【論文關(guan)鍵詞】統(tong)計(ji)學；統(tong)計(ji)思想(xiang)；認識

【論(lun)文摘要】所謂統(tong)(tong)計思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，就是在(zai)統(tong)(tong)計實際工作、統(tong)(tong)計學(xue)理論(lun)的(de)(de)應用(yong)研(yan)究中，必須(xu)遵循的(de)(de)基本理念和指導思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。統(tong)(tong)計思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)要包括均值思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、變異思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、估計思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、相關(guan)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、擬合思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、檢驗思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。文章通過(guo)對(dui)統(tong)(tong)計思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)闡釋，提出關(guan)于統(tong)(tong)計思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)認(ren)識的(de)(de)三點思(si)(si)(si)(si)考(kao)。

一、關于統計學

統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學是一門(men)實質性(xing)的(de)社會(hui)科(ke)學，既研(yan)究(jiu)社會(hui)生活(huo)的(de)客觀規律，也研(yan)究(jiu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)方法。統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學是繼(ji)承和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)基礎(chu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)的(de)理論(lun)(lun)成果，堅持統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學的(de)社會(hui)科(ke)學性(xing)質，使統(tong)計(ji)(ji)理論(lun)(lun)研(yan)究(jiu)更接(jie)近統(tong)計(ji)(ji)工作實際，在國家(jia)和社會(hui)得到廣(guang)泛發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

二、統計(ji)學中(zhong)的幾種統計(ji)思想

2.1統計(ji)思想的(de)形成(cheng)

一、生(sheng)物統計學(xue)課程的地位和作(zuo)用

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)不同專(zhuan)業學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)都應該掌握的(de)(de)(de)(de)一門重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具課，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)許多高等(deng)院校(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、農學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)修課程(cheng)之一。它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)代生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)不可缺(que)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)綜合分(fen)析問(wen)題(ti)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)課程(cheng)，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)者必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，同時(shi)該課程(cheng)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其他(ta)專(zhuan)業課程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)基礎。因此(ci)該課程(cheng)在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、農學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、林學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、食品、環保等(deng)專(zhuan)業中占有(you)(you)十分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位[12]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)需(xu)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)材(cai)料進行研(yan)究(jiu)，但通(tong)常(chang)所涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料數(shu)量較大，很難也沒有(you)(you)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)全部(bu)參加試驗，必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)須通(tong)過科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)抽取有(you)(you)代表性的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗個體進行試驗，以(yi)獲得相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據，實現(xian)由樣本(ben)推(tui)斷總體的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)功能。因此(ci)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)試驗設計(ji)緊密(mi)聯系，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)講(jiang)授(shou)數(shu)據資料收集和(he)整理的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)、數(shu)據資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)分(fen)析方(fang)法(fa)和(he)手段以(yi)及(ji)在概率(lv)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)對統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)結果做出科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)斷，從而幫(bang)助我(wo)們認識研(yan)究(jiu)對象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)和(he)本(ben)質(zhi)[13]。因此(ci)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)已(yi)成為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)科(ke)技工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)者必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，也有(you)(you)利于培(pei)(pei)養(yang)和(he)提高大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)能力(li)以(yi)及(ji)獨立(li)分(fen)析問(wen)題(ti)和(he)解決問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)代大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)和(he)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)素質(zhi)教育的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體體現(xian)。

二、生(sheng)物(wu)統計學教學存在(zai)的主要問(wen)題(ti)

1.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)方面(mian)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)是(shi)(shi)體(ti)現教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容和(he)(he)(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識載(zai)體(ti)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工具，它(ta)不(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師進行教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，而(er)且是(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)獲取知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)資料，選擇(ze)適合(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師和(he)(he)(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)，能(neng)(neng)夠保證教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利(li)進行，而(er)且還(huan)能(neng)(neng)提高教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)質(zhi)量，達(da)到(dao)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效果[14，15]。目(mu)前(qian)，國(guo)內(nei)所(suo)(suo)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)種類(lei)較多，各大(da)(da)高校由于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師和(he)(he)(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)不(bu)同(tong)，在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣。盡管如(ru)此，目(mu)前(qian)國(guo)內(nei)所(suo)(suo)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括兩大(da)(da)類(lei)。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)類(lei)完(wan)(wan)(wan)全(quan)是(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識和(he)(he)(he)(he)內(nei)容，不(bu)涉(she)(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)包(bao)含(han)兩小類(lei)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)側(ce)重(zhong)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，過(guo)(guo)分強(qiang)調課(ke)程體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)(wan)整性和(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)講(jiang)授(shou)，注重(zhong)公式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推導而(er)忽(hu)視(shi)了(le)實際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)例題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)解。這(zhe)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)忽(hu)略了(le)對大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)思維和(he)(he)(he)(he)綜(zong)合(he)(he)分析(xi)問題能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)，因(yin)(yin)此有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。另(ling)(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前(qian)各大(da)(da)高校使用(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)，該類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)雖然(ran)也(ye)(ye)存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公式推導，但(dan)(dan)更側(ce)重(zhong)于統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)與(yu)(yu)實際(ji)結合(he)(he)，清楚介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)每一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)后，再(zai)通過(guo)(guo)具體(ti)實例分析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鞏固統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)方法，注重(zhong)培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分析(xi)實際(ji)問題和(he)(he)(he)(he)解決實際(ji)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力，因(yin)(yin)此這(zhe)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)比較適合(he)(he)現在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)。但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)由于不(bu)涉(she)(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，也(ye)(ye)存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足。如(ru)果教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師在授(shou)課(ke)過(guo)(guo)程中未涉(she)(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)，那么即(ji)使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)完(wan)(wan)(wan)全(quan)掌握了(le)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)方法，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)(ji)龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據面(mian)前(qian)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)也(ye)(ye)會(hui)束手(shou)無(wu)策，即(ji)使會(hui)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)，在復雜及(ji)(ji)龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)中也(ye)(ye)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會(hui)算(suan)(suan)錯(cuo)，因(yin)(yin)此可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會(hui)得出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結論(lun)(lun)。第二大(da)(da)類(lei)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)完(wan)(wan)(wan)全(quan)是(shi)(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)，如(ru)Excel軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、SAS統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、SPSS統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、DPS統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、R統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、技術(shu)等飛速發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，這(zhe)類(lei)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)發揮了(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，給(gei)科(ke)(ke)技工作(zuo)者帶(dai)來了(le)極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方便。但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)也(ye)(ye)存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足，它(ta)只注重(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運算(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，沒(mei)有(you)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)(shao)，因(yin)(yin)此對沒(mei)有(you)相(xiang)關(guan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識或統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)礎較差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或老師來說，即(ji)使按(an)照教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步驟(zou)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，但(dan)(dan)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)知(zhi)道具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)義(yi)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)知(zhi)道怎么分析(xi)。因(yin)(yin)此這(zhe)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)不(bu)適合(he)(he)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。另(ling)(ling)外，這(zhe)兩大(da)(da)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)要(yao)(yao)么只注重(zhong)數(shu)理(li)(li)(li)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)授(shou)，要(yao)(yao)么只重(zhong)視(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)，而(er)忽(hu)視(shi)了(le)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)理(li)(li)(li)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分析(xi)方法是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立在正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以及(ji)(ji)所(suo)(suo)獲數(shu)據資料準(zhun)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上才能(neng)(neng)發揮正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)兩大(da)(da)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)共同(tong)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足之處。因(yin)(yin)此，目(mu)前(qian)市場上還(huan)未見有(you)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)與(yu)(yu)實際(ji)結合(he)(he)，試(shi)驗設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)結合(he)(he)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較為(wei)完(wan)(wan)(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)。筆者認為(wei)這(zhe)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)是(shi)(shi)當前(qian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)技術(shu)專業(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)工程專業(ye)、農學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)、醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)、食品專業(ye)等本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)專業(ye)較為(wei)適合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)。

