得任意拆(chai)掉(diao)。

安全(quan)帶(dai)使(shi)用(yong)兩年以后，使(shi)用(yong)單位應(ying)按購進批(pi)量的(de)大小(xiao)，選擇一定比例的(de)數(shu)量，作一次抽檢，用(yong)80kg的(de)沙袋(dai)做(zuo)自(zi)由(you)落(luo)體(ti)試驗，若(ruo)未破斷可繼(ji)續(xu)使(shi)用(yong)，但抽檢的(de)樣帶(dai)應(ying)更(geng)換新(xin)的(de)掛繩(sheng)才(cai)能使(shi)用(yong)；若(ruo)試驗不合格購進的(de)這批(pi)安全(quan)帶(dai)就應(ying)報廢(fei)。

安全(quan)帶外(wai)觀(guan)有破損或發現有異味時，應立(li)即更換(huan)。

安全帶使用3—5年立即應報(bao)廢。

（3）安全網

目前(qian)工地(di)上使用(yong)的(de)(de)安(an)全網(wang)(wang)(wang)按形式有兩(liang)種(zhong)分為平(ping)(ping)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和立網(wang)(wang)(wang)兩(liang)種(zhong)。平(ping)(ping)網(wang)(wang)(wang)是指(zhi)安(an)裝平(ping)(ping)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)行于(yu)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)，主要用(yong)來承接人和物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)墜落(luo)；立網(wang)(wang)(wang)指(zhi)其安(an)裝平(ping)(ping)面(mian)垂(chui)直于(yu)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)，主要用(yong)來阻止人和物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)墜落(luo)。按照(zhao)JGJ59—99《建筑施工安(an)全標準(zhun)》現(xian)在P3×6的(de)(de)大網(wang)(wang)(wang)眼安(an)全網(wang)(wang)(wang)就只能在電梯井里，外腳手架的(de)(de)跳板下面(mian)，腳手架與墻體間的(de)(de)空隙(xi)等處使用(yong)。

密目(mu)式(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)網的(de)(de)(de)規格有兩種：ML1.8m×6m或ML1.5m×6m.1.8m×6m的(de)(de)(de)密目(mu)網重(zhong)量大于或等(deng)于3kg。密目(mu)式(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)網的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)數為在網上任意(yi)一處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)10cm×10cm=100㎝2的(de)(de)(de)面積上，大于2000目(mu)。為了能使用合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)密目(mu)式(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)網，施(shi)工單位采購來(lai)以(yi)(yi)后，可以(yi)(yi)作(zuo)現(xian)場試驗(yan)，除外觀、尺寸、重(zhong)量、目(mu)數等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)檢查以(yi)(yi)外，還要(yao)做(zuo)以(yi)(yi)下兩項試驗(yan)：

貫(guan)穿(chuan)試驗(yan)。即(ji)將1.5 m×6m的安(an)全網與(yu)地面成30度夾角(jiao)放好，四邊拉(la)直固定。在網中心的上(shang)方(fang)3m的地方(fang)，用一(yi)根Ф48×3.5的5kg重的鋼管，自(zi)由(you)落下(xia)，網不貫(guan)穿(chuan)，即(ji)為合格；網貫(guan)穿(chuan)即(ji)為不合格。

沖擊試驗。即將(jiang)密(mi)目式安全網(wang)水(shui)平放置(zhi)，四邊拉緊固(gu)定。在(zai)網(wang)中心上方1.5m處，有一個100kg重的砂袋自由落下，網(wang)邊撕裂的長度小(xiao)于200mm，即為(wei)合格。

用1.5 m×6m密目式(shi)安全(quan)網用尼龍繩系緊連片(pian)張掛(gua)對在建工程及外腳(jiao)手架(jia)的(de)外側(ce)全(quan)封閉(bi)。

2、四(si)口：即樓(lou)梯口、電梯口、預留洞(dong)口、通道(dao)口；

洞口(kou)作(zuo)業時(shi)根(gen)據(ju)具體情況采取(qu)設置防護(hu)欄桿(gan)，加(jia)蓋件(jian)，張掛安(an)全(quan)網與(yu)裝柵門等措(cuo)施。

（1）樓板(ban)面的(de)洞口(kou)(kou)，可用竹、木(mu)等作(zuo)蓋板(ban)，蓋住洞口(kou)(kou)。蓋板(ban)須能保(bao)持(chi)四(si)周(zhou)擱置均衡，并有固定(ding)其位置的(de)措施。

（2）短邊邊長為50～150cm的洞口，必須設置以(yi)扣件扣接鋼(gang)管而成的網絡，并在春上滿鋪竹笆或腳(jiao)下手板。也可采用(yong)貫穿(chuan)于混凝土板內的鋼(gang)筋(jin)構成防護網，鋼(gang)筋(jin)網絡間距不得大于20cm。

（3）邊長在150cm以上的洞(dong)口，四周設防護欄(lan)桿，洞(dong)口下張設安全平網。

（4）墻面等處的豎向洞(dong)口，凡落地(di)的洞(dong)口應加裝開關式(shi)、工(gong)具式(shi)或(huo)固定式(shi)的防護門，門柵網(wang)絡的間距不(bu)應大(da)于15cm，也(ye)可采用防護欄桿(gan)，下設(she)擋腳板(ban)（笆）。

（5）下邊(bian)沿至樓板(ban)或底面低于(yu)80cm的窗臺等豎(shu)向(xiang)的洞口，如(ru)側邊(bian)落差大(da)于(yu)2m應加(jia)沒(mei)1.2m高的臨時(shi)護欄。

（6）洞口防護(hu)欄桿，通(tong)常采(cai)用鋼管。

（7）利用混凝土(tu)樓板，采用鋼筋(jin)網(wang)片或利用結構鋼筋(jin)或加密的鋼筋(jin)網(wang)片等。

3、臨(lin)邊(bian)：即(ji)陽(yang)臺邊(bian)、樓層邊(bian)、屋面邊(bian)、斜道邊(bian)、卸料平臺邊(bian)；

（1）基坑(keng)周邊(bian)、尚未裝(zhuang)欄(lan)板的陽臺(tai)、料(liao)臺(tai)與各種平臺(tai)周邊(bian)、雨篷(peng)與挑檐邊(bian)、無外腳(jiao)手(shou)架(jia)的屋面和(he)樓層邊(bian)，以(yi)及水箱與水塔周邊(bian)等(deng)處，都必須設置防護欄(lan)桿。

（2）分層(ceng)施工(gong)的(de)樓梯口和梯段(duan)邊，必須(xu)安裝(zhuang)臨邊防護欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿(gan)(gan)：頂層(ceng)樓梯口應(ying)隨(sui)工(gong)程結(jie)構的(de)進度安裝(zhuang)正(zheng)式欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿(gan)(gan)或者臨時欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿(gan)(gan)；梯段(duan)旁(pang)邊亦應(ying)設(she)置兩道欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿(gan)(gan)，作為臨時欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿(gan)(gan)。

（3）垂直(zhi)運輸設備如井架(jia)、施工用電梯等與建筑物相連接的通道兩(liang)側邊、亦需加(jia)設防護欄(lan)桿(gan)。欄(lan)桿(gan)的下部還必須加(jia)設檔(dang)腳板、擋腳竹(zhu)笆(ba)或者金屬網片。

搭設(she)臨邊防護欄(lan)桿(gan)時：

（1）上桿(gan)離地(di)高(gao)(gao)度為(wei)(wei)1.0-1.2m，下桿(gan)離地(di)高(gao)(gao)度為(wei)(wei)0.5-0.6m，坡(po)度大(da)于(yu)1:2.2的屋面，防護(hu)欄(lan)桿(gan)應(ying)高(gao)(gao)1.5m，并加掛安(an)全(quan)網。除(chu)經設計(ji)計(ji)算外，橫(heng)桿(gan)長度大(da)于(yu)2m，必(bi)須加設欄(lan)桿(gan)立柱。

（2）欄桿柱(zhu)的固定應符合(he)下列(lie)要求：

當在基坑(keng)四(si)周(zhou)固定時，可(ke)采(cai)用鋼筋并打入地面50-70cm深。鋼管(guan)離邊口的距離，不(bu)應小于50cm。當基坑(keng)周(zhou)邊采(cai)用板(ban)樁時，鋼管(guan)可(ke)打在板(ban)樁外(wai)側。

當在混凝土樓面、屋面或墻(qiang)面固定時(shi)，可(ke)用預埋件(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)鋼管或鋼筋焊(han)牢。采用竹、木欄桿時(shi)，可(ke)在預埋件(jian)(jian)上焊(han)接30cm長(chang)的50×5角鋼，其上下各(ge)鉆一條孔，然后(hou)用10mm螺栓與(yu)(yu)竹、木桿件(jian)(jian)栓牢。

當(dang)在(zai)磚或(huo)砌塊等砌體上固定時，可預先砌入規格(ge)相適應的(de)80×6彎轉扁鋼(gang)作預埋鐵的(de)混凝土塊，然后用上項方法固定。

（3）欄(lan)(lan)桿(gan)柱(zhu)的(de)固定及其(qi)與橫桿(gan)的(de)連接，其(qi)整體構造應使(shi)防護(hu)欄(lan)(lan)桿(gan)在上桿(gan)任(ren)(ren)何處，能經受任(ren)(ren)何方向的(de)1000N外(wai)力(li)。當欄(lan)(lan)桿(gan)所處位置(zhi)有發生(sheng)人群(qun)擁擠，車輛沖擊或物件(jian)碰(peng)撞(zhuang)等可有時，應加大橫桿(gan)截面或加密柱(zhu)距(ju)。

（4）防(fang)護欄(lan)桿(gan)必(bi)須自(zi)上而下用(yong)安全立(li)網封閉。

4、施(shi)工現(xian)場(chang)由專人每(mei)天(tian)對(dui)安全防護(hu)設施(shi)進行檢查，發現(xian)問題及時(shi)進行維護(hu)。

5、安全(quan)標志和安全(quan)防護(hu)

（1）安(an)全標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)：劃分(fen)安(an)全區域，充(chong)分(fen)和正確使用(yong)安(an)全標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)，布(bu)置適當的(de)安(an)全標(biao)語 和標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)牌，各種施(shi)工(gong)機械均需(xu)掛設操(cao)作規程(cheng)。

（2）安全防護(hu)：安全防護(hu)棚(peng)：在人員通道和臨(lin)近小區道路上方都應采用(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)搭(da)設安全防護(hu)棚(peng)，安全防護(hu)棚(peng)要滿鋪一(yi)層模板(ban)和一(yi)層安全網(wang)(wang)，側面用(yong)鋼(gang)筋網(wang)(wang)做防護(hu)欄(lan)板(ban)。

（八）深(shen)基坑開挖及一(yi)般(ban)土方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制要點

1、開挖準備：

（1）深基(ji)坑(keng)方案必須經專家(jia)組(zu)(zu)進行安全論證，并(bing)有施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)的專家(jia)論證意見(jian)及回復和專家(jia)組(zu)(zu)最(zui)終結論；施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)技術(shu)部門審批和監理審核；緊急預案；

（2）按(an)設(she)計或施工要(yao)求標高(gao)平整場地，清除和搬遷施工區域內(nei)地上，地下所(suo)有障礙物(wu)；

（3）做好防(fang)洪、排(pai)洪工作保證場地不積水；

（4）設置測量控制網，水準點要求設在不受基坑影(ying)響之處；

（5）挖土機(ji)械，降水設備試運轉正(zheng)常。

2、基坑排水：

（1）設(she)置有(you)效(xiao)的(de)地(di)面截水措施；

（2）基(ji)坑內設排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝，四角或每隔30-40m設置(zhi)直徑700-800MM集(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)。排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝、集(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)應(ying)在基(ji)礎輪廓線(xian)外。排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝邊緣離(li)開(kai)坡腳(jiao)不小于0.3M，坡度為0.1～0.5%，并(bing)應(ying)比地(di)面低(di)300-500MM，集(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)比排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝低(di)0.5-1.0M，并(bing)深于抽水(shui)(shui)閥深度，井(jing)壁應(ying)及(ji)時加(jia)固，集(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)內水(shui)(shui)及(ji)時排(pai)(pai)(pai)出。

