導語：高產(chan)優(you)質馬鈴薯新品種篩選試驗(yan)分析一文(wen)來源于(yu)網友上傳，不(bu)代(dai)表本站觀點，若需要(yao)原(yuan)創(chuang)文(wen)章可咨詢客服(fu)老(lao)師(shi)，歡迎參考。

摘要：為篩(shai)(shai)選(xuan)適(shi)宜(yi)習(xi)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)種植的馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)優(you)良新品(pin)(pin)種，從(cong)省外(wai)引進(jin)(jin)９個新品(pin)(pin)種進(jin)(jin)行篩(shai)(shai)選(xuan)試驗(yan)。結果表(biao)明，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５綜(zong)(zong)合表(biao)現最優(you)，產(chan)(chan)量最高（２７９７４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２），抗病(bing)性(xing)強(qiang)，商(shang)品(pin)(pin)性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)高，生育期(qi)相對適(shi)中，可(ke)在習(xi)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)中低海拔區域(yu)示范(fan)推廣(guang)。云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)１０８、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)９０２產(chan)(chan)量水(shui)平(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)高，商(shang)品(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)率也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)高，晚疫病(bing)發病(bing)率較(jiao)(jiao)低，生育期(qi)適(shi)宜(yi)，綜(zong)(zong)合表(biao)現較(jiao)(jiao)好，可(ke)以進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)試驗(yan)示范(fan)。

關鍵詞：馬(ma)鈴薯；新(xin)品種；產量；適應性

馬鈴薯是貴州主要的糧食作物之一，也是菜、飼兼用作物，習水縣常年種植面積１．６萬ｈｍ２，是保障習水縣糧食安全的重要糧食產業。目前習水縣馬鈴薯種植多為農戶散種，種薯多以自留種為主，隨著多年種植，品種老化、退化現象嚴重，抗病性下降，單產水平和商品轉化率相對較低，急需推廣高產優質、抗病性強、商品性好的馬鈴薯品種進行更新換代。近年來，貴州各地廣泛開展的馬鈴薯新品種篩選試驗總結了寶(bao)貴(gui)經(jing)驗(yan)，為習水縣新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)推廣應用和品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)結構優化提(ti)供了參考［１－３］。結合貴(gui)州省馬鈴(ling)薯綠(lv)色增產增效技術(shu)示范推廣項(xiang)目，于(yu)２０２１年２－６月在習水縣二郎鎮莫(mo)洛村開展(zhan)馬鈴(ling)薯新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)比較試驗(yan)，以(yi)期(qi)篩選適(shi)宜當(dang)地種(zhong)(zhong)植的優良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，促進新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)更新(xin)換代，進一步提(ti)高單產，為馬鈴(ling)薯產業發展(zhan)提(ti)供參考數據和技術(shu)支撐。

１材料與方法

１．１試驗地概況

試驗在習水縣二郎鎮莫洛村周(zhou)勝(sheng)勇農戶責任地(di)上進(jin)行(xing)，２８°１１′２３″Ｎ，１０６°１８′５７″Ｅ，海拔８７１ｍ，地(di)勢(shi)平坦，土(tu)層深厚(hou)，質地(di)疏松(song)，土(tu)壤肥(fei)力中等且均勻一致，排灌方便，前作為高粱。

１．２供試品種

試驗品種為(wei)隴薯(shu)(shu)７號、會(hui)薯(shu)(shu)１９、云薯(shu)(shu)１０８、云薯(shu)(shu)９０２、云薯(shu)(shu)５０５、寧蒗３號、寧蒗５號、Ｖ７、華頌７號，其中華頌７號為(wei)田間對照品種，采用(yong)一(yi)級脫毒種薯(shu)(shu)，種薯(shu)(shu)由(you)貴州省(sheng)農作(zuo)物技術推廣總站(zhan)提(ti)供(gong)。

１．３試驗設計

試驗采(cai)用(yong)隨(sui)機區組設計，３次重復。實行(xing)(xing)單壟雙行(xing)(xing)錯窩(wo)(wo)種(zhong)植(zhi)，黑(hei)地膜覆蓋打(da)孔播(bo)種(zhong)，小(xiao)區行(xing)(xing)長(chang)５ｍ，壟距(ju)１．２ｍ（寬(kuan)行(xing)(xing)０．８ｍ、窄行(xing)(xing)０．４ｍ），小(xiao)區為４壟８行(xing)(xing)，小(xiao)區面積２４ｍ２。種(zhong)植(zhi)規格(ge)按窩(wo)(wo)距(ju)０．２５ｍ，單行(xing)(xing)播(bo)２０窩(wo)(wo)、４０窩(wo)(wo)／壟、１６０窩(wo)(wo)／小(xiao)區，播(bo)種(zhong)密度４４４５窩(wo)(wo)／６６７ｍ２。小(xiao)區間(jian)(jian)不留走(zou)道(dao)，重復間(jian)(jian)留走(zou)道(dao)０．５ｍ，四周種(zhong)保護行(xing)(xing)。