2.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)面。①生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)開課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時間(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)。國(guo)內(nei)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)本科(ke)(ke)專業的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)方(fang)案中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)把高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)作為(wei)一(yi)門(men)必修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通過對該(gai)門(men)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)，系(xi)統(tong)獲(huo)得函(han)數(shu)(shu)(shu)、極限、連續(xu)、導(dao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)、微積(ji)分(fen)及(ji)常微分(fen)方(fang)程(cheng)等(deng)(deng)基礎(chu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識，它為(wei)后續(xu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)和(he)解(jie)決(jue)實際(ji)問題提供(gong)必不(bu)可少的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基礎(chu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識及(ji)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法。而且，通過各個知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)，逐步培(pei)養(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)具(ju)有較為(wei)熟練的(de)(de)(de)基本運算(suan)能力(li)和(he)自學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能力(li)，綜合運用(yong)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識分(fen)析和(he)解(jie)決(jue)實際(ji)問題的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。更(geng)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)是學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)原理(li)和(he)方(fang)法都(dou)(dou)需要(yao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識作為(wei)基礎(chu)。②生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上的(de)(de)(de)脫節性(xing)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)作為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)(ke)專業一(yi)門(men)必修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，各高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校均(jun)認識到它在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)(ke)專業中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)。但長期以來，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)均(jun)作為(wei)兩名獨立的(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)開設，一(yi)般(ban)情況(kuang)下，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)由(you)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業教(jiao)師講授，由(you)于數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)師沒有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識，不(bu)清楚生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識體系(xi)，只注(zhu)重(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)導(dao)、講授。因此(ci)所講授的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識內(nei)容(rong)之(zhi)間(jian)通常存在(zai)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)不(bu)銜(xian)之(zhi)處(chu)，形成了不(bu)利于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)斷層。同樣(yang)，這也是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)教(jiao)師難教(jiao)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)難學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、難懂、難用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)原因之(zhi)一(yi)。

3.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)知識(shi)(shi)結構(gou)和(he)科(ke)研(yan)能(neng)力方面。常言道，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)需要(yao)一滴水，教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)至少要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)一桶(tong)水。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)，相(xiang)對(dui)于其(qi)他課程(cheng)而言，對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求更高，不(bu)僅要(yao)求教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)數(shu)學(xue)知識(shi)(shi)，較為淵博(bo)的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)知識(shi)(shi)，還(huan)要(yao)求教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)較強的(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)能(neng)力。教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)只有(you)(you)(you)具(ju)備(bei)一定的(de)(de)數(shu)學(xue)知識(shi)(shi)和(he)淵博(bo)的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)知識(shi)(shi)，才(cai)能(neng)很(hen)好把握(wo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)相(xiang)關原理(li)、理(li)論、統(tong)計(ji)(ji)分(fen)析(xi)方法等。具(ju)備(bei)較強的(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)能(neng)力，才(cai)能(neng)很(hen)好將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)相(xiang)關原理(li)、理(li)論、統(tong)計(ji)(ji)分(fen)析(xi)方法與(yu)實際相(xiang)結合，才(cai)能(neng)很(hen)好地進行案例教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)。4.考(kao)試制度(du)方面。考(kao)試制度(du)在高等教(jiao)(jiao)育中占有(you)(you)(you)非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)地位，考(kao)試是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)指標(biao)，它既(ji)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)反映，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)習效果的(de)(de)檢驗。考(kao)試制度(du)是(shi)(shi)否合理(li)

1關于統計學

統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)是一門實(shi)質性的社(she)會(hui)(hui)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)，既研究社(she)會(hui)(hui)生活的客(ke)觀規律(lv)，也研究統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)方法(fa)。統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)是繼承和發展基礎統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)的理論成果，堅持統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)的社(she)會(hui)(hui)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)性質，使(shi)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)理論研究更(geng)接近(jin)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)工作實(shi)際，在國家和社(she)會(hui)(hui)得(de)到廣泛發展。

2統(tong)計學(xue)中的(de)幾種統(tong)計思(si)想

2.1統計(ji)思想的形(xing)成

統計思(si)想不是天然形成的，需要經(jing)歷(li)統計觀念、統計意(yi)識、統計理念等階段(duan)。統計思(si)想是根據人類(lei)社會(hui)需求(qiu)的變化而開展各種(zhong)統計實踐、統計理論(lun)研(yan)究與概括，才(cai)能逐步(bu)形成系(xi)統的統計思(si)想。

