導(dao)語：光伏(fu)發電工(gong)程設計概(gai)算(suan)影響因素分析一文(wen)(wen)來源于網友上(shang)傳，不代表(biao)本站觀點，若需要原創文(wen)(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：在光伏發電工程初步設計概算過程中，為了有效節約工程成本，必須著重考慮光伏發電工程初步設計概算的影響因素。本文(wen)主(zhu)要分(fen)析(xi)了(le)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)工程初(chu)步(bu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算(suan)(suan)(suan)影響因素，并提出(chu)了(le)促進(jin)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)工程初(chu)步(bu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算(suan)(suan)(suan)合理(li)性的(de)有效措(cuo)施。文(wen)章通過對遼寧義(yi)縣高(gao)臺(tai)子鎮20MWp光(guang)伏農(nong)業大棚發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)與遼寧凌源(yuan)小城子鎮20MW農(nong)業大棚光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)析(xi)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算(suan)(suan)(suan)編制(zhi)對比，對光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算(suan)(suan)(suan)影響因素進(jin)行研究提出(chu)了(le)進(jin)一步(bu)的(de)改進(jin)與深化的(de)意見(jian)，供相關編制(zhi)人員參考。

關鍵詞：光伏發電項目；設計概算(suan)；影響因素

0引言

光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要是以太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目，其(qi)主(zhu)要原(yuan)理是通過(guo)半(ban)導體設備所產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)光伏(fu)反應，將太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)輻射能(neng)(neng)轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)，是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)清潔、安全和(he)可(ke)再(zai)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)到達地球的(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射蘊(yun)含(han)能(neng)(neng)量巨大(da)，是目前(qian)人類(lei)活動能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)10000倍(bei)。如用(yong)于(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，假設各種(zhong)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換平均效(xiao)率為10%，則太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量相當于(yu)前(qian)全球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消耗量的(de)(de)(de)(de)1000倍(bei)。假設局(ju)限在(zai)占地球四分之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸地表面上，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也能(neng)(neng)提(ti)供(gong)當前(qian)全球消耗250倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。隨著我(wo)國“碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和(he)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出，各項(xiang)政(zheng)策不斷跟進，應用(yong)場景不斷擴大(da)。光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術項(xiang)目通過(guo)綠(lv)色能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極致利(li)用(yong)和(he)高效(xiao)管控，創新應用(yong)新技(ji)術，優化能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構，降低企業用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)；促進節能(neng)(neng)減排，為實現(xian)碳(tan)中和(he)貢獻力量。文章(zhang)對(dui)比(bi)義縣和(he)凌源(yuan)(yuan)兩項(xiang)目是同一(yi)(yi)時間、同一(yi)(yi)省份、在(zai)人工、材料等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)價格基本(ben)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，對(dui)組件、支架(jia)形(xing)式、送出線路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級、基礎形(xing)式等方面進行對(dui)比(bi)，分析對(dui)項(xiang)目造價的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。

1設計概算概述及其重要性

1.1設(she)計(ji)概算概述

設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位根據(ju)(ju)造價管理部門發布的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙、說(shuo)明、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)價依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)等資料(liao)，為建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目從編(bian)制(zhi)到竣工(gong)(gong)交付使用而編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)文件。設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)目建設(she)(she)(she)(she)投資和編(bian)制(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)目計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃的(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)。也(ye)是(shi)(shi)確(que)定(ding)項(xiang)(xiang)目最大投資限額和分期付款分配的(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)。設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)文件應(ying)(ying)包括建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程總(zong)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)、單位工(gong)(gong)程概(gai)(gai)算(suan)和其他工(gong)(gong)程造價概(gai)(gai)算(suan)。設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位在提(ti)交設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙時，還(huan)應(ying)(ying)提(ti)交相應(ying)(ying)類型的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)。經審查(cha)批準的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預算(suan)，不僅是(shi)(shi)編(bian)制(zhi)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目投資計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃、確(que)定(ding)和控制(zhi)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目投資的(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)簽訂建設(she)(she)(she)(she)合同和貸款合同的(de)重要依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目最大投資額的(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)(ju)。

