導(dao)語：水(shui)利(li)工程渡槽基礎承(cheng)臺施(shi)工與建設一文(wen)來(lai)源于(yu)網友上(shang)傳，不代(dai)表(biao)本站觀點(dian)，若(ruo)需要(yao)原創文(wen)章可咨詢(xun)客服老師(shi)，歡迎參考。

摘要：在水利工程建筑中，渡槽是輸水系統的重要組成部分，作為我國現代化建設體系的項目內容，渡槽能夠跨越山谷河流，提高水資源利用率。以湟水北干渠三分干工程為例，對該工程中所涉及的渡槽施工進行分析，主要研究基礎承臺施工內容。為保證施工質量，施工單位需要不斷優化施工方案，重視工程建設工(gong)(gong)作開展的同時(shi)，加強工(gong)(gong)程的施工(gong)(gong)管理，明確承(cheng)臺施工(gong)(gong)重點難點，并依照實際情況(kuang)進(jin)行承(cheng)臺施工(gong)(gong)，完成工(gong)(gong)程建設內容。

關鍵詞：渡槽施(shi)工(gong)(gong)；水(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)程；渠系建筑(zhu)物

渡槽(cao)(cao)基礎(chu)承臺(tai)是(shi)渡槽(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)重要支撐結(jie)構，承臺(tai)施(shi)工質量(liang)(liang)直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)著建(jian)筑工程整(zheng)體施(shi)工的(de)(de)穩固性以(yi)及(ji)安(an)全(quan)性等。當前，國內水利工程的(de)(de)施(shi)工建(jian)設會受諸(zhu)多因素的(de)(de)干擾(rao)，比如說管(guan)理(li)(li)不(bu)佳、技術(shu)應用手段單一(yi)、安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)不(bu)足、人員綜合素質不(bu)高(gao)或者(zhe)是(shi)材料選用不(bu)符合施(shi)工要求，這些都會導(dao)致水利工程渡槽(cao)(cao)施(shi)工出現質量(liang)(liang)問題。為(wei)了避免類似的(de)(de)情況，則需要施(shi)工單位提高(gao)基礎(chu)承臺(tai)施(shi)工的(de)(de)重視程度，按科學合理(li)(li)進(jin)行方案落實，以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)為(wei)后續(xu)工作奠定良好的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。

１工程概況

本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為(wei)湟水(shui)北干(gan)渠(qu)三分(fen)(fen)干(gan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是以８＃號(hao)渡槽基(ji)礎(chu)承臺施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)研(yan)究(jiu)方向，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計與(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，承臺基(ji)礎(chu)開挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)需要(yao)達(da)到６ｍ，該地區地下水(shui)豐富，基(ji)坑旁為(wei)河流(liu)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中整(zheng)個(ge)基(ji)坑區域(yu)呈現出較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承壓水(shui)位，容易發生滲水(shui)滑塌現象，稍有不慎就會影響(xiang)后(hou)續施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)基(ji)坑表層(ceng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，淤泥的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)達(da)到了３ｍ，在(zai)最底部則(ze)存在(zai)著大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)砂卵石以及大孤石，與(yu)其他石料(liao)相比，大孤石的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)解難度(du)相對較(jiao)高(gao)，用(yong)破(po)碎錘(chui)分(fen)(fen)解無法達(da)到預(yu)期效(xiao)果，只能(neng)夠利用(yong)爆破(po)方式進行(xing)(xing)預(yu)裂爆破(po)，而后(hou)再利用(yong)破(po)碎錘(chui)逐一進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)解，所花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)相對較(jiao)長。在(zai)各類因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾下，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設時(shi)(shi)(shi)，很容易會受到邊(bian)坡(po)(po)穩定性較(jiao)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，不但(dan)頻繁(fan)發生垮塌的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也會導致(zhi)后(hou)續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)難以正常進行(xing)(xing)，因此(ci)在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設中，加強了對邊(bian)坡(po)(po)穩定支(zhi)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視，通過信息采集與(yu)分(fen)(fen)析，采取了邊(bian)坡(po)(po)支(zhi)護并(bing)對邊(bian)坡(po)(po)噴水(shui)泥漿作(zuo)(zuo)業，從而完成邊(bian)坡(po)(po)防護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

