導語：村鎮銀(yin)行(xing)支付系統風險管理研究一文來源于網友上傳，不代表(biao)本站觀(guan)點(dian)，若需(xu)要原創文章可咨詢(xun)客服老師，歡(huan)迎參考。

摘要：支付系統是資金匯劃的“高速公路”，支付清算匯路暢通對于村鎮銀行服務脫貧攻堅和鄉村振興尤為重要。然而，村鎮銀行在資金、人才、技術能力等方面存在短板，支付系統建設相對(dui)(dui)滯后(hou)，風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)范(fan)能力較弱。文章以天津(jin)市為例，對(dui)(dui)村(cun)鎮銀(yin)行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系統建設中(zhong)存在的問題和面臨的風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)深入分析，并進一(yi)步(bu)提出(chu)完(wan)善(shan)村(cun)鎮銀(yin)行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)清算匯路(lu)、防(fang)范(fan)村(cun)鎮銀(yin)行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系統風(feng)險(xian)的對(dui)(dui)策建議。

關鍵詞：村鎮銀行；支付系統；風險管理

村鎮銀行是我國農村金融市場的重要組成部分，在構建新型農村金融體系、豐富農村金融結構、優化農村金融服務方面發揮著重要作用，有力服務了脫貧攻堅和鄉村振興。自2006年原銀監會出臺的《關于調整放寬農村地區銀行業金融機構準入政策更好支持社會主義新農村建設的若干意見》提出在農村地區設立村鎮銀行試點以來，村鎮銀行逐漸成為服務農村金融市場的主力軍。截至2021年6月30日，全國共有村鎮銀行1642家，是銀行體系內法人數量最多、單位規模最小的銀行機構。支付系統是經濟社會發展的大動脈，是銀行機構對外提供金融服務的重要支持工具，加強村鎮銀行支付系統建設，對于發揮村鎮銀行的金融服務能力尤為重要。目前，村鎮銀行在支付系統建設方面相對滯后，風險防范能力較弱。對村鎮銀行支付系統建設中存在的問題和風險進行研究，有助于促進村鎮銀行(xing)健康發展，為金(jin)融支(zhi)持鄉村振興貢獻力量。

一、天津市村鎮銀行支付系統情況概述

目前，天(tian)津市共有村(cun)鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)13家(jia)，設立網(wang)點109個(ge)，全面覆蓋轄(xia)內10個(ge)涉農行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政區。從接(jie)入(ru)(ru)支付(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)情(qing)況看(kan)(kan)，各村(cun)鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)已全部(bu)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)大、小額支付(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，5家(jia)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)網(wang)上支付(fu)跨行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)清(qing)算系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。從接(jie)入(ru)(ru)方(fang)式(shi)看(kan)(kan)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)，具體可分為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)種(zhong)：一種(zhong)是通(tong)過發(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，村(cun)鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和支付(fu)渠道均(jun)由代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)建設，資(zi)金清(qing)算由發(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；另一種(zhong)是通(tong)過其他銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，如(ru)通(tong)過興業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等專業(ye)提供(gong)支付(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)服務的銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)機構代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、由發(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)所屬省聯社(she)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等。各村(cun)鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一般(ban)在代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開立同業(ye)存(cun)款賬(zhang)戶，留(liu)存(cun)清(qing)算資(zi)金用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)支付(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)交易的資(zi)金結算。從接(jie)入(ru)(ru)成本看(kan)(kan)，平均(jun)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成本低于(yu)20萬元/年，部(bu)分村(cun)鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)依托(tuo)發(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作為(wei)(wei)支付(fu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和清(qing)算系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，免收代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)或收取少量(liang)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)；部(bu)分銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)數十萬元。