1.2設計概算的重要性

一個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)在確(que)定好(hao)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)之(zhi)后(hou)如何更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)與(yu)實施(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)這(zhe)是(shi)貫穿于(yu)整個(ge)項目建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)控制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)投(tou)資(zi)、編制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)依據(ju)(ju)，也是(shi)確(que)定工(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)資(zi)最高(gao)限(xian)額和投(tou)資(zi)資(zi)金計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)依據(ju)(ju)。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位在報送(song)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙時(shi)，需合理(li)的(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)程(cheng)費用概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)。因此，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)衡量設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方案(an)技術(shu)經濟合理(li)性(xing)和選擇最佳設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方案(an)的(de)(de)依據(ju)(ju)。通過設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)與(yu)竣工(gong)決算(suan)(suan)對比，可(ke)以分析和考核(he)投(tou)資(zi)效果的(de)(de)好(hao)壞，同時(shi)還可(ke)以驗(yan)證設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)準確(que)性(xing)，有(you)利于(yu)加強設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)管理(li)和建(jian)設(she)(she)項目的(de)(de)造價(jia)管理(li)工(gong)作。可(ke)見，概(gai)(gai)預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)合理(li)編制(zhi)對于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案(an)中綜合考慮技術(shu)與(yu)經濟指標能起到事半(ban)功(gong)倍的(de)(de)效果。

2項目概況

2.1遼寧義縣高臺子鎮20MWp光(guang)伏農業大棚發電(dian)項目

本(ben)(ben)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)主要任務(wu)是(shi)探索高效率(lv)低成本(ben)(ben)的(de)新能源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)模式（農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大棚太陽能光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)模式），為(wei)將來在遼寧(ning)地區大棚頂部空間進(jin)行(xing)大規模光伏并網發(fa)(fa)電(dian)積累(lei)經驗和數(shu)據，同(tong)時本(ben)(ben)項目(mu)也為(wei)錦州市乃至遼寧(ning)省的(de)太陽能資(zi)源大規模開發(fa)(fa)利用做準備(bei)。高臺(tai)子鎮光伏農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大棚發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)建(jian)設規模為(wei)20MWp一次(ci)建(jian)成。場內新建(jian)一座升(sheng)壓(ya)站(zhan)電(dian)壓(ya)等級66kV本(ben)(ben)期安裝(zhuang)一臺(tai)20MVA主變壓(ya)器(qi)光伏電(dian)站(zhan)出1回66kV線(xian)路接入(ru)李金變電(dian)站(zhan)66kV采(cai)用LGJ-120導線(xian)線(xian)路長度2.5km。工(gong)程(cheng)靜態投(tou)資(zi)19715.58萬(wan)元(yuan)，其中(zhong)：施工(gong)輔助工(gong)程(cheng)：46.47萬(wan)元(yuan)，設備(bei)及安裝(zhuang)工(gong)程(cheng)12310.85萬(wan)元(yuan)，建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)3409.98萬(wan)元(yuan)，其他費用3657.60萬(wan)元(yuan)。建(jian)設期貸款利息257.5萬(wan)元(yuan)，動(dong)態投(tou)資(zi)19973.08萬(wan)元(yuan)，流動(dong)資(zi)金66萬(wan)元(yuan)，工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)20038.5萬(wan)元(yuan)。單(dan)(dan)位(wei)千瓦靜態投(tou)資(zi)8961.63元(yuan)/kW，單(dan)(dan)位(wei)千瓦動(dong)態投(tou)資(zi)9078.67元(yuan)/kW。本(ben)(ben)工(gong)程(cheng)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)金占總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)的(de)20%，其余為(wei)銀行(xing)貸款。

