【論文關鍵詞】：治(zhi)蟲技(ji)術；有害生物(wu)；農(nong)作物(wu)

【論文摘要】：高效(xiao)環(huan)保的(de)治(zhi)蟲技術是發(fa)揮生物種群(qun)間(jian)相互制約(yue)，相互依存，而達(da)到自然調(diao)控的(de)策略措(cuo)施之一。既(ji)有(you)悠久(jiu)歷史，成功經(jing)驗(yan)，又有(you)新科技新發(fa)展(zhan)新成就，更(geng)有(you)建(jian)設生態城市(shi)的(de)新導向。如(ru)能(neng)在行(xing)業內外被關注，進一步推(tui)行(xing)，必將(jiang)取得更(geng)大成效(xiao)。

如今(jin)，綠色農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)概念被提出來。充分運(yun)用(yong)先(xian)進(jin)科學技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、先(xian)進(jin)工業(ye)裝備(bei)和先(xian)進(jin)管理經驗(yan)，以促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)安(an)(an)全、生態安(an)(an)全、資源安(an)(an)全和提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)綜合(he)經濟效益(yi)的(de)協調(diao)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)為(wei)目標，以倡導農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)標準化為(wei)手段，推動人類社(she)會(hui)和經濟全面、協調(diao)、可持續發展的(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展模式(shi)。利用(yong)生物(wu)、生態和物(wu)理機(ji)械等治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)來防治(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)，已成(cheng)為(wei)可持續農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)重(zhong)要手段，也(ye)是(shi)綠色農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產工作中病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi)的(de)必然選擇。高(gao)效環保的(de)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)發揮生物(wu)種群間相互制約，相互依存，而達到自然調(diao)控的(de)策略措施之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。既有(you)悠久歷史，成(cheng)功經驗(yan)，又(you)有(you)新(xin)(xin)(xin)科技(ji)(ji)新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展新(xin)(xin)(xin)成(cheng)就(jiu)，更(geng)有(you)建設生態城市(shi)的(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)導向。如能(neng)在行業(ye)內(nei)外被關注，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步推行，必將取得(de)更(geng)大成(cheng)效。

1.生物防治

生物防治的特點是對人畜安全，無污(wu)染，不形成抗性。

1.1蟲治蟲

【論文(wen)關鍵詞】：治蟲技術；有害生物；農(nong)作物

【論文(wen)摘要】：高(gao)效(xiao)環保的治蟲技(ji)術是發揮生(sheng)物種群間(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)制約，相(xiang)互(hu)依存，而達(da)到自然調控的策略措施之一(yi)。既有悠(you)久歷史，成(cheng)功經驗，又有新科技(ji)新發展(zhan)新成(cheng)就，更(geng)有建(jian)設生(sheng)態城市的新導(dao)向。如能在行業內(nei)外被關注，進一(yi)步推行，必將取(qu)得(de)更(geng)大(da)成(cheng)效(xiao)。

如今，綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)概念被提(ti)(ti)出來。充分(fen)運用(yong)先進(jin)科(ke)學技(ji)術、先進(jin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)裝備和(he)先進(jin)管理經(jing)驗(yan)，以促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)安(an)全、生(sheng)態安(an)全、資源安(an)全和(he)提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合經(jing)濟效(xiao)益的(de)協調(diao)統一為(wei)(wei)目(mu)標，以倡導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)標準化為(wei)(wei)手(shou)(shou)段，推(tui)(tui)動人類社會和(he)經(jing)濟全面、協調(diao)、可持續(xu)(xu)發(fa)展的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展模式。利用(yong)生(sheng)物、生(sheng)態和(he)物理機械等治蟲(chong)技(ji)術來防治病蟲(chong)害，已成為(wei)(wei)可持續(xu)(xu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)重要手(shou)(shou)段，也是綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)病蟲(chong)害防治的(de)必(bi)然選擇。高效(xiao)環保的(de)治蟲(chong)技(ji)術是發(fa)揮(hui)生(sheng)物種群(qun)間相(xiang)互制約，相(xiang)互依存，而達到(dao)自然調(diao)控的(de)策略措施之(zhi)一。既有(you)悠久歷史，成功經(jing)驗(yan)，又有(you)新(xin)科(ke)技(ji)新(xin)發(fa)展新(xin)成就(jiu)，更有(you)建(jian)設生(sheng)態城市的(de)新(xin)導向。如能在行業(ye)(ye)(ye)內外被關(guan)注，進(jin)一步推(tui)(tui)行，必(bi)將取得更大成效(xiao)。

1.生物防治

生物防治的特點(dian)是對人畜(chu)安(an)全，無(wu)污染，不形成(cheng)抗(kang)性。

1.1蟲治蟲

【論(lun)文關(guan)鍵(jian)詞(ci)】：治蟲技術(shu)；有害生物；農作物

【論文摘要】：高(gao)效環保的(de)(de)治蟲技(ji)術是發揮生(sheng)物(wu)種(zhong)群間相互制約，相互依(yi)存(cun)，而達到自(zi)然調(diao)控的(de)(de)策略措施(shi)之(zhi)一。既(ji)有(you)悠久歷史(shi)，成功(gong)經驗，又有(you)新(xin)(xin)科技(ji)新(xin)(xin)發展新(xin)(xin)成就，更有(you)建(jian)設生(sheng)態城市的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)導向。如(ru)能在行業內外被關注，進一步推(tui)行，必將取得更大成效。