3、開挖：

（1）深(shen)基坑開(kai)挖(wa)總原則：分層開(kai)挖(wa)，先撐(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)挖(wa)，邊(bian)撐(cheng)(cheng)邊(bian)挖(wa)，嚴格按設計要(yao)求控制每個層面(mian)深(shen)度，在(zai)各處挖(wa)土(tu)面(mian)支撐(cheng)(cheng)體系全(quan)部(bu)施工(gong)完畢，并達到設計要(yao)求強度70%后(hou)方可進(jin)行下一階段(duan)土(tu)方施工(gong)，先挖(wa)圍(wei)(wei)檁支撐(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)土(tu)體，并及(ji)時進(jin)行圍(wei)(wei)檁支撐(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)；

（2）采用機(ji)械開挖(wa)，地下水位低(di)于開挖(wa)底面0.5M；

（3）為防止(zhi)超(chao)挖，機械開挖至設計坑底或(huo)邊坡邊界預(yu)留(liu)30-50CM厚土層用人(ren)工開挖；

（4）挖土(tu)期間嚴(yan)禁挖土(tu)設備(bei)撞擊支撐體系，未經設計允許，嚴(yan)禁施(shi)(shi)工(gong)機械上支撐，圍(wei)檁施(shi)(shi)工(gong)；

（5）坑內預留(liu)土(tu)設(she)計，坡(po)度(du)應(ying)根據土(tu)質情況確定，一般高度(du)≤3.0M，坡(po)度(du)≤2。超過上述值(zhi)應(ying)分臺(tai)階(jie)留(liu)置(zhi)工坡(po)臺(tai)階(jie)寬度(du)≥3.0M；

（6）嚴格按設計要求控制基坑周圍(wei)地面超(chao)載，尤其是(shi)大型施工機械行走路線以及停靠地點；

（7）棄土(tu)(tu)應及時運出(chu)，如需堆土(tu)(tu)或留作(zuo)回(hui)填土(tu)(tu)用堆土(tu)(tu)坡腳(jiao)至坑邊距離(li)及堆土(tu)(tu)高度應嚴格(ge)按設計要求執行；

（8）基坑(keng)挖(wa)至土(tu)(tu)面后，應對坑(keng)底(di)找(zhao)平，如有小部份(fen)超(chao)挖(wa)，應用(yong)素填(tian)土(tu)(tu)，灰土(tu)(tu)或礫石(shi)回填(tian)，并整實(shi)至與(yu)地基土(tu)(tu)基本相同密實(shi)度；

（9）基坑開(kai)挖至設計挖土(tu)面后，應及時施工排水溝和集(ji)水井及墊層，控制圍護結構無支撐暴(bao)露時間控制在48小時以內。

5、監測：

在基坑(keng)降(jiang)水挖土(tu)階(jie)段，對支撐圍(wei)護結構(gou)及周(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)境要(yao)進行嚴密監測(ce)。發生事故(gu)險情(qing)及時處理。

6、風險分析：

隨(sui)著建(jian)筑(zhu)高度的不(bu)斷(duan)發展和(he)人類對在下空間要(yao)求(qiu)的不(bu)斷(duan)提高，深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目越來越多。但由于對地(di)基(ji)(ji)土(tu)認(ren)識(shi)不(bu)足，設計(ji)方法需要(yao)進一步(bu)改善，使(shi)得深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)風(feng)險(xian)相當大(da)。深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與前后(hou)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環節搭(da)接密切，前期(qi)圍護結(jie)構沒有保證質量或(huo)后(hou)期(qi)底板沒有及時施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，都可能引起(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)事(shi)故。除此之(zhi)外(wai)，深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)本(ben)身也(ye)要(yao)求(qiu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍要(yao)嚴(yan)格按規范要(yao)求(qiu)操作，否(fou)則圍護結(jie)構變形，導致周圍管(guan)線、道路、建(jian)筑(zhu)破壞(huai)，經濟損失(shi)和(he)社(she)會影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)難以估計(ji)。降水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)使(shi)用不(bu)當，將(jiang)(jiang)使(shi)周圍地(di)基(ji)(ji)土(tu)發生(sheng)不(bu)可恢(hui)復(fu)的差異沉降。深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)受天(tian)氣影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)是造成(cheng)風(feng)險(xian)系(xi)數大(da)的一個重(zhong)要(yao)因(yin)素，降雨將(jiang)(jiang)直(zhi)接引起(qi)基(ji)(ji)坑積(ji)水(shui)無法施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，或(huo)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)方、堆土(tu)邊坡失(shi)穩造成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)事(shi)故。

7、一般土方工程

（1）挖土中發現管(guan)道、電纜及其它埋設物應及時報告，不得擅自(zi)處理。

（2）挖土時要注(zhu)意土壁的穩定性，發現(xian)有裂縫及傾(qing)坍(tan)可能時，人員要立(li)即離開(kai)并及時處理。

（3）每(mei)日(ri)或(huo)雨后必須檢查(cha)土(tu)壁及(ji)支撐穩定情況(kuang)，在確保安全(quan)的(de)情況(kuang)下繼續(xu)工作，并且(qie)不得將(jiang)土(tu)和(he)其它(ta)物(wu)件堆在支撐上，不得在支撐下行走或(huo)站立。

（4）機械(xie)挖土，啟動前應檢查離合(he)器、鋼(gang)絲繩等，經空車試運轉正常后再開(kai)始作(zuo)業。

（5）機械不得在輸電(dian)線(xian)路下工(gong)作(zuo)，在輸電(dian)線(xian)路一側(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)，不論在任(ren)何情況下，機械的(de)任(ren)何部位與架(jia)空(kong)輸電(dian)線(xian)路的(de)最近距離應符合安全操(cao)作(zuo)規程要(yao)求。

（6）機械操作中進鏟不應過(guo)深(shen)，提升不應過(guo)猛。

（7）機械(xie)不(bu)得在輸(shu)電(dian)線路下工作(zuo)(zuo)，在輸(shu)電(dian)線路一側工作(zuo)(zuo)，不(bu)論在任(ren)何(he)(he)情(qing)況下，機械(xie)的(de)任(ren)何(he)(he)部位與架空輸(shu)電(dian)線路的(de)最近距離(li)應符合安全操作(zuo)(zuo)規程要(yao)求。

（8）機械應(ying)停在(zai)堅實的地基(ji)(ji)上，如基(ji)(ji)礎過差，應(ying)采(cai)取(qu)走道板等(deng)加固措施(shi)，不得將挖土機履(lv)帶與挖空的基(ji)(ji)坑平(ping)行(xing)。運土汽車(che)(che)不宜靠近基(ji)(ji)坑平(ping)行(xing)行(xing)駛，防(fang)止坍方翻車(che)(che)。

（9）電纜兩側(ce)一米范圍內應采用人工(gong)挖(wa)掘。

（10）向汽車上(shang)卸(xie)土應在車子停穩(wen)定后進行，禁(jin)止鏟斗從汽車駕駛(shi)室上(shang)越過。

（11）場內道路應(ying)及時整修(xiu)，確(que)保車輛安全暢通，各種車輛應(ying)有專(zhuan)人負責指揮(hui)引導。

（12）基坑開(kai)挖前(qian)，必須摸清基坑下的管線排列和地質開(kai)采資料(liao)，以利考慮開(kai)挖過程中的結構。

（13）清坡清底(di)人員必須根據設(she)計標高作好清底(di)工(gong)作，不(bu)得超挖。如(ru)果(guo)超挖不(bu)得將松土回填，以免影響基礎的質量。

（14）挖土機械不得(de)在施(shi)工(gong)中碰撞(zhuang)支撐，以免(mian)引起支撐破(po)壞或拉損(sun)。

（15）裝載機(ji)作業范(fan)圍不得有人(ren)平土(tu)。

（16）打夯機(ji)工作(zuo)前，應檢(jian)查電源線是否(fou)有缺(que)陷和(he)漏(lou)電，機(ji)械(xie)運轉是否(fou)正常，機(ji)械(xie)是否(fou)裝置漏(lou)電開關保護，按一(yi)機(ji)一(yi)開關安裝，機(ji)械(xie)不準帶病運轉，操作(zuo)人員應帶絕(jue)緣手套。

（九）施工機具

1、機具進(jin)場必須完好無損，大(da)型機具進(jin)場必須報驗，附合格證(zheng)或出廠檢測證(zheng)明，（安裝后(hou)須經驗收合格后(hou)方準使用(yong)）；

2、手持電動工具須有(you)可靠的接零(ling)保護措(cuo)施；

3、各(ge)種機具(ju)必須(xu)安(an)全防護裝置齊全完好，做好接(jie)地(di)接(jie)零保護；

4、機械操作人員持證上崗(gang)，遵守操作規程；

5、各(ge)種機具必(bi)須定時維修保養；

6、園盤鋸

要求項目部安全管理人員對操作人員進行(xing)專門的培訓：

（1）操作前檢查機械是(shi)否完好，并檢查刃鋒利(li)程度(du)及有(you)無斷或(huo)裂現象，如刀(dao)刃已(yi)鈍，應及時磨快(kuai)。

（2）裝好(hao)防護罩(zhao)運轉正常后方(fang)可進行(xing)正式(shi)工作

（3）操作時，操作者應站在鋸片(pian)左面的(de)位置(zhi)，不(bu)應與(yu)鋸片(pian)在同一直線上，以防木料(liao)彈出傷人。

（4）送料(liao)(liao)時(shi)(shi)不要(yao)用力過猛，木料(liao)(liao)拿平，不要(yao)擺動或抬高壓低，料(liao)(liao)到(dao)盡頭時(shi)(shi)不要(yao)用手推按，以(yi)防(fang)鋸(ju)片傷手指。如兩人同(tong)時(shi)(shi)操作時(shi)(shi)，下手應待料(liao)(liao)出(chu)鋸(ju)臺150mm以(yi)上，方(fang)可接拉。鋸(ju)短木料(liao)(liao)時(shi)(shi)，必須(xu)用推桿送料(liao)(liao)。木料(liao)(liao)卡住鋸(ju)片時(shi)(shi)，應立即停車后(hou)處理。

（5）操作人(ren)員衣袖要(yao)扎緊(jin)，不準帶手套。

（6）應嚴(yan)格按規定選用熔絲，嚴(yan)禁隨意改用代用品。

（7）木(mu)工間、棚應有明顯的(de)防火標(biao)示，配備消防器材(cai)，嚴格禁止(zhi)吸煙。

（8）鋸料時帶好防(fang)護眼鏡(jing)，開關(guan)如損壞應及時修理，不能用倒順開關(guan)代替(ti)。

7、鋼筋機械：

要求項目(mu)部(bu)安(an)全管理人員(yuan)對(dui)操(cao)作人員(yuan)進行(xing)專門的培訓：

（1）鋼筋斷料、配料、彎料等工作應在地面進行，不準在高空操作。

（2）搬運鋼筋要注意附(fu)近有無障礙物，架空電(dian)線和(he)其(qi)它臨(lin)時電(dian)氣設備，防止(zhi)鋼筋在(zai)迥轉時被撞電(dian)線或發后觸電(dian)事故。

（3）切割(ge)機使用前，須檢查機械運(yun)轉(zhuan)是否(fou)正常，有否(fou)漏電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)源線須進漏電(dian)(dian)開關，切割(ge)機后方不準堆放易燃(ran)物品。

（4）鋼筋(jin)頭子應及時清理，成品(pin)堆放要整(zheng)齊(qi)，工作臺要穩(wen)，鋼筋(jin)工作棚照明燈必須加(jia)網罩。

（5）在雷雨時必須停止露(lu)天(tian)操作，預(yu)防雷擊(ji)鋼筋(jin)傷人

（6）使(shi)用振(zhen)動機前應檢查電源(yuan)電壓(ya)，輸(shu)電必(bi)須安(an)裝(zhuang)漏電開關，保護電源(yuan)線(xian)(xian)路是(shi)否良好，電源(yuan)線(xian)(xian)不得(de)有接頭，機械運轉是(shi)否正常(chang)，振(zhen)動機移動時，不得(de)硬拉(la)電線(xian)(xian)，更不能在鋼筋和其他(ta)銳利物上拖拉(la)，防止割破拉(la)斷電線(xian)(xian)而造成觸電傷亡事故。