２承臺施工的重點、難點

通(tong)常情況下(xia)，實(shi)施(shi)(shi)渡槽(cao)承臺施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難之(zhi)處(chu)，集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)土質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性，對(dui)于湟水(shui)北干(gan)渠三分(fen)干(gan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)而(er)言，在(zai)土質(zhi)應用的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，很容(rong)易(yi)會受到地質(zhi)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，在(zai)進行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)加(jia)強對(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)開(kai)挖預留的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視程(cheng)度，并以(yi)此(ci)為基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎進行土方的(de)(de)(de)(de)回填處(chu)理(li)，先是(shi)選用初壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式進行處(chu)理(li)，嚴格遵循(xun)相(xiang)(xiang)關標(biao)準(zhun)進行儲存處(chu)理(li)，做(zuo)好(hao)遮蓋防(fang)水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)(lai)(lai)滿足相(xiang)(xiang)關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)需求。在(zai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有關邊(bian)坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)放坡坡比，會對(dui)整個(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)場(chang)地帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)(lai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，在(zai)這一(yi)(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則需要(yao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位明(ming)確(que)(que)設備(bei)投入標(biao)準(zhun)，并根據(ju)現(xian)場(chang)實(shi)際情況處(chu)理(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎，加(jia)強對(dui)含水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，降(jiang)低土質(zhi)不(bu)穩(wen)定所帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)(lai)(lai)確(que)(que)保施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全質(zhi)量能(neng)夠(gou)得到有效提升。在(zai)進行承臺施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，加(jia)強對(dui)砂卵(luan)石與(yu)(yu)大(da)孤石的(de)(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)力度，明(ming)確(que)(que)這類石塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與(yu)(yu)特(te)點，針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)難破碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征提出具(ju)有針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)方法，明(ming)確(que)(que)注意事項，從而(er)來(lai)(lai)(lai)完成相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)交底工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)在(zai)開(kai)展相(xiang)(xiang)關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，提高自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全意識，能(neng)夠(gou)根據(ju)現(xian)場(chang)實(shi)際情況進行管理(li)與(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，整個(ge)操作(zuo)(zuo)內容(rong)具(ju)有可靠性與(yu)(yu)穩(wen)定性，對(dui)于湟水(shui)北干(gan)渠三分(fen)干(gan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量也會產生很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保證作(zuo)(zuo)用［１］。

３承臺施工方案

３.１承臺施工控(kong)制要點

（１）對(dui)于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位而言，在(zai)對(dui)承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)進(jin)(jin)行開挖工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)，先要進(jin)(jin)行標(biao)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)連線工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，這就需(xu)要施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員提前(qian)(qian)準(zhun)備好承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)站點(dian)數(shu)據，并(bing)以(yi)此為基礎完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)相應的(de)(de)(de)連線工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，同時還(huan)要把存(cun)在(zai)于承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)軸線進(jin)(jin)行引出處理，使其離開開挖區，并(bing)以(yi)此為基礎完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)位置的(de)(de)(de)定位與校對(dui)，利用精(jing)準(zhun)控(kong)制(zhi)線的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段，實(shi)(shi)行鋼筋綁扎作(zuo)(zuo)業，加強(qiang)對(dui)模板支設(she)的(de)(de)(de)處理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，以(yi)此來滿足(zu)湟水北干渠三分(fen)干工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)建設(she)需(xu)求。此外，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員還(huan)要明確(que)承(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)混凝土澆(jiao)筑工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)內(nei)容，在(zai)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)這一部(bu)分(fen)內(nei)容時，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員需(xu)要優先完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)坐標(biao)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)識別(bie)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，具(ju)體識別(bie)方式需(xu)要參考現場實(shi)(shi)際情況，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)信息的(de)(de)(de)收集以(yi)及收納工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

（２）承臺施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的準備時期，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員需(xu)要在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)以(yi)及承臺兩(liang)區(qu)域進(jin)行排水(shui)處(chu)理，提高防水(shui)特性，并依照現(xian)(xian)場實際情況進(jin)行回填土(tu)的堆放與遮蓋，禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)放置在(zai)潮(chao)濕或(huo)干(gan)燥的區(qu)域，同時也要在(zai)其周邊做(zuo)好排水(shui)處(chu)理，以(yi)此來避免(mian)發(fa)生基坑水(shui)流流入的情況。同時，為(wei)了(le)避免(mian)邊坡土(tu)體出現(xian)(xian)浸水(shui)或(huo)者是脫水(shui)的情況，使得(de)土(tu)體含(han)水(shui)率變化，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位應當禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)人員隨意堆放，尤其是在(zai)特殊邊坡部分，更要做(zuo)好觀測工(gong)作，確認其安全穩定(ding)才能夠堆放［２］。