如今(jin)，綠色(se)農(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)概念(nian)被(bei)提出來。充分(fen)運(yun)用先進科(ke)(ke)學技(ji)術、先進工(gong)業(ye)裝備(bei)和先進管理經驗，以促進農(nong)產品安(an)全(quan)、生態安(an)全(quan)、資(zi)源安(an)全(quan)和提高(gao)農(nong)業(ye)綜合經濟效(xiao)益的(de)(de)協調統一為目標，以倡導農(nong)產品標準化為手(shou)(shou)段(duan)，推動人類社會(hui)和經濟全(quan)面、協調、可持續(xu)(xu)發展的(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)發展模(mo)式(shi)。利(li)用生物、生態和物理機械等治(zhi)蟲(chong)技(ji)術來防(fang)治(zhi)病蟲(chong)害，已(yi)成為可持續(xu)(xu)農(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要手(shou)(shou)段(duan)，也(ye)是綠色(se)農(nong)業(ye)生產工(gong)作中病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)的(de)(de)必(bi)然選擇。高(gao)效(xiao)環保的(de)(de)治(zhi)蟲(chong)技(ji)術是發揮生物種群間相(xiang)互制約，相(xiang)互依(yi)存，而達(da)到自然調控的(de)(de)策(ce)略(lve)措施之(zhi)一。既(ji)有(you)悠久歷史，成功經驗，又有(you)新(xin)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)新(xin)發展新(xin)成就，更有(you)建設(she)生態城(cheng)市的(de)(de)新(xin)導向。如能在行業(ye)內外被(bei)關注，進一步(bu)推行，必(bi)將取得更大(da)成效(xiao)。

1.生物防治

生物防(fang)治的特(te)點是對人畜(chu)安(an)全，無(wu)污染，不形成抗性(xing)。

1.1蟲治蟲

【論文關鍵詞】：治蟲技術；有害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)；農作(zuo)物(wu)

【論(lun)文摘(zhai)要】：高效環保的治蟲(chong)技(ji)術是發(fa)揮生物種群間相互(hu)制約(yue)，相互(hu)依存，而達到自然調(diao)控(kong)的策略(lve)措施之一。既有悠(you)久歷史，成(cheng)功經驗，又有新(xin)科技(ji)新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)成(cheng)就，更有建設(she)生態城(cheng)市的新(xin)導向。如能在(zai)行業內(nei)外被關注，進一步(bu)推行，必將取得更大成(cheng)效。

如今，綠色農業(ye)的(de)(de)概念被提出來。充分運用先(xian)進科學技(ji)術、先(xian)進工業(ye)裝備(bei)和先(xian)進管(guan)理(li)經(jing)驗，以(yi)(yi)促進農產(chan)品安(an)(an)全、生(sheng)(sheng)態安(an)(an)全、資源安(an)(an)全和提高農業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)經(jing)濟效益的(de)(de)協調統一為目標，以(yi)(yi)倡導(dao)農產(chan)品標準化(hua)為手(shou)(shou)段，推(tui)動人(ren)類社(she)會(hui)和經(jing)濟全面、協調、可持續發展的(de)(de)農業(ye)發展模式(shi)。利用生(sheng)(sheng)物、生(sheng)(sheng)態和物理(li)機械等治蟲(chong)技(ji)術來防治病蟲(chong)害，已成(cheng)為可持續農業(ye)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手(shou)(shou)段，也是綠色農業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工作中病蟲(chong)害防治的(de)(de)必然(ran)(ran)選擇。高效環保的(de)(de)治蟲(chong)技(ji)術是發揮生(sheng)(sheng)物種群間相互(hu)制約，相互(hu)依存，而達到自然(ran)(ran)調控的(de)(de)策略措施(shi)之(zhi)一。既有(you)(you)悠(you)久歷史，成(cheng)功(gong)經(jing)驗，又有(you)(you)新(xin)科技(ji)新(xin)發展新(xin)成(cheng)就，更有(you)(you)建設(she)生(sheng)(sheng)態城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)新(xin)導(dao)向。如能在行業(ye)內外被關注，進一步推(tui)行，必將取得更大成(cheng)效。

1.生物防治

生物防(fang)治的(de)特(te)點(dian)是對人畜安全，無污(wu)染，不(bu)形成抗性。

1.1蟲治蟲

從植保(bao)部門了解到，每(mei)(mei)年(nian)晚(wan)稻7月初(chu)(chu)至10月初(chu)(chu)每(mei)(mei)20d左(zuo)右就有1次田間普治(zhi)，蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)多發年(nian)份還(huan)要增(zeng)加用(yong)(yong)藥次數(shu)(shu)(shu)；蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)大(da)發生(sheng)時在增(zeng)加用(yong)(yong)藥次數(shu)(shu)(shu)的基礎上，還(huan)要增(zeng)加用(yong)(yong)藥量，提高使(shi)用(yong)(yong)濃度(du)。如(ru)2012年(nian)部分害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)大(da)發生(sheng)，農(nong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)藥防治(zhi)次數(shu)(shu)(shu)明顯(xian)增(zeng)加，農(nong)技部門的農(nong)藥配方使(shi)用(yong)(yong)劑量也有較大(da)增(zeng)加。據對沙家浜村20戶(hu)農(nong)戶(hu)調查，2012年(nian)平均農(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)次數(shu)(shu)(shu)9.2次，最多的12次，最少的7次（未包(bao)括前期除草用(yong)(yong)藥），平均10d治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)1次。如(ru)此頻繁地(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥，造成環境嚴重污(wu)染。

噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)機(ji)(ji)械優化帶來(lai)(lai)污染(ran)。近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)，隨著農(nong)(nong)村經濟不斷(duan)發展(zhan)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)外(wai)出(chu)務工人(ren)員增加，農(nong)(nong)田(tian)向種田(tian)能手、種田(tian)大(da)(da)戶(hu)集中，在(zai)新塍鎮承包種田(tian)3.33hm2以上的(de)(de)大(da)(da)戶(hu)就有90多(duo)戶(hu)，致使在(zai)治蟲(chong)作業上，由原來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)背負(fu)手動噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)機(ji)(ji)，替換成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)動高(gao)壓噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)機(ji)(ji)，使噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)量大(da)(da)、噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)距離(li)遠，造(zao)成(cheng)直(zhi)接污染(ran)范(fan)圍面擴(kuo)大(da)(da)。如(ru)2012年(nian)晚秋(qiu)蠶(can)期：新城街道一種田(tian)大(da)(da)戶(hu)在(zai)9月29日用(yong)高(gao)壓機(ji)(ji)械噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)器治蟲(chong)，導(dao)致一條小河對面約20m之(zhi)外(wai)的(de)(de)陡(dou)門村8戶(hu)養蠶(can)戶(hu)0.8hm2桑(sang)園受到農(nong)(nong)藥污染(ran)，造(zao)成(cheng)16張蠶(can)種中毒死亡。類(lei)似這種利用(yong)高(gao)壓泵治蟲(chong)造(zao)成(cheng)蠶(can)中毒事(shi)故發生的(de)(de)近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)明顯增多(duo)。

