導語(yu)：大直徑卷筒繩槽(cao)底徑測量工裝設計(ji)研究(jiu)一(yi)文(wen)來源(yuan)于網友(you)上傳，不(bu)代表本(ben)站觀(guan)點，若需要原創文(wen)章(zhang)可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參(can)考。

摘要：針對岸橋集裝箱起重機配套的起升卷筒繩槽底徑精度要求較高，四聯繩槽底徑公差保證一致，相互偏差＜0.09mm；因卷筒繩槽底徑為螺旋式，所以目前還沒有測量工具能直接測量出數值，都是用直徑π尺＋深度尺間接測量的問題，設計了卷筒繩槽底徑檢測工具，并對其設計原理、結構和應用進行了詳,介紹，解決了加工后精準測量的問題。

關鍵詞：卷筒繩槽；底徑偏差；檢測工具；工裝設計與應用；大直徑

1序言

隨(sui)著港口(kou)起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)技術的(de)(de)(de)發展和行業(ye)需求，大(da)起(qi)(qi)重量、高(gao)揚程(cheng)、多(duo)吊(diao)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)應用(yong)越來越多(duo)，產量逐漸增大(da)，卷(juan)筒(tong)上吊(diao)點(dian)同步性問題(ti)越來越被關注(zhu)，如：水電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)雙(shuang)吊(diao)點(dian)起(qi)(qi)閉機(ji)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)(di)(di)徑(jing)(jing)精(jing)度要(yao)(yao)求在新規范（GB/T1800.1—2020）中提高(gao)，應≤h8，且雙(shuang)卷(juan)筒(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)(di)(di)徑(jing)(jing)公(gong)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)相對差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)應≤0.5h8[1]，即(ji)卷(juan)筒(tong)直徑(jing)(jing)公(gong)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)D＝1250h8（-0-0.165）mm，繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)(di)(di)經滿足(zu)相對誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)≤±0.0825mm。卷(juan)筒(tong)是(shi)(shi)起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)械中起(qi)(qi)升(sheng)機(ji)構纏(chan)繞鋼絲繩(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)部件(jian)，也是(shi)(shi)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)受力部件(jian)，從(cong)結(jie)構形式(shi)上分螺旋(xuan)線卷(juan)筒(tong)和平(ping)行折線卷(juan)筒(tong)。卷(juan)筒(tong)作(zuo)為(wei)關鍵受力零件(jian)，它的(de)(de)(de)制造質量直接(jie)影響著起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)整體性能，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)集裝箱起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)對卷(juan)筒(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)(di)(di)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)是(shi)(shi)關鍵質量控(kong)制點(dian)，應重點(dian)控(kong)制。岸橋起(qi)(qi)升(sheng)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)四聯(lian)卷(juan)筒(tong)需要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)其四聯(lian)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)（見圖(tu)1）底(di)(di)(di)徑(jing)(jing)滿足(zu)相對誤差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)D2－D1（或(huo)D3－D1、D4－D1）≤±0.10mm。為(wei)解決精(jing)度要(yao)(yao)求高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)直徑(jing)(jing)卷(juan)筒(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)(di)(di)徑(jing)(jing)無法精(jing)確測(ce)量問題(ti)，需要(yao)(yao)設(she)計(ji)工(gong)裝直接(jie)測(ce)量，保證(zheng)設(she)計(ji)和使用(yong)要(yao)(yao)求。