2.2比較常(chang)用的(de)幾種統計思(si)想

【論文(wen)關鍵詞】統計學；統計思想；認識

【論文摘(zhai)要】所謂統(tong)計(ji)(ji)思(si)想(xiang)，就是在統(tong)計(ji)(ji)實(shi)際工作、統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)理(li)論的(de)應用研究(jiu)中，必(bi)須遵循(xun)的(de)基本理(li)念(nian)和指導思(si)想(xiang)。統(tong)計(ji)(ji)思(si)想(xiang)主要包括均值思(si)想(xiang)、變異思(si)想(xiang)、估計(ji)(ji)思(si)想(xiang)、相關思(si)想(xiang)、擬合思(si)想(xiang)、檢驗思(si)想(xiang)等思(si)想(xiang)。文章通過對統(tong)計(ji)(ji)思(si)想(xiang)的(de)闡釋，提(ti)出關于(yu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)思(si)想(xiang)認識的(de)三(san)點思(si)考。

一、關于統計學

統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)是一門實質性的(de)社(she)會科(ke)學(xue)(xue)，既(ji)研究(jiu)社(she)會生活的(de)客觀規律，也研究(jiu)統(tong)計方(fang)法。統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)是繼承和(he)發展基礎統(tong)計的(de)理論(lun)成果，堅持統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)的(de)社(she)會科(ke)學(xue)(xue)性質，使統(tong)計理論(lun)研究(jiu)更接近統(tong)計工(gong)作實際(ji)，在(zai)國家和(he)社(she)會得到廣(guang)泛(fan)發展。

二、統計學中的(de)幾種統計思想

2.1統計思想的(de)形成

【論文關鍵詞】統計學；統計思想；認(ren)識(shi)

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1關于統計學

統(tong)計(ji)學是(shi)一門實(shi)質性的社(she)會(hui)(hui)科學，既研究(jiu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)生活的客(ke)觀規律，也(ye)研究(jiu)統(tong)計(ji)方法。統(tong)計(ji)學是(shi)繼(ji)承和(he)發(fa)展基礎(chu)統(tong)計(ji)的理論成果(guo)，堅持統(tong)計(ji)學的社(she)會(hui)(hui)科學性質，使統(tong)計(ji)理論研究(jiu)更接(jie)近統(tong)計(ji)工作(zuo)實(shi)際(ji)，在(zai)國(guo)家和(he)社(she)會(hui)(hui)得到(dao)廣泛發(fa)展。

2統計學(xue)中的幾(ji)種統計思想

2.1統計思想的形成

教育(yu)(yu)是科(ke)技進步和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)振興的(de)基礎，在全(quan)國上下貫(guan)徹落實《中國教育(yu)(yu)發展改革(ge)和(he)(he)發展綱要》《中共(gong)中央(yang)國務(wu)院關(guan)于(yu)深化教育(yu)(yu)改革(ge)全(quan)面推進素質(zhi)教育(yu)(yu)的(de)決(jue)定(ding)》和(he)(he)全(quan)國教育(yu)(yu)工作會(hui)議精神的(de)今天，高等教育(yu)(yu)為適應這一新形式，推進素質(zhi)教育(yu)(yu)，培養大批高質(zhi)量、高素質(zhi)的(de)各類專(zhuan)門人才已進行著(zhu)多方(fang)面的(de)改革(ge)。sO100

眾(zhong)所周知(zhi)，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)理論性(xing)(xing)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)性(xing)(xing)很(hen)強的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科。醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)更(geng)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)門(men)既有復(fu)雜理論知(zhi)識，又有豐(feng)富應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)技(ji)巧的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業基礎課(ke)程(cheng)。它是(shi)(shi)科研設計(ji)(ji)、資料的(de)(de)搜集、整理和(he)分(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)靈魂，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于居民健康狀況(kuang)評價、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)和(he)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科研，涉及基礎醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、臨床(chuang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、預防醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等多學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科領域。其教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容貫穿(chuan)于研究設計(ji)(ji)到(dao)論文撰寫的(de)(de)全過程(cheng)。如何適應(ying)(ying)新形勢(shi)，迅(xun)速(su)推廣(guang)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)基礎知(zhi)識，在滿(man)足醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科研需要的(de)(de)同時實(shi)(shi)現(xian)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)自身發(fa)展，是(shi)(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育面臨的(de)(de)重(zhong)要課(ke)題(ti)(ti)。我國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育面臨的(de)(de)主要問題(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)：①教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)對(dui)象的(de)(de)數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基礎普遍較差，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)手段落后。②醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研究進一(yi)步向宏觀和(he)微觀發(fa)展，信息數(shu)據更(geng)加復(fu)雜化、多元化和(he)大數(shu)量化。我們(men)利用(yong)(yong)多媒(mei)體(ti)計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)輔助教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)CAI系(xi)統(tong)具備較好的(de)(de)獨立性(xing)(xing)、可參(can)與性(xing)(xing)與知(zhi)識的(de)(de)全面、系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)(xing)，以及多媒(mei)體(ti)組合的(de)(de)高效性(xing)(xing)等諸(zhu)多優點(dian)，解決(jue)了上述問題(ti)(ti)。利用(yong)(yong)多媒(mei)體(ti)技(ji)術，我們(men)可以讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)做到(dao)“所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)即所見、所聞即所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”，適當拓(tuo)寬(kuan)內容的(de)(de)深(shen)度和(he)廣(guang)度，提高靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)，大大增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)參(can)與感和(he)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)力(li)，以創造傳統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)手段所達不(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)效果。同時，還可利用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)對(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習進行評估并決(jue)定進度，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)因材施教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。

