導語：宜機化(hua)改造對農業創新探索一文來源于網友上(shang)傳，不代表本站觀點(dian)，若(ruo)需要原創文章(zhang)可(ke)咨詢客服老師，歡迎(ying)參考。

摘要：特殊的地形結構制約了四川高標準農田建設，而宜機化改造與中小型標準農田的有機融合，可有效解決山區農業機械化推廣難題。為了研究四川山區宜機化改造的創新路徑，運用文獻研究法分析了山區農業機械化發展的現狀、挑戰和意義，并在此基礎上提出了創新探索建(jian)議。研究表(biao)明，四川山(shan)區(qu)農(nong)業機(ji)械化的發展瓶頸在于交(jiao)(jiao)通基礎、資金(jin)投入(ru)和技術人才等問題。而(er)山(shan)地軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通系統(tong)、農(nong)機(ji)小型(xing)化、農(nong)田立體規劃是推進山(shan)區(qu)農(nong)業機(ji)械化的重(zhong)要創新途徑。

關鍵詞：宜機化改造；四川山區；現代農(nong)業創新

1文獻簡述

多(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)，在學術領域(yu)(yu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以科(ke)技賦能(neng)為主(zhu)，相(xiang)關研(yan)究(jiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)集中在“互聯網(wang)+”、基因(yin)工程、環境保護(hu)等(deng)領域(yu)(yu)；而(er)基于政策(ce)視角(jiao)(jiao)來看，產(chan)業(ye)融合、共享經濟、農(nong)業(ye)金融與保險等(deng)學術文獻也較(jiao)為充裕。曾曉華(hua)（2020）關于“互聯網(wang)+”時代(dai)(dai)現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)發展(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，從(cong)信(xin)息化促進(jin)農(nong)業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)及生產(chan)力改(gai)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)度，強(qiang)調了創(chuang)新(xin)環境建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性[1]；魏后(hou)凱（2020）從(cong)政策(ce)和(he)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)度，提出“十四(si)五”農(nong)村發展(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大背景下(xia)，應突(tu)出創(chuang)新(xin)思維，聚(ju)焦新(xin)思路、新(xin)方法和(he)新(xin)舉措[2]；吳萍和(he)張宗毅（2021）通(tong)過對(dui)日本農(nong)田宜(yi)機(ji)(ji)化改(gai)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，闡(chan)述了法律法規(gui)、技術保障、政府投入、農(nong)戶參(can)與的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性，呼吁盡快出臺相(xiang)關技術規(gui)范，強(qiang)調政府和(he)農(nong)戶參(can)與[3]。此外，徐一等(deng)（2022）從(cong)推(tui)進(jin)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)小麥生產(chan)全程機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)度，提出了加快四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)丘(qiu)區農(nong)田宜(yi)化改(gai)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張[4]。比較(jiao)而(er)言(yan)，關于山區宜(yi)機(ji)(ji)化改(gai)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)為欠缺，是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)領域(yu)(yu)可以拓展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白。因(yin)此，分析(xi)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)山區農(nong)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化發展(zhan)(zhan)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，探尋宜(yi)機(ji)(ji)化改(gai)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)路徑，對(dui)于四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)山區現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩步推(tui)進(jin)以及農(nong)業(ye)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)有著積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。

