EPC項目管理及成本管控辦法

時間(jian):2022-04-18 15:37:47

導語:EPC項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)及成本管(guan)控(kong)辦法(fa)一文(wen)來(lai)源于(yu)網友上傳(chuan),不代表本站觀(guan)點,若需要(yao)原創文(wen)章可咨詢客服老師,歡迎參考。

EPC項目管理及成本管控辦法

摘要:目前,國內建筑工程行業發展迅速,行業的紅利迅速吸引了眾多的資本投入,快速增長的經營企業數量使得行業內部的競爭越發激烈。與此同時,行業內部企業在發展模式和經營模式上都在不斷的價格競爭中呈現出疲軟的狀態。國內建筑工程企業的發展亟需一次重大的戰略轉型,將提升企業的經營質量作為內部改革的根本策略。在這樣的現實需求下,epc項目管理模式應運而生,其在工程企業內部的改革重點在于管理模式的轉變,通過加強企業的內部控制,實現企業施工成本的(de)有效降低、工程進度的(de)順(shun)利完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)以及工程質量的(de)有效提升。本文(wen)從EPC管理模(mo)式對成(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制的(de)現實(shi)意義著手,討論EPC管理模(mo)式對于成(cheng)(cheng)本管控(kong)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)策略。

關鍵詞:EPC項目(mu)管理;成(cheng)本管控;實(shi)踐(jian)策略

EPC是新(xin)時(shi)代工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)行(xing)(xing)業發展過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)一個(ge)(ge)組合概念[1]。在設(she)(she)(she)(she)計工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),不但包含具(ju)(ju)體的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),而(er)且(qie)包含針對整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)具(ju)(ju)體內容(rong)的(de)總(zong)體性規劃,甚至于整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)人員組織和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計也包含其中(zhong)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)內容(rong)不僅包含原(yuan)材料和(he)施工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou),還(huan)包括特(te)種作(zuo)(zuo)業設(she)(she)(she)(she)備和(he)特(te)殊原(yuan)材料的(de)選擇(ze)與采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou),相比于傳(chuan)統的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)而(er)言(yan)具(ju)(ju)有(you)更大的(de)實(shi)際覆蓋范圍。在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)方面(mian),不但包括對現場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)和(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備安裝的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控,還(huan)包含相關的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備測試和(he)人員技能(neng)培訓等內容(rong)。因此(ci),在采(cai)(cai)(cai)用EPC模式進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)踐管(guan)(guan)(guan)理時(shi),需要(yao)樹(shu)立起(qi)全(quan)(quan)新(xin)的(de)項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理概念認知,從(cong)全(quan)(quan)新(xin)的(de)戰略(lve)角度(du)思考工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理問(wen)題。

