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篇1

1.1園(yuan)林綠(lv)化企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)意(yi)識(shi)淡(dan)薄，監管(guan)(guan)體(ti)系不(bu)完(wan)善(shan)在(zai)一些園(yuan)林綠(lv)化企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，對(dui)(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)淡(dan)薄，仍然保(bao)持(chi)著傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)觀念。首(shou)先(xian)，這些綠(lv)化工(gong)程(cheng)企(qi)業(ye)僅把成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)看作(zuo)是對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，而(er)忽略(lve)了(le)對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)設計階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)。其次，成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理時，沒有結(jie)合供應商和使用客戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。如果為了(le)控(kong)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)降低對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要求(qiu)，可(ke)能(neng)會減少(shao)一些施工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，但(dan)是后期可(ke)能(neng)會產生更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維修成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。再者，在(zai)綠(lv)化工(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際管(guan)(guan)理過程(cheng)中，也缺(que)乏(fa)完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理規范或(huo)條例(li)，使具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職責不(bu)能(neng)明確地落實到具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織或(huo)人員，從而(er)導致(zhi)各(ge)部門工(gong)作(zuo)分散、不(bu)能(neng)有效地相互銜(xian)接或(huo)配合，并大大增加(jia)了(le)建立(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)統一管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難度。

1.2園林(lin)綠化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主體(ti)混淆(xiao)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)不(bu)合格簡單地(di)將(jiang)綠化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)認作是(shi)財務(wu)部門(men)(men)該管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事，而與技(ji)術部門(men)(men)無(wu)關，不(bu)但不(bu)能(neng)(neng)起到明確(que)部門(men)(men)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，還(huan)(huan)會忽略(lve)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任，混淆(xiao)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)。例如：施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)合理(li)地(di)安(an)排施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場，不(bu)僅(jin)會導致窩工(gong)(gong)(gong)現象的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)，還(huan)(huan)會增加人工(gong)(gong)(gong)費的(de)(de)(de)(de)支出。此(ci)外(wai)，作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)指(zhi)導生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)只是(shi)根據經驗設定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預定(ding)成(cheng)本(ben)，而未結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現場環境和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件，將(jiang)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)于簡單化(hua)(hua)或者(zhe)甚至僅(jin)浮于形式。1.3項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)隊伍(wu)綜合素(su)質(zhi)普遍(bian)不(bu)高(gao)、缺(que)乏(fa)健(jian)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)懲(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)就目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況看來，我(wo)國園林(lin)綠化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)隊伍(wu)人員(yuan)綜合素(su)質(zhi)普遍(bian)偏低(di)，對(dui)待工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)態(tai)度(du)不(bu)積(ji)極，根本(ben)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)有效監管(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)財力(li)(li)，也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)成(cheng)本(ben)方案進行及時的(de)(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)改(gai)革(ge)。綠化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)權責(ze)不(bu)分(fen)明也(ye)是(shi)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要影(ying)響因素(su)之一。在成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，既缺(que)乏(fa)科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)崗位能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)考(kao)核機制(zhi)(zhi)，又沒有建(jian)立對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)懲(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，使管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性無(wu)法得到提高(gao)和(he)(he)(he)改(gai)善，消極怠工(gong)(gong)(gong)現象泛濫。

2園林綠(lv)化企業(ye)加強施工成本控制的措施

2.1增強成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)，建立(li)統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)監督體系園林綠(lv)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，顧名思(si)義，就是指在(zai)充分保證綠(lv)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)科學合(he)理(li)(li)、質量優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下，通過控(kong)制(zhi)和協調(diao)等(deng)多種手段(duan)合(he)理(li)(li)、有效地管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支出及成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方法。所以，在(zai)綠(lv)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中，首(shou)先應該重(zhong)視對項目(mu)中負責人和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)教育，使他們充分意(yi)(yi)識(shi)到成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性，樹立(li)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)，這(zhe)樣才能更(geng)有效地開展(zhan)后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。此外(wai)，還應該建立(li)統一(yi)(yi)、完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)監督體系。積極協調(diao)各部門人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，加強相互間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協作，對整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)算、信息反(fan)饋(kui)等(deng)過程(cheng)進行(xing)全(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和控(kong)制(zhi)。

2.2明確(que)園林綠化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體(ti)、制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)合(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本首先(xian)，明確(que)園林綠化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體(ti)是非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)前提。因為(wei)財政部門(men)和(he)項(xiang)目(mu)部門(men)的(de)(de)通(tong)力配合(he)，才能真正實(shi)現(xian)(xian)科學、合(he)理的(de)(de)綠化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。例(li)如：施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場負責(ze)人通(tong)過制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)合(he)理的(de)(de)工(gong)期，確(que)定(ding)(ding)適當(dang)的(de)(de)工(gong)人和(he)設(she)備，就可以減少不必要(yao)的(de)(de)開支；技(ji)術人員采用科學的(de)(de)技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)，就可以確(que)保工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量，縮減成(cheng)(cheng)本支出。其次，合(he)理確(que)定(ding)(ding)項(xiang)目(mu)責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)本，是綠化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)科學成(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)效保障。因為(wei)只有(you)在(zai)合(he)理確(que)定(ding)(ding)項(xiang)目(mu)責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)本后，才能據此編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)具體(ti)的(de)(de)工(gong)序實(shi)施(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)本和(he)確(que)定(ding)(ding)考核指標。項(xiang)目(mu)責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)本主(zhu)要(yao)由兩(liang)部分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，一部分(fen)(fen)是項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理的(de)(de)經費，另一部分(fen)(fen)是工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)直接成(cheng)(cheng)本。在(zai)綠化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)開始時，就應該(gai)先(xian)根據工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)報(bao)價設(she)置目(mu)標成(cheng)(cheng)本，后結(jie)合(he)實(shi)際情況、市場需求和(he)現(xian)(xian)場環(huan)境對目(mu)標成(cheng)(cheng)本進行修正，做好工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)目(mu)標成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)規劃。

2.3提高項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)隊伍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)素質普(pu)遍(bian)、建立健全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)懲制(zhi)度高薪引入技術和管(guan)理(li)人才，成(cheng)分發揮其主觀能(neng)動(dong)性；并結合(he)管(guan)理(li)教育培訓等活動(dong)，提升(sheng)管(guan)理(li)和施工隊伍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)素質和能(neng)力(li)，從而提高綠化施工企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體競爭(zheng)力(li)。明確成(cheng)本控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權責后，積(ji)(ji)極調動(dong)各(ge)(ge)負責人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)極性，加強(qiang)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)績(ji)效考(kao)核管(guan)理(li)。對優秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)人員給予適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵，對消極怠工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)人員給予嚴厲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批(pi)評(ping)，并及時對其進行(xing)教育指(zhi)導其改正。

3結束語

篇2

關鍵詞：園(yuan)(yuan)林設計(ji)；城市園(yuan)(yuan)林；不(bu)足；建議(yi)