進(jin)入21世紀以后，信(xin)(xin)息(xi)技術飛速(su)發展，現代(dai)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)具(ju)從計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)器發展到(dao)(dao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機為主，能(neng)應(ying)用(yong)相關的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟件處理(li)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)科研數(shu)據已成為必備的(de)能(neng)力(li)。否(fou)則，一方(fang)面(mian)有人不(bu)懂得選用(yong)正確(que)的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法，使(shi)(shi)(shi)大量(liang)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)和統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)據得不(bu)到(dao)(dao)有效(xiao)的(de)利用(yong)；另一方(fang)面(mian)又(you)盲目(mu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機和統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟件，不(bu)管(guan)是什么研究類型的(de)數(shu)據都簡單(dan)地交給計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機處理(li)，用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機取代(dai)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，勢必造成大量(liang)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法的(de)濫用(yong)和誤用(yong)。醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)研究的(de)許多數(shu)據關系到(dao)(dao)病(bing)人的(de)治(zhi)療、轉(zhuan)歸，甚至(zhi)生死，統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法的(de)誤用(yong)會導致(zhi)嚴重的(de)論理(li)問題。我們利用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機、統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟件、多媒(mei)體(ti)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)課件相結合，使(shi)(shi)(shi)課堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)擺(bai)脫(tuo)大量(liang)的(de)繁瑣演算(suan)的(de)束縛，在(zai)單(dan)位時間內(nei)講授(shou)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)量(liang)將會大幅度增加。統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)不(bu)再是數(shu)據的(de)羅列和公式的(de)堆砌，而(er)是研究設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)藝(yi)術和數(shu)據表達的(de)藝(yi)術，并使(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)生體(ti)會到(dao)(dao)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)思維和推理(li)的(de)樂(le)趣。

近年(nian)來我們進行了一(yi)些改革措施，取得(de)了相應的成果，現總結如下：

一、積極申報(bao)院級教(jiao)學(xue)研究(jiu)立項的課題：

(1)醫學(xue)統計學(xue)多(duo)媒體CAI教(jiao)學(xue)系統的研究和應用（2001年）

一(yi)、統計學方法(fa)的種類

醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)指通(tong)過(guo)度量(liang)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，測(ce)量(liang)每一個觀察(cha)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)(mou)項研(yan)究指標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)一系列(lie)數據資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，如身(shen)高(gao)（cm）、體重（kg）、血(xue)壓(ya)（mmHg）等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)指將(jiang)全體觀測(ce)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)按某(mou)(mou)種(zhong)性質或特(te)征分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)，然后再分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別清(qing)點(dian)各(ge)組(zu)觀察(cha)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個數。如性別、血(xue)型、職業等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)介于計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，通(tong)過(guo)半(ban)定量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)測(ce)量(liang)得到。如臨床療效(xiao)、癌癥分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)期等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)論(lun)文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)t檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、方(fang)差分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)卡方(fang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、確切概率(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)秩(zhi)和檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、Ridit分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。當(dang)然，有些資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)以相互轉(zhuan)換，數量(liang)變量(liang)可(ke)以轉(zhuan)換成等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)以轉(zhuan)換成計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。那么醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)論(lun)文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)(kuang)如何(he)呢？王倩等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)研(yan)究了五(wu)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會系列(lie)雜志(zhi)論(lun)著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)十年(nian)(nian)來統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)，結果表(biao)(biao)(biao)明，1995年(nian)(nian)發表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)著較1985年(nian)(nian)有顯著進步，文章(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)(lv)從40%上升到60%，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了更(geng)多(duo)較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)；t檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和聯列(lie)表(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)均(jun)為(wei)最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。最近幾年(nian)(nian)調(diao)查(cha)顯示，近5年(nian)(nian)國(guo)內不(bu)同醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)核心期刊(kan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，t檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)占25.9%、方(fang)差分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占10%、卡方(fang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)占21%、Fisher概率(lv)(lv)占1.1%、秩(zhi)和檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)占2.1%、Ridit分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占1.1%。滕洪松等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)對山東省醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院校學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)報論(lun)著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)調(diao)查(cha)發現，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)t檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、χ2檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、相關分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和方(fang)差分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。許小幸等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)對2005年(nian)(nian)1月至2009年(nian)(nian)12月《臨床兒科雜志(zhi)》共發表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)776篇論(lun)著統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)(kuang)調(diao)查(cha)發現，方(fang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)到統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)者占73％～85％，實際(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者占87％～90％，兩種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)和多(duo)因素分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)在2008～2009年(nian)(nian)有所(suo)上升。而賴娟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)對國(guo)內有較高(gao)水平兩種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)臨床醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)雜志(zhi)（《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)心血(xue)管雜志(zhi)》《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)消化雜志(zhi)》）2005—2006年(nian)(nian)發表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)643篇論(lun)著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)(kuang)進行(xing)調(diao)查(cha)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)86.5%，正(zheng)確率(lv)(lv)為(wei)82.7%，t檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和列(lie)聯表(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。認為(wei)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)(lv)和正(zheng)確率(lv)(lv)均(jun)有明顯提(ti)高(gao)，方(fang)法(fa)(fa)更(geng)加多(duo)元化，但統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、誤用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)現象(xiang)仍然存在。