（３）為了確保(bao)湟水北干(gan)渠(qu)三分干(gan)工(gong)程(cheng)安全(quan)性不受影(ying)響，施(shi)工(gong)單位在進行(xing)基(ji)坑處理的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，需要(yao)特(te)別注意(yi)防(fang)護工(gong)作的(de)開展，針(zhen)對于基(ji)坑圍護施(shi)工(gong)方案(an)的(de)制定(ding)(ding)，需要(yao)參考現場(chang)實際情況，確保(bao)土體的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)性得以提(ti)升，對于后續的(de)施(shi)工(gong)建設產生良好的(de)促進作用。

（４）湟(huang)水(shui)(shui)北干渠(qu)三分干工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)臺土(tu)方回填(tian)(tian)及水(shui)(shui)環(huan)保(bao)也(ye)是渡槽施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)環(huan)節的(de)重要措施(shi)(shi)，倘若在(zai)這一過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)出現問題，會對(dui)承(cheng)臺產生較為不(bu)利的(de)影響。為了不(bu)讓雨水(shui)(shui)流(liu)入基坑(keng)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)需要在(zai)完成(cheng)基礎(chu)回填(tian)(tian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)后，進行周圍排(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝(gou)挖設和表層植物措施(shi)(shi)，在(zai)不(bu)影響承(cheng)臺穩定的(de)前提下，土(tu)方回填(tian)(tian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，有助于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場生態環(huan)境的(de)修復，有助于國家生態環(huan)境保(bao)護建設與發展要求的(de)滿足。

