導語(yu)：低壓開(kai)關柜絕緣材(cai)料設計探討一文(wen)來(lai)源于網友上(shang)傳，不(bu)代表本站觀點，若需要原創文(wen)章(zhang)可咨詢客服(fu)老師，歡(huan)迎參考。

摘要：針對低壓開關柜中絕緣材料如何設計選(xuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)了闡述。從(cong)低壓(ya)開關(guan)柜與絕(jue)(jue)緣材料(liao)密切相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)幾個(ge)重要性能出發進行(xing)分析(xi)，首先介(jie)紹耐(nai)壓(ya)性能對(dui)絕(jue)(jue)緣材料(liao)選(xuan)擇的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，比如絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)壓(ya)、暫時過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)、瞬態過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)等；其次介(jie)紹耐(nai)熱(re)(re)性能對(dui)絕(jue)(jue)緣材料(liao)選(xuan)擇的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，比如長期耐(nai)熱(re)(re)溫(wen)度(du)、短時耐(nai)熱(re)(re)溫(wen)度(du)等；最后介(jie)紹電(dian)動力、原材料(liao)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、加工工藝性、環(huan)保要求(qiu)等對(dui)絕(jue)(jue)緣材料(liao)設計選(xuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。

關鍵詞：低壓開關柜；絕緣材料；耐壓；耐熱；電氣間隙；爬(pa)電距離

低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)柜(ju)(ju)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于配電(dian)(dian)(dian)、照明和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機控制等電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換和(he)控制場合(he)，影響著國民(min)經濟和(he)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個方面(mian)。低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)柜(ju)(ju)里安裝了許多電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件(jian)和(he)發(fa)熱(re)(re)零部(bu)件(jian)（例(li)如銅母(mu)線、絕緣導(dao)線等），為防止(zhi)過壓(ya)或過熱(re)(re)引起的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)、停工甚(shen)至(zhi)傷人、火災等事故，除了選(xuan)擇質量優良的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件(jian)外(wai)(wai)，低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)柜(ju)(ju)內部(bu)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)設計(ji)和(he)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)原材料(liao)選(xuan)擇至(zhi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)。優秀的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)設計(ji)不僅(jin)會充分(fen)考慮所有(you)內裝元(yuan)器件(jian)和(he)所有(you)載(zai)流部(bu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)散熱(re)(re)、強度、絕緣、各(ge)種防護、耐壓(ya)等性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，還會充分(fen)考慮機械應力、電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣應力、熱(re)(re)應力和(he)環(huan)境壓(ya)力等因素造成的(de)(de)(de)不利影響，從(cong)而(er)保(bao)障低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)柜(ju)(ju)安全(quan)可靠(kao)運行(xing)(xing)。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，絕緣材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)選(xuan)型(xing)也(ye)與低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)柜(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)密(mi)切相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)，本文將對此(ci)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)闡述，并結合(he)應用(yong)(yong)案(an)例(li)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)，希望能(neng)給同(tong)行(xing)(xing)帶來一些啟發(fa)。