2.2遼寧(ning)凌源小城子(zi)鎮20MW農業(ye)大棚光伏(fu)發電項目

本項目(mu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)業(ye)田(tian)基地(di)上建(jian)設(she)(she)溫(wen)室大(da)(da)棚(peng)，棚(peng)頂(ding)用(yong)(yong)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板代替了傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃和塑(su)料，給農(nong)作物(wu)提供(gong)理(li)想生長環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時創造(zao)能源和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，將農(nong)業(ye)大(da)(da)棚(peng)溫(wen)室技術(shu)(shu)(shu)、現代化農(nong)業(ye)種植技術(shu)(shu)(shu)、高(gao)效太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)三大(da)(da)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效結合(he)(he)，在開(kai)發(fa)利(li)用(yong)(yong)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時節省了土地(di)資(zi)源。根(gen)據光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域面積(ji)、太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能資(zi)源特征、安裝(zhuang)條(tiao)件(jian)、交通運(yun)輸條(tiao)件(jian)、地(di)形條(tiao)件(jian)，結合(he)(he)凌源氣(qi)象(xiang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)資(zi)料等(deng)，同(tong)時考慮(lv)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟性(xing)、可行性(xing)，初步規(gui)劃(hua)出分布(bu)式光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和農(nong)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)項目(mu)。建(jian)設(she)(she)蔬菜大(da)(da)棚(peng)，棚(peng)頂(ding)全部覆蓋(gai)多晶(jing)硅光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備，以種植食用(yong)(yong)菌為主(zhu)兼(jian)顧高(gao)附加值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材，核心(xin)為香菇(gu)、杏鮑菇(gu)、白玉菇(gu)、黑木耳。根(gen)據規(gui)劃(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)蔬菜大(da)(da)棚(peng)，本項目(mu)占地(di)約(yue)(yue)834畝。建(jian)設(she)(she)光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)棚(peng)棚(peng)頂(ding)建(jian)設(she)(she)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，根(gen)據大(da)(da)棚(peng)數量(liang)及棚(peng)頂(ding)利(li)用(yong)(yong)情況電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，估(gu)算裝(zhuang)機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)20MWp。本工程主(zhu)體(ti)建(jian)設(she)(she)內容(rong)(rong)包括(kuo)：利(li)用(yong)(yong)蔬菜大(da)(da)棚(peng)棚(peng)頂(ding)建(jian)設(she)(she)光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)多晶(jing)硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組件(jian)方(fang)式布(bu)置，共布(bu)置76000塊(kuai)265Wp多晶(jing)硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組件(jian)，裝(zhuang)機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)20MWp。本項目(mu)配套(tao)建(jian)設(she)(she)10kV開(kai)關(guan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一座(zuo)，光(guang)伏箱式升(sheng)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)經4回(hui)匯集(ji)線(xian)路(lu)接至(zhi)10kV母線(xian)，再通過(guo)2回(hui)10kV線(xian)路(lu)送至(zhi)3公(gong)里外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)66kV八間房輸變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10kV母線(xian)側。朝(chao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)66kV八間房輸變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)前正在建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)占地(di)面積(ji)0.1836公(gong)頃(qing)，全站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總建(jian)筑面積(ji)584.04平方(fang)米。安裝(zhuang)2臺20MVA變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器，66kV出線(xian)2回(hui)，10kV出線(xian)12回(hui)，每臺主(zhu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)10kV側安裝(zhuang)1組3.6兆乏并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器。

3義縣和凌源兩光伏農業大棚發電項目工程設計概算對比

3.1義縣和凌源兩(liang)光伏(fu)農業大棚(peng)發電項(xiang)目(mu)工程總概算對比

遼寧(ning)義(yi)縣高臺(tai)子(zi)鎮(zhen)20MWp光(guang)伏(fu)農(nong)業大棚(peng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)與遼寧(ning)凌(ling)源(yuan)小(xiao)城(cheng)子(zi)鎮(zhen)20MW農(nong)業大棚(peng)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)分析光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)兩(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)是(shi)同一(yi)時間、同一(yi)省份、在(zai)人工、材(cai)料等方面的(de)價格基本相同的(de)情況下，對(dui)組(zu)件、支架形式、送出線路電(dian)壓(ya)等級、基礎形式等方面進行對(dui)比(bi)參看表1-表2，分析對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)造價的(de)影響(xiang)。對(dui)比(bi)兩(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)總(zong)概算表得知(zhi)兩(liang)個項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)在(zai)建(jian)設過程中(zhong)施工輔(fu)助工程、設備(bei)及(ji)安(an)裝工程、建(jian)筑工程、其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、基本預備(bei)費(fei)(fei)等各部分費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)差異不大，但是(shi)仍有一(yi)定差異，遼寧(ning)義(yi)縣高臺(tai)子(zi)鎮(zhen)20MWp光(guang)伏(fu)農(nong)業大棚(peng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)設備(bei)及(ji)安(an)裝工程費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合計12310.85萬元占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)62.44%，而(er)遼寧(ning)凌(ling)源(yuan)小(xiao)城(cheng)子(zi)鎮(zhen)20MW農(nong)業大棚(peng)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)設備(bei)及(ji)安(an)裝工程費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合計12145.4332萬元占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)56.12%，可以看出還是(shi)有一(yi)定差別的(de)。