二、常(chang)見的統計學錯誤類型

統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)衡量(liang)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)研(yan)究設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)嚴謹、資(zi)(zi)料(liao)收(shou)集和表(biao)達(da)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)析方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)選用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)合(he)理、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算和結(jie)果解釋是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)準(zhun)確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)保證論文(wen)(wen)(wen)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要環節。然(ran)而(er)很多(duo)調(diao)查顯示作(zuo)者(zhe)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)使用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況并不(bu)樂(le)觀，很多(duo)作(zuo)者(zhe)（特(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臨床(chuang)一(yi)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)者(zhe)）對統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識(shi)了解不(bu)夠，不(bu)能正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)使用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，導致論文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)較(jiao)多(duo)。有些是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)科研(yan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)；有些是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)描述不(bu)清，結(jie)論欠科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，或(huo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)；還有些則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)圖(tu)不(bu)規范。王倩(qian)等人(ren)調(diao)查顯示，最常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章中(zhong)僅有P值(zhi)(zhi)而(er)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)明(ming)、用(yong)(yong)t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)代(dai)(dai)替(ti)方(fang)(fang)差分(fen)析進行多(duo)組間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)。滕洪松等的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查也表(biao)明(ming)，較(jiao)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)題有：只寫P值(zhi)(zhi)而(er)未(wei)(wei)注(zhu)明(ming)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，用(yong)(yong)t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)代(dai)(dai)替(ti)方(fang)(fang)差分(fen)析進行多(duo)組均(jun)數間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)，等級(ji)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)比(bi)較(jiao)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等。沈進等人(ren)對8種醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期刊544篇論著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)情況進行分(fen)析，發現136篇論著(zhu)中(zhong)有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)25.00%。主(zhu)要錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類型及構(gou)成依次為(wei)(wei)：資(zi)(zi)料(liao)處(chu)理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)當占(zhan)61.76%，圖(tu)表(biao)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)占(zhan)14.71%，未(wei)(wei)作(zuo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)處(chu)理占(zhan)8.82%，率(lv)、比(bi)混淆占(zhan)8.82%，其他錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)占(zhan)5.88%。章新生(sheng)等辨析醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)稿件中(zhong)常見(jian)(jian)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)情況包括兩大(da)類，χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常見(jian)(jian)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)類型有誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)秩(zhi)和檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)四(si)格表(biao)確(que)(que)切概率(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)配(pei)對χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)處(chu)理相(xiang)關性分(fen)析；而(er)t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常見(jian)(jian)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)類型有誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)兩兩t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)方(fang)(fang)差分(fen)析和q檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)配(pei)對t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，作(zuo)者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)χ2檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)(wei)結(jie)合(he)實際(ji)情況和統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)選用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)(wei)充(chong)分(fen)理解研(yan)究資(zi)(zi)料(liao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)滿(man)足參數檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，以(yi)及不(bu)能正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)判(pan)斷計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)所(suo)(suo)對應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)類型。因此(ci)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)科研(yan)工作(zuo)者(zhe)，應(ying)加強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習和掌握(wo)最基本(ben)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)析方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)和經典(dian)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)要求。另外(wai)，有學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)對比(bi)中(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、外(wai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期刊論文(wen)(wen)(wen)各388篇在統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)使用(yong)(yong)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，在10種統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，缺檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)、缺P值(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)P值(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)精確(que)(que)、配(pei)對t檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)未(wei)(wei)給(gei)出差值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)均(jun)數和標(biao)準(zhun)差及生(sheng)存(cun)分(fen)析未(wei)(wei)報告(gao)中(zhong)位生(sheng)存(cun)期，這(zhe)4種錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)論文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出錯率(lv)顯著(zhu)高于外(wai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻。

三、統計(ji)學方法的選擇

由(you)于(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)對(dui)醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科技論(lun)(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要性(xing)(xing)，而(er)其(qi)(qi)錯用(yong)(yong)率(lv)又比較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，那么該如(ru)何正(zheng)確(que)選(xuan)(xuan)擇統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)？梁(liang)明(ming)佩等通過(guo)自制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)審核線(xian)路圖對(dui)醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)文稿進(jin)(jin)行快速審核，首(shou)先把(ba)握資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬性(xing)(xing)，其(qi)(qi)次理(li)順文稿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)邏(luo)輯(ji)，最(zui)后(hou)根(gen)據統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)公式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行核算，這(zhe)樣(yang)就可(ke)以較(jiao)(jiao)好地掌(zhang)握三種(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)（計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)、等級資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問題(ti)(ti)。王曉瑜等認(ren)為(wei)在統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇上(shang)，應(ying)(ying)針對(dui)不(bu)同性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)，注意(yi)參數(shu)檢(jian)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)范圍，選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。對(dui)于(yu)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)將χ2檢(jian)驗視(shi)為(wei)萬能(neng)(neng)工具，而(er)對(dui)于(yu)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)將t檢(jian)驗視(shi)為(wei)萬能(neng)(neng)工具。另外，各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)檢(jian)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)均有(you)(you)(you)特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)條件(jian)，應(ying)(ying)根(gen)據設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)型以及變量(liang)類(lei)(lei)型選(xuan)(xuan)擇相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，否則將影響論(lun)(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術價值(zhi)和實用(yong)(yong)價值(zhi)。而(er)要選(xuan)(xuan)擇正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，必(bi)須要有(you)(you)(you)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)知識(shi)，掌(zhang)握一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技巧，有(you)(you)(you)些人雖然(ran)接受過(guo)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習，但由(you)于(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)靈活應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)、舉一反(fan)三，遇到相(xiang)(xiang)同問題(ti)(ti)會處理(li)，稍有(you)(you)(you)變化則束手無策。筆者在參閱相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)文獻(xian)后(hou)發現，按照(zhao)許(xu)小(xiao)幸等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)步(bu)(bu)驟(zou)選(xuan)(xuan)擇統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)比較(jiao)(jiao)實用(yong)(yong)，即明(ming)確(que)論(lun)(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)目標(biao)(biao)（統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)描述或(huo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)推斷(duan)(duan)）→判斷(duan)(duan)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)性(xing)(xing)質（定(ding)(ding)量(liang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)、定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)或(huo)等級資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)）→判斷(duan)(duan)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布類(lei)(lei)型（正(zheng)態(tai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布或(huo)偏態(tai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布）→判斷(duan)(duan)研究設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)型（是(shi)兩(liang)組(zu)(zu)還是(shi)多組(zu)(zu)，配對(dui)還是(shi)成組(zu)(zu)），其(qi)(qi)所設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)常用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)選(xuan)(xuan)擇樹(shu)形結構圖也(ye)(ye)讓人一目了然(ran)，無論(lun)(lun)是(shi)作(zuo)者撰稿還是(shi)編(bian)輯(ji)審稿，都可(ke)以參照(zhao)這(zhe)四(si)個步(bu)(bu)驟(zou)來(lai)選(xuan)(xuan)擇統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。總之，以上(shang)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)說明(ming)醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)論(lun)(lun)文統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢是(shi)：統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)率(lv)越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)，使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多、越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)復雜，但誤用(yong)(yong)率(lv)也(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)。對(dui)于(yu)作(zuo)者而(er)言(yan)，有(you)(you)(you)必(bi)要更(geng)加重視(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握，正(zheng)確(que)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。而(er)對(dui)于(yu)編(bian)輯(ji)而(er)言(yan)，應(ying)(ying)為(wei)作(zuo)者當好把(ba)關(guan)(guan)人，嚴(yan)格對(dui)待每一篇論(lun)(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，保證論(lun)(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)、嚴(yan)謹(jin)性(xing)(xing)。