1耐壓性能的要求對絕緣材料選擇的影響

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)運(yun)行時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)正常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)條件(jian)下(xia)承(cheng)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，由(you)于(yu)系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)穩定(ding)性以(yi)及系統(tong)(tong)外(wai)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)還(huan)會(hui)承(cheng)受(shou)各種過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，例如(ru)(ru)暫時(shi)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、操作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、雷擊(ji)(ji)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)高，就有可(ke)(ke)(ke)能造成絕緣(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)需(xu)要(yao)具備(bei)耐(nai)受(shou)上述各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力。通常(chang)，設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)應(ying)等于(yu)或大(da)于(yu)所在(zai)(zai)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是選(xuan)擇(ze)工頻耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)要(yao)參(can)考的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值。施(shi)(shi)加工頻耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)衡量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)耐(nai)受(shou)暫時(shi)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力，施(shi)(shi)加沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)衡量其耐(nai)受(shou)瞬態(tai)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力。在(zai)(zai)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)中，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)400V，A、B、C三(san)相，當過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)類(lei)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)Ⅳ類(lei)（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進(jin)線(xian)點水平(ping)）時(shi)，國家標準(zhun)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6kV。A、B、C三(san)相母線(xian)系統(tong)(tong)通常(chang)選(xuan)擇(ze)銅(tong)排，由(you)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)支撐，如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)1所示(shi)。圖(tu)中淺灰色表示(shi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)支撐件(jian)，深(shen)灰色表示(shi)導體(ti)———銅(tong)排。a為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)（即兩個(ge)導體(ti)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)短直線(xian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)），b為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)（即兩個(ge)導體(ti)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)沿絕緣(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)短距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)）。任(ren)何情況下(xia)，爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)都不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)，即b≥a。最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)由(you)所在(zai)(zai)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)(e)定(ding)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)決定(ding)。比(bi)如(ru)(ru)，當額(e)(e)定(ding)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6kV時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)5.5mm，即a≥5.5mm。低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)開關柜(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品標準(zhun)《低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)成套開關設(she)備(bei)和(he)控制設(she)備(bei)第1部分(fen)：總則》（GB/T7251.1—2013）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10.9.3.5條規定(ding)，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)達到(dao)了標準(zhun)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1.5倍，則可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)免(mian)除沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)，只需(xu)用(yong)測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)證即可(ke)(ke)(ke)。最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)由(you)額(e)(e)定(ding)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、環境污染(ran)等級和(he)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別三(san)者共同(tong)(tong)確定(ding)。例如(ru)(ru)，在(zai)(zai)額(e)(e)定(ding)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)690V、環境污染(ran)等級為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)Ⅱ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)9mm；而(er)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)Ⅲa的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10mm。由(you)此可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)看出，材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別越(yue)高，需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，結構可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)設(she)計(ji)得越(yue)緊湊。材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別分(fen)類(lei)如(ru)(ru)表1所示(shi)[1]。在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行結構設(she)計(ji)時(shi)，A、B、C三(san)相導體(ti)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)保持(chi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)和(he)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，否則會(hui)被(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)，造成短路(lu)甚至火(huo)災等事故。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)a最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)5.5mm，爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)b最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)9mm（假設(she)選(xuan)擇(ze)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組(zu)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)Ⅱ）。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了同(tong)(tong)時(shi)滿足最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)a和(he)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)b的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，要(yao)么將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)放大(da)到(dao)9mm，要(yao)么將灰色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面由(you)平(ping)面設(she)計(ji)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起表面設(she)計(ji)，以(yi)增加爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)到(dao)9mm，如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)2（b）所示(shi)，虛線(xian)部分(fen)相加為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)≥1.5×5.5=8.25mm，那(nei)么就可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)免(mian)做沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)。因此，選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)(xi)≥9mm，則同(tong)(tong)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)滿足最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)免(mian)做沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)耐(nai)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)。在(zai)(zai)實際結構設(she)計(ji)時(shi)，要(yao)從整體(ti)出發多方權衡到(dao)底選(xuan)擇(ze)多大(da)尺(chi)寸(cun)。

2耐熱性能的要求對絕緣材料選擇的影響

電(dian)氣(qi)設備運行時(shi)(shi)，除(chu)了承受工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，有時(shi)(shi)還(huan)會(hui)承受各種過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，例如(ru)短路造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)等(deng)。只要(yao)(yao)有電(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，導(dao)(dao)體就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)升高，因(yin)此(ci)，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)受能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。此(ci)外(wai)，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)也有著(zhu)密切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)越高，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)越差。為(wei)保證絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)，每種絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)都有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高允許(xu)工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，在(zai)(zai)此(ci)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)以(yi)長期(qi)安(an)全地使用(yong)，超(chao)(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)這(zhe)個溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)加速老化。在(zai)(zai)國家標(biao)準(zhun)《電(dian)氣(qi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性和表(biao)示方法(fa)》（GB/T11021—2014）中，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高允許(xu)工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)被(bei)稱為(wei)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)。從絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)（表(biao)2）可(ke)知，A級(ji)(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)(zai)最(zui)(zui)高105℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)長期(qi)安(an)全地使用(yong)。通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)會(hui)考(kao)慮高一(yi)(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)留有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裕量。絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)影響(xiang)低壓開關(guan)柜(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)設計。最(zui)(zui)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家標(biao)準(zhun)GB/T7251.1—2013中表(biao)6規(gui)定了低壓開關(guan)柜(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升限(xian)值(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，即在(zai)(zai)周圍空(kong)氣(qi)平(ping)均溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)超(chao)(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)35℃時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)值(zhi)。例如(ru)：用(yong)于(yu)(yu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)超(chao)(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)70℃，加上周圍空(kong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)35℃，也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)(dao)線端(duan)(duan)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)超(chao)(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)105℃。因(yin)此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)(dao)線端(duan)(duan)子處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)時(shi)(shi)，選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)A級(ji)(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)滿足要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。但在(zai)(zai)實際使用(yong)中，也可(ke)以(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)E級(ji)(ji)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，使其(qi)(qi)(qi)具有更高一(yi)(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全系數。上面講述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)，在(zai)(zai)非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，比如(ru)在(zai)(zai)短路時(shi)(shi)導(dao)(dao)體能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠產生(sheng)高達200～250℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，那么絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)短時(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)超(chao)(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)200～250℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外(wai)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠產生(sheng)較大熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量甚(shen)至導(dao)(dao)致著(zhu)火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因(yin)此(ci)，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)還(huan)需要(yao)(yao)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠耐(nai)(nai)受由于(yu)(yu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和著(zhu)火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。通常(chang)用(yong)灼熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)絲耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)試驗來(lai)衡量絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)耐(nai)(nai)受非(fei)(fei)正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和著(zhu)火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。對于(yu)(yu)需要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)上直接(jie)安(an)裝載流(liu)(liu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠耐(nai)(nai)受960℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灼熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)絲頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)；對于(yu)(yu)嵌入(ru)墻內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)殼，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)耐(nai)(nai)受850℃；對于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)，包括要(yao)(yao)安(an)裝保護導(dao)(dao)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)耐(nai)(nai)受650℃[1]。因(yin)此(ci)，對于(yu)(yu)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)或(huo)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)、短時(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和灼熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)絲耐(nai)(nai)受溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。