農藥(yao)使用習慣難以改變。除了(le)種田大戶(hu)購置使用機動噴霧(wu)器(qi)之外，絕大部分是種植面積(ji)較(jiao)少的散(san)戶(hu)，還是用背負式手動噴霧(wu)器(qi)，并且大部分利用早、晚(wan)在露(lu)水期(qi)間施藥(yao)，求(qiu)高濃(nong)度、快(kuai)速度，達不(bu)到理想的防治效果，更沒有掌握在害蟲(chong)(chong)發生盛期(qi)施藥(yao)，致使有些農民認為(wei)害蟲(chong)(chong)“越治越多”，從而連續用藥(yao)，造成重復(fu)污(wu)染。

桑園(yuan)(yuan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)污(wu)染桑葉近年(nian)來由(you)于(yu)環境污(wu)染日(ri)趨加(jia)重(zhong)，早秋蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)每年(nian)有(you)20%戶(hu)(hu)顆(ke)粒無(wu)收。從2004年(nian)開始停止飼(si)養(yang)(yang)早秋蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)，夏(xia)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)也(ye)只有(you)19%養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)戶(hu)(hu)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)，因此從春蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)結束(shu)至飼(si)養(yang)(yang)中(zhong)秋蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)有(you)3個(ge)月的(de)間隔。在這(zhe)段(duan)時間里，桑園(yuan)(yuan)害蟲(chong)(chong)發生時間長、品種(zhong)多、頻率高，特(te)別是桑螟(ming)、桑薊馬等(deng)(deng)害蟲(chong)(chong)，世(shi)代重(zhong)疊，面廣量大，為害嚴重(zhong)。如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)進行(xing)多次治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)，就會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)搶(qiang)桑葉吃的(de)現(xian)象。因此，每年(nian)7—8月要(yao)進行(xing)4次以(yi)上的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)。有(you)些(xie)農戶(hu)(hu)為了減少(shao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)次數，采(cai)用高毒、殘效期(qi)(qi)較長的(de)甲胺(an)磷(lin)等(deng)(deng)農藥(yao)進行(xing)桑園(yuan)(yuan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)。如(ru)2006年(nian)新莊村12組部分養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)戶(hu)(hu)，在7月底至8月初用甲胺(an)磷(lin)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)，治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)后(hou)連(lian)續34d晴(qing)天無(wu)雨，導致中(zhong)秋蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)大蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)用下部葉片，造成蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)中(zhong)毒情(qing)況發生。另外，由(you)于(yu)千家(jia)萬戶(hu)(hu)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)，治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)時間難(nan)以(yi)統一，桑園(yuan)(yuan)使用治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)農藥(yao)品種(zhong)隨(sui)意性較大，施(shi)藥(yao)觀念落后(hou)，認為濃度越高、劑量越大越有(you)效，導致桑葉農藥(yao)殘留大，中(zhong)毒較深(shen)的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)食(shi)葉后(hou)吐水亂爬，最(zui)終死亡。中(zhong)毒較輕的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)一般(ban)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)表(biao)現(xian)明顯的(de)癥狀(zhuang)，長期(qi)(qi)食(shi)用這(zhe)些(xie)低(di)殘留毒葉，就會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)微量農藥(yao)積累性中(zhong)毒，老熟后(hou)往往會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)吐亂絲、吐平(ping)板(ban)絲，結薄繭或不(bu)(bu)(bu)結繭等(deng)(deng)癥狀(zhuang)。

磚瓦廠等企業(ye)的(de)有毒(du)物質(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)20世紀80—90年(nian)代，全鎮先(xian)后建(jian)起磚瓦廠8家、鋁材廠6家、水泥(ni)廠1家，在此期間時有氟化物中(zhong)毒(du)事(shi)故發生(sheng)。特別是秋(qiu)蠶(can)桑(sang)葉(xie)污(wu)染(ran)更為嚴重，在污(wu)染(ran)企業(ye)附(fu)近桑(sang)園中(zhong)下部分葉(xie)片氟化物含量(liang)超(chao)過(guo)190mg/kg，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過(guo)了蠶(can)正常發育的(de)極限濃(nong)度(du)，從而使蠶(can)食桑(sang)緩慢(man)，眠(mian)起不齊，齡(ling)期延長。