2設計原理分析

（1）設(she)計(ji)基礎(chu)　因(yin)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)螺旋式(shi)，所(suo)以目前還沒有測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)具直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)出(chu)數(shu)據(ju)，都是間接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)反算(suan)推理(li)(li)得出(chu)數(shu)值(zhi)[2]。一(yi)般(ban)情況下小直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)高(gao)精度卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是由外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)千分尺配合(he)深(shen)度尺進行間接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，但大(da)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)（＞1200mm）卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)因(yin)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)千分尺體積較大(da)、價格高(gao)及(ji)操作不便(bian)(bian)等因(yin)素(su)而應(ying)用(yong)較少(shao)，常(chang)見(jian)是通過(guo)π尺（精度0.02mm）測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)后(hou)再(zai)用(yong)深(shen)度百(bai)(bai)分表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)深(shen)度，經換算(suan)得卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)尺寸(cun)，如圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)2、圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)3所(suo)示。因(yin)間接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)尺寸(cun)，總是存在(zai)π尺拉(la)緊力不同(tong)等影(ying)響測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤差，并與(yu)(yu)真實值(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)差大(da)，再(zai)經過(guo)鋼絲繩(sheng)(sheng)多圈纏繞后(hou)得到的(de)(de)繩(sheng)(sheng)長差越(yue)大(da)[3]，對(dui)于(yu)起(qi)重較大(da)物體（如集裝(zhuang)箱(xiang)、框架）越(yue)會產生偏(pian)(pian)斜現(xian)象，嚴重時存在(zai)安(an)全隱患。因(yin)此需要設(she)計(ji)一(yi)種(zhong)用(yong)于(yu)大(da)型(xing)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)（見(jian)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)4、圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)5），能方便(bian)(bian)地(di)讀(du)出(chu)與(yu)(yu)真實值(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)差最小的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)。（2）設(she)計(ji)思路　利(li)用(yong)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)千分尺＋內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百(bai)(bai)分表(biao)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)原(yuan)理(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)結構(gou)形狀，結合(he)三(san)坐標測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀或大(da)型(xing)數(shu)控(kong)機床(chuang)（數(shu)控(kong)龍門銑鏜(tang)床(chuang)、落地(di)鏜(tang)床(chuang)等）的(de)(de)高(gao)精度測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備，能校準并修正(zheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)桿，再(zai)加(jia)(jia)上百(bai)(bai)分表(biao)調(diao)整范圍和(he)(he)精度，可以將繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)底徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)偏(pian)(pian)差控(kong)制在(zai)0.02mm內，將原(yuan)間接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)改為(wei)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，有效地(di)減少(shao)人為(wei)因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，與(yu)(yu)真實值(zhi)更加(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)近。（3）設(she)計(ji)原(yuan)理(li)(li)　如圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)6所(suo)示，該(gai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)有類似外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)千分尺的(de)(de)月牙形尺架，在(zai)尺架左右兩(liang)端分別焊接(jie)(jie)組裝(zhuang)式(shi)固(gu)定(ding)座(zuo)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)桿：左端固(gu)定(ding)加(jia)(jia)可調(diao)整結構(gou)便(bian)(bian)于(yu)調(diao)節量(liang)(liang)(liang)程，右端安(an)裝(zhuang)百(bai)(bai)分表(biao)便(bian)(bian)于(yu)讀(du)數(shu)和(he)(he)校準，在(zai)尺架中間設(she)計(ji)吊(diao)(diao)環孔，方便(bian)(bian)吊(diao)(diao)運(yun)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時輔(fu)助吊(diao)(diao)起(qi)直(zhi)立；吊(diao)(diao)帶(dai)孔下面(mian)設(she)置調(diao)整頂絲，用(yong)于(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時調(diao)整中心高(gao)度。