3電動力對絕緣材料機械強度的影響

在正常(chang)工(gong)作條(tiao)件下，低壓(ya)開(kai)關柜運行時通常(chang)只(zhi)受(shou)到重力(li)及(ji)結構應力(li)的(de)(de)作用；在非(fei)正常(chang)條(tiao)件下，比如(ru)短路(lu)時，會受(shou)到熱應力(li)和(he)電動(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)綜合影響，比如(ru)母(mu)線夾(jia)在短路(lu)時就要承受(shou)由于短路(lu)引起的(de)(de)電動(dong)(dong)力(li)。母(mu)線夾(jia)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)距離(li)(li)與電動(dong)(dong)力(li)有(you)很大的(de)(de)關系，通常(chang)通過計算和(he)短路(lu)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)來(lai)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)母(mu)線系統的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)熱穩(wen)定性。如(ru)某母(mu)線系統，選擇矩形(xing)銅導(dao)體截面尺寸為(wei)60mm×10mm，A、B、C三(san)相之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)相間(jian)(jian)距c=200mm，母(mu)線夾(jia)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)距離(li)(li)L=600mm，三(san)相預(yu)期短路(lu)峰值電流Ipk=73.5kA。可以先用計算的(de)(de)方法來(lai)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)該導(dao)體的(de)(de)固有(you)頻(pin)率及(ji)最大電動(dong)(dong)力(li)，再(zai)用短路(lu)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)來(lai)進一步驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)可靠性。計算過程如(ru)下：

4設計時絕緣材料其他性能的選擇

低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)柜里(li)的(de)許多零部(bu)件結(jie)構并不復(fu)雜，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)母線系統、母線夾、絕緣子等(deng)(deng)，一(yi)般選用熱(re)固性(xing)塑(su)(su)料(liao)，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)BMC、SMC或者電工膠木等(deng)(deng)，這些原材料(liao)里(li)通常(chang)含有(you)玻(bo)纖，因此強度很高，又有(you)很好的(de)耐熱(re)性(xing)（耐熱(re)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)通常(chang)為F級(ji)），絕緣強度高，得(de)到了(le)廣泛應用。低(di)壓(ya)開關(guan)柜里(li)也有(you)一(yi)些結(jie)構比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)雜的(de)零部(bu)件，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)多功能板、抽(chou)屜里(li)的(de)一(yi)次(ci)插(cha)座等(deng)(deng)絕緣支撐件，通常(chang)選用熱(re)塑(su)(su)性(xing)塑(su)(su)料(liao)，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)尼龍加(jia)(jia)玻(bo)纖等(deng)(deng)，此種塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)流動性(xing)好，模具加(jia)(jia)工較(jiao)(jiao)容易(yi)，機械強度高，還(huan)可以(yi)添加(jia)(jia)合適的(de)阻(zu)燃劑(ji)起到很好的(de)阻(zu)燃作用。在實際設計中，有(you)時還(huan)要(yao)考慮環保要(yao)求，尤其是(shi)在碳(tan)達峰(feng)、碳(tan)中和的(de)戰(zhan)略背景下，要(yao)選擇環保材料(liao)，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)低(di)煙(yan)無鹵阻(zu)燃的(de)材料(liao)等(deng)(deng)，適應時代發展的(de)需求。

5結語

總(zong)之，絕(jue)緣材(cai)料(liao)(liao)是低(di)壓開(kai)關柜的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分，在進行(xing)絕(jue)緣材(cai)料(liao)(liao)選(xuan)型及設計時，要(yao)綜(zong)合考慮上述各方面的(de)影響，通過(guo)正確的(de)原材(cai)料(liao)(liao)選(xuan)擇、合理的(de)結構設計和必(bi)要(yao)的(de)試驗驗證(zheng)，選(xuan)擇既能(neng)(neng)滿(man)足(zu)功能(neng)(neng)、性能(neng)(neng)要(yao)求，又(you)易(yi)于獲得，加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)性好、性價比高，同(tong)時還兼顧(gu)環保要(yao)求的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。

[參考文獻]

[1]低壓成套開關設(she)備(bei)和(he)控制(zhi)設(she)備(bei)第(di)1部分(fen)：總則：GB/T7251.1—2013[S].

[2]電氣(qi)絕緣耐熱性和表示(shi)方法：GB/T11021—2014[S].

[3]苗(miao)世洪，朱永(yong)利.發電(dian)廠電(dian)氣部分[M].5版.北京：中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力出版社，2015.

作者：竇娟娟 單位：廈門ABB低壓電器設(she)備有限(xian)公(gong)司