做(zuo)好(hao)蠶(can)作(zuo)安全防(fang)護工作(zuo)在(zai)(zai)春(chun)蠶(can)生產(chan)(chan)前，市、區政府(fu)連年下發“關(guan)(guan)(guan)于認真做(zuo)好(hao)蠶(can)桑生產(chan)(chan)期(qi)間(jian)防(fang)治氟(fu)化物污(wu)(wu)染和(he)防(fang)止殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)雙等農(nong)藥(yao)中毒工作(zuo)的通知”，明(ming)確(que)(que)提出：春(chun)蠶(can)生產(chan)(chan)期(qi)間(jian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)25日至5月(yue)(yue)(yue)25日磚瓦廠(chang)(chang)、水泥廠(chang)(chang)、冶煉廠(chang)(chang)等排(pai)氟(fu)企(qi)業停(ting)(ting)工1個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，確(que)(que)保春(chun)蠶(can)生產(chan)(chan)安全，保證蠶(can)農(nong)利益；并要(yao)求各級政府(fu)，明(ming)確(que)(que)職責(ze)(ze)，分級負責(ze)(ze)，同時在(zai)(zai)發種前，為嚴肅(su)停(ting)(ting)工紀律，區政府(fu)組織(zhi)有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部門，分片包(bao)干，檢查停(ting)(ting)工執行(xing)情況[1]。在(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)上，鎮(zhen)政府(fu)根據市、區有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)精神，在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)連續下發“關(guan)(guan)(guan)于禁止銷(xiao)售和(he)使用(yong)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)雙等農(nong)藥(yao)的通知”，要(yao)求全鎮(zhen)農(nong)資(zi)供應店和(he)全鎮(zhen)農(nong)戶，在(zai)(zai)4—10月(yue)(yue)(yue)蠶(can)桑生產(chan)(chan)期(qi)間(jian)，禁止銷(xiao)售和(he)使用(yong)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)雙類和(he)菊酯類農(nong)藥(yao)。實行(xing)誰供貨、誰負責(ze)(ze)、誰使用(yong)、誰負責(ze)(ze)的責(ze)(ze)任(ren)制度，有(you)效控(kong)制環境污(wu)(wu)染對蠶(can)桑生產(chan)(chan)的影響[2]。

摘要(yao)：林(lin)(lin)(lin)業生態(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)維護過程中，森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)潛在威(wei)脅最大(da)。為發(fa)揮好森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)在生態(tai)平(ping)衡中的(de)重要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用，促進林(lin)(lin)(lin)業經濟(ji)的(de)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)可持(chi)續發(fa)展，采取切(qie)實可行(xing)的(de)措施避免(mian)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)免(mian)受病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)侵襲(xi)，確保森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)生態(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)穩定發(fa)展有著更為重要(yao)的(de)現(xian)實意義。由(you)此(ci)而展開論述(shu)，自思想上意識到森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)任重而道遠(yuan)，并(bing)將森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為長(chang)期(qi)發(fa)展戰略而定；秉承森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主、綜合治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理”的(de)原則，徹(che)底(di)認(ren)清化(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)危(wei)害(hai)和問題，正(zheng)視生物防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)重要(yao)性；堅持(chi)遵從可持(chi)續發(fa)展的(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)控制理念，將林(lin)(lin)(lin)業病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控由(you)被動(dong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)向主動(dong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轉變(bian)三大(da)層面，就林(lin)(lin)(lin)業生態(tai)環(huan)境建設中的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)略做技術性要(yao)點闡(chan)述(shu)，以供同仁參考和借鑒。

關(guan)鍵詞：林業生(sheng)態環境(jing)；病蟲害；防(fang)治策略

森(sen)林(lin)(lin)系統(tong)(tong)維系著生(sheng)態平衡，同時(shi)促進林(lin)(lin)業經濟的可(ke)持續發(fa)展(zhan)。因此，相關部(bu)門對森(sen)林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)建設和管理工(gong)作(zuo)高度(du)重(zhong)視(shi)，利用切實可(ke)行的措(cuo)施(shi)來避免(mian)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)系統(tong)(tong)受(shou)到(dao)病蟲(chong)害侵(qin)襲，確保生(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)健(jian)康穩(wen)定(ding)發(fa)展(zhan)。工(gong)作(zuo)人員可(ke)以根據自身工(gong)作(zuo)經驗，充分(fen)考(kao)慮病蟲(chong)害、火災等問(wen)題(ti)，利用先進手段提前制定(ding)好防范(fan)措(cuo)施(shi)，為森(sen)林(lin)(lin)系統(tong)(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)提供有(you)利條(tiao)件(jian)[1]。

1將(jiang)森林病蟲害的防(fang)治(zhi)工(gong)作作為長期發展戰略

近(jin)些年，林(lin)(lin)業(ye)生態環保意識(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)強，人工(gong)造(zao)林(lin)(lin)的(de)面積(ji)不斷擴(kuo)大(da)，持續推(tui)廣人工(gong)單一樹種純林(lin)(lin)種植(zhi)模式，森(sen)林(lin)(lin)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)危害(hai)將持續增(zeng)(zeng)加，個別(bie)不常(chang)見(jian)的(de)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)將常(chang)態化(hua)而(er)且流行(xing)嚴重。自林(lin)(lin)業(ye)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防控目標(biao)調(diao)整來看，到2020年底，中(zhong)國將森(sen)林(lin)(lin)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)發生面積(ji)力(li)爭由原先占森(sen)林(lin)(lin)面積(ji)的(de)8.2%降(jiang)低(di)到6%以(yi)下，由此可(ke)見(jian)，隨(sui)人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)面積(ji)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加，中(zhong)國林(lin)(lin)業(ye)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防治(zhi)任重而(er)道遠，今后(hou)無論在(zai)意識(shi)還在(zai)戰略執(zhi)行(xing)上，都要(yao)將森(sen)林(lin)(lin)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)防治(zhi)工(gong)作作為(wei)長期發展戰略而(er)執(zhi)行(xing)。

2認(ren)清化學防治的(de)(de)危(wei)害和問題，正視生物防治的(de)(de)重要性(xing)