二、存在的問題和風險

（一）流動性風險

支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)是指付(fu)款行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)未按(an)時滿足(zu)支(zhi)付(fu)要求，由此影(ying)響收款行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，使其不(bu)能按(an)時收到流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)頭寸(cun)(cun)，從而導(dao)致收款行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)現資(zi)金(jin)(jin)缺(que)口的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。相對于大(da)(da)中(zhong)型商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)務規模較小，支(zhi)持的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)務類型有限，缺(que)乏合(he)格質押物，同(tong)業(ye)拆(chai)借難度(du)大(da)(da)，其應(ying)對流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)能力較差。經(jing)(jing)調研，天津市村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)防范(fan)措施(shi)(shi)包(bao)括：建(jian)立大(da)(da)額資(zi)金(jin)(jin)匯出(chu)事前報備制(zhi)度(du)，對于超出(chu)一(yi)(yi)定金(jin)(jin)額的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)金(jin)(jin)提前申報頭寸(cun)(cun)，審批后(hou)才能執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；與發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)簽訂(ding)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)救(jiu)助協(xie)議，在流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)不(bu)足(zu)時由發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提供資(zi)金(jin)(jin)支(zhi)持；村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間簽訂(ding)互(hu)助協(xie)議等(deng)。然而，上(shang)述措施(shi)(shi)難以完全解(jie)決村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)面臨的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)問(wen)題。同(tong)時，村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統清(qing)算(suan)賬(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)與人民幣(bi)存款準備金(jin)(jin)賬(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)分離(li)，從準備金(jin)(jin)賬(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)向(xiang)清(qing)算(suan)賬(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)調撥資(zi)金(jin)(jin)需要一(yi)(yi)定時間，如村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)頭寸(cun)(cun)管理不(bu)科(ke)學，可能出(chu)現清(qing)算(suan)賬(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)不(bu)足(zu)以支(zhi)持清(qing)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)立足(zu)于農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)地區，經(jing)(jing)營地點相對偏僻(pi)，主要客戶(hu)(hu)群體對金(jin)(jin)融行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)了解(jie)程度(du)不(bu)高(gao)，且(qie)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)從業(ye)人員數量不(bu)足(zu)，一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)配備輿情監測(ce)人員或(huo)輿情應(ying)對專(zhuan)業(ye)人員，一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)出(chu)支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)問(wen)題，容易引發輿情風險(xian)(xian)(xian)和擠(ji)兌風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

（二）管理風險

管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險是(shi)指(zhi)由銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)內(nei)部(bu)因素造成的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險，包(bao)括內(nei)控(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險、人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險等(deng)。相對(dui)(dui)于大(da)中型商業銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在內(nei)控(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方面(mian)不(bu)成熟，更容易出現操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險。一是(shi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度下經(jing)營獨立性(xing)(xing)不(bu)足(zu)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在系統建設(she)(she)、經(jing)營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)決策、資金頭(tou)寸管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)方面(mian)嚴重依賴于發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，甚至(zhi)存在部(bu)分(fen)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)將自身定(ding)位于發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)支(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)現象。在天(tian)津市(shi)(shi)13家村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中，發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為外省(sheng)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)占11家。村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及核(he)心人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多由發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)外省(sheng)委(wei)派，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)滿3-5年后輪換，對(dui)(dui)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)所在區域的(de)(de)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展、業務需求等(deng)情況缺(que)乏足(zu)夠了解，在制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)策略(lve)方面(mian)與(yu)當(dang)地(di)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展實(shi)際(ji)存在差異，核(he)心骨干本地(di)化(hua)率低，較(jiao)難(nan)融(rong)入本地(di)文化(hua)及市(shi)(shi)場。二(er)是(shi)內(nei)部(bu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)缺(que)乏靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)內(nei)控(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度主要(yao)參照發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)，缺(que)乏自主性(xing)(xing)，但(dan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)設(she)(she)置、人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數量方面(mian)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)差異較(jiao)大(da)，導致(zhi)內(nei)控(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度實(shi)用性(xing)(xing)不(bu)足(zu)，尤其是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)控(kong)體(ti)系不(bu)夠健全。三是(shi)與(yu)大(da)中型銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)相比，村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)提供(gong)的(de)(de)薪酬水平較(jiao)低、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展空間較(jiao)小，專業技(ji)術人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配備相對(dui)(dui)不(bu)足(zu)。據統計，天(tian)津13家村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)科技(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)平均為2人，且部(bu)分(fen)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需兼職綜合服(fu)務、軟硬(ying)件設(she)(she)施運維等(deng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，支(zhi)付系統操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險較(jiao)大(da)。