園林(lin)綠地(di)是城(cheng)市生態、環(huan)保、景(jing)觀、文化、休憩(qi)和(he)舒(shu)緩(huan)空間、減(jian)災避(bi)險的重(zhong)要(yao)保障。論(lun)文隨著生活水平的提(ti)高，人們對人居(ju)環(huan)境的要(yao)求(qiu)也越來越高，城(cheng)市園林(lin)建(jian)設(she)已成(cheng)為(wei)城(cheng)市建(jian)設(she)中一(yi)項非常重(zhong)要(yao)的內容(rong)。城(cheng)市園林(lin)建(jian)設(she)能(neng)否適應城(cheng)市的發展(zhan)和(he)要(yao)求(qiu)，如(ru)何滿足城(cheng)市居(ju)民(min)的需要(yao)。將成(cheng)為(wei)衡量“宜居(ju)”的重(zhong)要(yao)尺度。

1城市園(yuan)林建(jian)設的意義(yi)

1．1提高城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境質量(liang)(liang)。美化環境。改(gai)(gai)善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)面(mian)貌(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)園(yuan)林綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化的(de)(de)(de)首要任務是(shi)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)生態環境。隨著工業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，大量(liang)(liang)有(you)害氣體(ti)釋放到大氣中，嚴(yan)重污染了空氣。綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色植物能(neng)夠(gou)吸收有(you)害氣體(ti)、凈化空氣，減(jian)弱噪音，調(diao)節城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)溫度，全(quan)面(mian)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)人(ren)居環境。因(yin)為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化是(shi)物質文明的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現(xian)，也是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)精神文明的(de)(de)(de)象征。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)林綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化布局合理，設施(shi)配套齊全(quan)，建筑精美，管理完(wan)善(shan)，運轉有(you)序(xu)，加上綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)茵遍地，繁(fan)(fan)花(hua)似錦，四季蔥翠。在這樣景(jing)色美麗(li)、生態環境和諧的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)里生活，人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)身心將更(geng)健康，精力(li)更(geng)充(chong)沛(pei)，創造(zao)力(li)更(geng)旺(wang)盛，必將促進社會文明，經濟繁(fan)(fan)榮，使城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)成為(wei)人(ren)們向往的(de)(de)(de)地方。因(yin)此，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)園(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)建設規模與(yu)建設質量(liang)(liang)同城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)密切關聯。

1．2城市經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)基礎現代園(yuan)(yuan)林與社(she)會發展(zhan)是相互影響的(de)(de)，在社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)、政(zheng)治、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)決定園(yuan)(yuan)林發展(zhan)形式與內(nei)涵的(de)(de)同時，園(yuan)(yuan)林也(ye)變成社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)活(huo)動的(de)(de)一部分，反過(guo)來(lai)(lai)促進(jin)經(jing)濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，促進(jin)物質文(wen)(wen)明(ming)與精神文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)提高。目前(qian)我國許多地區都將園(yuan)(yuan)林綠化(hua)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)作為改(gai)變城市面貌(mao)，改(gai)善投(tou)資環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)先期性工作，并取得了良(liang)好的(de)(de)效果(guo)。經(jing)濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)帶動了園(yuan)(yuan)林建設的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，優美(mei)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)又(you)帶來(lai)(lai)了經(jing)濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)繁榮。

2我國園林設計存在的不足

2．1簡(jian)單設(she)(she)計復雜化(hua)不(bu)少行道綠化(hua)和城(cheng)市空地，實際上(shang)只(zhi)需要簡(jian)單設(she)(she)計．甚至栽(zai)上(shang)幾(ji)排樹。畢業論文簡(jian)約有時更(geng)能體現身(shen)份，樸素本身(shen)就是理念。設(she)(she)計者冥思苦(ku)想追逐所(suo)謂(wei)“亮(liang)點”，表面文章做多了卻顯(xian)浮(fu)躁和好大(da)喜功。當然，也并(bing)不(bu)是所(suo)有設(she)(she)計都要簡(jian)單。

2．2尋求(qiu)獵(lie)奇的(de)世俗化、潮流(liu)化正如前些(xie)年北方園林江南化成風(feng)一樣(yang)，近幾年歐風(feng)、日風(feng)、洋風(feng)又光顧全國(guo)，當然這其(qi)中不乏(fa)成功的(de)作品(pin)，但(dan)作為一種潮流(liu)和時尚，勢必走向

世俗。

2．3設計(ji)標準的侈豪化大量使用(yong)花崗巖、大理(li)石、不銹(xiu)鋼、玻璃幕、高(gao)級燈具(ju)、進口噴泉等昂(ang)貴材料，少(shao)園(yuan)林之美，多暴富之嫌。

2．4廣(guang)場(chang)設(she)計的八股化低頭是鋪裝(加草坪)，平視(shi)見噴泉，仰臉(lian)看城雕，臺階加旗桿，中軸對稱式，終點是政府。碩士論文干孔一面、大(da)同(tong)小(xiao)異。忽視(shi)了廣(guang)場(chang)休閑、納涼、交際等社會功能。草多樹少，大(da)而不當，堂皇(huang)有余，樸素不足。

2．5綠蔭不足硬質化(hua)大樹少、鋪裝多(duo)。鋪裝、池底(di)、駁岸等混凝土化(hua)，阻隔(ge)地氣，不透水(shui)、不環保(bao)。

2．6小區景(jing)觀展(zhan)示(shi)化居住小區有(you)限的空間左一個“威尼斯(si)水橋(qiao)”，右一個“愛奧(ao)尼柱(zhu)式”，形象張揚顯(xian)示(shi)華貴，環境(jing)排場(chang)取悅參觀者，卻擾(rao)得居住者不安寧。

2．7集中綠(lv)地(di)的架空化隨著(zhu)小(xiao)區功能的疊加，一些(xie)設施進(jin)入地(di)下。但(dan)是，把集中綠(lv)地(di)全(quan)部架空，建車(che)庫、商場、俱(ju)樂(le)部、游泳池，連同周邊樓座也下挖幾層。綠(lv)地(di)變成(cheng)了不接(jie)地(di)氣的大盆景，從長(chang)遠看無法保證生(sheng)態健全(quan)。

2．8構圖理(li)念的非哲理(li)化(hua)平白無故地出(chu)銳角、加楔形、破軸線。片面(mian)理(li)解(jie)“解(jie)構主義”，形象橫眉冷對，尺度比例不(bu)當，秩序和思維混亂。

2．9置景手段的(de)舞美化把影視置景和(he)舞美處(chu)理搬到園(yuan)林里來，其中有些藝術質量尚可，并為園(yuan)林注(zhu)入了一些現代(dai)意識和(he)原(yuan)生態概念。但是(shi)如果每每皆是(shi)竹籬(li)茅(mao)舍，斷垣(yuan)殘壁、寒(han)窗(chuang)瓦(wa)窯、魚(yu)網井臺，必將丟掉園(yuan)林的(de)本分。