３.２土方開挖(wa)及防護

在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)四周(zhou)先(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)圍(wei)護(hu)(hu)后，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，先(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)穩定(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)析，判斷其(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)(yu)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)狀態是否滿足(zu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，而(er)后依照相關情況完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)集與(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)析。對(dui)(dui)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)而(er)言，倘(tang)若無法(fa)對(dui)(dui)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)確(que)定(ding)(ding)，或者(zhe)是信息數(shu)據(ju)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)滯后性(xing)(xing)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遇到(dao)特殊土(tu)(tu)體(ti)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)時，便會導致整(zheng)個(ge)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)效(xiao)率(lv)大(da)幅度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)降，甚(shen)至還會引發安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故，使得工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)本大(da)幅度(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。因此(ci)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)日常工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)當(dang)對(dui)(dui)不同(tong)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)及(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)題有(you)所(suo)了(le)解(jie)，能(neng)夠根(gen)據(ju)現場(chang)(chang)實際(ji)情況制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)案，先(xian)對(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)放(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)坡(po)(po)(po)度(du)(du)，確(que)認安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)后才能(neng)夠進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作內容。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)渡槽基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)放(fang)(fang)樣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)先(xian)確(que)定(ding)(ding)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位置，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)測量(liang)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)樣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，明(ming)確(que)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)力度(du)(du)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬度(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)１ｍ左右，同(tong)時還需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)對(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)力度(du)(du)，通過機(ji)(ji)械化手段完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所(suo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遵循(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)為(wei)１∶１，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)非正常地(di)(di)質(zhi)情況，也就(jiu)是整(zheng)個(ge)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)較差(cha)時，則需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依照實際(ji)情況完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)案設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所(suo)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)部(bu)長寬數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)(gao)于圖紙(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)內容，余值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)０.５ｍ。渡槽基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)（槽）主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)排(pai)架、槽臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)為(wei)臨時性(xing)(xing)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)放(fang)(fang)坡(po)(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，因地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)等影(ying)響造成(cheng)(cheng)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)不穩時采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)板樁、壓腳支(zhi)護(hu)(hu)等形式加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)［３］。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)１.２ｍ３反鏟(chan)挖(wa)(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，土(tu)(tu)料堆放(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則上采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)近(jin)堆放(fang)(fang)，余土(tu)(tu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)２０ｔ自卸汽車拉運至棄(qi)(qi)渣場(chang)(chang)。本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)樂都北部(bu)腦山西(xi)地(di)(di)區(qu)，橫(heng)跨馬營村(cun)直溝(gou)(gou)溝(gou)(gou)道，溝(gou)(gou)道內有(you)長流水(shui)，地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)豐富(fu)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)容易(yi)產生(sheng)滲(shen)水(shui)、垮塌等問(wen)(wen)題，開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)好施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)坡(po)(po)(po)比(bi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)線(xian)１ｍ范(fan)圍(wei)內不能(neng)堆土(tu)(tu)及(ji)(ji)停放(fang)(fang)各種施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械。基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周(zhou)圍(wei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)做好防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)草袋圍(wei)巖進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)圍(wei)堵(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時挖(wa)(wa)設(she)(she)排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou)(gou)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止外水(shui)流入，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)部(bu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)緣設(she)(she)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抽水(shui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，抽水(shui)設(she)(she)備(bei)滿足(zu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。為(wei)了(le)避免湟水(shui)北干渠三分(fen)(fen)干工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)渡槽基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)現問(wen)(wen)題，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)準備(bei)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，依靠就(jiu)近(jin)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)立(li)，排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬度(du)(du)為(wei)３０ｃｍ，其(qi)(qi)他空間則用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)，禁止出(chu)現超挖(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，針對(dui)(dui)拐角地(di)(di)區(qu)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)積(ji)水(shui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，對(dui)(dui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)底(di)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)滲(shen)水(shui)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)泵來(lai)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)出(chu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)部(bu)常備(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)泵。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作之前，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)前進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，并(bing)根(gen)據(ju)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)所(suo)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)特征進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)科學(xue)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，科學(xue)選擇(ze)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)法(fa)，以此(ci)為(wei)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)健康提(ti)供安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)障。比(bi)如說，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發現地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)相對(dui)(dui)良好，或者(zhe)是開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)深度(du)(du)處(chu)(chu)于安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)范(fan)圍(wei)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位為(wei)了(le)節省成(cheng)(cheng)本，可(ke)以進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簡易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位，則要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)支(zhi)護(hu)(hu)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)止失穩，以此(ci)來(lai)滿足(zu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)與(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)當(dang)從(cong)整(zheng)個(ge)渡槽承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)特征入手，依照現場(chang)(chang)實際(ji)情況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)明(ming)確(que)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響因素，并(bing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)交接(jie)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)力度(du)(du)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)棄(qi)(qi)土(tu)(tu)運輸，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)，從(cong)而(er)來(lai)滿足(zu)建(jian)設(she)(she)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)應(ying)當(dang)明(ming)確(que)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，并(bing)依照設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)標高(gao)(gao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)其(qi)(qi)能(neng)夠滿足(zu)混凝土(tu)(tu)澆筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各方(fang)面需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)。同(tong)時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)墊層(ceng)(ceng)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)時，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)方(fang)堆放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)，將其(qi)(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)渡槽跨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，從(cong)而(er)來(lai)滿足(zu)回填需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)。對(dui)(dui)于開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松散土(tu)(tu)體(ti)，全(quan)(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)密目網防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)遮蓋(gai)，以此(ci)減輕產生(sheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)揚(yang)塵［４］。

３.３墊(dian)層施工等

到(dao)(dao)(dao)承臺基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)換填完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)平(ping)整度(du)處理，鋪設墊層前(qian)(qian)，在(zai)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)線以外挖設集水(shui)(shui)井，將基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)內滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)全部排干，露出(chu)干燥(zao)的基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)面，不能在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中澆(jiao)(jiao)筑墊層混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土。澆(jiao)(jiao)筑時利(li)用槽鋼進(jin)(jin)行(xing)邊模板的支護，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土入倉(cang)后(hou)，采用人工(gong)平(ping)倉(cang)，平(ping)板振(zhen)動(dong)器震動(dong)壓平(ping)，來完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊層的澆(jiao)(jiao)筑。在(zai)湟水(shui)(shui)北干渠三分(fen)干工(gong)程中，混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊層設計厚度(du)為１０ｃｍ，且(qie)強度(du)符合(he)Ｃ２０混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土要(yao)(yao)求。等到(dao)(dao)(dao)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)墊層施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)時，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員需要(yao)(yao)前(qian)(qian)往現(xian)場(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)檢查，主要(yao)(yao)是對(dui)墊層均(jun)勻(yun)性、密(mi)實性以及平(ping)整度(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)測量檢查。要(yao)(yao)知道，有關基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土的澆(jiao)(jiao)筑工(gong)作(zuo)是整個基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)承臺施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中的重要(yao)(yao)環節，若在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑工(gong)作(zuo)前(qian)(qian)，基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)面存在(zai)著積(ji)水(shui)(shui)或者雜(za)物，都(dou)會使得(de)整個工(gong)程質量大幅度(du)下降，后(hou)續的工(gong)作(zuo)也會受到(dao)(dao)(dao)影響。