1EPC管理模式下對成本管控的概念和現實意義

所謂EPC管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式,就是設計(ji)(ji)、采(cai)購(gou)以(yi)及(ji)施工(gong)(gong)3方(fang)面(mian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)。設計(ji)(ji)(Engineering)不僅(jin)(jin)(jin)包(bao)括(kuo)了(le)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),還需要(yao)基(ji)于建(jian)設方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能需求,經(jing)過(guo)多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合考慮(lv)編制(zhi)最具可行性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案;采(cai)購(gou)(Procurement)不僅(jin)(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)(jin)指購(gou)買,而是作(zuo)為一(yi)個整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務性功能,獲得虛擬產(chan)品和(he)(he)實(shi)體(ti)資(zi)源(yuan),這就使(shi)得采(cai)購(gou)環(huan)(huan)節包(bao)含了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策劃(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)糾偏(pian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)操(cao)作(zuo);施工(gong)(gong)(Construction)與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)環(huan)(huan)節也存在(zai)較為明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異,其綜合性相(xiang)對更(geng)強,各環(huan)(huan)節、各部(bu)位均(jun)被納(na)入到(dao)總包(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)范圍。目(mu)(mu)前,我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)行業(ye)在(zai)創造經(jing)濟價值方(fang)面(mian)總體(ti)上(shang)雖呈上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)趨勢,但是仔細(xi)分析企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)個體(ti)組成(cheng)、項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)以(yi)及(ji)財務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)可以(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian),其經(jing)營(ying)(ying)情況(kuang)(kuang)卻并(bing)(bing)不如(ru)意。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)思維模(mo)(mo)式無法趕上(shang)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)腳(jiao)步(bu),特別(bie)是對于先進管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技術和(he)(he)數據輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)運(yun)算及(ji)分析技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握能力(li)存在(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷,在(zai)與(yu)(yu)其他行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)對接(jie)中(zhong)呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)出弱勢狀(zhuang)態。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),受到(dao)國(guo)家(jia)宏觀發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong),對于原材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)存在(zai)極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)疏忽,重點表現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)對原材料采(cai)購(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精細(xi)化管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)不夠。在(zai)國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)保發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)指導下,傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)施工(gong)(gong)項目(mu)(mu)結束(shu)后(hou)剩余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可隨意處置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)原材料現(xian)(xian)(xian)已轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為一(yi)系列(lie)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)施工(gong)(gong)后(hou)期處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)經(jing)濟成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)(he)資(zi)源(yuan)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)在(zai)這一(yi)重大社(she)會生產(chan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變中(zhong)并(bing)(bing)沒有(you)做(zuo)到(dao)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)反(fan)應和(he)(he)及(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)反(fan)饋,造成(cheng)了(le)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)投(tou)入損失。此外(wai)(wai),本(ben)土項目(mu)(mu)競爭(zheng)中(zhong),國(guo)外(wai)(wai)資(zi)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)入、外(wai)(wai)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)(yu)使(shi)得國(guo)內(nei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)在(zai)自(zi)身管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進一(yi)步(bu)暴露出來(lai),諸(zhu)多(duo)新(xin)興(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)采(cai)取(qu)了(le)更(geng)為先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式和(he)(he)更(geng)為高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)分析技術手段(duan),深度(du)(du)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)政(zheng)策和(he)(he)行業(ye)生產(chan)法規(gui),給予傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)沉重打(da)擊[2]。在(zai)社(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵階段(duan),傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)如(ru)果想要(yao)繼續維持自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)態化運(yun)營(ying)(ying),并(bing)(bing)在(zai)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)中(zhong)取(qu)得行業(ye)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩固地位,就必須從企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)著手,實(shi)行更(geng)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian),同(tong)(tong)時適當引入更(geng)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)技術手段(duan),以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。目(mu)(mu)前,國(guo)內(nei)諸(zhu)多(duo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)已經(jing)開始引入EPC管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式,力(li)圖實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)身管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)級與(yu)(yu)完善(shan),并(bing)(bing)將(jiang)自(zi)身企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式與(yu)(yu)國(guo)際化企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)同(tong)(tong)步(bu),謀求創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。但是,僅(jin)(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)(jin)引入與(yu)(yu)照搬模(mo)(mo)式遠遠不夠,還需要(yao)結合中(zhong)國(guo)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)和(he)(he)自(zi)身企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)情況(kuang)(kuang),集中(zhong)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢資(zi)源(yuan)、整(zheng)合外(wai)(wai)部(bu)可利用資(zi)源(yuan),進行本(ben)土化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