3目前我國城市園(yuan)林設計的應遵循的原則

園林不是(shi)簡單隨意的栽樹(shu)種(zhong)草，推山開(kai)湖，而是(shi)一種(zhong)藝術。確切地說就是(shi)在一定的地塊上，以(yi)植(zhi)物(wu)、山石(shi)、水體、建(jian)筑等為素材(cai)，遵(zun)循(xun)科學原理和美的規律，創造(zao)出可供人們游憩和賞(shang)玩(wan)的現(xian)實生活(huo)境域(yu)，并(bing)伴(ban)隨著人類歷(li)史進程，是(shi)城市建(jian)設的產物(wu)。它(ta)是(shi)一門綜(zong)合的造(zao)型(xing)藝術，主要(yao)以(yi)活(huo)生生的植(zhi)物(wu)為造(zao)型(xing)構圖材(cai)料，而且它(ta)是(shi)一個“三(san)維”的時空關系體，設計以(yi)“適用、經濟、美觀”為指(zhi)導(dao)思想。

3．1科學規劃、注(zhu)重細節。做到宏觀與微(wei)觀統一的原則

“城市在(zai)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)設計時，首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)把握鮮明、準(zhun)確(que)的(de)立意，確(que)定(ding)科學的(de)規劃(hua)，把項目(mu)放到整(zheng)個城市或區域(yu)環境(jing)(jing)中，結合現(xian)狀對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)性質、功能和(he)形式(shi)(shi)準(zhun)確(que)定(ding)位(wei)；做(zuo)好(hao)構景(jing)要(yao)(yao)素之間的(de)協(xie)(xie)調、園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)綠地與周(zhou)邊環境(jing)(jing)及整(zheng)個城市綠地系統(tong)的(de)協(xie)(xie)調；園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)筑和(he)小(xiao)品在(zai)形式(shi)(shi)、體量、尺度(du)、色彩、質地上必須(xu)服從(cong)周(zhou)圍環境(jing)(jing)需要(yao)(yao)，與其(qi)他景(jing)物協(xie)(xie)調統(tong)一。園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)布局要(yao)(yao)主次分明、承上啟下(xia)、前后呼應、烘(hong)托對(dui)(dui)(dui)比，使景(jing)物相得(de)益彰。規劃(hua)確(que)定(ding)之后，細部決定(ding)成敗，園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)尤為如此。匠心往(wang)往(wang)要(yao)(yao)透過細部傳達。園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)作為一種(zhong)“強迫藝術”，隨時在(zai)接受游人的(de)品昧和(he)評(ping)說，就要(yao)(yao)經得(de)住(zhu)推敲。景(jing)區往(wang)往(wang)要(yao)(yao)“不(bu)經意拈來”，細部卻要(yao)(yao)“娓(wei)娓(wei)道出”，這些(xie)功底對(dui)(dui)(dui)設計者、施工(gong)者都至關重要(yao)(yao)。

事實上(shang)，有許多(duo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)正是運用(yong)了(le)宏(hong)(hong)微(wei)(wei)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)辨證(zheng)方(fang)法而(er)取得了(le)實踐上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功，合(he)肥市(shi)(shi)就(jiu)是一個較突(tu)出的(de)(de)(de)例子。合(he)肥市(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林綠(lv)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen)是以面為(wei)主(zhu)，醫(yi)學(xue)論文(wen)點(dian)線(xian)面結合(he)。宏(hong)(hong)觀(guan)上(shang)以居(ju)民區(qu)、工礦企(qi)業、機關學(xue)校等面上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)化(hua)為(wei)基(ji)礎，提高(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)化(hua)覆蓋(gai)率；同時利用(yong)護城(cheng)(cheng)河建成(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，形成(cheng)了(le)環繞舊城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色(se)“圍墻”，改善了(le)舊城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態環境。微(wei)(wei)觀(guan)上(shang)打破塊狀(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)，將城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綜合(he)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)解(jie)體(ti)滲透到城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)每個生(sheng)活空間中(zhong)，提高(gao)了(le)基(ji)礎綠(lv)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)性；對組成(cheng)環城(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)“包河⋯銀(yin)河⋯稻香”等景區(qu)部進行了(le)細(xi)致入微(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計，使之四季有花(hua)四時有景，各具特色(se)各領＊＊，充分體(ti)現了(le)傳統造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)境界和文(wen)化(hua)內涵(han)，成(cheng)為(wei)真正的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林藝術(shu)而(er)不只是簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)化(hua)造(zao)林。同時重點(dian)搞好城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)血脈——道路廣場的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林綠(lv)化(hua)，建成(cheng)若(ruo)干條有靜有景、優美(mei)舒適且富有安全(quan)感的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林路，在城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)態系統中(zhong)發揮多(duo)種功能，取得較好的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)效益。合(he)肥市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功經驗告訴我們，這種宏(hong)(hong)觀(guan)與微(wei)(wei)觀(guan)完美(mei)結合(he)，兼顧綠(lv)色(se)環境質和量的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林才是現代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林發震的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)流。

3．2因(yin)地制宜、經濟(ji)適用原則因(yin)地制宜就是(shi)要依據綠(lv)(lv)(lv)地的(de)地形、地貌(mao)和周邊環境造(zao)景，既經濟(ji)節(jie)約(yue)，又做到橫有起(qi)伏具(ju)韻(yun)律，縱有層次富(fu)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)，避(bi)免(mian)平(ping)直(zhi)呆(dai)板。我國(guo)(guo)目前(qian)還是(shi)發展(zhan)中國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，政府(fu)財力有限，不能追求奢華，盲目照搬西方(fang)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)那種營造(zao)大規模園林(lin)(lin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)地和森林(lin)(lin)進入城市(shi)的(de)做法。我國(guo)(guo)現(xian)階段城市(shi)園林(lin)(lin)設計主(zhu)要任務是(shi)改善人居(ju)環境，協調城市(shi)生態系(xi)統，確(que)保居(ju)民的(de)身(shen)體(ti)健康(kang)，應以“林(lin)(lin)蔭型(xing)(xing)”綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為主(zhu)導(dao)，加大道路、小(xiao)區、游園及廣場的(de)遮(zhe)蔭效果，增(zeng)加綠(lv)(lv)(lv)地的(de)色彩，變“平(ping)面型(xing)(xing)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”為“立體(ti)型(xing)(xing)”綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，擴展(zhan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)范圍，發展(zhan)垂直(zhi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、屋頂綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、陽臺綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，構造(zao)城市(shi)空(kong)間的(de)多層次綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)格局(ju)。

3．3植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物造景為主的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則通過植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣(yang)性營造景觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣(yang)性。植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物配置要形成(cheng)以(yi)喬(qiao)木為主，喬(qiao)、灌、藤、花草相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)復層(ceng)混交(jiao)綠化(hua)模式。運用植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)生命美(mei)(mei)、色(se)彩美(mei)(mei)、姿態(tai)美(mei)(mei)、風(feng)韻美(mei)(mei)、人格(ge)化(hua)、多(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)特性，平面綠化(hua)與(yu)立體綠化(hua)結(jie)合(he)，彩葉樹種(zhong)與(yu)常(chang)綠樹種(zhong)配置，使(shi)綠地在四季(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)態(tai)構(gou)圖中，呈現季(ji)(ji)(ji)相的(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)變(bian)化(hua)，達到三季(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)花，四季(ji)(ji)(ji)見綠，形成(cheng)多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)環境(jing)，優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物立地條件，貼(tie)近自然的(de)(de)(de)地形營造，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物群落，生態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式和多(duo)樣(yang)性保護，適度的(de)(de)(de)園林(lin)小品，完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)園林(lin)設(she)施，有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)自然保護，完(wan)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)環境(jing)。