一、國內(nei)社會統計學(xue)的發展現(xian)狀

國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術界(jie)(jie)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解有(you)廣(guang)義(yi)和(he)狹(xia)義(yi)之(zhi)分，廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包含經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，狹(xia)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)應，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)并(bing)(bing)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念。我國(guo)(guo)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)已有(you)二(er)十幾(ji)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史，從一(yi)(yi)(yi)開始(shi)就(jiu)把它界(jie)(jie)定在狹(xia)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)范圍之(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)。國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)界(jie)(jie)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)范圍看法(fa)并(bing)(bing)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)包括(kuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包括(kuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、科(ke)技統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)；三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包括(kuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、科(ke)技統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、環(huan)境統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)。上(shang)(shang)述三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)也有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)從社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)脫離出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)。當然這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)并(bing)(bing)不意(yi)味著在具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)要(yao)完全脫離經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、科(ke)技統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、環(huan)境統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應結(jie)合這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)進行研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)始(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)20世紀(ji)80年代(dai)，大(da)致(zhi)(zhi)可分為(wei)(wei)三(san)個(ge)階段(duan)：第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)20世紀(ji)80年代(dai)初期到(dao)1983年，以介紹(shao)國(guo)(guo)外社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)指(zhi)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)果為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，并(bing)(bing)嘗(chang)試(shi)開展(zhan)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)標及其(qi)(qi)指(zhi)標體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)；第(di)二(er)階段(duan)自1983年至90年代(dai)初，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan)我國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)迅速，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批(pi)較為(wei)(wei)齊全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資料和(he)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)材(cai)，并(bing)(bing)建立和(he)完善了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)標體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)；第(di)三(san)階段(duan)自20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)初起，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)階段(duan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)開始(shi)向綜(zong)合評(ping)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)構(gou)建有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在教(jiao)育(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、人(ren)口統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、衛生(sheng)(sheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宏觀(guan)(guan)(guan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)。該(gai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)運用統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)標和(he)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)各個(ge)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)狀況，屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)。以該(gai)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)依據出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批(pi)教(jiao)材(cai)，最具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)代(dai)表性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)袁方(fang)教(jiao)授主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)編(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》（中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1988），教(jiao)材(cai)共16章(zhang)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)導論、環(huan)境統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、人(ren)口統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、婚姻、家庭(ting)與計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)勞動資源統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)福利(li)和(he)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)保障統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、居(ju)民收入與消費統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)，由蔣萍(ping)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)編(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》（中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，2001）基(ji)本上(shang)(shang)也體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)構(gou)安(an)排。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)教(jiao)材(cai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)面：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)上(shang)(shang)均從宏觀(guan)(guan)(guan)口徑(jing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)方(fang)面對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響；二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)辟(pi)章(zhang)節研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)與社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合評(ping)價方(fang)法(fa)。通過本學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)掌(zhang)握社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)，并(bing)(bing)以此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)工具(ju)(ju)(ju)熟練描述與分析社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)狀況、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)問(wen)題。第(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)口統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、教(jiao)育(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、衛生(sheng)(sheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、人(ren)民生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)提供了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理(li)論和(he)方(fang)法(fa)，屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)。代(dai)表這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)材(cai)有(you)張彥(yan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)編(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》（高(gao)等(deng)(deng)教(jiao)育(yu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，2005），主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)包括(kuo)導論、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收集、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)理(li)、集中(zhong)(zhong)趨(qu)勢測量法(fa)、離中(zhong)(zhong)趨(qu)勢測量法(fa)、概(gai)率與概(gai)率分布等(deng)(deng)；盧淑華(hua)《社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》（北(bei)京大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1997）體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)構(gou)安(an)排。上(shang)(shang)述社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)實際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)財經(jing)(jing)(jing)類(lei)高(gao)校統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業基(ji)礎(chu)課《統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》中(zhong)(zhong)描述統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)推斷(duan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)。蔣萍(ping)等(deng)(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)，持第(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)與《統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)相(xiang)似，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在此(ci)(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)再學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習一(yi)(yi)(yi)門同類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)勢必會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)重(zhong)復，也沒有(you)必要(yao)，社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應從宏觀(guan)(guan)(guan)角度、更高(gao)層次(ci)上(shang)(shang)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)狀況，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)門特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)論，而(er)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通用統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)法(fa)論。筆者(zhe)贊(zan)同這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)說法(fa)。因此(ci)(ci)本文討論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、社會統計學教(jiao)學思考

（一）正確理解和把握社會統(tong)計學(xue)教(jiao)材的結構安(an)排

基(ji)(ji)于特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)統計方(fang)(fang)法(fa)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)統計學(xue)教材的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構安排(pai)基(ji)(ji)本上(shang)是在教材前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)章節(jie)(jie)中每章介紹(shao)一個(ge)社(she)會(hui)領(ling)(ling)域，主要從(cong)不同(tong)(tong)角(jiao)度利用(yong)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)指標(biao)(biao)描述(shu)該(gai)社(she)會(hui)領(ling)(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)狀況(kuang)，在教材后面的(de)(de)(de)(de)章節(jie)(jie)主要是從(cong)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)領(ling)(ling)域出發(fa)(fa)構建(jian)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系及介紹(shao)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，也就(jiu)是對(dui)前面章節(jie)(jie)各個(ge)領(ling)(ling)域知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)。因此授課時每章內(nei)容可(ke)以(yi)按照(zhao)“指標(biao)(biao)→指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系→指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)”這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)路講解(jie)，既先弄清某一社(she)會(hui)領(ling)(ling)域（如人口、社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)、教育、衛生(sheng)(sheng)等）應從(cong)哪(na)些方(fang)(fang)面（如發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)水平(ping)、規模、結構等）評(ping)價(jia)(jia)，哪(na)些方(fang)(fang)面使用(yong)哪(na)些指標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)(he)適，然后再綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)各個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)指標(biao)(biao)建(jian)立該(gai)社(she)會(hui)領(ling)(ling)域構建(jian)指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，學(xue)會(hui)建(jian)立各領(ling)(ling)域指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系后，再把社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)各個(ge)領(ling)(ling)域綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)起(qi)來建(jian)立全社(she)會(hui)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，并利用(yong)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)對(dui)指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系進(jin)行綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣從(cong)指標(biao)(biao)介紹(shao)到指標(biao)(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立，內(nei)容循序漸進(jin)，既可(ke)以(yi)引導學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)加深對(dui)社(she)會(hui)統計學(xue)課程框架體(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)，更易于理解(jie)和(he)把握教學(xue)內(nei)容。