2山區農業機械化發展的現狀及挑戰

截至2021年(nian)末，四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)標準農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)332.6萬hm2，為(wei)推動全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、促(cu)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增收(shou)作(zuo)(zuo)出了重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貢獻(xian)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了積(ji)極推動作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。隨(sui)著國家(jia)對(dui)鄉村(cun)振(zhen)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)和(he)重視(shi)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)也(ye)(ye)(ye)迎來(lai)(lai)了新機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇(yu)。由表1可知(zhi)，2018年(nian)以(yi)來(lai)(lai)，四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)型拖拉機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)市場份(fen)額超六成(cheng)，其(qi)動力(li)(li)占(zhan)比也(ye)(ye)(ye)隨(sui)之(zhi)快速增長。然(ran)而(er)，適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)耕作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主力(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)總體發(fa)(fa)展依然(ran)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)弱，四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)覆蓋面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)79.52%，183個(ge)區(qu)(qu)縣中(zhong)共有(you)81個(ge)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)縣，由于(yu)其(qi)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)推廣(guang)面(mian)(mian)臨諸多障礙(ai)(ai)。復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、基礎(chu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施偏(pian)弱、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)短缺、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)環境惡(e)劣等問題(ti)長期制(zhi)約了四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展與(yu)(yu)推廣(guang)。首先，在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形復雜多樣，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)(gao)差(cha)大(da)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)體坡(po)度(du)(du)大(da)、河谷(gu)跨度(du)(du)大(da)等情況(kuang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)常(chang)見(jian)，復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)使(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)極為(wei)不(bu)便，也(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展帶來(lai)(lai)了挑戰[5]。為(wei)了克服山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形障礙(ai)(ai)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路(lu)、橋(qiao)梁和(he)其(qi)他交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)基礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，但巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)與(yu)(yu)有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)財力(li)(li)形成(cheng)了鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反差(cha)。根據《四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)“十四(si)(si)(si)五”綜合(he)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)發(fa)(fa)展規(gui)劃》[6]的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)紹，“十三五”期間，四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)取得了顯(xian)著進步，全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)新改建(jian)(jian)(jian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)公路(lu)11.8萬km，惠及(ji)3456萬貧困地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)人口，88個(ge)貧困縣全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)實現(xian)鄉鎮和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)制(zhi)村(cun)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)硬化(hua)(hua)(hua)路(lu)。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)指出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，當(dang)前(qian)四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)普(pu)及(ji)層面(mian)(mian)為(wei)行(xing)(xing)政村(cun)，與(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)需(xu)求還存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距。在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，普(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)抵作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)田(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)面(mian)(mian)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)額搬運(yun)(yun)(yun)費用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮可作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)域小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)題(ti)，從規(gui)模(mo)經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)看，這是(shi)一(yi)對(dui)難(nan)以(yi)調和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾。因(yin)此，進行(xing)(xing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宜機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)改造，變被動為(wei)主動，是(shi)克服山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效路(lu)徑(jing)之(zhi)一(yi)。其(qi)次，在(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)與(yu)(yu)政策資(zi)金(jin)(jin)補(bu)助方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)原及(ji)丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)更容易獲得政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持。相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)來(lai)(lai)講，平(ping)(ping)(ping)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)對(dui)普(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)性處(chu)于(yu)絕對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)，而(er)丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)相(xiang)對(dui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)所(suo)花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“適(shi)耕”改造成(cheng)本更低(di)(di)，這在(zai)(zai)(zai)客觀上也(ye)(ye)(ye)決定了山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性。在(zai)(zai)(zai)宏觀政策支(zhi)持方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，“政府制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)購置(zhi)補(bu)貼產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品目錄，更多是(shi)參照平(ping)(ping)(ping)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、發(fa)(fa)達(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)自(zi)然(ran)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，多以(yi)大(da)中(zhong)型、價格較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品為(wei)主，不(bu)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)貧困山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)多、地(di)(di)(di)(di)塊少、田(tian)塊高(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)貼相(xiang)對(dui)缺乏(fa)”[7]。另外，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)導致農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)短缺，因(yin)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)備方(fang)面(mian)(mian)缺乏(fa)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能和(he)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)效率低(di)(di)下，導致農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)回(hui)報率較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構與(yu)(yu)社會(hui)資(zi)本投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)意(yi)愿(yuan)偏(pian)弱。最后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)綜合(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)環境方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)始終(zhong)面(mian)(mian)臨農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)受教(jiao)育(yu)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)偏(pian)低(di)(di)、單位(wei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)模(mo)偏(pian)小(xiao)(xiao)、基礎(chu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)落后等多方(fang)因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)障礙(ai)(ai)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)基礎(chu)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)素(su)養偏(pian)低(di)(di)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術培訓難(nan)以(yi)持續開展，其(qi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)也(ye)(ye)(ye)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)。“受教(jiao)育(yu)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)和(he)種植規(gui)模(mo)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)推廣(guang)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)知(zhi)識具有(you)顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)向(xiang)影響，而(er)務農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)收(shou)入(ru)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)是(shi)否愿(yuan)意(yi)學習和(he)推廣(guang)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)知(zhi)識都具有(you)顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)向(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。”[8]同(tong)時，隨(sui)著農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智能化(hua)(hua)(hua)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升，對(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)、電(dian)力(li)(li)等配套(tao)設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求也(ye)(ye)(ye)逐步成(cheng)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)推廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)，只有(you)綜合(he)規(gui)劃相(xiang)關(guan)配套(tao)設(she)施建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，才能確保農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)更好地(di)(di)(di)(di)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)。