3．4生態(tai)效益和景(jing)觀效果(guo)結合(he)原(yuan)則(ze)設計(ji)既要符(fu)合(he)生態(tai)學(xue)原(yuan)理，叉(cha)要遵循美(mei)學(xue)法(fa)則(ze)。通過科學(xue)配置植(zhi)物，應(ying)用“巧于因借”等造(zao)園手法(fa)來體(ti)現園林詩情畫意的(de)文(wen)化(hua)品味(wei)。達到生態(tai)性與(yu)觀賞性的(de)統一(yi)，綠(lv)與(yu)美(mei)的(de)統一(yi)，服務功能與(yu)藝術價(jia)值的(de)統一(yi)。運用好比(bi)例、節(jie)奏、對比(bi)、諧調、對稱、平(ping)衡、穩定、動勢、直曲等形(xing)式美(mei)規律營造(zao)園林的(de)意境美(mei)。布局構圖宜自然，樹木整型修(xiu)剪規則(ze)美(mei)與(yu)樹木天然美(mei)結合(he)。

3．5以(yi)人(ren)(ren)為本原則綠地設計要滿足市民的(de)需求和多(duo)樣化(hua)的(de)審美情趣，綠地要體現可融人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)和可參(can)與性(xing)(xing)。發揮好園林給人(ren)(ren)蔽蔭、歡愉啟迪、陶冶性(xing)(xing)情、慰藉心(xin)靈的(de)作用。

3．6地(di)方特色(se)原(yuan)則要(yao)根(gen)據自身地(di)區的自然環境、物候和(he)(he)地(di)域特點(dian)出發，將(jiang)城(cheng)市(shi)歷(li)史文化(hua)融入園(yuan)林設(she)計。創(chuang)造富有(you)地(di)方特色(se)的城(cheng)市(shi)園(yuan)林。在滿足當地(di)地(di)形地(di)貌和(he)(he)生(sheng)態(tai)群落基礎上，職稱論文盡量采用和(he)(he)保留(liu)原(yuan)有(you)的動植物和(he)(he)微(wei)生(sheng)物，引入與當地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)條件(jian)和(he)(he)景觀相適(shi)應的各種植被(bei)。

4結語

城(cheng)市(shi)園林(lin)設計(ji)(ji)與(yu)建設是(shi)一個(ge)復雜的系(xi)統工程，它的設計(ji)(ji)基礎是(shi)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)、建筑學(xue)(xue)、城(cheng)市(shi)規劃學(xue)(xue)、林(lin)學(xue)(xue)、植物學(xue)(xue)、環(huan)境(jing)生(sheng)態科(ke)學(xue)(xue)、心理學(xue)(xue)等多學(xue)(xue)科(ke)交叉的綜合學(xue)(xue)科(ke)知識。所以，在(zai)為城(cheng)市(shi)居民營(ying)造(zao)一個(ge)舒(shu)服、美(mei)麗、安全的城(cheng)市(shi)環(huan)境(jing)時應注重(zhong)綜合利用各學(xue)(xue)科(ke)理論來指導城(cheng)市(shi)園林(lin)規劃設計(ji)(ji)。

參考文獻

[1]趙兵(bing)．宏觀化與微(wei)觀化—轉型期中國城(cheng)市(shi)園林設計(ji)的理(li)念[J]．城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建設，2004(8)．50—51．

篇3

關鍵(jian)詞城市綠(lv)地(di)城市綠(lv)化綠(lv)地(di)系統(tong)規劃研究進展

1城市綠地系統

1.1概念

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)系統(tong)泛指城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)區域(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)一切人工或(huo)自然的(de)(de)(de)植物群體、水體及具(ju)(ju)有(you)綠(lv)(lv)色潛畢(bi)業論(lun)文能的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian),它由相互作用的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)(ju)有(you)一定數量和(he)質量的(de)(de)(de)各類綠(lv)(lv)地(di)組(zu)成,具(ju)(ju)有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)生態、社會和(he)經濟效益[1],為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)唯一有(you)生命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎設施,是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生態環境(jing)及可持(chi)續發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)重要基(ji)礎[2]。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)系統(tong)組(zu)成因國家不(bu)同而(er)各有(you)差異,但總的(de)(de)(de)來說,其基(ji)本(ben)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容是一致的(de)(de)(de),即包括(kuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)范圍內(nei)(nei)(nei)對改善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生態環境(jing)和(he)生活條(tiao)件具(ju)(ju)有(you)直(zhi)接影響的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)[3,4]。根據2002年《城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)分類標準》,我國將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)分為公(gong)園綠(lv)(lv)地(di)、生產綠(lv)(lv)地(di)、防(fang)護綠(lv)(lv)地(di)、附(fu)屬綠(lv)(lv)地(di)及其它綠(lv)(lv)地(di)5類[5]。

1.2特征

城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)作(zuo)為復雜的(de)(de)自然-社(she)會(hui)-經濟復合(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),具有如下特征(zheng)[6,7]:(1)多(duo)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。它是人工干(gan)擾較強的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),也是城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)自然因(yin)素(su),包(bao)(bao)含大氣、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)文、水圈、生(sheng)(sheng)物因(yin)素(su),這些決(jue)定著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)本地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)特征(zheng)。(2)多(duo)類型。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)括各種保護區(qu)和國家公(gong)園、風景區(qu)、游(you)憩區(qu)、休養保健區(qu)、公(gong)園、花園、游(you)園、專類園、苗圃以及(ji)以綠(lv)化(hua)配(pei)植為主的(de)(de)各種綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。(3)多(duo)功能(neng)。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)功能(neng)隨時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)變遷(qian)各有側重,但總的(de)(de)來說,始終(zhong)兼容著(zhu)景觀、社(she)會(hui)、生(sheng)(sheng)態三大基(ji)本功能(neng)。(4)動態性(xing)。綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)因(yin)時代(dai)(dai)、年代(dai)(dai)不同(tong)以及(ji)季節更替,其內(nei)容、重點與形(xing)式都發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)著(zhu)變化(hua)。(5)空(kong)(kong)間尺(chi)度性(xing)。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)因(yin)空(kong)(kong)間尺(chi)度的(de)(de)不同(tong)(主要(yao)(yao)指城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)、市(shi)區(qu)及(ji)區(qu)域(yu)),其數量、布局、結構、功能(neng)等都有所變化(hua)。(6)多(duo)因(yin)素(su)協(xie)同(tong)調(diao)控性(xing)。綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)多(duo)元性(xing)、動態性(xing)及(ji)它同(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)交(jiao)織(zhi)特征(zheng),決(jue)定著(zhu)其持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)需有多(duo)因(yin)素(su)協(xie)同(tong)調(diao)控。