2EPC管理模式下實現成本管控的策略

2.1工程準備階段管理

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)準(zhun)備(bei)階段應用(yong)EPC管(guan)(guan)理(li)模式,其關(guan)鍵在(zai)于(yu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)制(zhi)定、項目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)組(zu)織機(ji)(ji)構和(he)考核機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)組(zu)建(jian)。為實(shi)(shi)現上(shang)述目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)企(qi)業需要從以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)方(fang)面著手開(kai)展相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。(1)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙進行全(quan)面了(le)解,并對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙展開(kai)全(quan)面會(hui)(hui)審(shen),根據會(hui)(hui)審(shen)結果初步(bu)(bu)制(zhi)訂施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)。此環節要特(te)別關(guan)注一(yi)些新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)法,先制(zhi)訂若干個(ge)方(fang)案(an),再對(dui)這些方(fang)案(an)進行對(dui)比(bi)和(he)選擇,最終確定最優(you)方(fang)案(an)。(2)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)企(qi)業要結合(he)實(shi)(shi)際情況,設置相應的(de)(de)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)部門(men),并在(zai)此基(ji)礎上(shang)進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)打造切實(shi)(shi)可行的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)責任體(ti)系(xi),逐步(bu)(bu)實(shi)(shi)現有(you)效控制(zhi)總成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)。(3)在(zai)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)責任體(ti)系(xi)基(ji)本(ben)確立后,選擇綜合(he)素質較(jiao)強的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員補(bu)充到該體(ti)系(xi)中,構建(jian)相應的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)流程(cheng)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)準(zhun)則。(4)構建(jian)有(you)效的(de)(de)考核機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),以(yi)督促工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員能夠最大程(cheng)度上(shang)完成(cheng)EPC項目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。

2.2工程設計環節(jie)管(guan)理(li)

建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本身就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)非(fei)(fei)常復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)性(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),內(nei)部包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)內(nei)容較(jiao)多,涉及到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)數(shu)量很多,而(er)(er)且(qie)參與者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本訴(su)(su)求和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職能(neng)之間存(cun)在(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異,因此在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)滿足(zu)各方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合訴(su)(su)求是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)非(fei)(fei)常困難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)。傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)般將整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)細(xi)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)多個(ge)(ge)組(zu)成項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),每個(ge)(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)有各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負責人(ren)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員。雖(sui)然體(ti)量龐大,但是(shi)(shi)相對(dui)(dui)而(er)(er)言更方便(bian)施工(gong)(gong)統(tong)籌(chou)和采(cai)購(gou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。然而(er)(er)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式很容易(yi)造(zao)成各方信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)(tong)(tong)障礙(ai),尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)進行(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)調整(zheng),很容易(yi)出現(xian)(xian)時(shi)間差和信息遺漏(lou)等問(wen)題。在(zai)引入EPC項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式后(hou),對(dui)(dui)于各個(ge)(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計都(dou)有獨立且(qie)全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與調整(zheng)。設(she)置(zhi)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)籌(chou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部門,讓(rang)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)參與到整(zheng)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),能(neng)夠針對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)任(ren)何一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)組(zu)成項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有環(huan)節進行(xing)精細(xi)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據確認工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)隨時(shi)與相關項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負責人(ren)溝通(tong)(tong)(tong)。借助現(xian)(xian)代化技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)備實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)詳細(xi)資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速共(gong)享(xiang),從(cong)設(she)計之初就能(neng)夠有效針對(dui)(dui)可(ke)能(neng)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)節化問(wen)題提(ti)出設(she)計預案(an)。當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)設(she)計環(huan)節中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),EPC項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)與BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合應用(yong)(yong)(yong)也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展方向,有條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)這種模式,進一(yi)(yi)步提(ti)升EPC項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)效性(xing)。具(ju)體(ti)來(lai)看,可(ke)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)步驟實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)這種新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合應用(yong)(yong)(yong)模式:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)已有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上引入BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu),將其與各個(ge)(ge)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)予以(yi)(yi)整(zheng)合,打造(zao)BIM項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)成本控制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),為(wei)后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)提(ti)供完善(shan)、詳細(xi)且(qie)動(dong)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據信息;二是(shi)(shi)基于此控制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計環(huan)節進行(xing)優化,包括(kuo)碰(peng)撞(zhuang)檢查、設(she)計方案(an)比選以(yi)(yi)及采(cai)購(gou)計劃(hua)編(bian)制(zhi)等多個(ge)(ge)環(huan)節;三(san)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)對(dui)(dui)EPC項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標方案(an)和招(zhao)標文件(jian)進行(xing)編(bian)制(zhi),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠創建工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建筑模型與各個(ge)(ge)投標企(qi)業(ye)模型,經比對(dui)(dui)篩選,最終得到最適合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投標企(qi)業(ye)與投標方案(an),從(cong)而(er)(er)達(da)到良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本控制(zhi)效果。