（十）模板工程監理控制要點

前提：施(shi)(shi)工方案必(bi)須(xu)(xu)經施(shi)(shi)工單位技(ji)術部門審(shen)批和監理(li)審(shen)核（如有(you)高支模必(bi)須(xu)(xu)經專(zhuan)家論(lun)證）；施(shi)(shi)工單位安全(quan)管理(li)人(ren)員必(bi)須(xu)(xu)進行相關的安全(quan)交底(di)；

1、進入施工現場人員(yuan)必須戴好安全帽。

2、工(gong)作(zuo)前應先(xian)檢查使用(yong)的工(gong)具(ju)是否(fou)牢固，板(ban)手等工(gong)具(ju)必(bi)須用(yong)繩系掛(gua)在身上，釘子必(bi)須放(fang)在工(gong)具(ju)袋內。工(gong)作(zuo)時要思想集中，防止釘子扎腳(jiao)。

3、兩(liang)人(ren)抬(tai)運模(mo)(mo)板(ban)時(shi)要互相配合，協同工作。傳(chuan)遞模(mo)(mo)板(ban)工具應用(yong)運輸工具或繩子系牢后(hou)升降(jiang)，不(bu)得亂拋。

4、不得在腳手(shou)架上(shang)堆放大批模板等材(cai)料。

5、支(zhi)撐(cheng)過程中，如需中途(tu)停歇，應(ying)將支(zhi)撐(cheng)、搭頭、柱頭板等釘(ding)牢。

6、拆(chai)除(chu)模(mo)板一(yi)般(ban)用長撬棒，人不(bu)許站在(zai)正(zheng)在(zai)拆(chai)除(chu)的模(mo)板上。

7、裝、拆模(mo)板時禁止使用2*4木料、鋼(gang)模(mo)板作立人(ren)板。

8、拆(chai)模必(bi)須一次性拆(chai)清，不得留(liu)下(xia)無撐模板。拆(chai)下(xia)的模板要及時清理，堆放(fang)整齊。

9、封柱子模(mo)板時，不準從頂部往下套。

10、禁(jin)止用2*4木料(liao)作頂撐。

（十(shi)一）墻體施工安(an)全(quan)控制要點(dian)

1、在操作之(zhi)前(qian)必須檢查(cha)操作環境(jing)是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合安(an)全要(yao)求，道(dao)路是(shi)(shi)否暢通，機具是(shi)(shi)否完(wan)好牢固，安(an)全設施和(he)防(fang)護用(yong)品是(shi)(shi)否齊全，經檢查(cha)符(fu)合要(yao)求后才可施工。

2、砌(qi)基(ji)礎(chu)時，應檢查和經常注(zhu)意(yi)基(ji)坑(keng)土質變(bian)化情(qing)況(kuang)，有無(wu)崩裂現象，堆(dui)放(fang)磚塊材(cai)料應離開坑(keng)邊1M以上。

3、墻身砌體高度超(chao)過地坪1.2m以上時，應搭設腳(jiao)(jiao)手架，在(zai)一層以上或高度超(chao)過4m時，采(cai)用(yong)里腳(jiao)(jiao)手架必須支搭安全網，采(cai)用(yong)外腳(jiao)(jiao)手架應設防護身欄桿和擋腳(jiao)(jiao)板后方可砌筑。

4、腳(jiao)手(shou)架上(shang)堆放料量不得(de)超過規定(ding)荷載，堆磚高度(du)不得(de)超過3皮(pi)側磚，同一塊腳(jiao)手(shou)板上(shang)的(de)操作人員不應超過2人。

5、不準站在墻頂上(shang)做劃線、刮縫和(he)清掃墻面或檢查大角(jiao)垂直(zhi)等工(gong)作。

6、磚(zhuan)料運輸車輛兩車前后距離平道上不(bu)小于(yu)2米，坡道上不(bu)小于(yu)10米，裝磚(zhuan)時要(yao)先取高處后取低處，防止倒塌傷(shang)人。

7、如遇(yu)雨(yu)天(tian)及每(mei)天(tian)下(xia)班時，要(yao)做好防(fang)雨(yu)措施，以防(fang)雨(yu)水(shui)沖(chong)走砂漿，使得砌體倒塌(ta)。

8、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)水、電安裝(zhuang)人員的在墻(qiang)面(mian)開(kai)鑿(zao)橫槽現象(xiang)；9）嚴禁控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)每日墻(qiang)體(ti)施工的高度(du)（1.8M以下），

（十二）臨時用電安(an)全控制(zhi)要點

施工方案必須經施工單位技(ji)術部門審批和監(jian)理審核；

1、在拉設臨時電(dian)源時，電(dian)線(xian)(xian)應架空，過道處須(xu)用鋼管(guan)保護(hu)，不能亂拖亂拉，電(dian)線(xian)(xian)被車物碾壓(ya)。

2、電箱內電氣設備應完整無缺(que)，設有專(zhuan)用(yong)漏電保護開(kai)關（一(yi)(yi)機一(yi)(yi)閘一(yi)(yi)箱一(yi)(yi)鎖一(yi)(yi)保險）。

3、所有移動(dong)電具，都應(ying)在漏電開關(guan)保(bao)護器中(zhong)，電線(xian)無(wu)破損，插(cha)頭(tou)插(cha)座應(ying)完整，嚴禁(jin)不用(yong)插(cha)頭(tou)而用(yong)電線(xian)直接插(cha)入插(cha)座內，電箱內不得使(shi)用(yong)多用(yong)插(cha)座。

4、燒、焊接或氣割時，要持特(te)殊工種操作證，要有監(jian)護人(ren)員(yuan)并配備滅火器材(cai)。

5、材料間、更衣室(shi)不(bu)得(de)(de)使用(yong)超(chao)過60W以上燈(deng)泡，嚴禁使用(yong)碘(dian)鎢燈(deng)和家用(yong)電(dian)加熱器（包括電(dian)爐、電(dian)熱杯、熱得(de)(de)快、電(dian)飯煲）取暖、燒水、烹飪。

6、電氣設備所(suo)用保險絲(si)額外(wai)電流應與(yu)其(qi)負荷(he)容量相適應，禁止用其(qi)它金屬(shu)代替保險絲(si)。

7、辦公室、宿舍等(deng)照明安裝導線(xian)(xian)應(ying)用絕緣子固定，不準用花線(xian)(xian)、塑(su)料膠質(zhi)線(xian)(xian)亂拉。

現場(chang)所用各種(zhong)電線絕緣(yuan)不準有老化、破(po)皮、漏電等現象。

8、電(dian)器三級配電(dian)二級保(bao)護，所有(you)金屬(shu)外殼(ke)，電(dian)機均(jun)要接地。

五、安(an)全監理工作臺帳(zhang)管理

1、建(jian)立“安(an)全監理(li)工作臺帳”的(de)總體要求

監(jian)理(li)項(xiang)目部應(ying)(ying)獨立設置(zhi)“安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺帳(zhang)”，由安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師負責日常資料登錄和管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。項(xiang)目總監(jian)應(ying)(ying)每月不(bu)少(shao)于(yu)一次(ci)對(dui)“安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺帳(zhang)”中(zhong)(zhong)資料的(de)及時性和有效性進行(xing)檢查。項(xiang)目總監(jian)也可根據本工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)實際要求調整“安(an)全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺帳(zhang)”所收錄資料的(de)內容(rong)，但不(bu)得少(shao)于(yu)本工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相關法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)及規(gui)定中(zhong)(zhong)所示目錄規(gui)定的(de)內容(rong)；

2、“安全監理工作(zuo)臺帳(zhang)”的編制(zhi)內容

“安(an)全(quan)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)帳(zhang)”可按“監理(li)項目部(bu)安(an)全(quan)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)帳(zhang)(目錄)（表2）”所示內容進行(xing)編制(zhi)和記(ji)錄。需要(yao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)提供的安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)驗收資料及相關(guan)要(yao)求應(ying)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前書(shu)面通知施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)。安(an)全(quan)監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師在日常監理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中應(ying)做(zuo)到外業(ye)(ye)和內業(ye)(ye)資料同步,必(bi)要(yao)時應(ying)要(yao)求施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包單位(wei)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補齊相關(guan)的安(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)資料；

3、“安(an)全監理工作臺帳(zhang)”的編制(zhi)要(yao)求

1、“監(jian)理(li)項(xiang)目部安全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)體(ti)系資料(liao)管理(li)”應包括(kuo)各類指導開展安全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的組織(zhi)形式、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)程序、制(zhi)度和(he)細則。上(shang)述內容的編(bian)制(zhi)可(ke)參照本工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)相關法(fa)律法(fa)規及規定(ding)的相關要(yao)求，也可(ke)根據工(gong)程項(xiang)目實際情況進行(xing)編(bian)制(zhi)。同(tong)時項(xiang)目總監(jian)應書面確定(ding)安全監(jian)理(li)工(gong)程師的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)職責和(he)權限；

2、“監理項目(mu)部安全(quan)監理工作(zuo)(zuo)資(zi)源(yuan)管理”中(zhong)的(de)相關資(zi)料應按實際情況及時進行調整，對所(suo)使用的(de)各(ge)類規范和標準(zhun)應注意(yi)檢查其有效性(xing)。如有作(zuo)(zuo)廢應明確(que)標識，并回(hui)收作(zuo)(zuo)廢文本予以銷(xiao)毀(hui)；

3、”監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)項(xiang)目部安全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工作內部資料(liao)管理(li)”中的相(xiang)關資料(liao)應確(que)保(bao)簽(qian)字和蓋(gai)章正確(que)，不得出(chu)現無權和越級簽(qian)字的現象，同(tong)時做好文件收發(fa)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)。各類資料(liao)應順(shun)序編號(hao)，并建立”質量記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)清單”予以登記(ji)(ji)。所(suo)發(fa)出(chu)的“安全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工程師通知單”應附(fu)相(xiang)應的回復驗收記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)；

“監(jian)理項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)安(an)全(quan)監(jian)理工作(zuo)外部(bu)資(zi)料管理”中的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)資(zi)料應請施工承包(bao)單位履行必(bi)要的(de)書面報驗手續，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)資(zi)料應齊全(quan)并且責(ze)任人員(yuan)簽字蓋(gai)章(zhang)完備。

篇7

關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：高(gao)速公路(lu)；工程建設；安全(quan)管理

0引言

高(gao)速(su)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)社會經濟持續增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎保障，我國當(dang)前的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速(su)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)正處(chu)于一個高(gao)速(su)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段，但是(shi)由(you)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)自身勞動密集型(xing)特點，導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全生產問題愈(yu)加嚴重(zhong)，屢(lv)屢(lv)發生的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)事故，帶來(lai)了嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)傷(shang)(shang)亡和(he)(he)財產損失(shi)，在(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上制(zhi)約高(gao)速(su)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)發展(zhan)。尤其是(shi)近些年來(lai)，高(gao)速(su)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中，新材料、新技術(shu)、新工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)以(yi)及新設(she)備(bei)大量(liang)應用其中，這就(jiu)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全提(ti)出(chu)了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，進(jin)一步在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中落實安(an)全生產責任制(zhi)。安(an)全管理作為(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理中重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分，應該貫穿于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，提(ti)升(sheng)人員(yuan)安(an)全意識，嚴格遵循規章(zhang)制(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求(qiu)進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)避免安(an)全事故出(chu)現，提(ti)升(sheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)。由(you)此看來(lai)，加強高(gao)速(su)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)安(an)全管理研(yan)究十分關鍵，對于后續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作開展(zhan)具有(you)一定參考價(jia)值。