3.2材料(liao)費用(yong)對比

3.2.1光伏(fu)組件選型對比

組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)在整個工(gong)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)占比較(jiao)大，組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)價格影(ying)響該項(xiang)目投(tou)資和(he)回收期、電(dian)價等關鍵(jian)因(yin)素。遼(liao)寧義縣高臺子鎮(zhen)20MWp光伏(fu)(fu)農(nong)業(ye)大棚發電(dian)項(xiang)目考慮到本(ben)項(xiang)目為光伏(fu)(fu)農(nong)業(ye)大棚項(xiang)目，為了方便(bian)安裝，將采用尺(chi)寸相對較(jiao)小、重量(liang)較(jiao)輕的(de)(de)60片裝組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)，且260Wp組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)供貨量(liang)充足，同等尺(chi)寸光伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)大，性價比較(jiao)好(hao)，265Wp及以上(shang)功(gong)率(lv)組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)目前產量(liang)相對較(jiao)小。由(you)于本(ben)階段組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)尚(shang)未招標，因(yin)此按(an)260Wp多晶硅(gui)組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)布(bu)置。遼(liao)寧凌源小城子鎮(zhen)20MW農(nong)業(ye)大棚光伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)項(xiang)目目前隨著構成晶體硅(gui)光伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)單體電(dian)池(chi)功(gong)率(lv)，組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)功(gong)率(lv)密度(du)、效率(lv)逐漸增大。目前國(guo)內的(de)(de)主流水平為255Wp、260Wp、265Wp，因(yin)本(ben)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)場區面積較(jiao)為緊張(zhang)，為盡可能的(de)(de)提升光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)安裝容量(liang)，本(ben)報告(gao)按(an)265Wp多晶硅(gui)組(zu)(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)布(bu)置。

3.2.2送(song)出線路電(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)的選擇

遼寧義(yi)縣高(gao)臺(tai)子鎮(zhen)20MWp光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)農業大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)總規劃容量(liang)為(wei)(wei)20MWp，一(yi)(yi)次建(jian)成。在光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)場內(nei)新建(jian)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)66kV升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，以1回(hui)66kV出線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入李(li)金變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)66kV側，采用(yong)LGJ-120導線(xian)(xian)(xian)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)長度2.5km。光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)場區共分(fen)21個(ge)(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)，其(qi)中單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)排(pai)（柱）大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)20個(ge)(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)安(an)裝4200塊(kuai)260Wp多(duo)晶(jing)硅(gui)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件、14臺(tai)直流匯(hui)流箱(xiang)、1套集(ji)(ji)裝箱(xiang)式(shi)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)（含82臺(tai)500kW逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)）和1臺(tai)1000kVA雙分(fen)裂(lie)箱(xiang)式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)；聯排(pai)大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)，安(an)裝630塊(kuai)260Wp多(duo)晶(jing)硅(gui)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件6臺(tai)28kW組(zu)(zu)串(chuan)式(shi)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)和1臺(tai)200kVA箱(xiang)式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)場集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采用(yong)10kV，每條集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)5~6個(ge)(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)，共建(jian)4回(hui)集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。10kV系統(tong)(tong)采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)形式(shi)，然后每段(duan)經由(you)1臺(tai)20MVA主變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后接(jie)(jie)(jie)入66kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，66kV系統(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)—線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)組(zu)(zu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方式(shi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)區域的低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)由(you)本系統(tong)(tong)交流低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側引接(jie)(jie)(jie)的小容量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)由(you)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內(nei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)兼站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)由(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。遼寧凌源(yuan)小城子鎮(zhen)20MW農業大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)主體(ti)建(jian)設內(nei)容包括：利用(yong)蔬菜大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)棚(peng)(peng)頂(ding)建(jian)設光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。利用(yong)多(duo)晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件方式(shi)布(bu)置，共布(bu)置76000塊(kuai)265Wp多(duo)晶(jing)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)件，裝機容量(liang)約20MWp。本項目(mu)配(pei)套建(jian)設10kV開關站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)箱(xiang)式(shi)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)經4回(hui)匯(hui)集(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)至10kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，再通過2回(hui)10kV線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)送(song)至3公里外的朝陽(yang)66kV八間房輸變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的10kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)側。義(yi)縣是(shi)6kV，凌源(yuan)市10kV，除去(qu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)設備造(zao)價(jia)，可對比每公里造(zao)價(jia)判斷二者的經濟適用(yong)性。