3結構設計與測量應用

（1）結(jie)構設計　檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)結(jie)構（見(jian)(jian)圖6），尺(chi)(chi)(chi)架采用整(zheng)(zheng)塊高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)鋼(gang)板用數(shu)控(kong)(kong)火焰切割機(ji)(ji)割成(cheng)(cheng)彎月形，中(zhong)(zhong)間鉆孔減小質量(liang)(liang)和溫度(du)變化應(ying)力，頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)加(jia)強(qiang)板并(bing)鉆有吊環孔，兩(liang)板中(zhong)(zhong)間下(xia)部(bu)(bu)鉆攻成(cheng)(cheng)螺(luo)紋孔并(bing)安裝(zhuang)頂(ding)絲；尺(chi)(chi)(chi)架左端(duan)(duan)(duan)左側(ce)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)有調整(zheng)(zheng)螺(luo)栓套筒(tong)(tong)(tong)（由(you)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)桿(gan)(gan)和螺(luo)母組成(cheng)(cheng)），測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)桿(gan)(gan)材料為(wei)(wei)45鋼(gang)，調質后(hou)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)螺(luo)紋、球頭淬火處(chu)理(li)，提高(gao)耐磨性(xing)（見(jian)(jian)圖6中(zhong)(zhong)I）；尺(chi)(chi)(chi)架右(you)端(duan)(duan)(duan)右(you)側(ce)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)有開口夾緊(jin)座(zuo)，用于裝(zhuang)配百(bai)分(fen)表，套筒(tong)(tong)(tong)用螺(luo)釘壓緊(jin)，既能(neng)防止百(bai)分(fen)表松脫(tuo)，又能(neng)調整(zheng)(zheng)行程，還(huan)能(neng)使百(bai)分(fen)表刻度(du)盤旋轉和方便(bian)(bian)讀數(shu)；更(geng)換測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)桿(gan)(gan)長度(du)，適用一(yi)定的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)范圍測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)；對(dui)于專用直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)和螺(luo)距(ju)的(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時需(xu)要(yao)保證(zheng)左右(you)夾緊(jin)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心距(ju)為(wei)(wei)螺(luo)距(ju)P，各(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)點(dian)均與繩(sheng)槽(cao)圓(yuan)弧底(di)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)整(zheng)(zheng)體焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、去應(ying)力退火處(chu)理(li)后(hou)機(ji)(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)(cheng)。如圖7所(suo)示(shi)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)棒由(you)無縫鋼(gang)管兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)圓(yuan)鋼(gang)組成(cheng)(cheng)，圓(yuan)鋼(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)空，鉆攻M12螺(luo)紋，使調整(zheng)(zheng)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)頭量(liang)(liang)程有一(yi)定的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)余量(liang)(liang)；校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)頭一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)是螺(luo)紋，用于擰入(ru)圓(yuan)鋼(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)，另一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)長30mm，為(wei)(wei)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)機(ji)(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用量(liang)(liang)，方便(bian)(bian)在(zai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)桿(gan)(gan)固定后(hou)在(zai)數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)上加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)其(qi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)面來(lai)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)寸與公差(cha)。如測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)f1500mm的(de)槽(cao)底(di)，需(xu)要(yao)將(jiang)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)棒量(liang)(liang)程加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)（1500±0.01）mm。（2）測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)應(ying)用　如圖8所(suo)示(shi)，繩(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)徑(jing)(jing)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)夾在(zai)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)處(chu)，車床(chuang)上部(bu)(bu)起重(zhong)機(ji)(ji)吊起工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)上下(xia)移動，觀察右(you)端(duan)(duan)(duan)百(bai)分(fen)表指針跳動量(liang)(liang)，保持左端(duan)(duan)(duan)固定桿(gan)(gan)球頭與繩(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)徑(jing)(jing)貼緊(jin)（見(jian)(jian)圖9），上部(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)間頂(ding)絲微調，讀出右(you)端(duan)(duan)(duan)百(bai)分(fen)表跳動最大值(zhi)(zhi)，該值(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)點(dian)，讀出直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)值(zhi)(zhi)和公差(cha)（見(jian)(jian)圖10）；旋轉卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)90°，再次測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)繩(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)徑(jing)(jing)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)寸公差(cha)值(zhi)(zhi)，D1～D4每(mei)段繩(sheng)槽(cao)至(zhi)少4次，求得(de)平(ping)均值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)公差(cha)帶(dai)，滿(man)足設計要(yao)求的(de)四聯繩(sheng)槽(cao)底(di)徑(jing)(jing)相對(dui)誤(wu)差(cha)D2－D1（或D3－D1、D4－D1）≤±0.045mm。（3）校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)　測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)外徑(jing)(jing)或底(di)徑(jing)(jing)前，根據量(liang)(liang)程在(zai)三坐標、數(shu)控(kong)(kong)銑鏜床(chuang)或加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心上校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)桿(gan)(gan)兩(liang)圖9　左端(duan)(duan)(duan)固定點(dian)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)標準(zhun)值(zhi)(zhi)，保證(zheng)標準(zhun)值(zhi)(zhi)公差(cha)±0.01mm。為(wei)(wei)了驗證(zheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)正(zheng)確性(xing)和偏差(cha)范圍，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)卷(juan)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)后(hou)可以將(jiang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)用測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)桿(gan)(gan)復檢(jian)(jian)(jian)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查因使用過程中(zhong)(zhong)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)偏差(cha)，以便(bian)(bian)修(xiu)正(zheng)。

4結束語

卷(juan)筒繩槽底(di)徑精度(du)偏(pian)差是(shi)影響(xiang)該(gai)起重機精度(du)的(de)關鍵因素，特別是(shi)多繩槽、多吊點及多聯卷(juan)筒提升較大物體（如集裝(zhuang)箱、框(kuang)架）時(shi)，要求(qiu)各(ge)繩端高度(du)一致，否(fou)則會發生(sheng)不(bu)平衡、偏(pian)斜(xie)，嚴(yan)重時(shi)造成事故；該(gai)檢測工(gong)裝(zhuang)，解決了不(bu)能直(zhi)(zhi)接測量螺旋槽底(di)徑的(de)問題，且能夠直(zhi)(zhi)接讀(du)出底(di)徑公差值，與真實值偏(pian)差小，檢測效(xiao)率高。

參考文獻：

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作者：李永福(fu) 單(dan)位(wei)：河南衛華重(zhong)型(xing)機械股份有(you)限公司