1工程概況

以(yi)國家高(gao)速(su)公路(lu)某(mou)路(lu)段(duan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為例，主線全(quan)(quan)長(chang)為51.762km，由鄰近兩(liang)省分別(bie)建(jian)設和(he)管理(li)。本工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全(quan)(quan)場30755km，橋(qiao)梁總(zong)長(chang)8.423km，路(lu)基總(zong)長(chang)為22.75km。路(lu)基全(quan)(quan)場軟基加固處理(li)和(he)長(chang)江口(kou)細砂(sha)大(da)規模(mo)應用，同(tong)時引進(jin)更(geng)加成(cheng)熟的(de)環保施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術，在滿足工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)需要的(de)同(tong)時，提升工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)生態環保效益(yi)(yi)(yi)，盡可(ke)能降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對周圍環境(jing)帶來的(de)破壞和(he)影響(xiang)[1]。在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設中(zhong)，堅持安全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)原(yuan)則，完善規章(zhang)制度(du)(du)和(he)管理(li)體系，增加資金投(tou)入，定期組織人員培訓，從多種角度(du)(du)來強(qiang)化安全(quan)(quan)管理(li)，盡可(ke)能降低(di)安全(quan)(quan)事故的(de)出現，促使施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)生產有序開展(zhan)，創造更(geng)大(da)的(de)經濟效益(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)社(she)會效益(yi)(yi)(yi)。

2高速(su)公(gong)路工(gong)程建設中(zhong)安全管理中(zhong)存在的問(wen)題

2.1缺乏專(zhuan)門的安全(quan)管(guan)理機構(gou)

隨著社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步和發(fa)展，我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)法規(gui)也在(zai)不斷完(wan)善和創新，很多工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目為(wei)了(le)(le)能夠有(you)序(xu)推進工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)活動開(kai)展，需要(yao)建(jian)立(li)專(zhuan)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)(gou)。但(dan)同時(shi)，還有(you)極個別(bie)現象(xiang)，由(you)于(yu)受到傳統觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，為(wei)了(le)(le)能夠有(you)效降(jiang)低資金投入(ru)，獲得更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益，未能嚴格遵循工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)要(yao)求配備專(zhuan)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)人員，或是人員安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)資源(yuan)不充分，導致安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)(gou)未能發(fa)揮出原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。即便(bian)部(bu)分單位設立(li)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)(gou)，也是為(wei)了(le)(le)應付上級部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)流于(yu)表面，后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)教育工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)同樣(yang)無(wu)法有(you)序(xu)開(kai)展[2]。

2.2施工人員專業素(su)質不(bu)高

在(zai)(zai)高(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作成效(xiao)高(gao)低將直接(jie)關乎(hu)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)整(zheng)體建設(she)質(zhi)量，而我國的高(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作由于(yu)起(qi)步較(jiao)晚，所(suo)以管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作不(bu)(bu)夠規范(fan)，還存在(zai)(zai)著(zhu)很多局限(xian)性。高(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)，前期主(zhu)(zhu)要是以道路建設(she)為主(zhu)(zhu)，由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)自身(shen)特(te)性，存在(zai)(zai)一系列(lie)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，無形(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)威脅著(zhu)人員(yuan)(yuan)的生命安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。當前高(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患種(zhong)類較(jiao)為多樣，存在(zai)(zai)一種(zhong)重(zhong)生產(chan)輕(qing)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的現象。此外，高(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)由于(yu)專業(ye)(ye)素質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)高(gao)，對于(yu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規范(fan)和(he)技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)了解不(bu)(bu)充分(fen)(fen)所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)未能(neng)嚴格遵(zun)循(xun)要求和(he)落實，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作原有(you)作用(yong)發(fa)揮不(bu)(bu)充分(fen)(fen)，難以及時有(you)效(xiao)地解決其中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，進而出現了一系列(lie)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故，帶來了十分(fen)(fen)嚴重(zhong)的后果(guo)。同時，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識淡(dan)薄，部分(fen)(fen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)責任(ren)心不(bu)(bu)強，還有(you)部分(fen)(fen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)臨時頂替，上崗(gang)前并未經過專業(ye)(ye)培(pei)訓和(he)考核，自身(shen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知識缺乏，在(zai)(zai)現場不(bu)(bu)能(neng)發(fa)現問(wen)題(ti)和(he)有(you)效(xiao)處置問(wen)題(ti)，存在(zai)(zai)一系列(lie)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患。

2.3安全設備(bei)和(he)管理流(liu)程(cheng)混亂

在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)中，安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)基礎設(she)備和用具(ju)是否能(neng)夠(gou)有效落實到(dao)實處，將直接影響到(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量和安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，需要投入(ru)專門(men)的費(fei)用予以支(zhi)持，為施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)提供安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)。但(dan)是有一(yi)部分施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位為了降低(di)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)成本，安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)設(she)備投入(ru)力度小，配備不足，導致施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)人員(yuan)生命財產(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)無法獲得安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)。此外，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中，由于安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意識不足，未能(neng)嚴格遵循(xun)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)流程(cheng)開展工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，致使管理(li)流程(cheng)混亂，埋下了一(yi)系列安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，還有待(dai)進(jin)一(yi)步完善和創(chuang)新[3]。

3高速公路(lu)工程的(de)安全管理

3.1安全控(kong)制難點(dian)

本工程(cheng)在建設期間，不同(tong)施工階段(duan)的(de)施工難點不同(tong)，需要(yao)結合(he)實(shi)際情(qing)況尋(xun)求合(he)理的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)控制措(cuo)(cuo)施。主要(yao)表現(xian)在以(yi)下幾個(ge)方(fang)面：其一，采砂(sha)和填(tian)料(liao)砂(sha)的(de)汽車運輸安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)問題；其二，工程(cheng)施工中(zhong)涉及到的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)用電(dian)、深(shen)基坑、高支(zhi)模(mo)、移(yi)動模(mo)架現(xian)澆梁(liang)以(yi)及大跨度懸澆連續梁(liang)等等，需要(yao)施工單位予以(yi)高度重視(shi)，建立完(wan)善(shan)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理體制，有效(xiao)將安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理措(cuo)(cuo)施落實(shi)到實(shi)處；其三，主線貫通后的(de)交通安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)控制。

3.2安全管理過程

①宣(xuan)傳平(ping)(ping)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地理(li)(li)(li)念，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)到每(mei)個(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)人員，并且充(chong)分(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)自身(shen)優(you)勢，堅(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)、安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)程序化(hua)等原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，切實(shi)(shi)將安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產各(ge)項規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)到實(shi)(shi)處，確保(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)動有(you)(you)序開展(zhan)(zhan)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)培訓(xun)教(jiao)育水平(ping)(ping)，盡(jin)可(ke)能降(jiang)低(di)其(qi)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)，確保(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)活(huo)動有(you)(you)序開展(zhan)(zhan)。②加強風險分(fen)(fen)析和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)，有(you)(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風險管理(li)(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)點。這就要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)在前期(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程準(zhun)備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)，能夠進行(xing)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程風險評(ping)估和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)環(huan)境影響評(ping)估，加強深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑、高(gao)處作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)、臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)用電和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)大(da)型機械設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用等環(huan)節風險分(fen)(fen)析；編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)案，為后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)序開展(zhan)(zhan)打下(xia)堅(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。③三化(hua)建設和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成效，在大(da)力推廣平(ping)(ping)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應該盡(jin)力推動施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)程序化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，進一(yi)步規(gui)范施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)動，促使(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)注重工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)創新(xin)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)成效。首(shou)先，結(jie)合當地工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，吸收和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)借(jie)鑒以(yi)往標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)驗，在觀(guan)摩基(ji)(ji)礎上進一(yi)步制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)管理(li)(li)(li)規(gui)定(ding)，明確施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)環(huan)境，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，營造(zao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)環(huan)境。其(qi)次(ci)，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)先方(fang)(fang)案后施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，優(you)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)程，搭建臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)裝置，做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)深(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)大(da)型設備(bei)拆裝等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，盡(jin)可(ke)能降(jiang)低(di)收縮(suo)裂縫(feng)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)(you)效提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)速公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案進行(xing)嚴格審核，做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)預案分(fen)(fen)級(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)際演練，有(you)(you)序落(luo)實(shi)(shi)結(jie)構施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，避免(mian)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。再次(ci)，組織召開安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產例(li)會，評(ping)估工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，定(ding)期(qi)(qi)進行(xing)評(ping)比，接受上級(ji)(ji)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)，協調多個(ge)部門檢查和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)監督(du)，盡(jin)可(ke)能降(jiang)低(di)其(qi)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量。最后，要(yao)(yao)(yao)合理(li)(li)(li)使(shi)(shi)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設資金，盡(jin)可(ke)能避免(mian)成本費(fei)用浪費(fei)問題出現(xian)(xian)(xian)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資金利用效率。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍(wu)執行(xing)力，每(mei)周具有(you)(you)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝學習和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)了(le)解文件精神(shen)，為后續(xu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)序開展(zhan)(zhan)打下(xia)堅(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。

4高速(su)公路工程建設安全管理(li)的有(you)效對策(ce)

4.1落實責(ze)任制度，建立完善(shan)的懲處制度

在高(gao)速公(gong)路工(gong)程建(jian)設安全(quan)管理工(gong)作中，為了保(bao)證(zheng)各(ge)項施(shi)工(gong)活動有序開展，提(ti)升施(shi)工(gong)質量和安全(quan)，需要進(jin)一(yi)步落(luo)實責(ze)任制度，推行一(yi)崗(gang)雙(shuang)責(ze)，堅持安全(quan)第一(yi)，預防為主的原(yuan)則(ze)。加強各(ge)個(ge)部(bu)門之間的合作與(yu)交流(liu)，業主是責(ze)任主體，勘察設計單位(wei)則(ze)負責(ze)工(gong)程設計工(gong)作，同時(shi)也是施(shi)工(gong)安全(quan)的首要前提(ti)；監理單位(wei)負責(ze)工(gong)程安全(quan)監理工(gong)作，一(yi)旦發(fa)現安全(quan)隱患及(ji)時(shi)予(yu)以解決。對(dui)于營造安全(quan)氛圍十分重要，通過多種競賽方(fang)式，建(jian)立完善的懲處制度，來調(diao)動員工(gong)工(gong)作積極性，提(ti)升各(ge)方(fang)的安全(quan)管理意識(shi)[4]。

4.2完善(shan)規章(zhang)制度，加強獎懲和執行力度

選擇本(ben)區域內(nei)最具代表性的施(shi)工合同段為基礎，結(jie)合上(shang)級相關部門要(yao)(yao)求，聯(lian)合施(shi)工單位安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度(du)內(nei)容，結(jie)合實際情(qing)況進行編制，同時注重制度(du)內(nei)容的不斷完善和(he)(he)(he)創新(xin)。在日常檢查(cha)工作中，堅持安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度(du)的核心地位，確保各項檢查(cha)工作有序開(kai)展。最后，還要(yao)(yao)建立示范(fan)體系，根據實際情(qing)況審批安(an)全(quan)專項方案(an)，提(ti)升人員(yuan)(yuan)專業素質和(he)(he)(he)責任意識(shi)；優化設備和(he)(he)(he)人員(yuan)(yuan)臺賬更新(xin)和(he)(he)(he)報備流程，落實日常安(an)全(quan)檢修和(he)(he)(he)維護(hu)工作；規范(fan)安(an)全(quan)檢查(cha)工作，對安(an)全(quan)教育范(fan)圍、內(nei)容和(he)(he)(he)頻率提(ti)出了更高的要(yao)(yao)求。

4.3把握工(gong)程安全(quan)(quan)管理重點，降(jiang)低(di)安全(quan)(quan)隱患

在(zai)高速公路工(gong)程建設(she)中，安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)首先需(xu)要(yao)(yao)明確工(gong)程管(guan)理(li)(li)重點，盡可能降低其(qi)中的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，確保施(shi)工(gong)活(huo)動(dong)可以安(an)全(quan)(quan)有序進行(xing)(xing)。基于此，加強業主、施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)和(he)監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)溝(gou)通和(he)聯系，有針對性(xing)解決(jue)其(qi)中存在(zai)的(de)(de)問題；結合項(xiang)目特點，業主需(xu)要(yao)(yao)同施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)和(he)監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)進行(xing)(xing)充分(fen)的(de)(de)溝(gou)通，明確安(an)全(quan)(quan)標準，有針對性(xing)把握管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)要(yao)(yao)點[5]。發揮(hui)業主的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)能力，定期(qi)或(huo)不定期(qi)到施(shi)工(gong)現場進行(xing)(xing)檢查，確保各項(xiang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)落實(shi)到實(shi)處。

4.4建立完善的安全(quan)監(jian)管體系(xi)，提升人員整體素質

為(wei)了確保(bao)高速公(gong)路工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)活(huo)動有序(xu)開展，應該注(zhu)重建立完善(shan)的(de)安(an)全監管體(ti)系。首先，充分提升對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全的(de)重視程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)，嚴格遵循相(xiang)關規章制度(du)開展工(gong)作，對于其中(zhong)存在的(de)問題，要有針對性的(de)分析(xi)，尋求(qiu)合理(li)措施(shi)予以解決，確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)活(huo)動可以安(an)全有序(xu)進行。

5結論

綜上所(suo)述，在高速公路工程(cheng)建設中，應該進一步提(ti)升安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理重視程(cheng)度，創新(xin)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理理念和管(guan)(guan)(guan)理方(fang)法(fa)，運用現(xian)代化技術輔助管(guan)(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo)開展，盡可能降(jiang)低(di)安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)出現(xian)，提(ti)升安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理成效。

參考文獻：

[1]王(wang)剛.高速公路工程建設(she)安全管理(li)對(dui)策分析(xi)[J].城(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)理(li)論研究，2014，22（10）.