3宜機化改造對山區農業現代化的意義

在保證農(nong)田生(sheng)產(chan)功能和生(sheng)態環境保護的(de)同時，對(dui)農(nong)田進(jin)行適度(du)的(de)改(gai)造，提高農(nong)田的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)效率和質量，改(gai)善農(nong)民(min)的(de)生(sheng)活條件，其(qi)積極意(yi)義(yi)如(ru)下(xia)：

1）提高勞(lao)動生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)。針對山區農業單位規模小、勞(lao)動生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)低的(de)(de)基本特征(zheng)，通過對山區田地的(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)度(du)改造和(he)分類整理，使有限的(de)(de)農業資源(yuan)向(xiang)適(shi)(shi)度(du)的(de)(de)規模化集中。可有效(xiao)降(jiang)低勞(lao)動強度(du)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本，提升生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率(lv)，從(cong)而使農業經濟(ji)效(xiao)益得到提升。

2）探索農(nong)業新路，農(nong)業機械化(hua)助力生產全(quan)程，有(you)利于(yu)進一步提升(sheng)作(zuo)物(wu)品質。同時，隨(sui)著農(nong)業機械可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)業范(fan)圍(wei)的擴充，山(shan)區可(ke)(ke)種植(zhi)作(zuo)物(wu)的種類和面積也(ye)(ye)隨(sui)之擴大，山(shan)區農(nong)業經濟(ji)的結構也(ye)(ye)會發生相應(ying)的變化(hua)，而(er)山(shan)區農(nong)業的競爭力也(ye)(ye)隨(sui)之增強。

3）增加農民(min)收入。山(shan)(shan)區農業(ye)機械化可以通過減少產業(ye)對人(ren)力(li)的依賴，將有(you)限的人(ren)力(li)運(yun)用到更寬的產業(ye)鏈，從而提高山(shan)(shan)區農村(cun)的綜合(he)收入，改善(shan)農民(min)的生活質量，從而有(you)助于(yu)促進農村(cun)地區的社(she)會和(he)諧。

4）保(bao)護生態環境(jing)。宜機(ji)化改(gai)(gai)造在(zai)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)土(tu)地機(ji)械(xie)化耕著(zhu)基礎(chu)條件(jian)的(de)(de)同時，也優(you)化了(le)(le)坡面小流域內的(de)(de)生態條件(jian)，提高了(le)(le)對自(zi)然(ran)降(jiang)水(shui)的(de)(de)利用，土(tu)壤(rang)和肥力的(de)(de)流失得(de)到了(le)(le)有效控制。實施相關工作(zuo)，增強(qiang)了(le)(le)自(zi)然(ran)降(jiang)水(shui)的(de)(de)滲透(tou)和儲存(cun)能力，明顯降(jiang)低了(le)(le)坡面徑(jing)流對土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)侵蝕作(zuo)用，提升了(le)(le)土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)穩定性。

4創新探索與結論

農業(ye)機(ji)械化(hua)(hua)(hua)是中國農業(ye)現代化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)必由(you)之路(lu)，針對四川省特殊(shu)的(de)地形地貌(mao)特征和(he)山區農業(ye)機(ji)械化(hua)(hua)(hua)推(tui)廣的(de)實際情況(kuang)，山區宜機(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)改(gai)造(zao)應大膽探索，積極創(chuang)新。