3.2.3支架形(xing)式的選(xuan)擇

遼(liao)寧義(yi)縣(xian)高臺子鎮(zhen)20MWp光伏農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)發(fa)(fa)電項目采用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)排(pai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)固定傾(qing)角式(shi)支架，組(zu)件(jian)傾(qing)角為(wei)(wei)27°，電池組(zu)件(jian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)多(duo)晶硅，規格為(wei)(wei)1650mm×990mm×35mm，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)結構(gou)(gou)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)Q235B鋼(gang)結構(gou)(gou)，光伏板組(zu)件(jian)支架采用(yong)(yong)(yong)橫向(xiang)支架布置(zhi)(zhi)、縱向(xiang)檁(lin)條(tiao)布置(zhi)(zhi)方案，支架由立(li)(li)柱、斜梁、檁(lin)條(tiao)及斜撐組(zu)成，在斜梁之(zhi)間，按照(zhao)電池組(zu)件(jian)的(de)(de)安裝寬度設置(zhi)(zhi)檁(lin)條(tiao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于支撐安裝光伏組(zu)件(jian)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)導水槽(cao)，側面(mian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)檁(lin)條(tiao)與(yu)立(li)(li)柱相連接。遼(liao)寧凌(ling)源小城子鎮(zhen)20MW農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)光伏發(fa)(fa)電項目農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)數量(liang)共55個，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)聯(lian)棟大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，結構(gou)(gou)尺寸受地形(xing)(xing)影響較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，平面(mian)軸線尺寸大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)小各(ge)不相同。其(qi)中，較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)典型的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)軸線尺寸為(wei)(wei)128m×40m，層高2.5m，為(wei)(wei)五(wu)聯(lian)棟雙(shuang)坡輕鋼(gang)框架結構(gou)(gou)，鋼(gang)材(cai)材(cai)質為(wei)(wei)Q235B，熱浸鍍鋅(xin)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)筋混凝土獨立(li)(li)基礎，基礎埋深約-1.5m，基礎持力(li)層為(wei)(wei)第3層細(xi)砂層。義(yi)縣(xian)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)排(pai)棚(peng)、凌(ling)源是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)排(pai)棚(peng)，兩種結構(gou)(gou)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)量(liang)相差較(jiao)多(duo)，通過(guo)二(er)者支架形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)選擇進行(xing)造價(jia)對比，說明單(dan)排(pai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)棚(peng)經(jing)濟型更好。

3.2.4項目(mu)基礎形式對比(bi)

義縣項(xiang)目(mu)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)形式是樁店(dian)(dian)礎(chu)(chu)，凌源(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)目(mu)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)形式是獨立基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)，樁基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)施工(gong)(gong)較快，對(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)混(hun)凝土量(liang)(liang)(liang)，鋼筋(jin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，進而(er)可對(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)種形式店(dian)(dian)礎(chu)(chu)造價。對(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)遼(liao)寧義縣高臺子鎮20MWp光伏農(nong)業大棚(peng)發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)建筑工(gong)(gong)程與(yu)遼(liao)寧凌源(yuan)(yuan)小城子鎮20MW農(nong)業大棚(peng)光伏發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)建筑工(gong)(gong)程混(hun)凝土量(liang)(liang)(liang)，鋼筋(jin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，進而(er)可對(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)種形式店(dian)(dian)礎(chu)(chu)造價可以看出(chu)不管是混(hun)凝土還是鋼筋(jin)的用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，凌源(yuan)(yuan)小城子鎮項(xiang)目(mu)經濟性(xing)更高一籌。