３.４承臺鋼筋綁扎及模板安裝

（１）在承(cheng)臺鋼筋安裝施工中(zhong)，提高對(dui)(dui)材料檢測檢驗工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)重視至關重要(yao)，對(dui)(dui)材料進(jin)行質量檢測，并以此為(wei)基礎進(jin)行保護(hu)處理，核對(dui)(dui)承(cheng)臺底(di)面標高能夠(gou)滿足(zu)設計要(yao)求，有助(zhu)于為(wei)施工作(zuo)(zuo)業的(de)順利(li)開展提供(gong)基礎保障，有助(zhu)于相(xiang)關要(yao)求的(de)滿足(zu)，有助(zhu)于施工單位下道工序作(zuo)(zuo)業的(de)順利(li)開展［５］。

（２）施工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員進行鋼筋保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)依照設計標準(zhun)(zhun)，將(jiang)保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)(de)厚度控制在５ｃｍ左(zuo)右，并(bing)利用層面與底(di)面的(de)(de)方式，完成墊塊數(shu)量的(de)(de)處(chu)理，使其能夠符合預期標準(zhun)(zhun)，且在布(bu)置過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，加強(qiang)(qiang)對均勻性的(de)(de)管(guan)控十分重要(yao)，有助于為后續工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)順利開(kai)展與推進提供保(bao)障。另外(wai)，在該(gai)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是，有關混凝土墊塊所具(ju)備的(de)(de)抗壓強(qiang)(qiang)度以及耐久性都要(yao)高于混凝土自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)。

（３）在進行承(cheng)(cheng)臺鋼(gang)筋(jin)綁(bang)扎(zha)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，需要(yao)(yao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員按圖紙設計內容(rong)，完成(cheng)尺寸(cun)上的(de)(de)控制，從而來(lai)確保(bao)鋼(gang)筋(jin)安裝滿(man)(man)足施(shi)工(gong)(gong)規(gui)范要(yao)(yao)求。在這(zhe)一(yi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，需要(yao)(yao)技(ji)術人(ren)員對鋼(gang)筋(jin)接(jie)頭的(de)(de)焊接(jie)質量(liang)及搭(da)接(jie)長度進行嚴格控制，依照規(gui)范要(yao)(yao)求完成(cheng)鋼(gang)筋(jin)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)與處理，并(bing)選用(yong)符合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)技(ji)術手段(duan)和焊條，這(zhe)樣不(bu)但能夠有效提高鋼(gang)筋(jin)綁(bang)扎(zha)與焊接(jie)質量(liang)，對于湟(huang)水北干(gan)渠(qu)三分(fen)干(gan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)渡槽基(ji)礎承(cheng)(cheng)臺施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效果也(ye)會起到良好的(de)(de)影響。此外，參(can)與本(ben)次(ci)焊接(jie)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)人(ren)員，需要(yao)(yao)提前(qian)進行培訓(xun)，并(bing)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)相應(ying)的(de)(de)考(kao)核工(gong)(gong)作，完成(cheng)考(kao)核后才(cai)能夠持證上崗，以(yi)此來(lai)確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)操作具備(bei)規(gui)范性(xing)與可靠(kao)性(xing)。等到承(cheng)(cheng)臺結(jie)構的(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)網完成(cheng)布設之后，則需要(yao)(yao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位加強對墩身(shen)鋼(gang)筋(jin)的(de)(de)控制，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)手段(duan)針(zhen)對墩身(shen)主(zhu)筋(jin)完成(cheng)預埋工(gong)(gong)作，力求焊接(jie)飽(bao)滿(man)(man)且穩固，既(ji)有助(zhu)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率的(de)(de)提升以(yi)及支(zhi)出成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)降低，又有助(zhu)于各參(can)建單位檢查(cha)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)滿(man)(man)足，確保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)。