（三）系統風險

一(yi)(yi)(yi)是應(ying)急處(chu)置能(neng)力較(jiao)差。由(you)于自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)建設支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)成(cheng)本高(gao)，投入大(da)，后期維護(hu)難度大(da)，天津市13家(jia)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)務(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)均委托(tuo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)專(zhuan)業(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)輸出(chu)(chu)機構代(dai)(dai)(dai)建和進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)日常維護(hu)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)缺乏自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)，應(ying)急處(chu)置能(neng)力不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦出(chu)(chu)現支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)無法(fa)迅速了解故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)情況，不(bu)(bu)具備(bei)排查故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)原因的(de)能(neng)力和條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，自(zi)身(shen)無法(fa)采(cai)取(qu)相應(ying)的(de)處(chu)置措施，導(dao)致恢復(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長。從13家(jia)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)近(jin)年來開展支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)急演練(lian)(lian)的(de)情況看，其(qi)演練(lian)(lian)模式受限于代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般采(cai)取(qu)桌面推演方式，實(shi)戰性(xing)、突發(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)差，演練(lian)(lian)效果不(bu)(bu)佳，難以(yi)達到(dao)以(yi)練(lian)(lian)促防的(de)目的(de)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)科(ke)技人(ren)員儲備(bei)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，在(zai)處(chu)理(li)突發(fa)(fa)(fa)事(shi)件(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)力經驗(yan)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。二(er)是村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，將功(gong)能(neng)由(you)代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)定(ding)制，缺乏靈活性(xing)。如(ru)果村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)需要增(zeng)加系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)能(neng)或(huo)者在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)數據的(de)基礎上增(zeng)加輔助系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會受限于代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，專(zhuan)業(ye)代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)界面、功(gong)能(neng)為(wei)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)，雖然具備(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)性(xing)，但不(bu)(bu)會考慮村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)特殊(shu)需求(qiu)。由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作為(wei)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)能(neng)增(zeng)加方面也不(bu)(bu)具備(bei)談判優勢。（四(si)）發(fa)(fa)(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)是村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)務(wu)實(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)不(bu)(bu)強，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)業(ye)務(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)要通過代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)理(li)，部分(fen)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)業(ye)務(wu)需經過代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)核(he)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)實(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送至收款行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)效性(xing)差等(deng)問題，降(jiang)低(di)了資金結算(suan)的(de)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)和準(zhun)確(que)性(xing)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)現延時(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，如(ru)代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)清(qing)算(suan)排隊情況，即使(shi)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)清(qing)算(suan)頭寸(cun)充足(zu)，其(qi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)也會出(chu)(chu)現超時(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)失敗的(de)情況。二(er)是主(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)可能(neng)傳導(dao)至村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，引發(fa)(fa)(fa)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聲譽、流動(dong)性(xing)等(deng)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。天津市13家(jia)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)包括8家(jia)農(nong)商行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、3家(jia)城商行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、1家(jia)股份制銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及1家(jia)國有銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而中小銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)機構的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)極易(yi)(yi)(yi)傳導(dao)至其(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)起的(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，給(gei)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)業(ye)務(wu)帶來風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

三、工作建議

（一(yi)）推動(dong)投資型(xing)村鎮銀行或專業(ye)第(di)三方科技機(ji)構(gou)代理機(ji)構(gou)發展

以(yi)市(shi)場化、專(zhuan)業化的(de)(de)(de)方式匹配(pei)市(shi)場資源，為村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)初期(qi)發展(zhan)提(ti)供代(dai)(dai)理(li)支(zhi)付(fu)清算、政策咨詢(xun)、信息科(ke)技、產品(pin)研(yan)發、運營(ying)支(zhi)持、培訓等中后臺(tai)服務(wu)。在村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)發展(zhan)早期(qi)，考慮運營(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)、經營(ying)規模及人員配(pei)備的(de)(de)(de)情況，合理(li)統(tong)籌(chou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)IT系(xi)統(tong)建設(she)規劃，采用專(zhuan)業第三(san)方銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)理(li)或(huo)者科(ke)技公司接入平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)方式代(dai)(dai)理(li)接入支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)，在一定程度上(shang)有利于解(jie)決村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)支(zhi)付(fu)系(xi)統(tong)建設(she)問題。同時，專(zhuan)業化的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場服務(wu)有利于在提(ti)升系(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)質量的(de)(de)(de)同時降(jiang)低(di)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)系(xi)統(tong)成本。隨著村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)經營(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升，系(xi)統(tong)代(dai)(dai)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)制約因素將會逐漸顯現，可結合村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)發展(zhan)規劃和經營(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，逐步提(ti)升自身科(ke)技實力(li)和系(xi)統(tong)搭(da)建能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。