1.3發展歷程

現代城(cheng)(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)系統在城(cheng)(cheng)市園(yuan)(yuan)林基礎上發展起來,經歷了自然萌生(sheng)、人工創意、公(gong)共(gong)(gong)綠(lv)地(di)及生(sheng)態(tai)綠(lv)地(di)系統階(jie)段(duan)(duan)[1]。自然萌生(sheng)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)主(zhu)要指(zhi)以狩(shou)獵圍牧為(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的的園(yuan)(yuan)圃。人工創意階(jie)段(duan)(duan)指(zhi)以滿(man)足達官貴人及宗教需求為(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的的宮苑、寺院,主(zhu)要是(shi)私家園(yuan)(yuan)林和皇家園(yuan)(yuan)林。19世紀中下(xia)半(ban)葉,工業化導致城(cheng)(cheng)市環境惡化,促使城(cheng)(cheng)市進入(ru)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)綠(lv)地(di)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。歐洲、北(bei)美掀(xian)起第(di)一次＊＊,即“公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)運動”;20世紀初,尤其是(shi)二(er)戰后,歐亞各國開始大力拓建(jian)綠(lv)地(di)和創建(jian)新城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)邁入(ru)第(di)二(er)次＊＊[1,8]。20世紀70年代初,生(sheng)態(tai)學作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)設計理論引(yin)入(ru)綠(lv)地(di)規劃,城(cheng)(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)開始了以改善城(cheng)(cheng)市環境及滿(man)足景觀審美為(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的的生(sheng)態(tai)綠(lv)地(di)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)[1]。

20世紀80年代(dai)初(chu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地進入了生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)園林的(de)理論和(he)實踐(jian)探(tan)索(suo)階段[1]。國際(ji)社(she)會(hui)也正式提(ti)出“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”概念,以(yi)期用生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)學原理和(he)方法指導城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)[8]。生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)映(ying)了人(ren)(ren)與(yu)自然和(he)諧發展的(de)思想,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)以(yi)不使環境(jing)遭到破(po)壞為標(biao)準,使行為主(zhu)體的(de)活動(dong)有利于維(wei)護周圍環境(jing)并(bing)融于自然的(de)類天(tian)然群落[9]。它(ta)是人(ren)(ren)類社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)產力(li)高(gao)度發達,人(ren)(ren)的(de)社(she)會(hui)文化(hua)、生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)意識達到一定水平下渴望實現的(de)目標(biao)境(jing)界[8,10]。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)化(hua)建設(she)中提(ti)出的(de)“花園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“園林城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“山水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“綠(lv)色城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“田園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”等都是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發展的(de)中階段目標(biao),而城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)運轉符合(he)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)規律(lv)的(de)“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”才是人(ren)(ren)類追求(qiu)的(de)最高(gao)目標(biao)[11]。近年來,隨著人(ren)(ren)們對人(ren)(ren)居環境(jing)質量重(zhong)視程(cheng)度的(de)提(ti)高(gao),生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)實踐(jian)與(yu)探(tan)索(suo)受到社(she)會(hui)各界的(de)廣泛重(zhong)視[8,9]。

2城市綠地規(gui)劃現狀(zhuang)

2.1國外城市(shi)綠地規劃

國(guo)(guo)外園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)最大(da)(da)(da)特(te)點是(shi)簡(jian)潔(jie)樸實大(da)(da)(da)方(fang),處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)體(ti)(ti)現大(da)(da)(da)自然的(de)風格(ge)特(te)色[12]。如(ru)美國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)率相當高,公(gong)(gong)路、街道兩側和(he)(he)(he)居(ju)民(min)社區除去建(jian)筑(zhu),職稱論文(wen)草(cao)坪和(he)(he)(he)樹(shu)(shu)木覆(fu)蓋(gai)所有(you)(you)空地(di)(di),草(cao)坪常綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),修(xiu)剪(jian)平整,沒(mei)有(you)(you)雜草(cao),綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)品位較高[10]。根(gen)據對世界(jie)49個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)統(tong)計(ji),人(ren)均(jun)公(gong)(gong)共綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)10m2ö人(ren)以(yi)上的(de)占70%[1]。新(xin)加坡土地(di)(di)面積648km2,人(ren)口(kou)386萬,人(ren)口(kou)密度(du)5965人(ren)ökm2,現有(you)(you)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)7500hm2,人(ren)均(jun)25m2ö人(ren),進入(ru)世界(jie)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)先進行(xing)列[13～15]。就人(ren)均(jun)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)面積而(er)言,2000年,美國(guo)(guo)華盛頓(dun)為50m2ö人(ren),澳大(da)(da)(da)利亞(ya)堪(kan)培拉(la)為70m2ö人(ren),瑞典斯德哥(ge)爾摩超過68.3m2ö人(ren)[16]。國(guo)(guo)外成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)規(gui)劃范例有(you)(you):(1)美國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)布局因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜,適地(di)(di)適樹(shu)(shu),很少有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)量的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)、小品等(deng)設(she)施(shi),植物自然式種植,簡(jian)樸大(da)(da)(da)方(fang)。設(she)計(ji)手法多(duo)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)手筆、大(da)(da)(da)色調疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)草(cao)地(di)(di)。常綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)與落葉樹(shu)(shu)結合(he),喬灌草(cao)花(hua)(hua)結合(he),林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)相豐富,林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)冠線變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)端,園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)景(jing)觀(guan)野趣盎然,處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)體(ti)(ti)現自然美[17]。(2)二戰(zhan)后德國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府(fu)把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)周(zhou)圍地(di)(di)帶低(di)價(jia)售(shou)給居(ju)民(min),修(xiu)建(jian)永久性“私人(ren)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)”。田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)一切設(she)施(shi)取(qu)于自然,禁(jin)止用磚瓦、水泥和(he)(he)(he)金(jin)屬材(cai)料。田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)周(zhou)圍是(shi)低(di)矮(ai)籬笆、灌叢(cong)和(he)(he)(he)野花(hua)(hua),小路兩邊(bian)草(cao)地(di)(di)布置許多(duo)木凳供入(ru)歇腳[18]。(3)新(xin)加坡為建(jian)設(she)“熱帶優秀城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)”,在概念性規(gui)劃、發(fa)展指導規(gui)劃中(zhong)對每寸(cun)土地(di)(di)使用性質、強度(du)進行(xing)了嚴格(ge)限(xian)制(zhi),建(jian)筑(zhu)成(cheng)片和(he)(he)(he)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)密集(ji)(ji)建(jian)設(she),向空中(zhong)發(fa)展,留出地(di)(di)面空間進行(xing)美化(hua)(hua)(hua)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)[14]。(4)維(wei)也(ye)納(na)、巴黎、科隆、萊比錫等(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)拆墻建(jian)設(she)花(hua)(hua)園(yuan)(yuan)環路,維(wei)也(ye)納(na)的(de)花(hua)(hua)園(yuan)(yuan)環路同教堂、大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)、音樂廳等(deng)公(gong)(gong)共建(jian)筑(zhu)為一體(ti)(ti)。(5)羅(luo)馬(ma)、塔拉(la)戈(ge)納(na)等(deng)環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻、花(hua)(hua)園(yuan)(yuan)、露(lu)天博物館等(deng)作為整體(ti)(ti)布置,羅(luo)馬(ma)在開辟(pi)道路和(he)(he)(he)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)的(de)同時(shi)保護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻殘段,在其(qi)周(zhou)圍開辟(pi)道路和(he)(he)(he)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶,形成(cheng)環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)。其(qi)共同點是(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)圈、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)圈、水系(xi)風景(jing)圈等(deng)共融(rong)和(he)(he)(he)諧[11]。