（４）站在(zai)施工(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度分析(xi)，模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)安裝(zhuang)施工(gong)需(xu)要(yao)嚴格(ge)(ge)遵(zun)循(xun)設(she)計標準(zhun)，重視設(she)計方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)承臺模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)與(yu)(yu)管理中，主要(yao)以(yi)(yi)大塊(kuai)組合鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)為基礎(chu)，厚度數值控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)５ｍｍ的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)，其背部橫(heng)、縱(zong)需(xu)要(yao)加肋施工(gong)，以(yi)(yi)便于(yu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)使用效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升，有助于(yu)為后續(xu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良好開展(zhan)提(ti)供保障(zhang)，有助于(yu)增大模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)轉次數。同時，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定過程中，需(xu)要(yao)利用預埋鋼(gang)筋的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)進(jin)行(xing)拉桿處理，這樣(yang)能(neng)夠減少對外(wai)部支撐的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴(lai)，并以(yi)(yi)此(ci)為基礎(chu)完成安裝(zhuang)處理，等到符合要(yao)求后，再進(jin)行(xing)平面位置的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理與(yu)(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，實現對頂部標高的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，強化節(jie)點聯系，確保模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)滿足安全穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)安裝(zhuang)完成自檢驗收(shou)合格(ge)(ge)后，需(xu)要(yao)監理人員進(jin)行(xing)驗倉，驗收(shou)合格(ge)(ge)后才能(neng)夠進(jin)行(xing)澆筑工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)［６］。

３.５承臺混凝土(tu)的施工

３.５.１混凝土(tu)的運輸及澆筑

一方面，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸需(xu)要(yao)使用(yong)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪(jiao)拌罐車，運(yun)輸期間應盡可(ke)能(neng)減少(shao)顛簸(bo)，而混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)入模需(xu)要(yao)使用(yong)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)泵(beng)車進(jin)行(xing)(xing)泵(beng)送。另(ling)一方面，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，常(chang)規的(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)方法是(shi)分層一次(ci)性(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)，每層混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)厚度(du)需(xu)要(yao)控(kong)制在４０ｃｍ左右，具體(ti)分層的(de)(de)(de)交接時間應該是(shi)在混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)前(qian)期。在混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員需(xu)要(yao)注重混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)連續性(xing)，盡可(ke)能(neng)做到(dao)一次(ci)性(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)成功(gong)，避(bi)免出現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。此外，在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)體(ti)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)以及振搗(dao)施(shi)工(gong)時，施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員需(xu)要(yao)時刻(ke)關注鋼筋(jin)、模板以及插筋(jin)等有無(wu)變形或者是(shi)移(yi)動現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，如若(ruo)有移(yi)動或變形問題，則(ze)需(xu)要(yao)立刻(ke)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)處(chu)理，確保該問題能(neng)夠在混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)之前(qian)處(chu)理完畢。如若(ruo)承臺(tai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)到(dao)上部的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員需(xu)要(yao)立刻(ke)將渡槽施(shi)工(gong)支架的(de)(de)(de)底座埋設好。

３.５.２混凝土的振搗及養護

一(yi)方面，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)施工(gong)。該工(gong)程(cheng)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)所使用(yong)(yong)的(de)方法為(wei)Φ５０振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)棒的(de)插(cha)入式振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法，施工(gong)人員(yuan)需要(yao)合理掌握振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)棒的(de)插(cha)入速(su)度(du)(du)，始終(zhong)遵(zun)循(xun)“快插(cha)慢(man)拔(ba)”的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)原則，每一(yi)次振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)棒插(cha)入點(dian)的(de)排列都需要(yao)均(jun)勻、有序(xu)，避免(mian)出(chu)現漏洞，有助于保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)密實性(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)均(jun)勻性(xing)。此(ci)外，各插(cha)入點(dian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)距應(ying)控(kong)制(zhi)在４０ｃｍ以(yi)(yi)(yi)內，下一(yi)層(ceng)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)完畢(bi)并(bing)開始進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)一(yi)層(ceng)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi)(shi)，振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)棒需要(yao)插(cha)入下一(yi)層(ceng)５～１０ｃｍ，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)加(jia)強混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)上(shang)、下層(ceng)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)緊密度(du)(du)，增加(jia)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)牢固(gu)性(xing)，與此(ci)同時(shi)(shi)，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)過程(cheng)中，禁止使用(yong)(yong)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)棒觸碰模板(ban)或者是鋼筋(jin)等。另(ling)一(yi)方面，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)養(yang)護施工(gong)，澆(jiao)筑完成后的(de)承臺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，施工(gong)人員(yuan)需要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)塑料(liao)薄(bo)膜將其進(jin)(jin)行覆蓋(gai)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)減緩承臺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)水(shui)分的(de)蒸發速(su)度(du)(du)，起保(bao)(bao)水(shui)保(bao)(bao)濕的(de)作用(yong)(yong)，具體養(yang)護時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)至(zhi)少為(wei)７ｄ。