[2]顧小(xiao)路，李傳元.改擴建(jian)公路工程(cheng)建(jian)設中通車安全措(cuo)施(shi)的探究(jiu)[J].商品與質量，2016，25（30）：288.

[3]李超紅(hong).試論高速(su)公路(lu)工程建設(she)的安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)措施[J].建筑工程技術與設(she)計(ji)，2016，13（22）：1580.

[4]莊利強(qiang)，余(yu)德(de)運.申嘉湖高速公(gong)路(lu)雙壁路(lu)塹(qian)開(kai)挖爆(bao)破(po)安全(quan)管理[J].爆(bao)破(po)，2015，23（1）：98-100.

篇8

關鍵詞:水閘(zha)安全控制(zhi)制(zhi)定措施

中圖分類號：P624.8 文獻(xian)標識碼：A 文章編(bian)號：

1 前言

安徽新(xin)建或擴建的水閘工(gong)(gong)(gong)程多為(wei)干支流河道(dao)上的排澇閘, 一般橫跨河道(dao)布置,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既受洪(hong)水、交(jiao)通等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素(su)制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue), 又需(xu)與連接堤壩加固施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)協調(diao), 還具(ju)有(you)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)范(fan)圍大、基坑開挖深等(deng)(deng)特點(dian)。大中型水閘工(gong)(gong)(gong)程, 通常施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)跨三(san)個年(nian)(nian)度, 即在汛(xun)后及早開工(gong)(gong)(gong),第一個枯水期主要完(wan)成水下工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong), 第二個枯水期完(wan)建。由于一些水閘工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)程往(wang)往(wang)限于樞紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程度汛(xun)或關聯建筑(zhu)物施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)替導流等(deng)(deng)要求, 其完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃不得延遲,而(er)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)間(jian)受當年(nian)(nian)汛(xun)情影響或基建程序等(deng)(deng)客觀(guan)因(yin)素(su)制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue),實(shi)際開工(gong)(gong)(gong)甚至(zhi)遲至(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)初, 為(wei)滿足當年(nian)(nian)度汛(xun)和總體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進(jin)度要求,必須采(cai)取應(ying)急措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi), 合理安排施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)并有(you)效控制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)度。

2應(ying)急(ji)措施實(shi)施面(mian)臨的問題

對(dui)于應(ying)急水閘工(gong)(gong)程, 因籌(chou)備工(gong)(gong)作占用(yong)汛后枯水期時間,造(zao)成(cheng)開工(gong)(gong)遲、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備倉促, 實(shi)(shi)施(shi)面(mian)臨的(de)首要問(wen)題是創造(zao)良好(hao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程建設條件, 其次是如何在(zai)汛前有限的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)時間內達到安全度汛工(gong)(gong)程面(mian)貌, 應(ying)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中潛在(zai)的(de)可(ke)變因素。制(zhi)定應(ying)急措(cuo)施(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)方案(an), 應(ying)本(ben)著盡快創造(zao)開工(gong)(gong)條件及構(gou)建和諧工(gong)(gong)的(de)原則, 重點應(ying)解決下列(lie)關鍵問(wen)題

2.1進場交(jiao)通(tong)和工程用地

提前(qian)規劃(hua)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)交通工程, 創造施(shi)工進場交通條(tiao)件, 關系到盡快(kuai)打(da)開施(shi)工局(ju)面(mian)。落實(shi)(shi)工程用地(di)(di)是實(shi)(shi)施(shi)部署的首(shou)要(yao)問題(ti), 充分利用洪水位(wei)以上有限場地(di)(di)或營造施(shi)工布(bu)置(zhi)場地(di)(di), 優(you)化臨建(jian)布(bu)置(zhi), 特別要(yao)在汛前(qian)準(zhun)備好避洪場所(suo), 因其涉及到施(shi)工全(quan)局(ju)規劃(hua)。

2.2分標實施(shi)與銜接控制

制定(ding)周密的(de)計劃, 確保各參建(jian)方有序協(xie)作是實施管(guan)理的(de)中心任務。施工(gong)(gong)安排上應加(jia)強各標(biao)段包括(kuo)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)堤壩加(jia)固(gu)或(huo)堵(du)口復堤等(deng)工(gong)(gong)程之間的(de)協(xie)調配合, 提前安排建(jian)材、閘(zha)門(men)和機電設備的(de)供貨計劃, 明確各工(gong)(gong)種的(de)施工(gong)(gong)計劃與工(gong)(gong)期目標(biao), 使工(gong)(gong)序上環(huan)環(huan)相(xiang)扣, 整體(ti)銜接(jie)協(xie)調。

2.3基(ji)坑降水及土方施工方案

考(kao)慮(lv)到汛期(qi)(qi)(qi)存在基坑(keng)(keng)過(guo)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)可能, 必須結合(he)(he)度汛要(yao)求優(you)化施工作業組織, 尤其是(shi)在重(zhong)點推進(jin)(jin)基坑(keng)(keng)部分工程施工的(de)(de)第一個汛前期(qi)(qi)(qi), 應同(tong)(tong)時兼顧后期(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)程的(de)(de)合(he)(he)理銜接。關鍵之一是(shi)優(you)選施工降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)方(fang)案, 深基坑(keng)(keng)區域的(de)(de)施工降(jiang)(jiang)排水(shui)(shui), 關系到樁基施工質量(liang)、進(jin)(jin)度控制, 以及基坑(keng)(keng)穩定(ding)和土方(fang)施工需要(yao)關鍵之二是(shi)統(tong)籌規(gui)劃(hua)土方(fang)調配, 由(you)于土方(fang)施工工期(qi)(qi)(qi)長, 受外(wai)在因(yin)素影響(xiang)大, 各部位的(de)(de)填(tian)筑要(yao)求不(bu)同(tong)(tong), 挖填(tian)結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)時機(ji)難以把握, 因(yin)此, 需要(yao)結合(he)(he)基坑(keng)(keng)降(jiang)(jiang)排水(shui)(shui)、分期(qi)(qi)(qi)開挖和料場開采進(jin)(jin)行合(he)(he)理部署。

2.4控制重(zhong)要部位(wei)施工質量

其(qi)(qi)一, 基(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)程易制約工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進(jin)度(du)(du), 應從技術、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程及試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)與(yu)檢(jian)測手段上加(jia)強控制, 處理好臨時(shi)(shi)圍封截滲及永(yong)久基(ji)礎加(jia)固工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的進(jin)度(du)(du)與(yu)質量關(guan)系。其(qi)(qi)二, 水閘(zha)鹼工(gong)(gong)(gong)程外(wai)露面大(da)、板式結構多, 施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)受外(wai)界溫度(du)(du)劇變等條件(jian)影響, 泵送鹼快速澆筑易產生裂縫, 應安(an)(an)排在(zai)合(he)適的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)機(ji)并采(cai)取必要措施(shi)。其(qi)(qi)三, 閘(zha)門門體(ti)尺寸較大(da), 制作與(yu)門槽安(an)(an)裝要求(qiu)精度(du)(du)高, 且難(nan)以進(jin)行充水試(shi)(shi)驗(yan), 施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中應優化閘(zha)門制作方案, 并從預埋件(jian)開始加(jia)強安(an)(an)裝現場的質量控制。

3應(ying)急措施的實施對策

3.1預控影響因素

應(ying)急水閘工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)影響(xiang)因(yin)素較復(fu)雜(za), 呈現出(chu)可(ke)變(bian)性(xing)和(he)(he)不(bu)均衡性(xing), 歸納起來, 需要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)控(kong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)有個方面(mian)第一、落實(shi)(shi)參(can)建(jian)單位的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度。對于待(dai)批涉及(ji)的(de)(de)有關(guan)政府(fu)職能部門(men), 往往難(nan)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行協調控(kong)制(zhi), 在(zai)(zai)提前招標計(ji)劃工(gong)(gong)期上(shang)(shang)應(ying)留有余(yu)地。第二、預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)防較大的(de)(de)設計(ji)變(bian)更。在(zai)(zai)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)分部工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)前, 應(ying)進(jin)(jin)行圖紙(zhi)會審, 減少(shao)差錯以(yi)及(ji)防止在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有關(guan)部門(men)提出(chu)重(zhong)大改變(bian)。第三、確(que)保材料物(wu)資供(gong)應(ying)的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量。合(he)同中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)要(yao)(yao)素應(ying)詳(xiang)細、明確(que), 執行過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)強檢查監督。第四、確(que)保資金及(ji)時到位。特別(bie)是前期工(gong)(gong)作在(zai)(zai)安排(pai)進(jin)(jin)度款計(ji)劃時應(ying)考慮資金保證(zheng)問題(ti)。第五、重(zhong)視技(ji)(ji)術超前論證(zheng)。對新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術、新(xin)(xin)材料以(yi)及(ji)新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)采用, 應(ying)以(yi)保證(zheng)和(he)(he)加(jia)快(kuai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度并確(que)保質(zhi)(zhi)量為原則, 避免(mian)方案(an)不(bu)當和(he)(he)低(di)估施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)技(ji)(ji)術上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)困難(nan), 或者未考慮到某些問題(ti)需進(jin)(jin)行必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)科研(yan)試驗解決。第六(liu)、加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織管理, 適時優化作業組織、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和(he)(he)調整資源供(gong)應(ying)。第七、作好(hao)出(chu)現不(bu)利施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)條件的(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)準備(bei)(bei), 預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)防不(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)見(jian)事(shi)件的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)準備(bei)(bei)出(chu)現惡劣(lie)氣候條件或自然條件的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)案(an), 積(ji)極預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)防交通和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)程事(shi)故, 加(jia)強安全意識, 降低(di)不(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)見(jian)的(de)(de)意外事(shi)件發生(sheng)。

3.2應(ying)急措(cuo)施實施的途徑

應急(ji)水閘工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的實施途(tu)徑(jing)主(zhu)要是縮短(duan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)籌建期和施工(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備期, 提前平行進(jin)行有關工(gong)(gong)作, 抓好工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目的分(fen)解與時(shi)空資源分(fen)配利(li)用, 優化(hua)作業(ye)組織方案, 按輕重緩急(ji)分(fen)期完成。

3.2.1充分利用枯水(shui)期施工時(shi)間

應(ying)急(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)原(yuan)則遵從建設(she)程(cheng)(cheng)序前(qian)提下, 實施應(ying)靈活進行(xing), 盡可能提前(qian)創(chuang)造開工(gong)的必要條件。在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)等待最終批文期(qi)間, 業主(zhu)就應(ying)著手監理(li)招(zhao)(zhao)標及工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)征地(di)、進場交通和(he)供(gong)電等準備, 同(tong)時進行(xing)施工(gong)招(zhao)(zhao)標設(she)計(ji)和(he)前(qian)期(qi)施工(gong)圖設(she)計(ji), 以便(bian)提前(qian)進行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)區域的清基(ji), 利用棄土(tu)填筑圍(wei)堰和(he)施工(gong)場地(di)。