（二）開(kai)展(zhan)多種(zhong)形式的(de)案(an)例教學(xue)

摘要(yao)：針對醫學(xue)(xue)科技論文中常見統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)問(wen)題以及稿(gao)(gao)件退(tui)修和(he)編輯(ji)加工過程中遇到的(de)共性的(de)統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)問(wen)題進行分析(xi)，并提出(chu)可能避免統(tong)計學(xue)(xue)方面錯誤的(de)方法(fa)及建議，便于科研人員(yuan)撰寫論文時學(xue)(xue)習(xi)借鑒，也為醫學(xue)(xue)期刊(kan)編輯(ji)處理類似稿(gao)(gao)件提供參考。

關鍵詞：統(tong)計學；醫學；科研(yan)；論文；問題

醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)現(xian)(xian)代醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)的重要方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和技術手段，是(shi)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)論(lun)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)不可(ke)或(huo)缺的部分(fen)，其(qi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水平直接影(ying)響科(ke)(ke)研(yan)成果的質(zhi)(zhi)量[1]。醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)人員在撰寫論(lun)文(wen)(wen)時(shi)若未能仔細(xi)鉆研(yan)流行病(bing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和衛生統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)，或(huo)未咨詢專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)人員，盲目(mu)套用(yong)(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，往(wang)往(wang)會造成應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)及處理數(shu)(shu)據(ju)時(shi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)，如變量選擇(ze)和納入、模型(xing)選擇(ze)、結(jie)果描(miao)述等錯(cuo)(cuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)情況發生。在醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)收集、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)整理、結(jie)果解(jie)釋和表(biao)達(da)(da)等環節均有可(ke)能存(cun)(cun)在統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不當的問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[2‐5]。就(jiu)已發表(biao)的醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)技論(lun)文(wen)(wen)來看，研(yan)究(jiu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)環節中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)(cun)在的問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)在審稿(gao)時(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)容易被(bei)識(shi)別，且大(da)部分(fen)存(cun)(cun)在科(ke)(ke)研(yan)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)缺陷(xian)的論(lun)文(wen)(wen)在審稿(gao)階段已濾除，而運用(yong)(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)分(fen)析資料，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)軟件實現(xian)(xian)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)管理和分(fen)析，正確解(jie)釋和表(biao)達(da)(da)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)析結(jie)果等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)則往(wang)往(wang)比較(jiao)(jiao)隱(yin)蔽，這部分(fen)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)在進(jin)入編(bian)輯修稿(gao)階段才(cai)顯(xian)現(xian)(xian)。編(bian)輯修稿(gao)階段是(shi)論(lun)文(wen)(wen)出(chu)版(ban)前的最后質(zhi)(zhi)量控制環節，編(bian)輯對論(lun)文(wen)(wen)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的審核把(ba)關起著至關重要的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，因(yin)此(ci)，需要期(qi)刊(kan)(kan)編(bian)輯具有過硬(ying)的專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)、嚴謹的治學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)態度(du)及高度(du)的責(ze)任心(xin)處理遺留(liu)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)，特別是(shi)有些疑(yi)難(nan)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)往(wang)往(wang)需要專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人員介入進(jin)行判斷。已有調查顯(xian)示，1990年—2003年發表(biao)在NEnglJMed、JAMA和Lancet三大(da)頂尖醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)雜志上且引(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)次數(shu)(shu)超(chao)過1000次的文(wen)(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)，有近1/3的文(wen)(wen)獻存(cun)(cun)在統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)[6‐7]。可(ke)見統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)誤(wu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、錯(cuo)(cuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)在醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)刊(kan)(kan)中(zhong)(zhong)相對較(jiao)(jiao)多。因(yin)此(ci)，對于醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)刊(kan)(kan)社而言，強調在論(lun)文(wen)(wen)審稿(gao)階段邀請統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)審稿(gao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家進(jin)行統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)把(ba)關十分(fen)重要。現(xian)(xian)就(jiu)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)論(lun)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)常見的統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)及可(ke)能的避免方(fang)(fang)法(fa)分(fen)析如下，以饗同(tong)道(dao)共勉。