2.3采(cai)購環節(jie)的管(guan)理

采購(gou)(gou)(gou)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)是整(zheng)個(ge)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心環(huan)(huan)節(jie),既是對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計環(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體落實(shi),又是后續(xu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)障。在(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)環(huan)(huan)節(jie),由于(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系相對(dui)混亂,經常(chang)出(chu)現對(dui)于(yu)自身(shen)能力(li)評(ping)估不足或者相關部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)上報和(he)反(fan)饋不及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang),導(dao)致(zhi)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作存在(zai)(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)溝通(tong)疏忽(hu),直接(jie)影響(xiang)到(dao)后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),輕則耽(dan)誤(wu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du),重則嚴重影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)[3]。在(zai)(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)引入EPC管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,通(tong)過(guo)更為精細化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)現代化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析手段,準確歸(gui)納與整(zheng)合企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢資源,實(shi)現采購(gou)(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詳(xiang)細設(she)計規劃。從國內(nei)(nei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐經驗來看,EPC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)將采購(gou)(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為兩部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)行(xing),一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是采購(gou)(gou)(gou)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)外包(bao),另一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。這(zhe)是因為企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)對(dui)于(yu)市(shi)場情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把控(kong)存在(zai)(zai)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)漏(lou)洞(dong),尤其是國內(nei)(nei)各個(ge)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)都飛速(su)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天(tian),企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)很難掌握某(mou)一專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)情(qing)況(kuang),與其自身(shen)花費人力(li)、時(shi)間以(yi)及經濟成(cheng)本(ben)開發專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場信(xin)息(xi)(xi)資源,不如將這(zhe)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作通(tong)過(guo)外包(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式給到(dao)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組織(zhi)或機構,企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)只需要(yao)支(zhi)付有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酬勞(lao)就能避免自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入。也(ye)正是得益于(yu)這(zhe)一管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方式,企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)集中(zhong)人力(li)和(he)資源優(you)勢,對(dui)自身(shen)熟悉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)市(shi)場進(jin)行(xing)更為深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究與探索,實(shi)現企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效控(kong)制,同時(shi)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)保(bao)障采購(gou)(gou)(gou)原材料(liao)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),進(jin)一步提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營效率和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。

2.4整體工(gong)程的風險管理

從企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)運(yun)(yun)營資(zi)源(yuan)配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)分(fen)析,EPC管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)式是將(jiang)(jiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)內部在(zai)執行工程項(xiang)目(mu)過程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)投入(ru)進行了再(zai)優化處理(li),其重點在(zai)于將(jiang)(jiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)營成(cheng)本降(jiang)(jiang)低到一個理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍;從操作(zuo)上分(fen)析則(ze)是提高(gao)內部管(guan)(guan)理(li)成(cheng)本、降(jiang)(jiang)低其他(ta)運(yun)(yun)作(zuo)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)本。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)式在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)運(yun)(yun)行自(zi)身熟悉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)時能夠極大節約(yue)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru),有(you)(you)效提高(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程運(yun)(yun)作(zuo)效率。然(ran)而,企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際發(fa)展過程中(zhong)(zhong),出于維持(chi)自(zi)身運(yun)(yun)營和(he)發(fa)展安全性考慮,會(hui)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)探索(suo)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場領(ling)域或者對已(yi)經掌(zhang)握的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原材料供給領(ling)域進行適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究與調整,而這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)戰略性經營調整是企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)承擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)。EPC管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)式在(zai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)項(xiang)目(mu)時會(hui)產生一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,主要是各項(xiang)業(ye)(ye)務運(yun)(yun)營成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收緊,使得(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)進行市場調研(yan)和(he)相(xiang)關領(ling)域試(shi)探的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong),資(zi)金(jin)預(yu)算成(cheng)為限制發(fa)展與探索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素。理(li)論上來說,EPC管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點在(zai)于分(fen)析與統籌(chou)思(si)考,借助信息化技(ji)術分(fen)析手段完成(cheng)模(mo)擬化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)測試(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)需要企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據支持(chi),以幫助實(shi)(shi)現風險(xian)控制。因此(ci),采取EPC管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)式不(bu)(bu)僅是管(guan)(guan)理(li)層面上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)刻轉變(bian),也(ye)是整體(ti)運(yun)(yun)營理(li)念上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大轉型。