1）突破傳統(tong)(tong)思維，發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)“軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通”。相比傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)道(dao)路橋(qiao)梁的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)投資規模大(da)(da)、建(jian)設(she)周(zhou)期長的(de)(de)特點，基于(yu)(yu)生產(chan)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通系統(tong)(tong)具有建(jian)造成本(ben)低、施工時(shi)間(jian)短、線路跨度(du)廣的(de)(de)特點，對于(yu)(yu)山(shan)區農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械化的(de)(de)推(tui)廣是不可(ke)或缺(que)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁。由于(yu)(yu)山(shan)地(di)(di)地(di)(di)形復雜，山(shan)地(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)車(che)具有較高的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性，能(neng)保證安全性。同時(shi)，由于(yu)(yu)其主要(yao)架設(she)在(zai)空中，能(neng)夠(gou)順利通過地(di)(di)形的(de)(de)障礙。再者，山(shan)地(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)車(che)具有較好的(de)(de)操作(zuo)簡便性，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)能(neng)夠(gou)輕松地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)。構建(jian)山(shan)地(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通系統(tong)(tong)，突破傳統(tong)(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)對山(shan)頂、河(he)谷斜坡區域(yu)的(de)(de)作(zuo)業(ye)限制，擴大(da)(da)山(shan)區農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械作(zuo)業(ye)的(de)(de)可(ke)行性，在(zai)避免大(da)(da)興(xing)土木改造的(de)(de)同時(shi)，以最(zui)經濟和綠色的(de)(de)方式推(tui)進山(shan)區農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械化大(da)(da)發展。

2）重視綜合配套，加(jia)大(da)新興科技投(tou)入。信(xin)(xin)息(xi)通信(xin)(xin)技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)新興農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科技發(fa)展的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)和支(zhi)撐，是(shi)實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因素。信(xin)(xin)息(xi)通信(xin)(xin)技術(shu)(shu)可以為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)械(xie)化生(sheng)產提供更加(jia)便捷、高(gao)(gao)效的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)傳輸和處理(li)能(neng)力。優(you)先建設(she)山區通信(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)，有(you)利(li)于山區農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)推(tui)廣，使農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶可以隨(sui)時隨(sui)地學(xue)習農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)推(tui)廣技術(shu)(shu)。此外，在5G時代，信(xin)(xin)息(xi)高(gao)(gao)速暢通，是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)機(ji)械(xie)調度的(de)(de)根(gen)本前提、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)順(shun)暢作業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)維修的(de)(de)保障，也(ye)是(shi)未來進(jin)一(yi)步推(tui)廣無人(ren)(ren)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)、精(jing)準(zhun)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)大(da)前提。針對高(gao)(gao)海(hai)拔山區的(de)(de)通信(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)工程(cheng)建設(she)，政(zheng)府(fu)應對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)場、風能(neng)及光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電站等項目進(jin)行統籌規劃，從而實現(xian)綜合效益最(zui)大(da)化。

3）以山(shan)地(di)適(shi)耕為前提，重視小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)機(ji)科(ke)技轉(zhuan)化應(ying)(ying)用。由于山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)形復雜，適(shi)用于山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)機(ji)通(tong)常較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，易(yi)于操作(zuo)和(he)(he)維護，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)機(ji)也更容易(yi)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)田的(de)(de)特殊需(xu)求。優(you)先進(jin)行農(nong)(nong)機(ji)、農(nong)(nong)藝高(gao)度融合的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)田宜機(ji)化改(gai)造，重點研發(fa)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)特色(se)經濟(ji)作(zuo)物(wu)生產的(de)(de)全程機(ji)械(xie)化裝備[9]。加強對(dui)(dui)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)業機(ji)械(xie)的(de)(de)研發(fa)投(tou)入、推(tui)廣培訓投(tou)入，以及對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)購機(ji)補(bu)貼和(he)(he)政策優(you)惠措施，使(shi)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)業機(ji)械(xie)化應(ying)(ying)用與(yu)推(tui)廣擁有穩(wen)定政策基礎。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)同地(di)貌(mao)特點的(de)(de)產區(qu)(qu)(qu)，開拓不(bu)同類型的(de)(de)改(gai)造實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)，通(tong)過示范效應(ying)(ying)引領小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型農(nong)(nong)機(ji)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣，讓農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)主動意識到山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)也有農(nong)(nong)業機(ji)械(xie)作(zuo)業的(de)(de)可(ke)能，讓山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)業機(ji)械(xie)化發(fa)展具備持續的(de)(de)“內驅力”。