3.2.2統籌決(jue)策施工方案

圍繞第一(yi)年(nian)度汛目標(biao)并力爭整體(ti)最優進行施(shi)工方(fang)(fang)案(an)決策, 主要切(qie)人(ren)點一(yi)是合理(li)制定(ding)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)分(fen)期開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)方(fang)(fang)案(an), 確保汛前(qian)完(wan)成(cheng)期基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)項(xiang)目, 減少可能進洪時的淹沒損失, 同時預留引河及基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)期開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)土方(fang)(fang), 有利于期基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)安全, 并為施(shi)工布(bu)置及期土方(fang)(fang)施(shi)工創造挖(wa)填結(jie)合條(tiao)件。二是施(shi)工圍堰(yan)分(fen)期填筑, 先按枯水(shui)期擋水(shui)標(biao)準施(shi)工, 在(zai)汛前(qian)再(zai)培(pei)筑到全年(nian)設計(ji)標(biao)準, 以求施(shi)工投(tou)人(ren)盡(jin)量均衡圍堰(yan)拆除也宜(yi)分(fen)期進行,在(zai)汛后使枯水(shui)期擋水(shui)標(biao)準以上土方(fang)(fang)結(jie)合工程回填, 減少征地借量。三(san)是基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)采用施(shi)工快速、效果可靠(kao)的截滲方(fang)(fang)式或降水(shui)方(fang)(fang)案(an), 方(fang)(fang)便基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)工, 確保安全度訊(xun)。四是若(ruo)汛期基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)進洪, 應有序開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)進洪口, 緩慢進行基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)充水(shui)保護(hu)(hu), 不(bu)致形(xing)成(cheng)突(tu)泄水(shui)體(ti)造成(cheng)沖刷(shua)破壞(huai), 并減少基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)淤積和保護(hu)(hu)已(yi)完(wan)工程項(xiang)目安全。五是導堤分(fen)期填筑, 汛前(qian)完(wan)成(cheng)臨時斷面(mian), 形(xing)成(cheng)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)封閉圈或進洪時控制水(shui)流導向。

3.2.3強化(hua)資源(yuan)保(bao)證

為優先完成與水流控制有關的(de)下部項目, 在保(bao)證工(gong)程質量(liang)的(de)基礎上, 必須(xu)增加資源投入來加快施(shi)工(gong)速度(du)。根(gen)據各階(jie)段工(gong)期目標, 超前編制并落(luo)實好人力(li)、機械(xie)設備(bei)、材料(liao)物(wu)資及資金供應計劃(hua), 確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)進度(du)的(de)需要。同時(shi), 主要的(de)機械(xie)設備(bei)、材料(liao)物(wu)資須(xu)有足夠(gou)的(de)備(bei)用, 以便及時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)或組織臨(lin)時(shi)突擊(ji), 滿足施(shi)工(gong)強度(du)和(he)趕工(gong)需求。

3.2.4健(jian)全組織管理體系

為集(ji)中力量加(jia)快工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)施(shi)進(jin)程, 按集(ji)中指揮、責(ze)權相(xiang)應、分工(gong)(gong)明確、才職相(xiang)稱的組(zu)織原則、健全(quan)組(zu)織管(guan)理(li)(li)系統, 完(wan)善“業主(zhu)宏觀管(guan)理(li)(li)、監理(li)(li)監督落實(shi)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)執(zhi)行保(bao)證”的控(kong)制(zhi)體制(zhi),以便統一目標, 做到職責(ze)分明、有(you)章可循、克盡厥(jue)職, 確保(bao)信(xin)息聯系及時、通(tong)暢, 減少相(xiang)互間的扯(che)皮、推誘, 提高工(gong)(gong)作效率, 保(bao)證有(you)效控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程進(jin)度、質量和造價。

3.3實施進度的控制措施

規模(mo)較大(da)的水閘工(gong)程可分塊(kuai)分期平行搭接施(shi)工(gong), 實施(shi)進(jin)度(du)控制(zhi)的手段(duan)(duan)是(shi)圍繞階段(duan)(duan)工(gong)期目標加(jia)強計劃(hua)管理與施(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度(du)控制(zhi), 施(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度(du)控制(zhi)關鍵是(shi)優化工(gong)序流程, 主要措(cuo)施(shi)有

（1）業(ye)主(zhu)盡可能提前做好移(yi)民拆遷和(he)四通(tong)一平等準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)作, 同(tong)時協(xie)助承包人做好地(di)方(fang)、交通(tong)等環(huan)境(jing)協(xie)調, 營造良好施(shi)工(gong)(gong)環(huan)境(jing), 減少外在(zai)因素的(de)干(gan)擾。

（2）業主應組織建立(li)進度(du)管(guan)(guan)理信息系統, 確定(ding)工程進度(du)計絕編(bian)制(zhi)原則、辦法、內容要求、格式及提交、更新的(de)時間, 通過寶(bao)械編(bian)制(zhi)、現狀分析、進度(du)反饋和調整(zheng)等環節組成循環式的(de)管(guan)(guan)理, 實現計劃編(bian)制(zhi)、實際施工和生產管(guan)(guan)理三者有(you)機(ji)結合(he)。

（3）為了(le)防(fang)止進(jin)(jin)度(du)失控(kong), 必須建(jian)立明確的(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)目(mu)標, 并(bing)按項(xiang)目(mu)分解落實(shi)各層次的(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)計劃, 由保證局部進(jin)(jin)度(du)而實(shi)現(xian)總體進(jin)(jin)度(du)的(de)控(kong)制。應急水閘工(gong)程施工(gong)進(jin)(jin)度(du)目(mu)標應突(tu)出主汛(xun)前后(hou)控(kong)制節點(dian), 在當(dang)年(nian)主汛(xun)前使基(ji)坑初步具備過水條件(jian), 在次年(nian)汛(xun)前能夠投人使用(yong)。

（4）編制各(ge)階段進度計劃目標必須建立(li)在合理的(de)施(shi)工組(zu)織(zhi)設計基礎上, 并做到(dao)組(zu)織(zhi)、措(cuo)施(shi)及資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)落實, 加強(qiang)材料(liao)、模板及施(shi)工機(ji)械等施(shi)工資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)障(zhang), 除保(bao)證強(qiang)制性工程(cheng)項目按期完成外, 重(zhong)點(dian)進行施(shi)工前期項目的(de)跟蹤控制, 確(que)保(bao)實現度汛。

階段目標。

（5）在(zai)實施過程中、參建單位(wei)應建立(li)技(ji)(ji)術質量管(guan)理體(ti)系,加強相互間的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)口控(kong)制, 強化工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)指導作用, 落實監督和管(guan)理責(ze)任, 做(zuo)到全(quan)(quan)員、全(quan)(quan)方(fang)位(wei)、全(quan)(quan)過程的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效控(kong)制, 把(ba)好建設過程中的(de)(de)(de)各個環節和關口, 避免出現技(ji)(ji)術方(fang)案失誤(wu),并杜絕由于(yu)技(ji)(ji)術方(fang)案不當或質量問題(ti)造成的(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)工(gong)、停(ting)工(gong)、返工(gong)等現象, 確(que)保工(gong)程順利進行。

篇9

關鍵詞：高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu) ，施(shi)工要點 ，施(shi)工質(zhi)量

Abstract: with the construction of Chinese socialist economy fast development, the construction of an unprecedented space to develop gradually become one of the national key construction industry. The new material, new structure appear constantly, large-scale, high technology complex civil engineering structure more and more, construction technology and the corresponding development with it. Engineering construction quantity, floors high, large scale, promoted our high-rise building technology development. And the international and domestic advanced technology and advanced equipment, mechanical construction into and computer application in construction, leading to raise the level of the whole construction industry, especially in key projects, the top of the building to the requirements of the construction of the organizers put forward higher request. High-rise building construction and its core technology in construction project the main points of an important role.

Keywords: high buildings, key points of construction, the construction quality

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao)：[TU208.3]文獻標識碼：A 文章編號(hao)：

1 引言

隨著(zhu)我國社會經濟的(de)(de)快速發展(zhan)，建(jian)筑科學和建(jian)筑技術(shu)(shu)也有了很大(da)的(de)(de)飛躍(yue)。尤其在(zai)城市，隨著(zhu)土(tu)(tu)地(di)的(de)(de)緊張及進一(yi)步充分發揮土(tu)(tu)地(di)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合利用率，高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑正(zheng)在(zai)日益成為城市建(jian)設的(de)(de)主體。高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具有高(gao)度連(lian)續性和高(gao)質量，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)和組織管理復(fu)(fu)雜，除具有一(yi)般多層(ceng)建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)特點(dian)外，還具有以(yi)下(xia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)特點(dian)：工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量大(da)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)序多、配合復(fu)(fu)雜；施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量大(da)；施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)周期長(chang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期緊；基(ji)(ji)礎深、基(ji)(ji)坑支護和地(di)基(ji)(ji)處理復(fu)(fu)雜；高(gao)處作(zuo)業多、垂直(zhi)運輸量大(da)；層(ceng)數多、高(gao)度大(da)，安全防護要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)嚴；結構裝(zhuang)修、防水(shui)質量要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)高(gao)，技術(shu)(shu)復(fu)(fu)雜；平行流水(shui)、立體交叉作(zuo)業多，機械化程度高(gao)。

2 高(gao)層建筑施工(gong)特點

2.1 高空作業多

由于高(gao)層建筑物(wu)的自身高(gao)度大，垂直(zhi)運輸工作量(liang)大。高(gao)空作業要處(chu)理大量(liang)的材料、制品(pin)、機具設備和(he)人員的垂直(zhi)運輸。在施工全過(guo)程(cheng)中，要認真做好高(gao)空安全保護、防(fang)火、用水、用電、通訊、臨時廁所等問題，防(fang)止物(wu)體墜(zhui)落(luo)打擊事故。

2.2 高層建(jian)筑項目多，工程量大(da)

據(ju)統(tong)計(ji)，我國目(mu)前高層(ceng)(ceng)建筑(zhu)平(ping)均建筑(zhu)面(mian)積(ji)約為1.5萬平(ping)方米。由于工(gong)(gong)程量大(da)，工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)多(duo)，涉及(ji)(ji)單位多(duo)、工(gong)(gong)種多(duo)。特別是一(yi)些大(da)型復雜(za)的高層(ceng)(ceng)建筑(zhu)，往往是邊設計(ji)、邊準(zhun)備(bei)、邊施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，總、分包涉及(ji)(ji)許(xu)多(duo)單位，協作(zuo)(zuo)關系涉及(ji)(ji)眾多(duo)部門。這(zhe)就帶來(lai)了高層(ceng)(ceng)建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)、組織、管理、協調的難度大(da)。必須精心施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，加(jia)強(qiang)集(ji)中管理。當然，由于高層(ceng)(ceng)建筑(zhu)層(ceng)(ceng)數多(duo)、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面(mian)大(da)，就可充分利用時間和空間，進行(xing)平(ping)行(xing)流(liu)水立體交叉作(zuo)(zuo)業。

2.3 高層建筑施工技術要求(qiu)高

高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以鋼筋混凝(ning)土和鋼材為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)構材料(liao)及相關(guan)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)構成，而鋼筋混凝(ning)土又(you)以現澆為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，需要(yao)(yao)著重(zhong)研究解決(jue)各種工業(ye)化模板、鋼筋連接、高(gao)性能混凝(ning)土、建(jian)筑制品(pin)、結(jie)(jie)構安裝等施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)。其次是(shi)裝飾、消防(fang)、防(fang)水、設(she)備(bei)等要(yao)(yao)求較高(gao)。平面(mian)類(lei)型的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣化、立(li)面(mian)造型的(de)(de)個(ge)性化、立(li)面(mian)色彩(cai)與周(zhou)圍環境的(de)(de)協調和諧(xie)，已經成為(wei)(wei)時(shi)代(dai)潮流;消防(fang)設(she)施(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)求高(gao)，深基礎、地下室(shi)、墻面(mian)、屋面(mian)、廚房、衛生間的(de)(de)防(fang)水，甚至管道冷凝(ning)水的(de)(de)處理，都比(bi)多(duo)(duo)層(ceng)建(jian)筑要(yao)(yao)求高(gao);高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)繁多(duo)(duo)，高(gao)級裝修裝飾多(duo)(duo)這些都給施(shi)(shi)工提(ti)出了更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)質量和技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求。