一、發生趨勢

根據近年(nian)我省水稻(dao)、玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)、大(da)豆(dou)(dou)、棉(mian)(mian)花等(deng)作(zuo)物病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)情況、20*年(nian)冬前病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)殘留基數(shu)、農作(zuo)物種植品種、當前作(zuo)物苗情和(he)(he)氣象部(bu)(bu)門的天氣預(yu)報，結(jie)合農作(zuo)物病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)演替規律(lv)綜合分(fen)析(xi)，預(yu)測20*年(nian)我省水稻(dao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)總體(ti)將(jiang)(jiang)偏(pian)(pian)重發生(sheng)(sheng)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“兩遷”害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)將(jiang)(jiang)偏(pian)(pian)重至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)發生(sheng)(sheng)，紋(wen)(wen)枯(ku)(ku)病(bing)和(he)(he)遲熟中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)、單季晚(wan)稻(dao)的稻(dao)曲病(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)偏(pian)(pian)重發生(sheng)(sheng)，二化螟和(he)(he)單季粳稻(dao)、糯稻(dao)感病(bing)品種條紋(wen)(wen)葉(xie)枯(ku)(ku)病(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)。棉(mian)(mian)花病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)總體(ti)將(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盲蝽象、枯(ku)(ku)萎病(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)至(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)重發生(sheng)(sheng)，棉(mian)(mian)花葉(xie)螨和(he)(he)斜紋(wen)(wen)夜蛾偏(pian)(pian)輕(qing)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)，棉(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)偏(pian)(pian)輕(qing)發生(sheng)(sheng)。大(da)豆(dou)(dou)和(he)(he)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)總體(ti)偏(pian)(pian)輕(qing)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)豆(dou)(dou)地(di)下害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)，玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)粗縮(suo)病(bing)在早播夏玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)（麥收前播種）上偏(pian)(pian)重發生(sheng)(sheng)，淮北東部(bu)(bu)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)褐斑(ban)病(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)發生(sheng)(sheng)。

預計20*年全省(sheng)水稻主要病(bing)蟲(chong)發(fa)(fa)生面(mian)積(ji)約為12800萬(wan)畝(mu)次(ci)(ci)，棉花主要病(bing)蟲(chong)發(fa)(fa)生面(mian)積(ji)約為2010萬(wan)畝(mu)次(ci)(ci)，大豆主要害蟲(chong)發(fa)(fa)生面(mian)積(ji)約為1200萬(wan)畝(mu)次(ci)(ci)，玉米主要病(bing)蟲(chong)發(fa)(fa)生面(mian)積(ji)約為1600萬(wan)畝(mu)次(ci)(ci)。

二、防治工作指導思想

堅持(chi)以科學發展觀為(wei)統(tong)領，認真貫(guan)徹“預防為(wei)主(zhu)，綜合防治(zhi)”植(zhi)保方針，牢固樹立“公共植(zhi)保、綠色植(zhi)保”理(li)念；強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)重大(da)病蟲監測(ce)和預警；大(da)力推行(xing)(xing)現(xian)(xian)代農業植(zhi)保技術，協(xie)調(diao)應用(yong)多種防治(zhi)方法，提高病蟲防治(zhi)效果；切實增(zeng)強(qiang)重大(da)病蟲應急防控能力，大(da)力推進病蟲專業化(hua)(hua)防治(zhi)工作，將病蟲為(wei)害控制在經濟允許損失水平(ping)之下，確保水稻(dao)產業提升(sheng)行(xing)(xing)動、玉(yu)米(mi)振興計劃等(deng)目標實現(xian)(xian)，促進我省農業持(chi)續穩定發展。

三、防治任務與目(mu)標

綜合(he)運用各項(xiang)農(nong)(nong)業技術措施，有(you)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)創造(zao)有(you)利(li)于作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)條(tiao)件，使作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長健壯，增(zeng)(zeng)強抵抗能(neng)力，同時造(zao)成對病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)條(tiao)件，達到控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。耕翻土(tu)壤(rang)，減少地(di)下(xia)(xia)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。耕翻土(tu)壤(rang)可(ke)(ke)把地(di)下(xia)(xia)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)翻到地(di)表，經(jing)霜凍日曬禽鳥啄食(shi)壓低(di)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)口密(mi)度(du)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)深埋土(tu)中，不(bu)能(neng)羽(yu)化(hua)出(chu)土(tu)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)還可(ke)(ke)以直接被殺(sha)死(si)。改革耕作(zuo)制(zhi)度(du)，輪作(zuo)倒(dao)茬，間套復種(zhong)。輪作(zuo)倒(dao)茬是(shi)(shi)指在同一(yi)塊菜(cai)地(di)上，于一(yi)定年限內，按照(zhao)一(yi)定順(shun)序，輪換種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)幾種(zhong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法。輪作(zuo)可(ke)(ke)以均衡(heng)土(tu)壤(rang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養分(fen)，減輕病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)，改良土(tu)壤(rang)結構；有(you)利(li)于提高(gao)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)與質量(liang)，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)業病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。如(ru)(ru)禾谷(gu)類作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)與大(da)(da)豆輪作(zuo)，既可(ke)(ke)抑制(zhi)大(da)(da)豆食(shi)心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，又(you)可(ke)(ke)抑制(zhi)禾谷(gu)類作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)絲黑穗(sui)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。棉花套種(zhong)小麥，利(li)于瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)蛉等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁殖，可(ke)(ke)以減輕棉蚜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。改進播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)工作(zuo)。做(zuo)好播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)工作(zuo)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)從源(yuan)頭上控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)源(yuan)，降低(di)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)幾率。如(ru)(ru)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前精選(xuan)種(zhong)子苗木，剔除有(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子苗木。適當調(diao)整(zheng)播(bo)(bo)期，如(ru)(ru)春天(tian)低(di)溫高(gao)濕(shi)，玉米(mi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)過早易(yi)爛種(zhong)且(qie)易(yi)得黑穗(sui)病(bing)(bing)(bing)，應適期晚播(bo)(bo)。合(he)理(li)密(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度(du)對農(nong)(nong)業植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長具有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度(du)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)充分(fen)利(li)用光(guang)溫資源(yuan)，提高(gao)單位面(mian)積(ji)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)。如(ru)(ru)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)過密(mi)，通風透光(guang)不(bu)良，田間濕(shi)度(du)大(da)(da)，為(wei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)提供(gong)了適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滋(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)條(tiao)件。且(qie)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度(du)過大(da)(da)，導致作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)組織柔嫩，易(yi)遭病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)水(shui)(shui)管理(li)。過量(liang)地(di)施用氮肥(fei)，會(hui)使植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)性降低(di)，病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)加重(zhong)，增(zeng)(zeng)施磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)可(ke)(ke)提高(gao)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)抗性。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)次數與灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)對田間濕(shi)度(du)與溫度(du)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)(da)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，許(xu)多病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)在高(gao)濕(shi)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)更易(yi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。如(ru)(ru)棚菜(cai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，為(wei)降低(di)棚室濕(shi)度(du)，要實行滴灌(guan)(guan)，膜下(xia)(xia)灌(guan)(guan)溉，不(bu)能(neng)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)漫灌(guan)(guan)，另外能(neng)噴粉就不(bu)噴霧(wu)，以減輕棚菜(cai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。又(you)如(ru)(ru)水(shui)(shui)稻灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)應淺、濕(shi)、干相結合(he)，出(chu)穗(sui)前落水(shui)(shui)曬田，可(ke)(ke)降低(di)田間濕(shi)度(du)，增(zeng)(zeng)強根系活(huo)力，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)水(shui)(shui)稻穗(sui)頸瘟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。保(bao)持田間清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。田間清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)清(qing)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)源(yuan)，減少病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。田間清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)包括清(qing)除雜(za)草(cao)(cao)與撿(jian)凈病(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)殘體等。因為(wei)雜(za)草(cao)(cao)和病(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)殘體是(shi)(shi)許(xu)多病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越冬場所，雜(za)草(cao)(cao)還是(shi)(shi)許(xu)多害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初侵(qin)染寄主(zhu)。如(ru)(ru)2012年黏(nian)(nian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)呈暴發(fa)(fa)態勢，據統計，遼寧省農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)受黏(nian)(nian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)面(mian)積(ji)超(chao)過15萬(wan)hm2，絕(jue)收(shou)(shou)近(jin)26000hm2，黑山縣絕(jue)收(shou)(shou)2000hm2，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)密(mi)度(du)和分(fen)布范(fan)圍20年來(lai)罕見。草(cao)(cao)荒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉米(mi)田發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)打過苗后除草(cao)(cao)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉米(mi)田發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)更嚴(yan)重(zhong)。這與黏(nian)(nian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)卵習性有(you)關，黏(nian)(nian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)喜歡(huan)在枯草(cao)(cao)葉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖部(bu)產(chan)(chan)卵。