4）以(yi)立體規(gui)(gui)劃組(zu)網，發(fa)展微型標準化(hua)農田(tian)。農田(tian)基(ji)礎(chu)設施建(jian)設是一(yi)(yi)項公共工程(cheng)(cheng)[3]，與(yu)平原(yuan)和丘陵地區(qu)(qu)高標準農田(tian)改(gai)(gai)造整理不(bu)同(tong)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)土(tu)地改(gai)(gai)造面(mian)臨單塊(kuai)面(mian)積小、地形跨度大的(de)(de)(de)挑戰。“對(dui)丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)農田(tian)進(jin)行小并(bing)大、短并(bing)長(chang)、坡改(gai)(gai)平等適宜(yi)機械化(hua)作業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)改(gai)(gai)造，是解決丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農業(ye)(ye)機械化(hua)滯后問題的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵措施。”[10]在改(gai)(gai)造規(gui)(gui)劃制定(ding)(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)秉承“立體改(gai)(gai)造，統(tong)合綜(zong)效”的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則。在降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)偏少的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)，將(jiang)作物賴水(shui)(shui)屬性與(yu)土(tu)地海拔高低相(xiang)結(jie)合進(jin)行土(tu)地整理，也(ye)能提高水(shui)(shui)資源利用(yong)率(lv)，提高土(tu)地的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合利用(yong)率(lv)和生(sheng)產率(lv)。在相(xiang)對(dui)獨立而又具備一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地之間修建(jian)機耕(geng)道或者架(jia)設“軌道”使之形成(cheng)作業(ye)(ye)網絡，將(jiang)若(ruo)干(gan)小面(mian)積區(qu)(qu)域以(yi)“互聯”的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式組(zu)建(jian)為生(sheng)產大區(qu)(qu)，從而形成(cheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農業(ye)(ye)機械化(hua)作業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模效應(ying)(ying)。盡快出臺中(zhong)國(guo)丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)宜(yi)機化(hua)改(gai)(gai)造的(de)(de)(de)系列技術規(gui)(gui)范[3]，驅動山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)土(tu)地整治與(yu)相(xiang)關(guan)農業(ye)(ye)立法積極推(tui)進(jin)。四川山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)宜(yi)機化(hua)改(gai)(gai)造是一(yi)(yi)項長(chang)期而持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)農業(ye)(ye)接力(li)工程(cheng)(cheng)。在不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)強基(ji)礎(chu)建(jian)設政策支(zhi)持(chi)力(li)度的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，也(ye)應(ying)(ying)聚焦提升(sheng)農機科技研發(fa)與(yu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)轉化(hua)力(li)度；在加(jia)強人(ren)才培養與(yu)激勵的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，也(ye)需不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)強社會化(hua)服務統(tong)籌；長(chang)遠規(gui)(gui)劃，穩(wen)步推(tui)進(jin)。通過(guo)不(bu)斷(duan)創新探索，循(xun)序漸進(jin)地改(gai)(gai)善農業(ye)(ye)機械化(hua)水(shui)(shui)平，成(cheng)就新時(shi)代(dai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農業(ye)(ye)高質量發(fa)展。

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作者:林旭 謝緯 劉純羽 單位:四(si)川農業大(da)學經(jing)濟學院