１．４田間管理

２０２１年２月(yue)３日(ri)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)清潔田園(yuan)。種(zhong)(zhong)薯切塊５０ｇ左右。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時施足底肥(fei)，以農家肥(fei)為(wei)(wei)主，化(hua)肥(fei)為(wei)(wei)輔，農家肥(fei)按２０００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２施用(yong)，均勻(yun)撒在地(di)里，用(yong)旋耕機翻犁入土，復合肥(fei)（Ｎ:Ｐ２Ｏ５:Ｋ２Ｏ＝１５－１５－１５，總含量(liang)≥４５％）按５０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２施用(yong)，起壟時溝(gou)施于(yu)兩行(xing)中(zhong)間。為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)察品種(zhong)(zhong)抗病性(xing)，整個試驗(yan)過程未進行(xing)藥劑(ji)防(fang)控，小區田間管(guan)理(li)措施一致。于(yu)６月(yue)１９日(ri)收獲，按小區實測實收計產(chan)。

２結果與分析

２．１生育期分析

從表１可以看(kan)出，８個參試品(pin)種均(jun)能正(zheng)常生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)成(cheng)熟，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期在(zai)９０ｄ以上。生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期超過１００ｄ的有(you)寧蒗３號(hao)、云(yun)薯(shu)９０２、寧蒗５號(hao)，依次(ci)為(wei)１０５ｄ、１０４ｄ、１０１ｄ，分別(bie)比(bi)ｃｋ長(chang)１３ｄ、１２ｄ、９ｄ；其次(ci)是隴薯(shu)７號(hao)、云(yun)薯(shu)５０５、會薯(shu)１９，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期為(wei)９８ｄ、９７ｄ、９６ｄ，比(bi)ｃｋ長(chang)６ｄ、５ｄ、４ｄ；最短的云(yun)薯(shu)１０８、Ｖ７，全生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期為(wei)９０ｄ、９１ｄ，比(bi)ｃｋ短２ｄ、１ｄ。各(ge)品(pin)種均(jun)為(wei)晚熟品(pin)種，在(zai)相(xiang)同(tong)的生(sheng)(sheng)態、氣候和(he)栽培條件(jian)下，出苗(miao)、齊苗(miao)、開花(hua)、成(cheng)熟等各(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期均(jun)有(you)所差異，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期最短９０ｄ，最長(chang)１０５ｄ，相(xiang)差１５ｄ左(zuo)右。

２．２產量(liang)構(gou)成因素分析

由表２可見(jian)，單株結薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)隴(long)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)７號(hao)、寧蒗５號(hao)、寧蒗３號(hao)較(jiao)多，平(ping)均(jun)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為９．２個(ge)、８．９個(ge)、８．１個(ge)，少(shao)于(yu)５個(ge)的(de)是(shi)云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)１０８、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５。平(ping)均(jun)單株商品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)重量云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５、Ｖ７較(jiao)重，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為０．４９ｋｇ、０．４３ｋｇ；單株薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)重云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５、Ｖ７較(jiao)重，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為０．５２ｋｇ、０．４８ｋｇ，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)９０２、隴(long)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)７號(hao)次(ci)之，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為０．４３ｋｇ、０．４２ｋｇ。商品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)率云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)１０８最高，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為９４．６２％、９１．４１％，Ｖ７、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)９０２次(ci)之，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為８９．９５％、８８．９％，會(hui)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)１９、隴(long)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)７號(hao)、寧蒗３號(hao)、寧蒗５號(hao)的(de)商品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)率低于(yu)ｃｋ。