2.2我國城市綠(lv)地規劃

2.2.1綠化(hua)及科研進展

20世紀70年代(dai)末(mo),我國城(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)規劃工作者提(ti)出“連(lian)片成團,點線面(mian)相結合”的方針后,城(cheng)市綠(lv)化進入快速(su)發展階(jie)段[19]。80年代(dai)后,提(ti)出了北(bei)方以天津為代(dai)表(biao)的“大環(huan)境綠(lv)化”,南(nan)方以上(shang)海(hai)為代(dai)表(biao)的“生態園林綠(lv)化”[19]。八(ba)五其間,城(cheng)市人均公共綠(lv)地(di)由

3.9m2增(zeng)加到4.6m2,綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化覆(fu)蓋(gai)率(lv)由19.2%增(zeng)加到22.l%。1999年底,全國667個城(cheng)(cheng)市建成區綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化覆(fu)蓋(gai)面積達到591000hm2,綠(lv)(lv)(lv)地率(lv)達23%,綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化覆(fu)蓋(gai)率(lv)已(yi)達到27.44%,人(ren)均(jun)公共綠(lv)(lv)(lv)地6.5m2,公園動物園數達4219個,面積77137hm2。目前,已(yi)經(jing)涌現出(chu)北京、南(nan)京、上(shang)海(hai)、秦皇(huang)島、青島、大連、煙(yan)臺、威海(hai)、合肥、杭州(zhou)、廈(sha)門、深圳、中山、珠海(hai)、佛(fo)山、南(nan)寧(ning)等(deng)30多個“園林(lin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)化先(xian)進城(cheng)(cheng)市”[19]。

從80年(nian)代初開始,建(jian)設(she)部開展了多項園林(lin)綠化(hua)科研(yan)課題[19]。近年(nian)來(lai)完成(cheng)的課題有(you)《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生存環境(jing)綠色量(liang)(liang)值(zhi)群研(yan)究》、《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠地在生態(tai)(tai)上的價值(zhi)定量(liang)(liang)化(hua)》、《園林(lin)生態(tai)(tai)經濟發展戰略(lve)研(yan)究》、《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠化(hua)樹種區域規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)研(yan)究》、《2000年(nian)小康型(xing)城(cheng)鄉科技(ji)產(chan)業工程——居住區環境(jing)質量(liang)(liang)保障體系(xi)》、《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)政公用事業‘九(jiu)五’和‘十五’計劃(hua)(hua)及2015年(nian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)預測(ce)研(yan)究之風(feng)景園林(lin)部分(fen)》等[20]。到目前為止,我(wo)國有(you)甲、乙(yi)級園林(lin)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)設(she)計單位(wei)40余家(jia)(jia),園林(lin)科研(yan)院(所)60余家(jia)(jia),大(da)專院校(xiao)10余家(jia)(jia)[20]。

2.2.2傳統(tong)規(gui)劃及其(qi)缺點

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的組(zu)成部分,在(zai)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)完成后,可編制城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)專(zhuan)項規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),其主要內容為:根據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),確(que)定(ding)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的指導(dao)思(si)想、原則、目(mu)標、指標、用地(di)(di)布局、各類綠(lv)地(di)(di)位置(zhi)、范圍、性(xing)質、功能(neng)及(ji)分期建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)步(bu)驟和(he)近期實(shi)施(shi)項目(mu);劃(hua)(hua)定(ding)需要保護(hu)、保留和(he)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郊綠(lv)地(di)(di);提(ti)出實(shi)施(shi)建(jian)議(yi)[21]。可見(jian),傳統(tong)綠(lv)地(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)運作、生態(tai)及(ji)景觀(guan)要求很少(shao)考慮,具體(ti)(ti)說,主要存在(zai)以(yi)下問題[10,21]:(1)未充分從(cong)(cong)區(qu)域與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)角度構筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)結構和(he)布局;(2)綠(lv)地(di)(di)植物配置(zhi)重美觀(guan)輕生態(tai);(3)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)形(xing)象設(she)(she)(she)計和(he)景觀(guan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的重要載體(ti)(ti),傳統(tong)綠(lv)地(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)未充分從(cong)(cong)整體(ti)(ti)上(shang)考慮塑造城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)形(xing)象;(4)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經濟條件下城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)模式、資金渠道(dao)已發生變(bian)化,總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)確(que)定(ding)的綠(lv)地(di)(di)在(zai)實(shi)施(shi)過程中難以(yi)一(yi)成不變(bian)。因此,傳統(tong)綠(lv)地(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)已不能(neng)適應新時期要求[21]。

2.2.3現代綠地規劃原則

現代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠地(di)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)流行應用(yong)(yong)控制性規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)理念,越(yue)來越(yue)重視(shi)根據各(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)特(te)(te)有的地(di)理環境、地(di)形、地(di)貌(mao)(mao)、水(shui)文(wen)地(di)質(zhi)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)風貌(mao)(mao)、工業用(yong)(yong)地(di)、居民用(yong)(yong)地(di)、道路系(xi)(xi)(xi)統,做出各(ge)具特(te)(te)色、結(jie)合河湖山(shan)(shan)川(chuan)自(zi)然(ran)環境,體現地(di)區特(te)(te)色的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠地(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統。規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)遵(zun)循(xun)以(yi)下(xia)基本(ben)原則[22]:(1)重視(shi)內外自(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)地(di)貌(mao)(mao)特(te)(te)征,發(fa)揮(hui)自(zi)然(ran)環境條(tiao)件優勢(shi),深入挖掘城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)歷史文(wen)化內涵(han),形成本(ben)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠地(di)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的布局(ju)(ju)結(jie)構與(yu)特(te)(te)色;(2)按照國家城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠地(di)指(zhi)標的規(gui)(gui)定,合理確定各(ge)類綠地(di)類型(xing)與(yu)規(gui)(gui)模(mo);(3)均(jun)衡布置(zhi)各(ge)類公園綠地(di),有機結(jie)合形成完整(zheng)體系(xi)(xi)(xi);(4)合理確定近期(qi)(qi)和遠(yuan)期(qi)(qi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua);(5)正確鑒別和妥善(shan)處(chu)理局(ju)(ju)部與(yu)整(zheng)體、小(xiao)局(ju)(ju)與(yu)大局(ju)(ju)、保護與(yu)開(kai)發(fa)、理想與(yu)現實、近期(qi)(qi)與(yu)遠(yuan)期(qi)(qi)等(deng)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)[23];(6)樹(shu)種規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)重視(shi)使用(yong)(yong)地(di)帶(dai)性植被(bei),以(yi)喬木和灌木為主(zhu),兼(jian)顧植物(wu)群落的觀賞、生(sheng)態和經濟價值(zhi)。