物(wu)(wu)(wu)理機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理因素(su)和(he)(he)(he)機械(xie)設備來防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)。汰選(xuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。汰選(xuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)風選(xuan)、水選(xuan)、過篩等(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，剔除帶有(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子。誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨性(xing)(xing)，設計誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。如燈光誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)、性(xing)(xing)誘(you)(you)劑(ji)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)、藍(lan)黃板(ban)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)、食餌誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)、銀膜避蚜等(deng)。熱處理法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。熱處理法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)損傷種(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱力殺(sha)(sha)死(si)種(zhong)子內外(wai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。如日光曬種(zhong)、溫湯浸種(zhong)等(deng)。阻(zu)隔法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。阻(zu)隔法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)即(ji)根據(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)染(ran)和(he)(he)(he)擴散行為，設置各種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理障礙，阻(zu)止病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)或(huo)擴散。如圖1植物(wu)(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綜(zong)(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)孟慶(qing)平無公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綜(zong)(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)探討43樹干涂白，果實(shi)套袋等(deng)。捕(bu)(bu)殺(sha)(sha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。捕(bu)(bu)殺(sha)(sha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)工或(huo)各種(zhong)器(qi)械(xie)捕(bu)(bu)捉或(huo)直接(jie)消滅害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)某些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)謝產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)來控制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)，具(ju)有(you)經濟(ji)安(an)全、控制(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)持久、一般情(qing)況下害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對天敵不(bu)(bu)(bu)會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抗(kang)藥(yao)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點。以(yi)(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。以(yi)(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)即(ji)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)來防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。捕(bu)(bu)食性(xing)(xing)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。實(shi)踐中可以(yi)(yi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)捕(bu)(bu)食性(xing)(xing)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)控制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)。如利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、草(cao)(cao)蛉、螞(ma)蟻、食蚜蠅等(deng)控制(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。可以(yi)(yi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)赤眼蜂防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)等(deng)。以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)即(ji)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)謝產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)來防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)細(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)細(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)來感染(ran)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，使害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而死(si)亡(wang)(wang)。死(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體變軟變色(se)很(hen)臭。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)蘇云金(jin)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)顆粒劑(ji)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)來感染(ran)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，使害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而死(si)亡(wang)(wang)。死(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體僵硬(ying)，呈白色(se)或(huo)綠色(se)或(huo)黃色(se)等(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同顏色(se)，沒(mei)有(you)惡(e)臭。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)白僵菌(jun)(jun)(jun)封剁防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒來感染(ran)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，使害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而死(si)亡(wang)(wang)。死(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體變軟，體內組織液化(hua)(hua)，沒(mei)有(you)臭味。能(neng)(neng)感染(ran)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒很(hen)多(duo)，目前我國(guo)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒近(jin)百種(zhong)，但應用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)少，原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)離開寄主(zhu)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)來人(ren)工培養(yang)繁殖，限(xian)制(zhi)了許多(duo)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。部分微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)謝產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)具(ju)有(you)殺(sha)(sha)滅病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)謝產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)春雷霉素(su)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水稻稻瘟病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，井岡霉素(su)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水稻紋(wen)枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)激(ji)素(su)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)激(ji)素(su)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)目前廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)玉米(mi)螟(ming)性(xing)(xing)激(ji)素(su)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)雄蛾防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)。以(yi)(yi)其他有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。以(yi)(yi)其他有(you)益(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中也具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。如捕(bu)(bu)食性(xing)(xing)蜘蛛、捕(bu)(bu)食性(xing)(xing)螨類、益(yi)(yi)(yi)鳥(niao)、蛙類的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)。化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)學藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雜草(cao)(cao)。化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)優點是(shi)(shi)(shi)高效(xiao)、迅速；缺點是(shi)(shi)(shi)大量殺(sha)(sha)傷天敵，污染(ran)農(nong)作物(wu)(wu)(wu)及環境，易(yi)引起病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)藥(yao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)農(nong)藥(yao)中毒等(deng)。無公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)提倡使用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)），盡量避免(mian)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)水平下無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)做到這一點，化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)無公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)措施。為了保證農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量安(an)全，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)選(xuan)擇地使用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)只顧(gu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)效(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧(gu)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)(xing)。