２．３產量分析

８個(ge)(ge)品(pin)種出(chu)田(tian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在９４３１～２７９７４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２之間，以云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)高，最(zui)低的(de)是寧蒗５號。比(bi)ｃｋ增產(chan)(chan)的(de)有云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５等(deng)６個(ge)(ge)品(pin)種，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５和隴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)７號增產(chan)(chan)幅度明顯(xian)，增產(chan)(chan)率(lv)在４５％以上，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)９０２和云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)１０８的(de)增產(chan)(chan)率(lv)在３０％左右，會薯(shu)(shu)(shu)１９增產(chan)(chan)１８．７％，Ｖ７增產(chan)(chan)最(zui)低，僅３．８％。寧蒗３號、寧蒗５號則比(bi)ｃｋ分別減產(chan)(chan)７．８％、４６．８％。對８個(ge)(ge)品(pin)種出(chu)田(tian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和商(shang)品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行方差(cha)分析（見表３），出(chu)田(tian)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、商(shang)品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)均(jun)存在極顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)差(cha)異(yi)。云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)５０５出(chu)田(tian)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與隴薯(shu)(shu)(shu)７號、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)９０２、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)１０８差(cha)異(yi)不顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)，但顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)高于會薯(shu)(shu)(shu)１９等(deng)５個(ge)(ge)品(pin)種。

２．４抗病性分析

從表４可以看出，從４月(yue)３０日(ri)至５月(yue)１５日(ri)，在未(wei)進行晚(wan)疫(yi)病(bing)防控的(de)(de)情況下，會薯(shu)(shu)１９、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)１０８、寧蒗(lang)(lang)(lang)５號植株晚(wan)疫(yi)病(bing)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)從５％增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)１０％，提高５％；云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)５０５、寧蒗(lang)(lang)(lang)３號發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)分別(bie)從５％、８％增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)１５％，發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)提高≤１０％；云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)９０２的(de)(de)植株發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了１５％；隴薯(shu)(shu)７號、Ｖ７、華(hua)頌(song)７號的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)分別(bie)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)４０％、５０％、５０％，以華(hua)頌(song)７號發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)最(zui)(zui)高。會薯(shu)(shu)１９、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)１０８、寧蒗(lang)(lang)(lang)５號這３個品種對晚(wan)疫(yi)病(bing)抗性(xing)較強，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)５０５、寧蒗(lang)(lang)(lang)３號、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)９０２抗性(xing)次之，隴薯(shu)(shu)７號抗性(xing)中等，Ｖ７、華(hua)頌(song)７號（ｃｋ）抗性(xing)最(zui)(zui)弱。

３結論與討論

通(tong)過試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)５０５產(chan)(chan)量(liang)水平(ping)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，平(ping)均單株結(jie)(jie)薯(shu)(shu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)數(shu)（５．１個(ge)(ge)(ge)）在(zai)８個(ge)(ge)(ge)參試(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種中(zhong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少，但(dan)(dan)大薯(shu)(shu)多(duo)(duo)，商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，晚疫(yi)病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，生育期(qi)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)，綜(zong)合表現最佳(jia)，可(ke)以進(jin)一步(bu)(bu)示(shi)范(fan)推(tui)廣，與(yu)李燕山(shan)等［４］研(yan)究得出云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)５０５的高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)抗(kang)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)和中(zhong)晚熟(shu)特(te)性相一致。云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)１０８、云(yun)薯(shu)(shu)９０２產(chan)(chan)量(liang)水平(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)也較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，晚疫(yi)病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，生育期(qi)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)，綜(zong)合表現較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)，可(ke)以進(jin)一步(bu)(bu)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)示(shi)范(fan)，與(yu)尹自友等［５］、尹佳(jia)等［６］的試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)果相一致。隴薯(shu)(shu)７號產(chan)(chan)量(liang)在(zai)８個(ge)(ge)(ge)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種中(zhong)排第２位，結(jie)(jie)薯(shu)(shu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)數(shu)最多(duo)(duo)，大薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)等，商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)８４．４８％，在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的植株晚疫(yi)病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)情況下產(chan)(chan)量(liang)水平(ping)仍較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，這(zhe)可(ke)能(neng)與(yu)后期(qi)發(fa)病(bing)指(zhi)數(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)有(you)關。Ｖ７結(jie)(jie)薯(shu)(shu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)數(shu)中(zhong)等、商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，但(dan)(dan)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)、產(chan)(chan)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，不宜(yi)推(tui)廣。寧蒗(lang)３號、寧蒗(lang)５號的突出優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)植株晚疫(yi)病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，抗(kang)性較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)，但(dan)(dan)結(jie)(jie)薯(shu)(shu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)數(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)、小薯(shu)(shu)多(duo)(duo)、大薯(shu)(shu)少、商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)薯(shu)(shu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)低(di)(di)，導致產(chan)(chan)量(liang)水平(ping)最低(di)(di)，后續應加(jia)強高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)配套技術(shu)研(yan)究示(shi)范(fan)，提煉關鍵(jian)技術(shu)措(cuo)施。

作者(zhe)：周瑞 付梅 單位：習水縣種植業發展中心(xin) 貴(gui)州省農(nong)作物技(ji)術推廣總站