2.2.4綠地(di)系(xi)統(tong)規劃對策

針對我(wo)國國情和(he)(he)(he)綠地(di)(di)建設的(de)不足,今后綠地(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)應努力(li)做到以下幾點[12,21,24,25]:(1)加(jia)強(qiang)政策扶(fu)持(chi),完善(shan)相關法(fa)律和(he)(he)(he)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)。城(cheng)市(shi)綠地(di)(di)是先投資后受益(yi)、間(jian)接(jie)效(xiao)益(yi)與直接(jie)效(xiao)益(yi)并存的(de)產(chan)業。碩士(shi)論(lun)文綠地(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)要常抓(zhua)不懈,制(zhi)定(ding)長遠戰略與具體政策。(2)制(zhi)定(ding)切(qie)實可(ke)(ke)行(xing)、理念超前的(de)總體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。在(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)建設和(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)改前制(zhi)定(ding)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)總體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),編(bian)制(zhi)綠地(di)(di)詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),嚴禁綠地(di)(di)改變用途,確保綠化指標和(he)(he)(he)綠化用地(di)(di)落(luo)實[25]。(3)提高綠地(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)效(xiao)益(yi)。植物生(sheng)態(tai)功能基本靠葉(xie)(xie)完成,故增加(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)效(xiao)益(yi)就要增加(jia)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)積(ji)。喬木葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)積(ji)可(ke)(ke)達其樹冠正投影面(mian)積(ji)的(de)20倍(bei)左右(you),灌木5～10倍(bei),草更小。

所以,園林植物(wu)(wu)要以喬木為主,重視(shi)鄉(xiang)土樹種(zhong),常綠(lv)與落(luo)葉(xie)搭(da)配,灌(guan)草藤花結合,形成(cheng)多樣(yang)、復層(ceng)、立(li)體(ti)、生態(tai)(tai)的(de)多功能自然(ran)群(qun)落(luo)[19,26]。(4)重視(shi)大環境(jing)生態(tai)(tai)建(jian)設,加強城鄉(xiang)一(yi)體(ti)化。城鄉(xiang)一(yi)體(ti)化是城市(shi)大環境(jing)生態(tai)(tai)建(jian)設的(de)重要組(zu)成(cheng),是擴大綠(lv)地面積、改善(shan)城市(shi)生態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)的(de)有效方式。以城市(shi)林業理論為指導,運(yun)用生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)邊緣帶物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)多樣(yang)性增大原理,營造各種(zhong)防護林、風景(jing)林及經(jing)濟林,建(jian)立(li)城市(shi)生境(jing)與自然(ran)環境(jing)聯(lian)系(xi)的(de)生物(wu)(wu)廊道,為野(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)提供遷徙(xi)通道和棲息地[19]。

(5)多方籌措資金。城市綠化是社會(hui)公益事業,除從城市維護費(fei)中(zhong)列支和(he)有關部門籌集資金外,還要調動(dong)全社會(hui)力量(liang)。(6)引進參與(yu)式管理。城市居民參與(yu)城市綠地(di)規劃及建設,可增進居民與(yu)政府的(de)相(xiang)互理解(jie)和(he)溝通(tong)。

3綠地規劃發(fa)展趨(qu)勢

3.1規劃模式

現(xian)代城(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)地系統(tong)規劃模(mo)式趨(qu)于(yu)以下(xia)方面[27]:

（1）都(dou)市圈綠色廊道網絡規(gui)劃。城市在一定區域范圍內集中(zhong)發展(zhan),綠地系統與城市呈現(xian)環狀圍繞、核心方(fang)式、嵌(qian)合方(fang)式、帶(dai)(dai)形(xing)相接方(fang)式等形(xing)態,使綠地系統發揮較大(da)效能(neng),并(bing)有良好的(de)(de)連續(xu)性(xing)與可達性(xing)[28]。英國“大(da)倫敦規(gui)劃”,把從市中(zhong)心48km內,約(yue)6700km2的(de)(de)地區劃分為(wei)城市內環、郊(jiao)區環帶(dai)(dai)、一條約(yue)16km的(de)(de)綠化帶(dai)(dai)、農村(cun)環帶(dai)(dai)等4個同(tong)心圓,成為(wei)世界(jie)發展(zhan)新城的(de)(de)規(gui)劃模(mo)式[27]。丹麥哥本哈根的(de)(de)指狀規(gui)劃,莫斯科的(de)(de)楔(xie)形(xing)綠地,按照“有機(ji)疏(shu)散理論(lun)”而(er)定的(de)(de)大(da)赫爾(er)辛基規(gui)劃方(fang)案,都(dou)是典型的(de)(de)綠地嵌(qian)合模(mo)式[27]。

荷蘭蘭斯培德地(di)區(包括鹿特丹(dan)、阿(a)姆斯特丹(dan)和海牙等城(cheng)市(shi))的綠(lv)心(綠(lv)地(di)核心式)與建(jian)成區之間建(jian)設綠(lv)色緩(huan)沖地(di)帶以保(bao)護綠(lv)心。而巴黎沿塞(sai)納(na)河兩側建(jian)了8個新城(cheng),在塞(sai)納(na)河兩岸形成了2條平行軸(zhou)線,是綠(lv)地(di)系統帶形相接(jie)方式的代表[27]。

(2)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)模式(shi)。把(ba)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)引入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),讓(rang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坐落(luo)在(zai)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)之中(zhong)(zhong),恢復人(ren)類(lei)與森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)的(de)本來關系(xi),實(shi)現人(ren)與自(zi)(zi)然(ran)的(de)協調發展已成為優化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)色規劃(hua)的(de)總(zong)趨勢[12]。“人(ren)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)”將(jiang)成為21世紀城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)重(zhong)要模式(shi)[29,30]。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生態環(huan)境建(jian)設(she)(she)強(qiang)調以(yi)(yi)人(ren)為核心,創(chuang)造“天人(ren)合一”的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)融合的(de)人(ren)居環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)間。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)建(jian)設(she)(she)主旨是“人(ren)與自(zi)(zi)然(ran)和(he)(he)諧共生”,以(yi)(yi)“綠(lv)色空(kong)(kong)間”構筑(zhu)“綠(lv)色城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”空(kong)(kong)間網(wang)絡[31]。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)的(de)布(bu)局模式(shi)主要有放(fang)射式(shi)、圈層式(shi)、跳躍(yue)式(shi)、因地制宜式(shi)及(ji)綜合式(shi)5種(zhong)[32]。完整的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)生態系(xi)統將(jiang)為徹底(di)改善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生態環(huan)境提供(gong)物質和(he)(he)能量的(de)保障。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)景(jing)觀建(jian)設(she)(she)要具有親和(he)(he)性(xing)(xing)、文(wen)化(hua)教育性(xing)(xing)、舒適性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)富有人(ren)情味,使(shi)之能激起(qi)人(ren)們(men)親近的(de)愿望(wang)[27]。同(tong)時,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)建(jian)設(she)(she)要以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)為宗旨,以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)底(di)蘊為基礎(chu),依托(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)地形地貌,結(jie)(jie)合城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風貌、結(jie)(jie)構特(te)征(zheng)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)間屬性(xing)(xing)等科(ke)學布(bu)局和(he)(he)規劃(hua),體現自(zi)(zi)然(ran)植被景(jing)觀和(he)(he)群落(luo)結(jie)(jie)構特(te)征(zheng),實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)的(de)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)維持(chi)及(ji)協調發展,發揮其綜合效益。