提倡使用微生(sheng)物源(yuan)殺蟲(chong)、殺菌(jun)(jun)(jun)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)白僵菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠僵菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、蘇云金(jin)桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、阿(a)維菌(jun)(jun)(jun)素、淡紫擬青霉(mei)(mei)、寧南霉(mei)(mei)素、井岡霉(mei)(mei)素、春雷霉(mei)(mei)素等(deng)；植物源(yuan)殺蟲(chong)、殺菌(jun)(jun)(jun)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)吡蟲(chong)啉(lin)、印欄素、苦參(can)堿等(deng)；礦物源(yuan)殺蟲(chong)、殺菌(jun)(jun)(jun)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)硫(liu)酸銅(tong)、波爾多液（保(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)由生(sheng)石(shi)灰(hui)、硫(liu)酸銅(tong)、水配(pei)制(zhi)而成）、石(shi)硫(liu)合劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（保(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)由生(sheng)石(shi)灰(hui)、硫(liu)磺、水配(pei)制(zhi)而成）等(deng)（表1）；昆蟲(chong)生(sheng)長調節劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)滅(mie)幼脲、噻嗪酮、氟(fu)蟲(chong)脲等(deng)。低毒、低殘(can)留(liu)的化學農藥：敵百(bai)蟲(chong)、辛(xin)硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)、馬拉硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)、三氯殺螨醇、多菌(jun)(jun)(jun)靈、百(bai)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)清（保(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)）、代森錳鋅（保(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)）、托布津、異稻瘟凈(jing)、甲基硫(liu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)靈、福美雙、阿(a)特拉津等(deng)。有(you)限制(zhi)地(di)使用中毒性農藥，如(ru)(ru)敵敵畏、樂(le)(le)果、毒死稗、馬氰(qing)、阿(a)維•唑、三唑磷(lin)(lin)、辛(xin)•唑、殺蟲(chong)雙、代森銨、滅(mie)掃(sao)利、敵殺死（溴(xiu)氰(qing)菊(ju)酯）、氯氰(qing)菊(ju)酯、稻瘟凈(jing)等(deng)。禁止使用高毒農藥，如(ru)(ru)甲胺磷(lin)(lin)、甲拌磷(lin)(lin)（3911）、對硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)（1605）、氧化樂(le)(le)果、呋喃丹等(deng)。

本(ben)文作者：孟慶平工作單位：遼寧省黑(hei)山縣農(nong)業技術推(tui)廣中(zhong)心

摘(zhai)要(yao):煙粉(fen)虱是徐(xu)州市棉花(hua)、蔬菜等多種旱(han)作物上的重要(yao)害蟲(chong)之一。總結(jie)其(qi)危害特(te)點(dian)，并對其(qi)重發原因加以分(fen)析(xi)，以提出防治對策(ce)。

關鍵詞:煙粉(fen)虱；發生；防治

煙(yan)粉(fen)(fen)虱(shi)屬同(tong)翅(chi)目、粉(fen)(fen)虱(shi)科，是我市棉(mian)(mian)花、蔬菜等多種(zhong)旱作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)上的(de)重(zhong)要害蟲之一(yi)，自2001年(nian)在新沂市部分鄉鎮首(shou)次發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)以來，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生程度(du)逐年(nian)加重(zhong)。受其(qi)為(wei)害，棉(mian)(mian)花、蔬菜等作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)大量(liang)(liang)落葉、落果，煤污病(bing)暴(bao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)產量(liang)(liang)和(he)品質受到(dao)嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)。據調查，煙(yan)粉(fen)(fen)虱(shi)在我市適(shi)宜寄(ji)主近70種(zhong)，包括棉(mian)(mian)花、大豆、蔬菜等作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)及一(yi)品紅、紫荊等花卉林木，這些寄(ji)主作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)往(wang)往(wang)插花種(zhong)植，播(bo)期又相互(hu)交錯，許多成為(wei)橋梁寄(ji)主，為(wei)煙(yan)粉(fen)(fen)虱(shi)種(zhong)群暴(bao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)提供了穩定的(de)食料條件(jian)。