4工程設計概算應注意的問題

4.1重視概(gai)算編(bian)制，準確提供概(gai)算編(bian)制依(yi)據

為提高工程(cheng)設計概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制的(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性，必須加強投(tou)資估(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)人員和預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制人員的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)技能(neng)培訓和職業(ye)道德教育，真正提高他(ta)們對(dui)概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制的(de)(de)(de)重視程(cheng)度，使其(qi)不能(neng)單純為編(bian)制目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)而編(bian)制，是否為估(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)。人員或預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制人員必須深(shen)入(ru)項目(mu)現(xian)場，對(dui)施(shi)工環境、工藝(yi)技術等因素(su)進行實地(di)調查，以(yi)便(bian)(bian)根(gen)據最(zui)新的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準化(hua)指(zhi)標(biao)進行編(bian)制，避免經驗主義，毫不猶(you)豫地(di)直接應(ying)(ying)用現(xian)成的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)標(biao)。同時，預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制者應(ying)(ying)注意在現(xian)有標(biao)準化(hua)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)指(zhi)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，積累其(qi)他(ta)所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)經濟指(zhi)標(biao)，并在此基礎(chu)上(shang)建立系統(tong)化(hua)、智能(neng)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)成本數(shu)據檢索數(shu)據庫，以(yi)便(bian)(bian)進行投(tou)資估(gu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)和設計概(gai)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制。質量識別，對(dui)超標(biao)項目(mu)實施(shi)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警，從而提高預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)編(bian)制的(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性和項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)完整性。

4.2深入現場(chang)搜集資(zi)料，透徹理解(jie)設計圖(tu)

為了使編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)概算準確、完整地(di)反映建設項目的(de)實際情況(kuang)，滿(man)足設計文(wen)件的(de)內容(rong)和要求，編(bian)制(zhi)人員不應完全依賴設計人員提(ti)供的(de)資(zi)料，而(er)應到現(xian)場收集(ji)工(gong)程測(ce)(ce)量報告(gao)、地(di)形測(ce)(ce)量圖(tu)、，工(gong)程建設的(de)第一手資(zi)料，如初步(bu)設計圖(tu)紙、各(ge)種標準地(di)圖(tu)集(ji)和各(ge)種價格(ge)信息。以便及時發(fa)現(xian)工(gong)程設計中的(de)不足之處，避免設計遺漏，最大限度地(di)減少(shao)設計變更，有(you)效防止高估的(de)發(fa)生。

5結束語

太(tai)陽(yang)到(dao)達地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射蘊含能(neng)(neng)量巨大，是目前人(ren)類(lei)活(huo)動能(neng)(neng)源消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10000倍。如用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，假(jia)(jia)設(she)各(ge)種光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換平(ping)均效(xiao)率為(wei)10%，則太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量相(xiang)當于(yu)前全球(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)(neng)源消耗(hao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1000倍。假(jia)(jia)設(she)局限在(zai)占地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)四分(fen)(fen)之一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸地(di)表面上(shang)，太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也能(neng)(neng)提供當前全球(qiu)(qiu)消耗(hao)250倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源。也就(jiu)是說人(ren)類(lei)原則上(shang)可(ke)以用地(di)表0.4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積，利用太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解決(jue)當前能(neng)(neng)源供應(ying)與環境矛(mao)盾問題。發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)為(wei)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源保障分(fen)(fen)擔一部分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)力，屬于(yu)民族發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)戰(zhan)略。分(fen)(fen)布式光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)系統(tong)，自建自用，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網，大有(you)可(ke)為(wei)。本工程將是一個(ge)環保、低能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)、節約型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)項目。在(zai)全球(qiu)(qiu)氣候變(bian)暖(nuan)及化石能(neng)(neng)源日(ri)益枯(ku)竭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景之下，可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)和利用成(cheng)為(wei)世界各(ge)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)目標，太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術作為(wei)綠色(se)能(neng)(neng)源之一，由于(yu)具有(you)低成(cheng)本、地(di)理條(tiao)件要(yao)求低和應(ying)用場景多等優點，近些年來成(cheng)為(wei)全球(qiu)(qiu)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式之一，在(zai)清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源、碳中(zhong)和等政策推動之下，未(wei)來光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業有(you)望(wang)迎來重大利好(hao)。

作者(zhe)：徐子亮 代(dai)巍 單位(wei)：中(zhong)廣(guang)核新能源投資（深圳(zhen)）有限(xian)公司(si)西藏分公司(si) 北京卓建國際建筑設計有限(xian)公司(si)