2.5施工階(jie)段(duan)的(de)優化管理

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)對(dui)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)業而(er)(er)(er)言至關(guan)重要,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)業向外(wai)(wai)產(chan)(chan)出產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),也是(shi)(shi)企(qi)(qi)業能(neng)(neng)夠獲(huo)取實(shi)際經濟收(shou)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本依(yi)托。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)涉(she)及到諸多(duo)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti),如(ru)原材料和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)及時(shi)就位、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)保障、設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運轉、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)把(ba)控以(yi)及施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達標等。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)強調(diao)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“安(an)全(quan)”,包括(kuo)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)原材料和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)最終(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)[4]。除(chu)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)外(wai)(wai),還需要確保整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)都能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)期時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)(li)由(you)(you)于缺乏(fa)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統籌和(he)(he)整體(ti)組織,很容易造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期延誤問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti),尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)突發情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)效(xiao)率低下,使(shi)(shi)得工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)延期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)普遍存在(zai)(zai)(zai),對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業而(er)(er)(er)言不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)資金投(tou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加,而(er)(er)(er)且是(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加。EPC管理(li)(li)模式下,在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)就已經實(shi)現(xian)了(le)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)意外(wai)(wai)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)預(yu)案,能(neng)(neng)夠最大程(cheng)(cheng)度上(shang)提高現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)意外(wai)(wai)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)力。除(chu)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)外(wai)(wai),由(you)(you)于相關(guan)采購工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)都是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息指揮下完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),各項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)都有(you)訂單追蹤和(he)(he)相關(guan)驗(yan)收(shou)審核(he)程(cheng)(cheng)序記錄,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)快(kuai)速(su)核(he)實(shi)項(xiang)目問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)和(he)(he)項(xiang)目責任(ren)人(ren)(ren)確定(ding)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。精準(zhun)把(ba)握(wo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原材料和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)場(chang)時(shi)間(jian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)場(chang)時(shi)間(jian)也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)溝(gou)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下得到有(you)效(xiao)保證,在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)員和(he)(he)物(wu)質準(zhun)備階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)充分(fen)保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度。不(bu)(bu)僅如(ru)此(ci)(ci),嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本控制計(ji)劃和(he)(he)資金預(yu)算使(shi)(shi)用情(qing)況追溯管理(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)夠最大程(cheng)(cheng)度減少由(you)(you)于人(ren)(ren)為(wei)設(she)計(ji)與管理(li)(li)疏忽而(er)(er)(er)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)延誤問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti),進(jin)一步提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)水(shui)平。