1危害特點

煙(yan)(yan)粉虱(shi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種寄(ji)主范(fan)圍廣、傳(chuan)播和(he)蔓延速度快、繁(fan)殖能力(li)強(qiang)、為(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)程度高、防治難度較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險性害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，在適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)寄(ji)主植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)上具有趨嫩(nen)(nen)性，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)喜聚集在植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)頂部嫩(nen)(nen)葉背面(mian)活動，在植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中下部葉片(pian)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)卵及若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。煙(yan)(yan)粉虱(shi)對(dui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)主要(yao)有三個方面(mian)：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)刺吸(xi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)汁液，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寄(ji)主營養缺乏，影(ying)響(xiang)正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)生理活動，使受(shou)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)葉片(pian)褪綠萎(wei)(wei)蔫直(zhi)至(zhi)死亡；二(er)是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可作為(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)病(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播媒(mei)介(jie)，傳(chuan)播病(bing)毒病(bing)；三是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于其(qi)分泌蜜露引起被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)煤污病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)口(kou)密度高時(shi)，葉片(pian)呈現(xian)黑色(se)，影(ying)響(xiang)光合作用(yong)和(he)外觀(guan)品質。據調查，煙(yan)(yan)粉虱(shi)對(dui)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)癥狀，如番茄被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)，表現(xian)為(wei)果實不均(jun)勻(yun)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)；甘藍(lan)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)椰菜被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)表現(xian)為(wei)葉片(pian)萎(wei)(wei)縮、黃(huang)化(hua)、枯萎(wei)(wei)；西葫蘆、南瓜(gua)被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)表現(xian)為(wei)銀葉；花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉(hui)一(yi)(yi)品紅被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)莖蒼白，葉黃(huang)化(hua)；棉花(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)，葉正面(mian)出現(xian)褐色(se)斑，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)口(kou)密度高時(shi)出現(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)黃(huang)斑，嚴重時(shi)導(dao)致(zhi)蕾鈴(ling)脫落(luo)，影(ying)響(xiang)棉花(hua)(hua)(hua)產量(liang)(liang)和(he)纖維質量(liang)(liang)。近幾年我(wo)市(shi)因煙(yan)(yan)粉虱(shi)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)棉花(hua)(hua)(hua)脫落(luo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)光桿、茄果類蔬菜減產超過5成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)例子屢見不鮮。由(you)(you)于該(gai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)遷(qian)移擴散能力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)，在發生量(liang)(liang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)，秋季將大量(liang)(liang)向(xiang)城區(qu)擴散，嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)城市(shi)空(kong)氣質量(liang)(liang)和(he)環境，甚至(zhi)影(ying)響(xiang)居民出行。

2重發原因

論文(wen)關鍵(jian)詞煙粉虱；發生；防治

論文摘要煙粉(fen)虱是徐(xu)州市棉(mian)花、蔬菜等多種旱(han)作物(wu)上的重(zhong)要害蟲之(zhi)一。總(zong)結其危害特點，并對其重(zhong)發原(yuan)因(yin)加以分(fen)析，以提出防治對策。

煙粉虱(shi)屬同翅目、粉虱(shi)科，是我市棉(mian)花、蔬菜(cai)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)(duo)種旱作物上的重(zhong)要害蟲之(zhi)一(yi)，自(zi)2001年在新(xin)沂市部分(fen)鄉(xiang)鎮首次發(fa)現以來，發(fa)生程度逐年加重(zhong)。受其為(wei)害，棉(mian)花、蔬菜(cai)等(deng)(deng)作物大量落葉、落果，煤(mei)污病暴發(fa)，作物產量和(he)品(pin)(pin)質受到嚴重(zhong)影響。據調查(cha)，煙粉虱(shi)在我市適宜寄(ji)(ji)主近(jin)70種，包(bao)括棉(mian)花、大豆、蔬菜(cai)等(deng)(deng)作物及(ji)一(yi)品(pin)(pin)紅、紫荊等(deng)(deng)花卉(hui)林木(mu)，這些(xie)寄(ji)(ji)主作物往(wang)往(wang)插花種植(zhi)，播期又相互交錯，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)成為(wei)橋梁寄(ji)(ji)主，為(wei)煙粉虱(shi)種群暴發(fa)提供了穩(wen)定的食料(liao)條件。

1危害特點

煙粉(fen)虱是一(yi)種寄主(zhu)范圍(wei)廣、傳播(bo)和蔓延(yan)速度(du)(du)快(kuai)、繁(fan)殖能(neng)力強、為(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)程(cheng)度(du)(du)高、防(fang)治難度(du)(du)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)危險性害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)適宜的(de)寄主(zhu)植(zhi)物上具有(you)趨嫩性，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)喜聚集在(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)物頂部(bu)嫩葉(xie)(xie)(xie)背(bei)面活(huo)動(dong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)物的(de)中下部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)主(zhu)要(yao)是卵及若蟲(chong)(chong)。煙粉(fen)虱對(dui)植(zhi)物的(de)為(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三個方(fang)面：一(yi)是以成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)、若蟲(chong)(chong)刺吸植(zhi)物汁液，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寄主(zhu)營養缺乏，影(ying)響正(zheng)常的(de)生理活(huo)動(dong)，使受(shou)害(hai)(hai)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)褪綠萎蔫直至死亡；二(er)是成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)可作為(wei)(wei)植(zhi)物病毒的(de)傳播(bo)媒介，傳播(bo)病毒病；三是由于其(qi)分(fen)泌蜜露引(yin)起被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)植(zhi)物煤污病的(de)發生，蟲(chong)(chong)口密(mi)度(du)(du)高時(shi)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)呈現(xian)黑色(se)，影(ying)響光(guang)(guang)合作用和外(wai)觀品(pin)質。據調(diao)查(cha)，煙粉(fen)虱對(dui)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)植(zhi)物有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)危害(hai)(hai)癥狀，如番茄(qie)被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)，表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)果實不(bu)均勻成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟；甘藍(lan)、花(hua)(hua)椰菜被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)萎縮、黃化、枯萎；西葫蘆、南(nan)瓜被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)銀(yin)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)；花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)一(yi)品(pin)紅被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)莖蒼白，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)黃化；棉花(hua)(hua)被(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)正(zheng)面出現(xian)褐(he)色(se)斑(ban)，蟲(chong)(chong)口密(mi)度(du)(du)高時(shi)出現(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)(pian)黃斑(ban)，嚴重(zhong)時(shi)導致蕾鈴(ling)脫落，影(ying)響棉花(hua)(hua)產量(liang)和纖維質量(liang)。近幾年我市因煙粉(fen)虱危害(hai)(hai)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)棉花(hua)(hua)脫落成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)桿(gan)、茄(qie)果類蔬菜減產超(chao)過5成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以上的(de)例子(zi)屢見不(bu)鮮。由于該蟲(chong)(chong)遷移擴散能(neng)力較(jiao)強，在(zai)(zai)(zai)發生量(liang)大(da)的(de)地區，秋季(ji)將大(da)量(liang)向(xiang)城(cheng)區擴散，嚴重(zhong)影(ying)響城(cheng)市空氣質量(liang)和環境，甚(shen)至影(ying)響居民出行(xing)。

2重發原因