3. 高層建筑施工技術控制要(yao)點

3.1 高層建筑“三線”控制(zhi)

垂直度(du)、軸線(xian)、標(biao)高類似于建(jian)筑物的經(jing)(jing)絡。對高層建(jian)筑來說，由(you)于涉及面廣，操作難度(du)大(da)，經(jing)(jing)常會發生位(wei)移或不(bu)準現象。所以通常將“垂直度(du)、軸線(xian)、標(biao)高”稱為“三(san)線(xian)”。“三(san)線(xian)”的控制是高層建(jian)筑的重點(dian)和難點(dian)。

垂直度的控制

控制垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度是保證高層建筑的(de)(de)質量基礎，也(ye)是關鍵的(de)(de)環節之一。為了控制建筑大樓的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度，首先(xian)應根(gen)據大樓柱網布(bu)置情況，先(xian)將大樓四個邊角柱的(de)(de)位置確定。在安裝四個邊角柱的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)板時，沿柱外(wai)層上(shang)彈(dan)出厚度線，立(li)模(mo)(mo)、加支撐，采用(yong)吊線的(de)(de)方法測定立(li)柱的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度：在保證垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度100％后，對準模(mo)(mo)板外(wai)邊線加固(gu)支撐、澆筑混(hun)凝土。待(dai)四角柱拆模(mo)(mo)后，其他各列柱以該四柱為基線，拉通(tong)線，控制正面的(de)(de)平整度和垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度。過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度控制，應用(yong)激光儀加線錘進行雙重較驗，這樣更能增(zeng)添垂(chui)(chui)(chui)直(zhi)度的(de)(de)準確性(xing)，同時加上(shang)內、外(wai)雙控使高層建筑的(de)(de)豎向(xiang)投(tou)測誤(wu)差能減小到最低限度。

軸線的控制

軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)遞。高(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)建筑施(shi)工(gong)過程中，腳手架與施(shi)工(gong)層(ceng)(ceng)同(tong)步(bu)向上，導致從(cong)一些基準(zhun)點(dian)無(wu)法引測。因此在(zai)(zai)±0.00結構施(shi)工(gong)復核軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)無(wu)誤后，以一層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)面為基準(zhun)在(zai)(zai)最長縱(zong)橫(heng)向預埋多塊(kuai)200*200*8mm鋼(gang)(gang)板，在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)板上標出(chu)控(kong)制軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)或(huo)主軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)控(kong)制點(dian)：二層(ceng)(ceng)及以上施(shi)工(gong)時，以一層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)面為基準(zhun)在(zai)(zai)每層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)面相應位置(zhi)留設200*200mm方洞，采用大(da)線(xian)(xian)錘引測下層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)面的控(kong)制點(dian)，再用經緯儀及鋼(gang)(gang)卷尺進行軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)校正(zheng)，放出(chu)各層(ceng)(ceng)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)和細部(bu)尺寸線(xian)(xian)。

標高線的控制

在每層預(yu)控軸(zhou)線的至(zhi)少四個(ge)洞口（一般高(gao)層至(zhi)少要由3處向上引(yin)測）進行標(biao)(biao)高(gao)的定位(wei)，同時輔(fu)以(yi)多層標(biao)(biao)高(gao)總和的復核(he)，然后輔(fu)以(yi)水準儀抄平(ping)，復核(he)此四點是(shi)否(fou)在同一水平(ping)面上，以(yi)確保標(biao)(biao)高(gao)的準確性。

這其(qi)中對四個洞口(kou)標(biao)高自身的(de)準確性要求提高，因施工(gong)過程(cheng)中模(mo)板、澆筑、加(jia)載等原因，洞口(kou)標(biao)高可(ke)能失(shi)去基準作用。為(wei)(wei)此必須確保引(yin)測點的(de)可(ke)靠性，加(jia)強洞口(kou)處模(mo)板支撐，同時(shi)輔(fu)以(yi)直(zhi)徑為(wei)(wei)12鋼筋控制該部位樓面厚度，確保標(biao)高的(de)準確。

在大樓四(si)角(jiao)、四(si)周具(ju)備條(tiao)件處(chu)設立層(ceng)(ceng)高(gao)、累計(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)高(gao)復(fu)核(he)點(dian)，每層(ceng)(ceng)向上(shang)都附以該位(wei)置(zhi)進行復(fu)核(he)，防止累計(ji)誤差過大。層(ceng)(ceng)面標(biao)高(gao)復(fu)核(he)過程中必須實現每層(ceng)(ceng)面的四(si)個洞口(kou)控制點(dian)與外層(ceng)(ceng)高(gao)復(fu)核(he)點(dian)在同一(yi)水平面上(shang)方能確認標(biao)高(gao)的準確性，達到標(biao)高(gao)控制的目(mu)的。

3.2 高層建筑的強度(du)控制

①配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選定(ding)工程開工前，一般均要按設計要求配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制不同(tong)強(qiang)度等級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)凝土，并都要到法定(ding)試(shi)驗(yan)機構做級(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)試(shi)驗(yan)，待(dai)級(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)報告出來后，根據級(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)做配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)合比(bi)試(shi)驗(yan)（實(shi)驗(yan)室配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)比(bi)），在實(shi)際施(shi)工時照此(ci)執行。但問題就在于級(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)與現場施(shi)工過程中是否相(xiang)符。有資(zi)料統(tong)計顯示，若因砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)率增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)，砂率下降2％～3％，混(hun)凝土強(qiang)度將下降15％～20％，而水(shui)泥(ni)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)為5％～20％，石子及砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)級(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)影(ying)響(xiang)為5％～20％；水(shui)灰比(bi)影(ying)響(xiang)為多(duo)增(zeng)(zeng)1％，強(qiang)度降低5％～10％。既然影(ying)響(xiang)如此(ci)之大(da)，那就應該采(cai)取相(xiang)應措施(shi)進行控制。

②嚴格養護制度

高層建筑多采用泵送混(hun)凝土(tu)。泵送混(hun)凝土(tu)不僅能(neng)縮短(duan)施工(gong)周(zhou)期(qi)，而(er)且(qie)能(neng)改善(shan)混(hun)凝土(tu)的(de)施工(gong)性能(neng)。但在某些(xie)工(gong)程上的(de)使用表(biao)明，在配比、原材料、振搗(dao)控(kong)制嚴(yan)格的(de)情況下，仍出現混(hun)凝土(tu)強度不足(zu)。分析(xi)其原因(yin)，多為搶工(gong)期(qi)、養護(hu)時間嚴(yan)重不足(zu)。

對(dui)大體積(ji)澆筑量大的混(hun)凝土應(ying)(ying)有(you)養護(hu)(hu)方案，從養護(hu)(hu)開始至(zhi)養護(hu)(hu)結束應(ying)(ying)有(you)專人負責，從主觀意識上要對(dui)養護(hu)(hu)有(you)足夠的認(ren)識。養護(hu)(hu)方案中應(ying)(ying)從人員、水源、晝(zhou)夜、覆蓋等多方面(mian)措施(shi)進行(xing)考慮，不可忽略(lve)細節。

3.3 高層建筑的(de)安全控制(zhi)

①基坑支護

基坑(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)前，要按照土質情況(kuang)、基坑(keng)(keng)(keng)深度(du)及環境確(que)定(ding)支護方案(an)。深基坑(keng)(keng)(keng)（h≥2m）周(zhou)邊應(ying)(ying)有(you)安全防(fang)護措施，且距坑(keng)(keng)(keng)槽1.2m范圍內不(bu)允許堆(dui)放(fang)重(zhong)物。對基坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊與(yu)基坑(keng)(keng)(keng)內應(ying)(ying)有(you)排水措施。在(zai)施工過程中加強(qiang)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)壁的監測(ce)，發(fa)現異(yi)常及時處理。

②腳手架

高層建筑的(de)腳手架(jia)(jia)應(ying)(ying)經充分計(ji)算(suan)(suan)，根據(ju)工程的(de)特點和施工工藝編制的(de)腳手架(jia)(jia)方(fang)案應(ying)(ying)附(fu)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)書。架(jia)(jia)體與(yu)(yu)建筑物結構拉結：二步三跨，剛(gang)性(xing)連(lian)接或柔性(xing)硬(ying)頂。腳手架(jia)(jia)與(yu)(yu)防護(hu)欄桿：施工作業(ye)層應(ying)(ying)滿鋪，密目式安全(quan)網全(quan)封閉。材(cai)質：鋼(gang)管(guan)Q235（3#鋼(gang)）鋼(gang)材(cai)，外徑(jing)48mm，內徑(jing)35mm，焊接鋼(gang)管(guan)、扣件采(cai)用可鍛鑄鐵。卸料平臺：應(ying)(ying)有(you)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)書和搭設方(fang)案，有(you)獨立的(de)支撐系統。

結束語

現代高層建筑隨著社會生產和科學技術的(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)步發展，一(yi)大批(pi)先進的(de)(de)(de)儀器和施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝越來越廣泛(fan)地應用(yong)到(dao)施工(gong)(gong)中。這對(dui)設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)、監理也提(ti)出了越來越高的(de)(de)(de)要求。強度(du)、三磁、裂縫、安全(quan)都是些門類科學，值(zhi)得進一(yi)步研究(jiu)、探(tan)討。提(ti)高自身素(su)質和文化水平(ping)、提(ti)高施工(gong)(gong)管理水平(ping)調(diao)動操(cao)作人員的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性，更多的(de)(de)(de)了解市場信(xin)息輔以(yi)激勵機制(zhi)，這樣就能(neng)安全(quan)組織好高層綜(zong)合樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)。

參考文獻

【1】續(xu)憲宏．高(gao)層建(jian)筑(zhu)設計與施工特點(dian)探析(xi)【J】．科技成果(guo)縱橫，2007，(3)．

【2】JGJ3-2002,高層技術(shu)(shu)混凝(ning)土結構技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)程【S】

篇10

關(guan)鍵詞：建筑；施工現場；安全管理；對策

中圖(tu)分類號(hao)：TU714 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號(hao)：

建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)是(shi)一個受到不同氣候影(ying)(ying)響，多工(gong)種立體(ti)交叉作(zuo)業(ye)、臨時設(she)施(shi)(shi)多、作(zuo)業(ye)面變化多、人(ren)員集中的生產場(chang)(chang)(chang)所。建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)多是(shi)在室外露天(tian)高(gao)處作(zuo)業(ye)，因施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員復雜(za)、工(gong)程工(gong)期緊、作(zuo)業(ye)環境差、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程危險(xian)源多、作(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)員的安全意識偏底等因素造成安全事(shi)故(gu)時有發生，如高(gao)空墜落、物體(ti)打擊、觸電、土(tu)方坍塌、機械傾覆等，釀成人(ren)員傷(shang)亡，給(gei)從(cong)業(ye)人(ren)員的人(ren)身安全和其(qi)家庭造成了無法(fa)彌補的傷(shang)害，給(gei)國家和集體(ti)財產帶(dai)來嚴重的損失，而且(qie)嚴重影(ying)(ying)響到社會的穩定(ding)。

一、建筑(zhu)施(shi)工現場安全管(guan)理的現狀分析

1、施工現場(chang)安全管理制度有待完善

目(mu)前，還有(you)很多(duo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業都受(shou)到傳統建設(she)理念的(de)制(zhi)約，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位招投標過程(cheng)中只注重投標價，沒有(you)將(jiang)企(qi)業安全(quan)(quan)生產信譽(yu)與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)條件完全(quan)(quan)掛(gua)鉤，使一(yi)些技能素質水平(ping)不高的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位進入到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場中，給工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)埋下了極大(da)的(de)隱患(huan)。 甚至(zhi)有(you)一(yi)些建筑商在中標后無法拿出多(duo)余經費購置安全(quan)(quan)生產的(de)必(bi)要(yao)設(she)備、器材和工(gong)(gong)具， 就導致施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場混亂(luan)，增加安全(quan)(quan)事故發(fa)生的(de)可能性。