3.2規劃特征

現(xian)(xian)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)系統規(gui)劃(hua)有(you)(you)如下特征(zheng):(1)空(kong)間(jian)開放(fang)(fang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)[22]。首先表現(xian)(xian)在從(cong)“園(yuan)林(lin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”走向“大(da)地(di)(di)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)規(gui)劃(hua)”,著眼于(yu)(yu)大(da)環(huan)(huan)境綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)規(gui)劃(hua),從(cong)區域(yu)出發,把森(sen)林(lin)、農田、草地(di)(di)、景(jing)區作為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)態改善的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極因(yin)素(su)納入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)規(gui)劃(hua),使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)擁有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)態背景(jing)。其次(ci)是(shi)開放(fang)(fang)公園(yuan),引(yin)入園(yuan)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)風光(guang)與環(huan)(huan)境中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)道(dao)、溪流、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)、建筑等(deng)相融合(he)(he),成為(wei)(wei)大(da)環(huan)(huan)境不可(ke)分割的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機組(zu)成部(bu)分。開放(fang)(fang)空(kong)間(jian)更有(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)發揮(hui)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)功(gong)能及美化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和改善環(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用,便于(yu)(yu)各類(lei)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)相連,是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求和人(ren)(ren)(ren)本主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)。(2)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)森(sen)林(lin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)森(sen)林(lin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)指城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)成片森(sen)林(lin)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti),喬灌(guan)草相結(jie)合(he)(he),提高綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)效(xiao)益[22]。(3)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。指綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)規(gui)劃(hua)尊重(zhong)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),把握(wo)園(yuan)林(lin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)、風格和主題,重(zhong)視植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing),充分體(ti)現(xian)(xian)當地(di)(di)特色及歷(li)史文脈(mo)[22]。(4)水景(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。水體(ti)和水系是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)與外部(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)通道(dao),是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廊道(dao)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建設(she)應重(zhong)視沿河(he)(he)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)建設(she),應用生(sheng)(sheng)態學(xue)原(yuan)理(li)處(chu)理(li)水體(ti)造景(jing),使水體(ti)潔(jie)凈,富(fu)于(yu)(yu)情趣,水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)和水生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)共生(sheng)(sheng)[22,27]。(5)設(she)施人(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務對象是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)設(she)計必須滿足(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)存、享樂(le)與發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,各種設(she)施要(yao)符合(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)尺寸比例、生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)量標(biao)準,滿足(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)與心理(li)需求[12]。(6)目標(biao)多樣化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。現(xian)(xian)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)系統規(gui)劃(hua)要(yao)符合(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態性(xing)(xing)(xing)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)、郊(jiao)野休(xiu)閑(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、自然(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、區域(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)舒適性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)居性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)持續利用性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)特點[33]。

3.3規劃新方法

3.3.1新理念

城(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)規(gui)劃經(jing)歷(li)了以(yi)游樂、觀(guan)賞(shang)(shang)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)實踐后,現在發展(zhan)到(dao)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)觀(guan)念(nian)為(wei)出發點,融(rong)觀(guan)賞(shang)(shang)、游憩于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)階段。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)就是(shi)依靠(kao)植物(wu)來形成環境(jing)(jing)(jing)、保護(hu)(hu)(hu)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)、利(li)用(yong)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)(he)美化(hua)環境(jing)(jing)(jing),建(jian)立(li)以(yi)綠(lv)色植物(wu)為(wei)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)綠(lv)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統[34]。它(ta)以(yi)保持生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)平衡、美化(hua)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)、減(jian)少生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)災害為(wei)主(zhu)導思想,具(ju)有(you)公共(gong)性、廣泛(fan)性、無界性、長(chang)期性、高效性、不可取代性、永恒性、連續(xu)性等特(te)點[35],是(shi)當(dang)代城(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)設計的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢(shi)[36]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)具(ju)有(you)3方(fang)面的(de)(de)內涵:一(yi)是(shi)具(ju)有(you)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)觀(guan)賞(shang)(shang)性,能創造景觀(guan),美化(hua)環境(jing)(jing)(jing),為(wei)人們提供休憩、游覽(lan)和(he)(he)(he)娛樂環境(jing)(jing)(jing);二是(shi)具(ju)有(you)改善環境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)適應性;三是(shi)具(ju)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)結構的(de)(de)合理(li)性,即具(ju)有(you)合理(li)的(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)結構、空間(jian)(jian)結構和(he)(he)(he)營養結構,與(yu)周圍環境(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)起組(zu)成和(he)(he)(he)諧的(de)(de)統一(yi)體[37]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)注重(zhong)從(cong)宏觀(guan)管理(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)角度來建(jian)設城(cheng)市綠(lv)地(di)系(xi)統,其基本理(li)念(nian)是(shi)在城(cheng)市區(qu)域范圍內,保護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)(he)修復區(qu)域性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統,遵循(xun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)原(yuan)理(li)建(jian)立(li)合理(li)的(de)(de)人工植物(wu)群(qun)落,保護(hu)(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣性,建(jian)立(li)人類-動物(wu)-植物(wu)和(he)(he)(he)諧共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)[37]。

3.3.2新手段

為了最大(da)限地(di)度提(ti)高綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)生態(tai)效益,增加城市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)量,改善日益惡化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)環境,現代(dai)城市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)系(xi)統規劃(hua)采用(yong)(yong)了新綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):(1)垂(chui)直(zhi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。也(ye)稱攀(pan)(pan)緣(yuan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),就是綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)那些(xie)與地(di)面垂(chui)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線或面,即利用(yong)(yong)攀(pan)(pan)緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)使其沿墻或其它(ta)設施上升(sheng)形成垂(chui)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面。工作總結墻面、廊欄、立(li)桿、燈柱(zhu)、棚架(jia)、涼廳(ting)、拱門(men)等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)均可采用(yong)(yong)攀(pan)(pan)緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)進(jin)行綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),其形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有附壁(bi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、籬(li)欄式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、棚架(jia)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、拱門(men)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、立(li)柱(zhu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及懸(xuan)蔓(man)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)[38]。(2)立(li)體綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。立(li)體綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是運用(yong)(yong)現代(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)和園林科技的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)手段,對一切建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)和構(gou)筑(zhu)物(wu)所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)再生空間進(jin)行多(duo)層次、多(duo)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)美化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),其基本內(nei)容包括(kuo):地(di)面綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)喬灌草復層群(qun)落(luo);建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)再生空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)美化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(墻面綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、屋頂與天臺綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、室內(nei)與陽臺綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等)[39]。立(li)體綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)源于屋頂花園,最早是由(you)德國人在(zai)一些(xie)階梯(ti)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和單元樓式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)上試(shi)驗成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)。現已發展為地(di)面、窗口(kou)、涼臺、室內(nei)與屋頂、盆栽與池栽相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。它(ta)能擴大(da)城市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地(di)面積,美化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)城市(shi)環境,使平板單調的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)單體、硬(ying)質構(gou)筑(zhu)、門(men)窗柵(zha)欄等,變成具有自然風格、賞心悅目的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)景觀,并(bing)起到良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降溫消(xiao)音(yin)作用(yong)(yong)[40]。

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