（二）加強培訓管理(li)和系統指標(biao)監控

針對村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)發展初期普遍存在(zai)的(de)(de)科技人員不(bu)足、代理(li)(li)支付系(xi)統等(deng)特(te)點，有針對性地加(jia)強村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)支付系(xi)統連續(xu)性管(guan)理(li)(li)培訓(xun)和窗(chuang)口指導(dao)，從(cong)管(guan)理(li)(li)要(yao)求、支付系(xi)統功能、應(ying)急(ji)演(yan)練等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)開展專業培訓(xun)，加(jia)強村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)支付系(xi)統銜接管(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)應(ying)急(ji)管(guan)理(li)(li)能力(li)。組織開展風險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對應(ying)急(ji)演(yan)練，針對發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)、代理(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)自身的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況，推行(xing)(xing)(xing)涵(han)蓋故障情(qing)(qing)況較全(quan)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)聯合應(ying)急(ji)實戰演(yan)練。加(jia)強符合村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)特(te)點的(de)(de)監管(guan)指標異動管(guan)理(li)(li)。設(she)(she)立村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)較多的(de)(de)發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，以(yi)發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為平臺建立監管(guan)指標異動管(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)統；設(she)(she)立機構較少的(de)(de)發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，則應(ying)積極指導(dao)其發起(qi)的(de)(de)村鎮(zhen)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)關注監管(guan)指標異動情(qing)(qing)況，以(yi)便及(ji)時發現風險(xian)(xian)隱患。

（三）完善村鎮銀行(xing)支付匯路(lu)和清算渠道

為具備一(yi)定發展(zhan)規模(mo)和科技實力(li)的(de)村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)提(ti)供(gong)便(bian)利(li)，使其以直接(jie)參(can)與(yu)者身份接(jie)入支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)系(xi)統，并在收費方面給(gei)予一(yi)定的(de)優惠(hui)政策，為村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)增強支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)能力(li)、提(ti)高支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)效率、擴大支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)業務等提(ti)供(gong)堅實的(de)載(zai)體和依托。清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)構提(ti)供(gong)共享前置等接(jie)入方式，直接(jie)使用村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)存款準備金(jin)(jin)賬(zhang)戶(hu)作為清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)賬(zhang)戶(hu)，減輕村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)頭寸管理(li)壓力(li)，提(ti)高其流動(dong)性風險應(ying)對(dui)能力(li)。積(ji)極(ji)暢通和豐富村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)渠道，推動(dong)村鎮(zhen)(zhen)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)加入農信銀資(zi)金(jin)(jin)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)中心(xin)等清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)構，鼓勵其利(li)用發起(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)(suan)渠道，不(bu)斷拓寬村資(zi)金(jin)(jin)匯路。

（四）不斷提升風(feng)險(xian)管理和日(ri)常經(jing)營管理能力(li)

指(zhi)導村鎮銀(yin)行建(jian)立和(he)完善風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)體(ti)系，制(zhi)定適應村鎮銀(yin)行自身特點的(de)(de)流動性(xing)風(feng)險(xian)、信用風(feng)險(xian)、操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)管理(li)實(shi)施(shi)細則，采取相應的(de)(de)應對措(cuo)施(shi)，有效防范(fan)、應對和(he)及(ji)時化(hua)解各種風(feng)險(xian)，防止風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)蔓延(yan)和(he)擴散。同時，加強調查、統(tong)計和(he)預測，及(ji)時發現風(feng)險(xian)漏洞，提高(gao)防范(fan)和(he)控制(zhi)流動性(xing)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)能(neng)力。建(jian)立健(jian)全現代治理(li)、管理(li)體(ti)系。從發起(qi)行制(zhi)度(du)著(zhu)手，鼓(gu)勵村鎮銀(yin)行不斷增強自身經營的(de)(de)獨立性(xing)和(he)管理(li)水(shui)平(ping)，逐步(bu)建(jian)立健(jian)全符(fu)合村鎮銀(yin)行發展階(jie)段(duan)內(nei)控管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，提升其經營能(neng)力，降低風(feng)險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)，服務國家鄉村振興戰略。

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作者：劉紅玉 單(dan)位(wei)：中(zhong)國人民銀行天津(jin)分(fen)行