2、施工現場安(an)全知識的培訓(xun)力度不夠

目前我國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)從業人員65%是(shi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)些農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)從農(nong)(nong)村進入(ru)(ru)城市，從農(nong)(nong)民(min)轉為工(gong)(gong)(gong)人，他們的(de)(de)知識(shi)結(jie)構(gou)、思維意(yi)識(shi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作方式等，還不(bu)能適應(ying)建(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)特殊(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作環境(jing)，缺乏應(ying)有的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)知識(shi)和安(an)全(quan)防(fang)范意(yi)識(shi)。因而，在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中，會經常出(chu)現諸如: 不(bu)戴安(an)全(quan)帽、不(bu)系安(an)全(quan)帶、隨意(yi)出(chu)入(ru)(ru)安(an)全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)區，跨專(zhuan)業操作等一些違規(gui)現象，給施工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產造(zao)成了極(ji)大的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)隱患。另外很多分包隊伍在對(dui)技術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理人員的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)培訓(xun)問題(ti)上沒有給予足夠的(de)(de)重(zhong)視，導致(zhi)許多技術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理人員相當缺乏施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)知識(shi)，甚至包括(kuo)某些工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理人員。

3、施(shi)工(gong)單位和施(shi)工(gong)作業工(gong)人不規范操作

（1）腳手架(jia)搭(da)設(she)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠規范。未(wei)按(an)規定要(yao)求(qiu)編制施工組織設(she)計方案(an)，驗收和進(jin)行搭(da)設(she)；腳手板未(wei)滿鋪(pu)或腳手板上雜物多、不(bu)(bu)(bu)牢密(mi)現(xian)象多；個別(bie)立桿基(ji)礎(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)實；如基(ji)礎(chu)未(wei)硬化(hua)、下沉 ；

架體與(yu)建筑結構拉結點(dian)受力不(bu)符(fu)合規范、且未(wei)固定(ding)牢(lao)靠。

（2）模板工程(cheng)及基坑支護存(cun)在重視不足或疏于管理的現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。模板支撐(cheng)系統不規范，為降(jiang)低成(cheng)本、偷(tou)工減料成(cheng)為普遍現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，整體(ti)穩定性比較(jiao)(jiao)差，個別還存(cun)在有鋼木混(hun)支的現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)；違(wei)反規定拆模現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)為普遍.

（3）現(xian)(xian)場施工(gong)(gong)用電(dian)不(bu)規范。線(xian)(xian)路架(jia)(jia)設(she)不(bu)合要求(qiu)或架(jia)(jia)設(she)于腳手架(jia)(jia)上；未(wei)(wei)使用標準配(pei)電(dian)箱，或配(pei)電(dian)箱安裝位(wei)置不(bu)規范，漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)開關參數(shu)不(bu)匹(pi)配(pei)，且存在部分箱內無隔離開關，引入引出線(xian)(xian)路不(bu)符(fu)合要求(qiu)的現(xian)(xian)象；未(wei)(wei)完全落(luo)實三級(ji)配(pei)電(dian)二(er)級(ji)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)和“一機一閘(zha)一漏(lou)(lou)一箱”規定；普遍存在電(dian)焊機保(bao)護(hu)零線(xian)(xian)未(wei)(wei)接地現(xian)(xian)象。另外(wai)，還有施工(gong)(gong)機具（如(ru)：砂漿攪拌機）防護(hu)不(bu)到位(wei)、井字(zi)架(jia)(jia)搭(da)設(she)不(bu)規范、且未(wei)(wei)按規定配(pei)置漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)現(xian)(xian)象等。

4、監管存在隱患

在目(mu)前(qian)的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)工(gong)作(zuo)中，有些(xie)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)人員(yuan)只(zhi)著重于外在的(de)一(yi)些(xie)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)表象(xiang)，但(dan)(dan)是在實際的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)過程中，安監(jian)部(bu)門(men)不但(dan)(dan)要(yao)對施(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)狀況進行檢查，還(huan)應與(yu)(yu)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)的(de)資料相對照，這(zhe)樣才能(neng)更深(shen)入地了解施(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)情況。而且，應該強調(diao)的(de)是，安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)部(bu)門(men)在施(shi)工(gong)過程的(de)跟蹤(zong)檢查與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)過程中，應重視隱患治理(li)(li)，決不能(neng)打感情分、關(guan)系分，否則(ze)就無法達到預先診斷、超前(qian)控(kong)制的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

二、建筑企業(ye)施工現(xian)場的安全(quan)管理(li)對(dui)策

1、健全(quan)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)產委(wei)員會與安(an)全(quan)規(gui)章制度

施工(gong)企(qi)業要設立安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)委(wei)員會，企(qi)業總經(jing)理(li)是安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)的第一責任人(ren)(ren)， 負(fu)責安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)作重大問題的組(zu)(zu)織研(yan)究和(he)決(jue)策; 主管(guan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的副總經(jing)理(li)負(fu)責安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作。安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)委(wei)員會成員不僅了解(jie)掌握國家法律、法規(gui)，并貫徹(che)到(dao)基層， 負(fu)責修訂和(he)不斷(duan)完善(shan)各項安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)管(guan)理(li)制度(du)， 組(zu)(zu)織在(zai)職人(ren)(ren)員的安(an)全(quan)(quan)教育(yu)培訓，監督、指導安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)，查(cha)處違(wei)章違(wei)規(gui)行為，對事故進行調查(cha)分析及相應處理(li)。

安全規(gui)章(zhang)制度(du)是安全管理的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)重要內容。依據安全法(fa)律和(he)(he)行業規(gui)定(ding)，公司制定(ding)完善(shan)的(de)安全生產制度(du)，面向生產一(yi)線(xian)，貼近職(zhi)工(gong)生活，具有實(shi)效(xiao)性和(he)(he)可操作性，有利于(yu)領導的(de)正確決策，規(gui)范企業和(he)(he)職(zhi)工(gong)行為，杜絕或減少安全事故的(de)發生。

2、狠抓安全生產(chan)責任(ren)制的落實

安(an)(an)全生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工作采取分(fen)級(ji)(ji)管(guan)理(li)、責(ze)任層層分(fen)解的機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，公司項(xiang)目(mu)兩(liang)級(ji)(ji)安(an)(an)全生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)體系。各(ge)單(dan)位健(jian)全安(an)(an)全生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)機(ji)構、配備了專職安(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員，堅持一級(ji)(ji)抓一級(ji)(ji)，一級(ji)(ji)對一級(ji)(ji)負責(ze)，切(qie)實(shi)把安(an)(an)全責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)落實(shi)到項(xiang)目(mu)、班組(zu)和各(ge)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)崗位人(ren)員。只有(you)實(shi)行分(fen)級(ji)(ji)管(guan)理(li)、分(fen)級(ji)(ji)監控、分(fen)級(ji)(ji)治理(li)，才能確(que)保安(an)(an)全生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)落實(shi)， 確(que)保安(an)(an)全生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工作不(bu)(bu)走過場、不(bu)(bu)留(liu)(liu)盲區、不(bu)(bu)留(liu)(liu)死角。

3、對(dui)施工(gong)人員進(jin)行安全教育(yu)與培訓(xun)

由于我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)項目繁多(duo)，涉及的(de)(de)(de)面比(bi)較廣，造(zao)成現場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)素(su)(su)質(zhi)參差不齊。許多(duo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)人員(yuan)根本(ben)沒有(you)(you)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)經驗，直接拉一(yi)些農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就上崗(gang)操作(zuo)，極(ji)易出現安全生產事故(gu)。針對這種現狀，政府應設立并完善農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)入(ru)建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)入(ru)制(zhi)度，對一(yi)些身體素(su)(su)質(zhi)不符合相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)崗(gang)位客(ke)觀要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)，禁止其(qi)進(jin)入(ru)建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)。另外政府應努力主導培育相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司，由專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司對進(jin)入(ru)建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人群進(jin)行(xing)(xing)資(zi)質(zhi)評(ping)(ping)定、資(zi)格評(ping)(ping)審，做到輸出具(ju)有(you)(you)專(zhuan)業(ye)知識水平和安全施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生產意識的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)化素(su)(su)質(zhi)人群，對建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)素(su)(su)質(zhi)提升及行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展具(ju)有(you)(you)極(ji)強的(de)(de)(de)推動作(zuo)用。

4、現場安全檢(jian)查消(xiao)除安全隱患(huan)

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)安(an)全檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)由項目(mu)專職(zhi)安(an)監人(ren)(ren)(ren)員直接(jie)負責的(de)一項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，其形式可(ke)以采(cai)取(qu)多種(zhong)形式，如定期與不(bu)定期檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)、專業檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)、針(zhen)對(dui)重點工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序和高(gao)危(wei)作(zuo)業的(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)等(deng)。建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)環境復(fu)雜(za)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種(zhong)交叉多的(de)特點使得安(an)全工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)難免有所疏漏，而雖有安(an)全規章制度和安(an)全培訓，但(dan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目(mu)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期長，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員也難以避免疏忽遺漏細節問(wen)題的(de)情況。安(an)全檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)最好(hao)與經(jing)常緊急(ji)事故演練一起進行(xing)，使人(ren)(ren)(ren)們熟悉在緊急(ji)安(an)全事故發(fa)生時的(de)撤離(li)和避難路線，做好(hao)防(fang)范和應(ying)對(dui)準(zhun)備(bei)，這在高(gao)危(wei)作(zuo)業進行(xing)時，對(dui)預防(fang)發(fa)生群(qun)死群(qun)傷安(an)全事故具有很大的(de)幫助。。

5、確定重(zhong)點，加(jia)大投入

“物”的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)包括(kuo)文明(ming)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)和對安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)。首先要對安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)資金的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入予(yu)以保證，對現場(chang)所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)和設(she)施(shi)、安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)用品給予(yu)配備(bei)。其次(ci)是(shi)查(cha)找危險(xian)(xian)源(yuan)，尋找安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)控(kong)制點，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)通(tong)(tong)過職業(ye)健康安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)貫標認證來規范企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)。這一(yi)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)之所以能(neng)夠得到企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)認可，最大的(de)(de)(de)優點是(shi)它可以通(tong)(tong)過對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)危險(xian)(xian)源(yuan)進行辨(bian)識，找出(chu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)控(kong)制點，把握安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。通(tong)(tong)過對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)各個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)環節可能(neng)存在的(de)(de)(de)危險(xian)(xian)源(yuan)進行危害性的(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)，對重大危險(xian)(xian)源(yuan)列出(chu)清單，同(tong)時制定相應的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制措施(shi)，找出(chu)我(wo)們(men)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵點、最危險(xian)(xian)點。

( 1) 建筑起重機(ji)械(xie): 備案登記、安裝(zhuang)、拆卸、頂(ding)升、驗收、使用和(he)維修保養等(deng)(deng)情況; 起重機(ji)械(xie)司(si)機(ji)、信號工(gong)、司(si)索工(gong)等(deng)(deng)特種作業人(ren)員持(chi)證(zheng)上崗情況。

( 2) 腳手架(jia)工程: 落地式(shi)鋼管扣件(jian)腳手架(jia)、附著式(shi)升降腳手架(jia)、高大(da)模板支撐系統搭(da)設、驗收(shou)及使用等(deng)情(qing)況(kuang); 腳手架(jia)搭(da)設人員持(chi)證(zheng)上崗情(qing)況(kuang)。

( 3) 深基坑(keng)工程(cheng): 土方開(kai)挖、基坑(keng)支護、臨邊防(fang)護、變形監測等情況，各(ge)環節(jie)是否符合相關(guan)規定及安全生(sheng)產技術(shu)標(biao)準規范(fan)要求。使我(wo)們(men)能夠在安全管理過(guo)程(cheng)中有的放矢，有輕有重。

綜(zong)上所(suo)述，建筑工程施(shi)工是一項(xiang)十分復雜且繁瑣(suo)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)過程，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工中，必(bi)須落實從業人(ren)員的(de)安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)責任(ren)，努力提高施(shi)工作(zuo)業人(ren)員的(de)安全(quan)意識與(yu)技能(neng)，建立一套科(ke)學合(he)理、健全(quan)完(wan)善施(shi)工現場安全(quan)管理機制(zhi)。只有(you)這樣，才能(neng)消除(chu)施(shi)工過程中存在(zai)(zai)的(de)不安全(quan)因素(su)，確保施(shi)工生(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)夠順利進行(xing)，最(zui)終(zhong)在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定時間內保質保量地完(wan)成施(shi)工任(ren)務。

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