1描述性分析時(shi)存在的統計學問題

定量資料(liao)(liao)中的(de)(de)連續性資料(liao)(liao)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集(ji)中趨勢加(jia)離散(san)趨勢形式描(miao)述(shu)(shu)(shu)，例如均(jun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)±標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)（x±s）及(ji)中位數(shu)(shu)(shu)（四(si)(si)分(fen)位數(shu)(shu)(shu)間(jian)距）。目(mu)前(qian)，絕(jue)大部分(fen)文獻統計(ji)描(miao)述(shu)(shu)(shu)都以均(jun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)±標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)形式進(jin)行(xing)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)往往未檢(jian)驗所(suo)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)正態(tai)性，而理所(suo)應(ying)當地將(jiang)(jiang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)以正態(tai)方式進(jin)行(xing)呈(cheng)現，忽略(lve)了非正態(tai)分(fen)布數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)應(ying)當采(cai)用(yong)(yong)中位數(shu)(shu)(shu)（四(si)(si)分(fen)位數(shu)(shu)(shu)間(jian)距）的(de)(de)形式來描(miao)述(shu)(shu)(shu)比(bi)較妥當，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)錯誤(wu)(wu)使用(yong)(yong)可能(neng)會讓讀者(zhe)(zhe)對數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)總體(ti)分(fen)布造成(cheng)錯誤(wu)(wu)判斷(duan)(duan)。此外，某(mou)些研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)會采(cai)用(yong)(yong)均(jun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)±標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)進(jin)行(xing)統計(ji)描(miao)述(shu)(shu)(shu)。一(yi)方面，可能(neng)是(shi)因為研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)對標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)具體(ti)含義辨識不準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確，樣(yang)本標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)來描(miao)述(shu)(shu)(shu)正態(tai)分(fen)布數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)離散(san)程度的(de)(de)統計(ji)量，是(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)方差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)開平方即得到的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)；而樣(yang)本標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)是(shi)指樣(yang)本均(jun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，是(shi)一(yi)個統計(ji)推(tui)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)將(jiang)(jiang)統計(ji)量推(tui)斷(duan)(duan)到總體(ti)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)。另一(yi)方面，由于(yu)(yu)樣(yang)本標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)比(bi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)小，出于(yu)(yu)使研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)結果看上去更具優勢考(kao)慮，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)會使用(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)代替標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)。

2統計分析方(fang)法不滿足假設條件

摘要：學(xue)(xue)生認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)異(yi)對(dui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計學(xue)(xue)課程教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)改革具有重要的(de)意義，為教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)質量(liang)的(de)提(ti)高指明了(le)方向。本文在梳理關(guan)于認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)、學(xue)(xue)習問題研究的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，從統(tong)(tong)(tong)計學(xue)(xue)課程認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)表征、統(tong)(tong)(tong)計學(xue)(xue)認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)共(gong)性與(yu)個(ge)性、學(xue)(xue)生認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)異(yi)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)影響等方面探討(tao)了(le)課程認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)關(guan)系與(yu)作(zuo)用，最后(hou)從五個(ge)方面提(ti)出了(le)提(ti)高統(tong)(tong)(tong)計學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)質量(liang)的(de)對(dui)策(ce)建議。

關(guan)鍵詞：課程(cheng)(cheng)認知(zhi)；認知(zhi)差異；統計學；課程(cheng)(cheng)改革

課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)對(dui)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)總體認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)識和(he)(he)感受，是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)和(he)(he)老師教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，準確的(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、全面(mian)了(le)解學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異對(dui)提高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)效(xiao)率(lv)和(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效(xiao)果(guo)具(ju)(ju)有重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)意義，這(zhe)也已經引起(qi)國(guo)(guo)內外學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者對(dui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)問題(ti)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)關注和(he)(he)深(shen)入研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。國(guo)(guo)外對(dui)于(yu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)識與學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)問題(ti)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)從心理(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)視角研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)任務、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)原則(ze)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法以及個(ge)(ge)人學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)行(xing)為等(deng)問題(ti)。比(bi)如(ru)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)、認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)。國(guo)(guo)內學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者對(dui)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)問題(ti)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)把認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)設計(ji)結合進(jin)行(xing)探(tan)討。比(bi)如(ru)，毛景煥(huan)（2000）從認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)探(tan)討了(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)設計(ji)的(de)(de)原理(li)(li)(li)(li)；王(wang)艷萍（2004）、王(wang)旭紅（2008）等(deng)人運用情(qing)景認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)雙語教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、英語教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)；王(wang)文智（2009）、趙立影（2010）基(ji)于(yu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)負(fu)荷理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)分析多媒體教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、復雜(za)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)中各種教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)策(ce)略。但是(shi)，目前(qian)國(guo)(guo)內外專門就學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異與課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)相關研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)并不太多。從國(guo)(guo)內研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成果(guo)來看，對(dui)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)問題(ti)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)從以下幾個(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)展開：（1）總攬性研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，比(bi)如(ru)邱俠（2003）、林俊(jun)（2008）等(deng)分析了(le)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)；（2）具(ju)(ju)體課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，比(bi)如(ru)王(wang)妍(yan)莉(li)（2009）、成小明(ming)（2002）、程(cheng)勤風（2005）等(deng)分別(bie)基(ji)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)了(le)信息化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、政治理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、雙語教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。目前(qian)國(guo)(guo)內沒有基(ji)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)經濟管理(li)(li)(li)(li)類專業(ye)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成果(guo)，更沒有對(dui)數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、應用性較(jiao)強的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)行(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，本文從學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異的(de)(de)角度研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式和(he)(he)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)改革(ge)具(ju)(ju)有一定的(de)(de)創(chuang)新。

1統計學(xue)課程認知(zhi)表(biao)征

1.1統(tong)計學課(ke)程認知類(lei)型(xing)

根(gen)據統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容特(te)(te)點(dian)以(yi)及學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)水平，我(wo)們可以(yi)把(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)型(xing)分為以(yi)下四(si)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)：（1）學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)指學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科特(te)(te)點(dian)、性質的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括課(ke)(ke)程特(te)(te)點(dian)、課(ke)(ke)程用途和先(xian)導課(ke)(ke)程等(deng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)對(dui)(dui)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)總體概(gai)貌(mao)的(de)(de)(de)初探。（2）能(neng)力(li)(li)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)。能(neng)力(li)(li)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)指學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)課(ke)(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)預(yu)先(xian)儲備能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括能(neng)力(li)(li)基礎、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)壓力(li)(li)等(deng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)在學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程之前(qian)對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生實際(ji)能(neng)力(li)(li)和目標能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)初始判斷。（3）方(fang)法(fa)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)。方(fang)法(fa)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)課(ke)(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)方(fang)法(fa)和手(shou)段的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括統(tong)計(ji)實踐、軟件操作等(deng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)對(dui)(dui)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)初步認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)識。（4）效果認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)。效果認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)指學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生對(dui)(dui)課(ke)(ke)程教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)質量、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)效果的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)式(shi)、考核方(fang)式(shi)、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工(gong)具、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)興趣等(deng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)在學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)統(tong)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)程后對(dui)(dui)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)滿(man)意度的(de)(de)(de)評價。