2.6施(shi)工階段的造價(jia)管理

施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理一(yi)直是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)點工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)中(zhong)各項(xiang)(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)外(wai)投入對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)業(ye)而言都(dou)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)壓縮原本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)利潤空間(jian),而且在(zai)計(ji)劃全面且充分的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia),多出的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)預算很大程(cheng)度上應(ying)該歸結于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)業(ye)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理問(wen)題(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan)缺(que)失(shi)。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)意外(wai)事(shi)件造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)額(e)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)投入問(wen)題(ti)(ti),但是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種意外(wai)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)本(ben)身(shen)就在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)考范圍內(nei)。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)出現(xian)(xian)額(e)外(wai)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben),無非出于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)4點原因(yin)(yin):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)合(he)(he)理;二(er)是(shi)(shi)供應(ying)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)供應(ying)或(huo)者(zhe)運輸問(wen)題(ti)(ti);三是(shi)(shi)產品(pin)驗(yan)收工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)到位(wei)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)或(huo)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)運轉問(wen)題(ti)(ti);四(si)是(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)場施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監管(guan)(guan)不(bu)到位(wei)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)浪(lang)費或(huo)者(zhe)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)正(zheng)確使用(yong)(yong)與不(bu)及時維(wei)護。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian),本(ben)質上都(dou)是(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理出現(xian)(xian)了漏洞,需要(yao)制(zhi)定相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度或(huo)者(zhe)處理方(fang)案加以(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)決[5]。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)特(te)殊性,很多原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)供給受到國際市場的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響。在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)采購(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),有(you)分批次(ci)購(gou)(gou)買的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),而分批次(ci)購(gou)(gou)買期間(jian)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)市場價(jia)格變(bian)動而引(yin)起施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)增加。因(yin)(yin)此,需借助EPC管(guan)(guan)理手段(duan)(duan),幫(bang)助企(qi)業(ye)更好(hao)地進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)采購(gou)(gou)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)與分析工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)達到降(jiang)低施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。除此之外(wai),對人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)械設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)使用(yong)(yong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)全方(fang)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)控也是(shi)(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)EPC項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容。首先,考慮到人(ren)員數(shu)量和(he)(he)單價(jia)會(hui)直接影(ying)(ying)響到人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben),因(yin)(yin)此需要(yao)預先明確工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)類(lei)型和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian),避免人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)動,同時要(yao)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)契合(he)(he)實際的(de)(de)(de)激勵制(zhi)度,促使一(yi)些(xie)優秀經(jing)驗(yan)在(zai)后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)推廣(guang)。其次(ci),對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong),應(ying)當側(ce)重(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)綠色環保材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),有(you)助于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實現(xian)(xian)剩余(yu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)次(ci)利用(yong)(yong),避免出現(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)往丟棄材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)浪(lang)費的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)。最后(hou),對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)械設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong),要(yao)預先對機(ji)(ji)械設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)型號和(he)(he)數(shu)量等進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分析計(ji)算,根據(ju)分析計(ji)算結果開展協調工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),避免機(ji)(ji)械設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)閑置(zhi)。

2.7項目竣(jun)工的結算管理

項目(mu)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)結(jie)(jie)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)結(jie)(jie)尾,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)順利(li)驗收后(hou)企(qi)(qi)業才能獲得全部酬勞。因此,在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)入竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)算階(jie)段后(hou),需(xu)(xu)要企(qi)(qi)業的(de)相關部門整(zheng)理和(he)記錄施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)全部數據(ju)(ju)信息和(he)資料信息,完(wan)成(cheng)賬目(mu)記錄。對照實際成(cheng)本投(tou)入和(he)預(yu)期成(cheng)本投(tou)入的(de)差異(yi),總結(jie)(jie)產(chan)生差異(yi)的(de)原因,并(bing)在后(hou)續的(de)項目(mu)中改進(jin)[6]。另外,項目(mu)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段還(huan)需(xu)(xu)要具體(ti)關注索(suo)(suo)賠工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)需(xu)(xu)要重點關注可能出現的(de)索(suo)(suo)賠行為及(ji)其(qi)具體(ti)做法(fa),當出現合同方面的(de)問題時,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)需(xu)(xu)要在第一時間收集相關的(de)證據(ju)(ju)并(bing)進(jin)行研判,根據(ju)(ju)研判結(jie)(jie)果提(ti)出索(suo)(suo)賠申請。這有助于規避資金方面的(de)問題,避免(mian)不必要的(de)損失,并(bing)強化施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)資金周(zhou)轉能力(li)。

3結語

EPC項目管理作為新興的(de)(de)(de)工程項目管理模(mo)式,從整體上有(you)效(xiao)減少工程的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)投入(ru),特別是極大提高(gao)了工程的(de)(de)(de)施工質量和(he)(he)施工效(xiao)率,相比于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)管理模(mo)式而(er)言,為相關(guan)企業節省了極大的(de)(de)(de)原材(cai)料、設備和(he)(he)人工成本(ben)投入(ru)。既能夠實(shi)現企業的(de)(de)(de)工程施工利(li)潤最大化(hua),又(you)能夠幫助企業在行業競爭中(zhong)取(qu)得(de)(de)優勢,值得(de)(de)企業結合自身實(shi)際情況加(jia)以引入(ru)和(he)(he)調整。

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作(zuo)者(zhe):張(zhang)曉龍 單位(wei):渤海(hai)石油航(hang)務建(jian)筑工(gong)程有限責任公司項目副經理