３.５.３混凝土拆(chai)模及模板整修

混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)雖然操作簡單，但其實際施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)項較多，屬于水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)渡槽基礎承(cheng)(cheng)臺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中技(ji)術型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，其與拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)整修(xiu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都需(xu)(xu)要(yao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)認真對(dui)待。在(zai)承(cheng)(cheng)臺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)完成３ｄ之后，又或者是混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)試壓(ya)強度已經(jing)符(fu)合水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)渡槽基礎承(cheng)(cheng)臺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)標(biao)準時，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)可以(yi)進行拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)操作。在(zai)拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)避免(mian)松頂以(yi)及(ji)掉角等問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現，待拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作全部結束(shu)之后，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)在(zai)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)表面涂刷脫(tuo)模(mo)(mo)劑，并及(ji)時將錐型(xing)螺帽拆(chai)除，隨后使用砂漿將錐型(xing)螺帽孔進行填(tian)實處理，以(yi)此確保承(cheng)(cheng)臺外(wai)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)美觀度，其也屬于是模(mo)(mo)板(ban)整修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

４結語

本(ben)文(wen)以湟水(shui)北干渠三分干工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)例，對其(qi)渡(du)槽基礎(chu)承臺(tai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行研究(jiu)，通過合理的(de)(de)手段強(qiang)化混凝土施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)，提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設的(de)(de)安全性(xing)、均勻性(xing)與整體性(xing)，使得混凝土強(qiang)度(du)符合預期標準，減少成本(ben)支出，有助于為(wei)后續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)開(kai)展奠(dian)定堅實基礎(chu)。至此，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案的(de)(de)制定應該遵循現場實際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)情(qing)況(kuang)，以此作(zuo)為(wei)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基礎(chu)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)開(kai)展的(de)(de)參考。從(cong)質量(liang)(liang)上來講(jiang)，專業(ye)的(de)(de)渡(du)槽基礎(chu)承臺(tai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，在提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)優(you)良率(lv)的(de)(de)同時，不僅能滿足(zu)本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)要求，對整體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)也會起(qi)到提升作(zuo)用。

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［１］楊自忠.淺談(tan)水利工程(cheng)渡槽基礎(chu)承臺施工［Ｊ］．農業科技與(yu)信息，２０２１（１４）：１２３－１２５.

［２］陳環(huan)，張(zhang)崇(chong)昌.中小型(xing)水利工(gong)程施工(gong)中圍堰技(ji)術的應用［Ｊ］．中國(guo)新技(ji)術新產品，２０２１（１０）：１０３－１０５.

［３］裴習軍，丁長圍.水利工程中的(de)泵房施工技(ji)術(shu)重難點分析(xi)［Ｊ］．城市道橋與防洪，２０２１（０１）：１５１－１５３＋１８６＋１７.

［４］倪亮(liang)明.水利工(gong)程中樁基(ji)檢(jian)測(ce)的技術分析［Ｊ］．建(jian)材與裝飾，２０２０（１１）：２９３－２９４.

［５］何欣(xin)航(hang).水利工程大體積混(hun)凝土施(shi)(shi)工溫度監測及施(shi)(shi)工質量(liang)控制措施(shi)(shi)［Ｊ］．居舍(she)，２０１９（２９）：１６８.

［６］邱穎輝，姚建英.水利(li)工(gong)(gong)程中橋梁承臺的(de)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)［Ｊ］．江西建材，２０１２（０５）：１１４－１１５.

作者:王春娟(juan)單位:甘肅省(sheng)水利水電工程局(ju)有限責任公司